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The Anthropocene: geology of mankind
... Pigou 1920). Rosnąca skala oddziaływania człowieka na przyrodę skłania jednak do przyznania kwestiom środowiskowym większej rangi w naukach społecznychpostulat ten zawarty jest w zdobywającej coraz większe uznanie koncepcji antropocenu (Crutzen 2002, Bińczyk 2018. Wkroczenie w epokę antropocenu stawia pod znakiem zapytania trafność dotychczasowych pojęć opisujących relację człowieka ze środowiskiem oraz trwałość zbudowanego na tej podstawie modelu rozwoju (Helne, Hirvilammi 2015). ...
... To właśnie bezprecedensowa skala tych oddziaływań skłoniła naukowców do stworzenia terminuantropocen -stawiającego człowieka w roli geologicznej siły kształtującej ziemski ekosystem (por.Crutzen 2002). ...
Obecny model rozwoju, czyli ścieżki osiągania dobrobytu, doprowadził nas do kryzysu klimatyczno-ekologicznego na bezprecedensową skalę. Skutki tego kryzysu odczuwane są także w Polsce, szczególnie dotkliwie za sprawą smogu. Na gruncie ekonomii podejmowane są próby silniejszego włączenia środowiska naturalnego do koncepcji rozwoju, równolegle rozwijają się ujęcia dobrobytu alternatywne wobec tradycyjnych mierników dochodu. Jednak badania nad korelatami poszerzonego ujęcia dobrobytu rzadko biorą pod uwagę czynniki ze sfery środowiskowej. Niniejsza praca wpisuje się w tę lukę, dążąc do zbadania związku między różnie ujmowanym dobrobytem a przestrzennie określonymi środowiskowymi efektami zewnętrznymi rozwoju, na przykładzie zanieczyszczenia powietrza w regionie metropolitalnym Warszawy. Umiejscowienie analizy na poziomie lokalnym osadza problem kosztów środowiskowych w kontekście przemian przestrzennych miasta i wsi, w tym zwłaszcza suburbanizacji.
Badanie rozpoczynam od usystematyzowania roli środowiska w trzech ujęciach dobrobytu, tj. ekonomicznym, społecznym oraz subiektywnym. Pozwala to zidentyfikować koncepcje i teorie opisujące oczekiwaną relację danego ujęcia dobrobytu z degradacją środowiska, tj. hipotezę Środowiskowej Krzywej Kuznetsa, koncepcję sprawiedliwości ekologicznej oraz dorobek ekonomii szczęścia. Drugim fundamentem badania jest kompleksowa analiza zanieczyszczenia powietrza – w oparciu o schemat DPSIR uzasadniam, że jest to kluczowe wyzwanie cywilizacyjne dla Polski, mające charakter problemu splątanego.
W części empirycznej badania opieram się na zaawansowanych technikach statystycznych, by prześledzić kształt relacji między zanieczyszczeniem powietrza i poszczególnymi ujęciami dobrobytu. Wykorzystując model regresji przestrzennej wskazuję, że na szczeblu gmin woj. mazowieckiego wzrost dobrobytu społecznego i ekonomicznego napędza zanieczyszczenie powietrza, choć w przypadku miary ekonomicznego dobrobytu rysuje się próg, powyżej którego ten negatywny wpływ zanika. Na tle badanego regionu zaznacza się relatywnie korzystna pozycja strefy pery-miejskiej, potwierdzając znaczenie walorów środowiska dla suburbanizacji. W dalszej części, wykorzystując autorskie badanie zrealizowane w Warszawie wykazuję negatywny wpływ krótkookresowych wahań poziomu zanieczyszczenia powietrza oraz postrzeganej jakości powietrza na deklarowane przez respondentów zadowolenie z życia.
Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzają, że zależnie od przyjętego modelu dobrobytu, różne będą konsekwencje rozwoju dla środowiska. W kontekście wyzwania zrównoważonego rozwoju, szczególne znaczenie zyskuje subiektywna koncepcja dobrobytu. Pozwala ona bowiem przełamać dotychczasową separację sfery społecznej i środowiskowej, wykazując, jak degradacja środowiska – faktyczna i postrzegana – umniejsza poziom odczuwanego dobrobytu.
... An alternative theory highlighted in Fishman and Crutzen (1978) and then expanded upon in Fishman et al. (1979b), showed that the origin of tropospheric ozone, for the first time, was dependent on the presence of a predominantly anthropogenic source, carbon monoxide (CO), leading to the statement "If significant tropospheric ozone production takes place, it follows that the concentrations of ozone in the lower troposphere in the NH have increased substantially since the inception of the industrial era." If proven true, then this statement portended the hypothesis put forth in Crutzen (2002) that humankind had greatly altered the composition of the (lower) atmosphere, a primary tenet behind his hypothesis that humankind had entered a new geological epoch, which he referred to as the Anthropocene. The amount of tropospheric ozone data available at the time of the 1978 and 1979 studies, however, was not able to confirm or refute that the onset of the Anthropocene could be identified through the analysis of the existing tropospheric ozone measurements. ...
... The crucial moment that redefined Earth's geological history occurred at a meeting in Following up on his Cuernavaca intervention, Crutzen formalized his proposal in his paper, "Geology of Mankind," which introduced the scientific community to the concept that is now referred to as the Anthropocene (Crutzen, 2002). In that paper, he specifically proposed that the Anthropocene be formalized at the level of an epoch in the Geological Time Scale, thus terminating the Holocene (the current 11,700-year epoch). ...
Paul Crutzen received his doctorate in meteorology from the University of Stockholm in 1968 and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995. In addition to chemistry and atmospheric science, however, the breadth of his accomplishments has also been recognized by biologists, Earth-System scientists, and geologists. This tribute provides some insight into Crutzen’s career and how it contributed to so many scientific disciplines. In addition, we offer a roadmap showing how these diverse contributions were woven together over the course of more than five decades of research.
The citation for the 1995 Nobel Prize reads that it was given for, “…work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone .” The inclusion of the wording “formation … of ozone” applies only to him among the three laureates (Crutzen, Mario Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland). His research on tropospheric chemistry led to seminal studies of tropical biomass burning, which eventually evolved into the concept, later known as “nuclear winter,” a topic in the forefront of far-ranging popular discussions in the 1980s. Lastly, Crutzen’s proposal for the emergence of the “Anthropocene” as a new geological epoch that would terminate the 11,700-year-old Holocene is considered by the Earth-System science community to be the most pronounced trademark of his remarkable career.
Crutzen also received American Meteorological Society’s Battan Award for his co-authorship of Atmosphere, Climate, and Change , recognized by the organization as the best book for general audiences. In the later years of his career, as a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Crutzen was a key player in the formulation of Laudato Si’ , Pope Francis’ encyclical on climate change, which was released in advance of the Conference of Parties (COP 21) meeting that announced the formulation of the Paris Climate Accords in 2015.
... A situação é séria, e estamos vivenciando uma encruzilhada: ou os governos alteram seus índices de liberação de gases a efeito estufa, ou corremos o risco de extinção da sociedade humana, como colocam os estudiosos do Antropoceno (e.g. CRUTZEN, 2002). Mas existem governos, como o brasileiro, que negam as mudanças climáticas, o que se configura como um desastre tão grande quanto o próprio fenômeno de per si. ...
It was the first time in the history of the association that ENANPEGE happened in the virtual form (on-line), having all its activities in WGs rooms, Tables and Conferences with transmissions via internet. Evidently this decision, which was not comfortable to ANPEGE's Board of Directors (Management 2020-2021), especially because of the "Science" and the role that face-to-face events play in the history of Brazilian Geography, was taken due to the pandemic of COVID 19 and the need of social isolation, but other determinations motivated this Board to propose and realize the event virtually. We were going through the greatest wave of attacks on Science and Public University in the whole national history, which demanded from the scientific associations organization for resistance, one of the strategies being the realization of our scientific meetings. The production of knowledge, the debate, the exchange of ideas and interlocution could not stop in that conjuncture (still in force). An immense herd was passing over the country and the Universities, research centers, post-graduation programs, master's and doctoral students started to feel the effects of what has been the destruction of Science and the Brazilian University, at least in the form we have known until then. The economic crisis and the stranglehold on resources for the sciences also motivated this academic meeting. On one side, scientific associations are without financial resources to continue their work; on the other side, researchers/docents with fewer and less resources for research and participation in congresses, symposia and encounters, conditions that started to put scientific events at risk. The meeting, even virtually, was necessary! / Foi a primeira vez na história da associação que o ENANPEGE aconteceu na forma virtual (on-line), tendo todas as suas atividades em salas de GTs, Mesas e Conferências com transmissões via internet. Evidentemente essa decisão, que não foi confortável à Diretoria da ANPEGE (Gestão 2020-2021), sobretudo pela “Ciência” e o papel que cumprem os eventos presenciais na história da Geografia brasileira, foi tomada devido à pandemia do COVID 19 e a necessidade do isolamento social, mas outras determinações motivaram essa Diretoria a propor e realizar o evento virtualmente. Passávamos pela maior onda de ataques à Ciência e à Universidade Pública de toda história nacional, o que exigiu das associações científicas orga- nização para resistência, sendo uma das estratégias a realização dos nossos encontros científicos. A produção de conhecimento, o debate, a troca de ideias e interlocução não poderiam parar naquela conjuntura (ainda em vigência). Uma imensa boiada estava passando sobre o país e as Universidades, centros de pesqui- sa, programas de pós-graduação, discentes de mestrado e doutorado começaram a sentir os efeitos do que vem sendo a destruição da Ciência e da Universidade Brasileira, pelo menos na forma que conhecemos até então. A crise econômica e o estrangulamento dos recursos para as ciências também motivaram a realização deste encontro acadêmico. De um lado, as associações científicas sem recursos financeiros para continuar seu trabalho; do outro, os pesquisadores/discentes com cada vez menos recursos para a realização de pesquisas e participação em congressos, simpósios e encontros, condições que passaram a colocar em risco os eventos científicos. Nos encontrar, mesmo que virtualmente, era preciso!
... La ecohidrología, vista como una metodología transdisciplinaria de apoyo a la gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos y naturales, enfatiza la necesidad de entender las estrechas interrelaciones entre los aspectos abióticos y bióticos de una cuenca hidrográfica y propone usar este entendimiento Ante la crisis ambiental y climática del "Antropoceno", y la necesidad de que los científicos e ingenieros guíen a la sociedad a una gestión ambientalmente sostenible (Crutzen, 2002), es imperativo generar opciones de bajo costo que permitan facilitar el camino hacia el logro de la Meta 6 sobre agua limpia y saneamiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la ONU (UN, 2015). ...
... The burgeoning impacts that human activities have on the planet led scientists to coin the new term "Anthropocene." The term denotes the transition of the Holocene epoch to the Anthropocene in the nineteenth century, which is characterized by the strong driving forces led by humankind and their tremendous impact on planet Earth and its processes (Steffen et al. 2011;Crutzen and Stoermer 2000;Voir Crutzen 2002). In the nineteenth century, the industrial revolution saw the prolific growth of manufacturing units and a large-scale industrial boom. ...
Stable isotopes are widely used in past climate reconstruction studies. They find a wide range of applications in climatology, and isotopic values in tree rings, ice cores, and marine sediments enable us to decipher past climatic conditions at the global scale. Since the onset of the industrial revolution in the eighteenth century, the burning of fossil fuels had accentuated the rate of CO2 rise and exacerbated global warming. The CO2 uptake by plants is reflected in 13C variations in the atmosphere and helps us in understanding how plants responded to past climatic conditions. However, climatic reconstruction using tree rings is an invasive sampling technique, and hence this chapter attempts to check whether paper samples obtained from trees may also preserve the climate record or not. Therefore, using paper samples from 1832 to 1880, an attempt has been made to reconstruct the climate record using 13C variations in that period. Our results show that paper samples may act as a significant archive for climatic reconstruction especially in Anthropocene due to the prolific growth of the printing industry in that period. Our results further show that there is a net positive trend in 13C values from 1832 to 1880. The paper sample is a more cost-effective method and does not require field-intensive sampling for taking samples of tree rings. Therefore, it may act as an important substitute for tree rings for climatic reconstruction in Anthropocene.
... While the Anthropocene era started in the late 1800s (Crutzen, 2002), the twenty-first century is marked by the consequences of prolonged, unsustainable human-induced activities (economically driven) that are negatively affecting life-supporting planetary systems. Early natural science definitions of resilience did not provide much (or any) language to explain current circumstances in the business context. ...
In the face of the urgent need to build and rebuild healthy and strong social, economic, and environmental (SEE) systems, transformative resilience is a key ingredient and leverage point in cooperative governance systems. This conceptual chapter draws connections among complexity, resilience, the need for transformation, and the design and execution of future-ready cooperative enterprise governance systems. The chapter begins by framing the global SEE context, taking an integrative and holistic view—a view that should compel cooperatives to future-proof their model. Next, the chapter takes the SEE orientation and applies a resilience lens, drawing on concepts, definitions, and sets of principles. Next, connections are made between resilience and the cooperative enterprise model strengths and governance system advantages. The chapter concludes by suggesting that while cooperative governance systems are well enough understood in the context of relatively stable past and current socio-economic and ecological circumstances, dynamic external forces are a serious risk for cooperatives in the years to come. In the face of these forces, cooperatives that embrace the tenets of democratic, participatory, people-centered, and networked governance systems are aligned with transformational resilience capability and the increased likelihood of long-term survival.
... In the years to come, we may be able to reduce the human footprint on nature somewhat, but it is too late to reverse global climate change. (Benhabib 2020a) 1 Paul J. Crutzen defines the Anthropocene as a human-dominated geological epoch distinguished by the way in which people's ecological footprints are now the main drivers of change in the Earth's climate, ecosystems, and geology (Crutzen 2002). Our actions influence the entire Earth system and its planetary boundaries, concepts that I will explain here. ...
In the Anthropocene, humans are drastically impacting the Earth system. Though the numbers are disputed, millions of climate refugees might soon appear worldwide due to, for example, rising sea levels. To better tackle these intertwined ecological and migrational crises, I expand on Seyla Benhabib’s theoretical legacy by discerning within it a multidimensional framework containing mutually intersecting moral, legal, and political dimensions. Within this framework, I argue, Benhabib approaches the issue of climate refugees from three different yet supplementary discourses. From her engagement with discourses on cosmopolitanism and global justice, she endorses reforming the Refugee Convention to include climate refugees. From her contribution to discourses on human rights and human dignity, Benhabib opens the door for a human right to the environment to better protect climate refugees. Against the backdrop of her longstanding work to reformulate a feminist and critical-theoretical discourse ethics, I argue, Benhabib puts forward an ecocentric planetary ethics that embraces climate refugees and the rest of nature. In all, I conclude that Benhabib’s legacy demonstrates the need for a multidimensional approach to climate refugees in times of ecocrisis.
... Muy distinta a la fórmula del producto interno genuino (pig), propuesta por McElwee y Daly (2014) y Daly y Posner (2012), asociada a indicadores más diversos que los tradicionalmente considerados por el pib, y que incluye al empeoramiento de condiciones socioambientales, o el producto interno bruto verde (pib verde), relacionado con los costos ambientales del crecimiento del pib. Ahí, sin entrar en la discusión conceptual, se nos abre una importante brecha sobre el llamado antropoceno (Zalasiewicz, Crutzen y Steffen 2012;Crutzen 2002;Crutzen y Stoermer 2000), el capitaloceno (Moore 2015) y el hiperimperio (Attali 2007), como fórmulas comprensivas de lo que significa una economía de mundo lleno o superación de la biocapacidad del planeta. ...
El capítulo de libro presenta un análisis sobre la segregación urbana en Río de Janeiro, Brasil, y describe los mecanismos que dan lugar a la marginalización de la población de las favelas y cómo estas personas desarrollan estrategias para resistir su situación de subordinación. Explica que los procesos de urbanización en la América Latina neoliberal responden a la comodificación del espacio urbano y a la producción de plusvalía, la cual relega a un segundo plano las necesidades y derechos de sus habitantes.
... Human activities have been impacting the global environment since the Industrial Revolution [1]. Among the diverse kinds of pollutants, a great deal of attention has been devoted to water reservoir and waste-water contamination by inorganic and organic compounds stemming from industrial manufacturing and agriculture. ...
This paper puts forward the use of “low-cost/low-end” hydroxyapatite-based adsorbing materials prepared from Tambaqui fish cleaning residues (i.e., bones) by grinding and/or thermal annealing. The nature of raw materials and treatments practically resulted in a “zero-cost” adsorbent for atrazine pesticide and Co2+ ion remediation in an aqueous solution. Despite the distinctive character of the two contaminants, all adsorptions were found to follow pseudo-second order kinetics and Freundlich isotherm models. Pristine hydroxyapatite proved to be more effective in adsorbing atrazine at low concentrations due to interactions with collagen residues. Conversely, heat-treated materials demonstrated better adsorption performances for cobalt due to the removal of organic residues hindering access to the surface. On the other hand, lower adsorption affinities resulted into a faster and more efficient Co2+ release into water. The different behavior in terms of phosphate and cobalt release shown by the three hydroxyapatite-based absorbents can be exploited for differential liberation of targeted nutrients, with high seed germination rates. Considering circular economic principles, waste-derived hydroxyapatites may be potentially attractive for removing ionic species, minimizing water pollution stemming from heavy industry, and for their subsequent targeted release to edible plants, enhancing agricultural availability of mineral nutrients for soil fertilization.
... Naturalmente, a ideia de fim do mundo evocada não é literal, mas representa o risco do "fim do mundo" como hoje o conhecemos, isto é, um mundo de abundância, de relativa segurança e de estabilidade, apesar de todas as contradições e desigualdades educação ambiental 124 existentes (ROCKSTRÖM et al., 2009;STENGERS, 2015). Essa realidade de degradação socioambiental difusa, de inércia política e falência das instituições de controle tem inspirado a hipótese antropoceno que aponta a ação humana, em sua velocidade e escala exponencial, como a principal força geológica de transformação da ecosfera terrestre (CRUTZEN, 2002;PÁDUA, 2016). ...
O presente ensaio discute o papel da Educação Ambiental (EA) crítica diante dos múltiplos conflitos e crises contemporâneos. Objetiva refletir sobre os principais desafios colocados à EA crítica e as potencialidades que ela dispõe para produzir respostas e ações capazes de superar ou mitigar as ameaças e os riscos da degradação socioambiental. Dialoga com o campo da Educação Ambiental, com a justiça ambiental e a ecologia política. Conclui que, por um lado, a EA crítica se defronta com desafios epistemológicos, ético-valorativos, pedagógicos e políticos. Tem, contudo, a seu favor, um amplo repertório de recursos político-pedagógicos que a habilitam a fazer contribuições significativas ao conhecimento existente e à formação crítica dos educandos nas diversas modalidades de sua ação.
... Die gebruik van die term en begrip Antroposeen (die era van die mens) (Crutzen 2002) om menslike mag te vier is beide misleidend en onvanpas. Die viering is onvanpas, want die mens wat in die middel geplaas word, is die individualistiese, selfsugtige, kompeterende verbruiker wat sigself definieer in terme van binêre onderskeid tussen mens/dier, man/vrou, wit/swart, kultuur/natuur. ...
Hierdie artikel het ten doel om ’n kritiese posthumanistiese konsep van die onderwys te ontwikkel wat ’n antwoord kan bied op die bedreigings van die Antroposeen deur te eksperimenteer met maniere van wording-met-ander. Die Antroposeen is moontlik gemaak deur opvattings en praktyke wat spruit uit die humanistiese aanvaarding van die uniekheid en meerderwaardigheid van die mens. Die manier waarop mense en die natuur uitgebuit word tot voordeel van diegene wat die markte beheer, lei tot die Antroposeen. Die geloof dat die mens in beheer is, het onvermydelik gelei tot die krisistoestand van die Antroposeen waar sy eie voortbestaan bedreig word. In teenstelling met hierdie humanistiese opvattings aanvaar posthumanisme die verweefdheid en interafhanklikheid van die mens met die vele ander lewendes en nielewendes. Kritiese posthumanisme toon aan hoe die gesentreerde mens ’n heersersposisie ingeneem het deur mag van die vele andere te versamel. Kritiek is ’n performatiewe aksie waardeur ’n ander manier van wording verwerklik word. Dit is belangrik om die opvoedkundige implikasies van posthumanisme te ondersoek, aangesien die onderwys nog steeds ’n sentrale deel uitmaak van die humanistiese projek. Die fokus op die onderwys is ook belangrik, omdat dit ’n bydrae lewer tot die ontwikkeling van ’n posthumane subjektiwiteit. Die betekenis van hierdie subjektiwiteit word vervolgens deur middel van relevante studies ondersoek. Een van die studies spoor die netwerke na wat ’n alledaagse handeling moontlik maak. Deur hierdie nasporing ervaar die studente in hierdie studie hulle verbintenis met en erkentlikheid teenoor vele lewende en nielewende andere. In ’n ander studie word gekyk hoe vroeë-onderwys-kinders met hulle eie liggame, lig en kostuums eksperimenteer. Hieruit kon gesien word hoe vloeibaar menslike wording is en wat die waarde van eksperimentering vir alle vlakke van die onderwys kan wees.
... Para Rockström et al. (2009), os impactos antropogênicos vêm transgredindo limites seguros de operação global, como no caso do ciclo global de nitrogênio, da taxa de perda de biodiversidade e das mudanças climáticas. O entendimento de que o planeta está entrando em uma nova época geológica, proposta sob a denominação de Antropoceno, em que as ações humanas se constituem como a força dominante de mudanças da biosfera (CRUTZEN, 2002) indica os impactos antropogênicos nos ecossistemas como resultado do processo de busca de recursos materiais e melhores condições de vida para crescentes populações, ocasionadas pelo homem a partir do início da Revolução Industrial. O impacto se verifica na crescente alteração da capacidade de provimento de serviços ecossistêmicos, os quais são essenciais no suporte à qualidade de vida dos humanos. ...
... Os elementos recolhidos nestes três tipos de fontes foram organizados em torno de quatro grandes eixos temáticos: fluxos, tráfego aéreo e conectividade internacional; mobilidades turísticas; surtos de Covid-19 associados ao turismo; dispersão transnacional do Sars-cov-2. Quase em simultâneo foi possível começar a estabelecer relações entre os diferentes elementos deste corpo de dados e a esboçar uma perspectiva integrada sobre a configuração dos trânsitos turísticos globais e a rápida constituição da pandemia de Velocidade, conectividade e globalização microbiológica Desde finais do século xviii, com a industrialização, as atividades humanas têm sido, progressivamente, as grandes responsáveis pelos efeitos mais profundos e determinantes nos sistemas terrestres, dando origem ao que se considera ser já uma nova época geológica: o antropoceno (Crutzen, 2002;Crutzen e Stoermer, 2000). A força desses impactos do homem tem-se acentuado de forma vertiginosa a partir de meados do século xx, com vincadas mudanças ecológicas e socioeconômicas globais que configuram um processo transversal de "grande aceleração", marcado pela crescente celeridade e volume das atividades produtivas, dos transportes, das mobilidades e comunicações internacionais, bem como pelo consequente incremento do consumo de recursos, poluição, destruição de ecossistemas e desigualdades sociais (Steffen e Crutzen, 2007;McNeill e Engelke, 2016;Green, 2020). ...
Na relação com a Covid-19, o turismo é referenciado sobretudo como uma esfera socioeconómica severamente afetada, não sendo dado o devido relevo ao seu papel enquanto componente do sistema de condições que desencadeou a pandemia. Perante esta situação, a análise desenvolvida é orientada pelo intuito de perceber como os processos de massificação turística e a abrangente rede de transporte aéreo que pressupõem, gerando conectividades, trânsitos e velocidade sistêmica, contribuíram para a súbita globalização do Sars-CoV-2. Para tal são mobilizados dados resultantes de um processo de pesquisa de teor documental em fontes mediáticas, fontes associadas a grandes instituições internacionais de natureza intergovernamental e fontes científicas. A partir desses dados é possível depreender-se que os contextos turísticos e as respectivas estruturas de mobilidade são o resultado de complexas assemblagens mais-do-que-humanas nas quais emergem condições sociais, ambientais e tecnológicas que funcionam como poderosos vetores estruturais de rápida difusão transnacional de biocontaminantes, responsáveis, em alguns casos, por cenários pandémicos como aquele em que vivemos desde março de 2020.
... Quanto ha influito il cinema nella poderosa affermazione globale del modello di vita e di consumo (anche urbani e territoriali) definito sogno americano? Solo facendo avanzare finalmente unite scienze, tecnologie e culture l'umanità potrà sopravvivere all'insensatezza dell' Antropocene (Crutzen 2002), provando ad imparare a vivere in simbiosi con e non contro il Pianeta. ...
Il saggio, che si apre con un’ineludibile riflessione
sulla pandemia provocata dal Covid-19, è una sintesi di
un’opera più ampia, in via di completamento e ancora inedita,
sul confronto fra diverse branche del sapere in tema
di sostenibilità. Qui l’attenzione si concentra su specifici
aspetti della relazione epistemologica fra le discipline della
misura e quelle della cultura, per poi affrontare, attraverso
ampie divagazioni trans-disciplinari, il tema strategico
della città sostenibile, con un approfondimento sui recenti
sviluppi del concetto e delle pratiche di circolarità urbana,
giungendo alla riflessione conclusiva sul ruolo della narrazione
per codificare nuove e più efficaci culture della sostenibilità.
... Diese ist natürlich auch hier nicht kontextfrei entstanden . Einen gewissen Einfluss dürfte dabei das in den letzten 20 Jahren für Furore sorgende Konzept des Anthropozäns (Crutzen 2002) gespielt haben, das die Verwobenheit menschlicher Aktivitäten mit natürlichen Prozessen stark in den Fokus der Aufmerksamkeit gehoben hat (siehe dazu den Beitrag von Egner in diesem Band) . Interessant wird jedoch sein zu beobachten, ob und inwiefern sich nicht gerade die Anthropozän-Debatte verändern müsste, nimmt man die neuen Perspektiven in der Physischen Geographie ernst . ...
Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrages ist es, die zentralen Debatten und Fragestellungen
in den Mehr-als-menschlichen Geographien zusammenzufassen und aufzuschlüsseln, um
dieses junge, thematisch vielfältige und vor allem in der angelsächsischen Literatur verankerte Forschungsfeld besser verstehbar zu machen.
Hierfür identifizieren wir drei Hauptelemente der Diskussion, die eng miteinander verwoben sind: (1) Mehr-als-menschliche Geographien versuchen anthropozentrische Perspektiven zu überwinden. Dazu wenden sie sich von der rein vernunft- und sinnorientierten Dimension unseres Lebens ab und lenken den Blick auf die leiblichen, affektiven und emotionalen Erfahrungen der Welt und unsere soziomateriellen Praktiken. (2) geht es ihnen darum, den anthropozentrischen Dualismus von menschlichen und nichtmenschlichen Entitäten aufzubrechen und besser zu verstehen, wie wir in unserer menschlichen Existenz mit nichtmenschlichen Entitäten verwoben sind, wie wir gemeinsam unsere Geographien und Mitwelten ko-produzieren und was dabei für Menschen und Nichtmenschen in jeweils spezifischen Assemblages von Belang ist. (3) wird das Ideal einer forschenden Person, die aus einer externen Position auf die Welt blickt und Prozesse und Phänomene zu erklären versucht, aufgegeben. Dies hat Konsequenzen für die Methodologien und Methodiken in der Disziplin, die sich verstärkt mit der Frage beschäftigen, wie man sich in Forschungsdesign und praktischer Forschungsarbeit nichtrationalem und nichtmenschlichem – über Leiblichkeit, Affekte und Emotionen – adäquat methodisch nähern kann und ob und inwiefern sich unsere gewohnten Repräsentationsformen wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse verändern müssen.
Vor diesem Hintergrund argumentieren wir, (a) dass die mit dem Feld verbundenen konzeptionellen Veränderungen einen im Entstehen begriffenen grundlegenden paradigmatischen Wandel in und außerhalb der Geographie anzeigen, der einer zweiten kopernikanischen Wende gleichkommt, (b) dass sich damit die Selbstpositionierung des Menschen in der Welt neukonfiguriert und die Art und Weise wie Wissenschaft und Humangeographie aktuell gedacht werden, radikal verändert und (c) dass diese Wende auch von naturwissenschaftlicher Forschung inspiriert ist, zunehmend in die Naturwissenschaften hineinwirkt und insofern neue Möglichkeitsräume für eine interdisziplinäre und integrative Forschung eröffnet.
Im Sinne einer von der Philosophie des klassischen Pragmatismus inspirierten Humangeographie – in der einige der in den Mehr-als-menschlichen Geographien diskutierten Ansätze ihre (meta-)theoretischen Wurzeln haben – sehen wir eine neue Haltung wissenschaftlicher Forschung und Welterschließung entstehen, die sich von etablierten Dualismen verabschiedet und an deren Stelle nun Positionalität, Relationalität und Emergenz treten.
... The term "Anthropocene" was coined in 2000 to describe a new epoch in which human activity has made a major impact on most of the earth's systems and living organisms [1]. ...
... Las ideas anteriores, se contemplan en la propuesta de Eugene F. Stoermer y Paul J. Crutzen (1933Crutzen ( -2001 (Crutzen y Stoermer, 2000) -popularizada por este último al formalizarla en Nature, dos años después (Crutzen, 2002)-, que sugiere el Antropoceno como una nueva época geológica (derivada de la intervención humana en la naturaleza 3 ). «Actualmente, se reconoce -de forma generalizada-que estamos atravesando una fase única de la historia de la humanidad en la que, por primera vez, conectamos conscientemente los acontecimientos que ocurren a grandes escalas geológicas -como los cambios en todo el sistema climático del planeta-con las acciones que los individuos, las colectividades, las instituciones y las naciones, desempeñan en la vida cotidiana» (Chakrabarty, 2018, p. 6) Se aprecia cómo, con base en la capacidad tecnológica, la «Historia humana» es causa y motor de la «Historia natural del planeta» 4 . ...
Son conocidas las consecuencias derivadas de las prácticas científico-tecnológicas desarrolladas los últimos siglos —muchas de ellas nefastas, incluso, irreversibles—; para procurar solventarlas, se buscan fórmulas de diálogo interdisciplinar que reconcilien y conecten a la ciencia con la política. Considerar el arte como elemento mediador entre ambas ha resultado satisfactorio en tanto que, su carácter libre, crítico y plástico, permite una comunicación no sesgada entre la ciencia y la sociedad; además de transmitir sus contenidos a partir de medios audiovisuales que atraen y llaman la atención del público. Se propone el Bioarte como la corriente artística óptima para con el fin pretendido, debido a la emoción que provoca —a partir de su confección científica y biotecnológica— la manipulación de la vida con fines estéticos (nunca antes visto en la historia del arte) y debido a su dimensión divulgativa, de política reivindicativa y moral, que obliga al espectador —de manera inevitable— a reflexionar acerca de temas que, en lo cotidiano, resultan ajenos.
... O ensaio conclui que a pandemia é uma consequência do atual modelo de desenvolvimento econômico; que o governo brasileiro, por suas ações e omissões, falhou na gestão de combate à pandemia e produziu mortes evitáveis e que a EA tem uma contribuição relevante na compreensão crítica desse processo, na formação da percepção pública do problema, na geração de informação científica e na resistência ecopolítica aos efeitos danosos à sociedade e ao ambiente. Nesse sentido, pretende dialogar com a literatura interdisciplinar que envolve o fenômeno da pandemia da covid-19, com a hipótese do Antropoceno, com a EAC e com a temática da justiça socioambiental (CRUTZEN, 2002;ROCKSTRÖM et al., 2009;ACSELRAD;MELLO;BEZERRA, 2009;LIMA, 2009;LIMA, 2014 A abordagem educativa da pandemia também pode ajudar a humanidade a reconhecer e lidar com as incertezas, sejam elas cognitivas ou históricas. Morin (2000), em sua reflexão sobre a complexidade, nos lembra de que a vida é inerentemente incerta, que a ciência não produz verdades absolutas, e que precisamos, portanto, conviver com as incertezas, com a impermanência e com os saberes relativos. ...
The pandemics, the anthropocene and environmental education: reflections for a scenario of polycrisis Resumo O presente ensaio articula a relação entre a pandemia da covid-19, a hipótese Antropoceno, o modelo de desenvolvimento da economia capitalista, a reação das políticas públicas e a educação ambiental-EA. Objetiva refletir sobre a complexidade da pandemia, suas múltiplas dimensões e consequências socioambientais e políticas e sobre as possíveis contribuições da EA nesse contexto. Os objetivos específicos detalham o objetivo geral e visam analisar a relação entre a pandemia e o ambiente; discutir as implicações socioambientais, políticas e culturais da pandemia e refletir sobre os potenciais da EA na compreensão e na resistência aos efeitos danosos desse processo. Revisa a literatura das áreas envolvidas nessa reflexão e dialoga com a educação ambiental crítica-EAC, a Justiça socioambiental e o debate sobre o Antropoceno. A metodologia é de predominância qualitativa com uso do levantamento bibliográfico, da observação dos fatos sociais transcorridos e da interpretação do fenômeno pandêmico a partir dos aportes teóricos supramencionados. O ensaio conclui que a pandemia é uma consequência do atual modelo de desenvolvimento econômico; que o governo brasileiro, por suas ações e omissões, falhou na gestão de combate à pandemia e produziu mortes evitáveis e que a EA tem uma contribuição relevante na compreensão crítica desse processo, na formação da percepção pública do problema, na geração de informação científica e na resistência ecopolítica aos efeitos danosos à sociedade e ao ambiente. Palavras-chave: Pandemia; Antropoceno; capitalismo; políticas públicas; educação ambiental.
... Panel -IRP, 2019), qui entraine une surexploitation de la planète, au-delà de ses limites physiques, qui s'imposent à l'Homme (Crutzen, 2002). Les prélèvements toujours plus importants de matières et leur transformation, qui requièrent l'utilisation de beaucoup 14 d'énergie, se font ainsi dans une quête perpétuelle de croissance incitant toujours à produire et à consommer massivement (OECD, 2001 ;). ...
L’économie circulaire se présente comme un nouveau modèle économique permettant de faire face aux défis actuels du système économique linéaire. Aujourd’hui reprise dans plusieurs pays comme un levier d’évolution des pratiques et des modèles de développement économique, ses démarches sont de plus en plus expérimentées dans les territoires, dans un contexte de transition socioécologique et énergétique. L’objectif de la thèse est de déterminer dans quelle mesure l’économie circulaire peut constituer, par son caractère innovant, une opportunité pour les territoires de mettre en oeuvre des processus de développement territorial. Le cadre d’analyse mobilise différentes théories et méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives dans le but de mieux comprendre les implications de l’ancrage territorial et l’importance des dispositifs de gouvernance pour la mise en place des stratégies d'économie circulaire sur les territoires.
Les résultats montrent une croissance locale de l’économie circulaire, en phase avec les enjeux de plus en plus importants en termes de politiques publiques en faveur de l’emploi et de compétitivité de l’économie. Ils indiquent que le défi actuel n’est pas seulement une question d’innovations technologiques autour de l’efficience des ressources et de la création de valeur, mais aussi d’hybridation des actions et de capacité à faire coopérer des parties prenantes variées pour la mise en oeuvre d’externalités territoriales positives. L’exemple de la méthanisation permet de mettre en évidence le rôle du contexte local dans la capacité à générer ces activités nouvelles qui, par leurs vertus économiques et sociales contribuent à créer de nouveaux liens et des processus durables, grâce à l’activation ou au renforcement des proximités et de leurs potentiels.
... According to Rockstrom et al. (2009), the boundaries in three systems viz., rate of biodiversity loss, human interference with the nitrogen cycle and climate change have already been overstepped. We are living in the anthropocene era where human-driven environmental changes deteriorate geographical and ecological resilience of the earth system (Crutzen 2002 and Rockstrom et al. 2009). Efficient use of energy from different sources, conservation and its recycling of energy source for agriculture can only possible through traditional practices. ...
Climate change, increasing population and natural resource degradation including soil degradation and biodiversity loss are the biggest threats of this era. Efficient use of energy from different sources, conservation and its recycling of energy source for agriculture can only possible through traditional practices. Since some of the ITK practices have a significant bearing on profitability of farming. Since long ago, farmers have been silently innovating, testing, and refining various farming practices to make them relevant, efficient & cost effective. The present study was undertaken to ascertain the effectiveness of prevalent ITK. A study was conducted in Khanapur and Savanur taluk of Karnataka state. List of ITKs were collected using checklist and group discussion. These collected ITKs were further categorised into five ways that is weather forecasting (WF), crop(C), storage (ST), soil and water conservation (SWC) and fodder and livestock (FL) related. These collected ITKs were sent to 30 subject matter specialists for scientific rationality. Those ITKs which were found to be highly rational and observed scientific are considered for efficiency analysis. Questionnaire containing list of highly rational ITKs were prepared and surveyed for efficiency analysis. Eighty respondents from Khanapur and 80 from Savanur taluk were covered. Effectiveness of the ITKs was measured using Mean Perceived Effectiveness Index (MPEI). Relevancy weights developed by Sundarmari in 2001 were used for the study. Based on MPEI, ITKs were categorised into highly efficient, efficient and least efficient ITKs. Among the collected ITKs 12 ITKs were found to be highly efficient (17 WF, 26WF, 30WF, 6SWC, 5C, 6C, 17C, 18C, 19C, 6ST, 7ST, and 16FL). These ITKs received highest negative response with respect to complexity indicating they are very simple to adopt by the farmers and they have neutral response with respect to relative advantage and sustainability.
... Cette influence de l'homme sur la nature a atteint un tel niveau qu'elle est devenue une force géologique majeure capable de modifier l'écosystème terrestre (Crutzen, 2002). Le changement climatique est probablement le plus médiatisé et connu des effets de l'anthropocène. ...
Les démarches d’écologie industrielle et territoriale (EIT) représentent un potentiel d’action concret pour rendre nos modes de production et de consommation plus soutenables. Leur mise en œuvre reste compliquée en raison de coopérations interentreprises peu évidentes à initier. Plusieurs dispositifs méthodologiques, façonnés par un ensemble d’outils et de méthodes, ont été élaborés afin de faciliter ces coopérations, mais ils ont rarement eu l’effet escompté. Depuis peu sont expérimentés de nouveaux dispositifs méthodologiques s’appuyant sur une approche plus intuitive et des outils plus performants. Le travail présenté ici vise à déterminer, à travers trois cas d’étude, si ces nouveaux dispositifs facilitent l’émergence de relations interentreprises favorables à la mise en place de synergies. Pour chaque terrain, nous avons cherché à identifier les relations interentreprises et leur évolution dans le temps en mobilisant l’analyse des réseaux sociaux, et d’autre part, à comprendre les logiques sous-jacentes de ces interactions grâce au corpus de l’économie de la Proximité. Nos résultats montrent que les dispositifs méthodologiques étudiés facilitent l’identification de synergies et la mise en relation des entreprises. Cette dernière semble toutefois insuffisante pour amener les entreprises à coopérer et un accompagnement post atelier paraît indispensable. Nos résultats viennent également nuancer l’importance de la préexistence d’un socle de références commun entre les acteurs pour mener à bien une action collective dans les démarches d’EIT.
... Current production and consumption patterns have been identified as the source of environmental impacts hampering global environmental quality (United Nations Environment, 2019). Due to the large impacts caused by human interventions, we are now living in the Anthropocene (Crutzen, 2002;Steffen et al., 2007), a new geological era where human-driven irreversible changes are happening. The current COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the close interdependency between society, production, and consumption patterns and the state of the environment, while the consequences of the pandemic on the environment are still uncertain (EEA, 2020): Lockdowns around the globe may have positive temporary effects (e.g., decreased carbon footprint; Rugani & Caro, 2020), but there is a higher generation of single-use plastic and medical waste (Klemeš et al., 2020). ...
The European Green Deal and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ask for a more holistic approach to production and consumption along value chains. The role of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in supporting policy design and monitoring is then pivotal to achieve policy ambitions. This paper explores the potential support of LCA to EU policies and the SDGs, considering also the Planetary Boundaries (PBs) framework. The assessment focuses on: (a) the relationship between LCA, the SDGs and the European Green Deal; (b) the potential use of LCA in support to the monitoring of SDG12 and the environmental impacts of production and consumption; and (c) the relevance of an absolute sustainability dimension, including the integration of the PBs framework in EU policy and the SDGs. Results highlight that the interlinkages between LCA, EU policy, SDGs and the PBs can be classified as: existing, missing, or existing depending on the LCA framework. In general, LCA was identified to strengthen and further enable EU policies towards achieving the SDGs while remaining within the physical limits of the planet. This is because LCA can be a pivotal method to quantify and assess environmental impacts of value chains and consumption patterns, deepening on their implication on environment‐related SDGs and assessing them against the Planetary Boundaries. The example of the Consumption Footprint highlighted that the concept and Life Cycle Impact Assessment method of an LCA framework can determine the linkage among EU policy, SDGs and the PBs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... According to Rockstrom et al. (2009), the boundaries in three systems viz., rate of biodiversity loss, human interference with the nitrogen cycle and climate change have already been overstepped. We are living in the anthropocene era where human-driven environmental changes deteriorate geographical and ecological resilience of the earth system (Crutzen 2002 and Rockstrom et al. 2009). Efficient use of energy from different sources, conservation and its recycling of energy source for agriculture can only possible through traditional practices. ...
Climate change, increasing population and natural resource degradation including soil degradation and biodiversity loss are the biggest threats of this era. Efficient use of energy from different sources, conservation and its recycling of energy source for agriculture can only possible through traditional practices. Since some of the ITK practices have a significant bearing on profitability of farming. Since long ago, farmers have been silently innovating, testing, and refining various farming practices to make them relevant, efficient & cost effective. The present study was undertaken to ascertain the effectiveness of prevalent ITK. A study was conducted in Khanapur and Savanur taluk of Karnataka state. List of ITKs were collected using checklist and group discussion. These collected ITKs were further categorised into five ways that is weather forecasting (WF), crop(C), storage (ST), soil and water conservation (SWC) and fodder and livestock (FL) related. These collected ITKs were sent to 30 subject matter specialists for scientific rationality. Those ITKs which were found to be highly rational and observed scientific are considered for efficiency analysis. Questionnaire containing list of highly rational ITKs were prepared and surveyed for efficiency analysis. Eighty respondents from Khanapur and 80 from Savanur taluk were covered. Effectiveness of the ITKs was measured using Mean Perceived Effectiveness Index (MPEI). Relevancy weights developed by Sundarmari in 2001 were used for the study. Based on MPEI, ITKs were categorised into highly efficient, efficient and least efficient ITKs. Among the collected ITKs 12 ITKs were found to be highly efficient (17 WF, 26WF, 30WF, 6SWC, 5C, 6C, 17C, 18C, 19C, 6ST, 7ST, and 16FL). These ITKs received highest negative response with respect to complexity indicating they are very simple to adopt by the farmers and they have neutral response with respect to relative advantage and sustainability.
... Das Anthropozän wird damit zum Ausdruck eines erkenntnistheoretischen Vakuums, ein Zeichen dafür, dass die planetare Realität durch die tradierten Weltbilder nicht länger adäquat erfasst werden kann. Aber statt einer glorreichen "Geology of Mankind" (Crutzen 2002) Diese globalen Krisenerlebnisse, welche nur den Auftakt noch weitaus gravierenderer Umbrüche für den Planeten und seine Bewohnenden andeuten, führen die bisherigen Fundamentalkategorien menschlicher Lebenswelt und Wirklichkeit an die Grenze ihrer Deutungsleistung. Denn tatsächlich haben der Klimawandel und das Kollabieren der Ökosysteme nicht weniger als den Zusammenbruch der modernen menschlichen Raum-und Zeiteinheiten zur Folge, was mit einer Revision der anthropologischen Signifikanz und Situierung in der Welt einhergeht. ...
Während sich die Existenzbedingungen auf der Erde unter Klimawandel, Umweltverschmutzung und Artensterben immer prekärer gestalten, offenbaren sich jenseits des bedrohten blauen Planeten ungeahnte Lebensräume, Lebensweisen und vielleicht sogar Lebewesen, die der vermeintlichen Singularität von Erde, Mensch und anthropogener Intelligenz eine alternative Realität gegenüberstellen. Die Möglichkeit posthumanen Lebens, womit einerseits vitales Dasein abseits der biologisch kontingenten Kategorie Mensch (bzw. homo sapiens) gemeint ist, aber andererseits auch Lebenskonzepte unabhängig von modernen anthropozentrischen Dichotomien aufgerufen werden, bieten einen fruchtbaren explorativen wie epistemologischen Existenzraum, welcher sich insbesondere in den kosmischen Weiten jenseits der unwirtlich gewordenen irdischen Heimstädte eröffnet. Dieser Beitrag möchte sich den mannigfaltigen vor-, nach-, mehr als-, und non-humanen Formen des Lebens widmen, welche jenseits der religiös oder humanistisch begründeten Einzigartigkeit und Superiorität von Anthropos und anthropozänem Planeten liegen.
... Relentless extraction of fossil fuels, destruction of forests and oceans, air and water pollution, unbridled production, and disposal of non-biodegradable materials, among other factors, place human activity today as a significant contributing factor to geological changes in critical processes of the planet (Artaxo, 2014). This phenomenon has resulted in the Anthropocene: a new geological age in which the planet operates beyond the limits of any previously known natural variability (Crutzen, 2002), generating unprecedented environmental, social, and economic challenges. ...
Purpose: This article analyses relations between the Dialectic of Enlightenment, critical theory, and the Anthropocene, and poses the question: How do the Dialectic of Enlightenment and critical theory relate to the Anthropocene? Moreover, what is the role of business schools and critical management studies in the context of the Anthropocene? Theoretical framework: The Dialectic of Enlightenment questioned why advancements in rationality and technology failed to lead humanity to emancipation. Moreover, advancements in rationa lity and technology have led to the Anthropocene: a new geological age marked by the human capacity to modify the climate and ecosystems of Planet Earth. This debate, which is related to fields such as sustainability, organisations, and management, can be held in business schools. Method/design/approach: To discuss this theme, we compose a theoretical essay.
... Researchers point out that due to excessive consumption, the impact of human actions on the environment has reached a significant extent and we are entering a new geological period called the Anthropocene (Miéville, 2015;Waters et al., 2015). In the emergence of this period, the man on a large scale has a role in determining power on a global scale; he has become a biological, chemical, and geological actor (Crutzen, 2002;Zalasiewicz et al., 2011). Recent years saw such disastrous developments as the rapid melting of polar glaciers, extreme rise of the limit values in climate change, as well as the increase in floods and droughts (Steffen et al., 2007) which are all caused by human actions. ...
Ecological intelligence is a comprehensive understanding that aims to create an
awareness regarding how human activities affect ecosystems and to promote
preventing unconscious consumption behaviors that would lead to a sustainable
life. It enables us to take social, economic and environmental responsibility, also
to act cooperatively and sensitively against ecological problems. All this would
pave the way for maintaining strong global sustainability in our ecological
objectives. This study explores the levels of ecological intelligence (LoEI) of
university students; it also investigates the role of the sub-dimensions of
ecological intelligence in predicting future participation in environmental
protection activities (EPAs). The data were collected via ecological intelligence
scale (EIS) and written open-response assessment (WORA) form by using a
sample of 179 students. According to the results, the model to predict
participation in EPAs indicated that a good discriminative ability with a
prediction accuracy of 79.3%. We found that the most significant variables for
the prediction of willingness to participate were ecologically conscious
purchasing behavior (ECPB), ecological sensitivity (ES), ecological knowledge
sharing (EKS) among the sub-dimensions of the EIS. This study is an important
contribution to solve environmental problems by developing an ecological
intelligence responding to the individual, social and economic needs of the next
generation.
... As these twenty-first century problems become better understood, the focus turns toward finding solutions. One of the key developments in moving from problem definition to solution formulation is the concept of the Anthropocene (Crutzen 2002), which cuts through a mass of complexity and detail to place the evolution of the human enterprise in the context of a much longer Earth history. This analysis sharpens the focus on an overarching longterm goal for humanity-keeping the Earth's environment in a state conducive for further human development. ...
Over the past century, the total material wealth of humanity has been enhanced. However, in the twenty-first century, we face scarcity in critical resources, the degradation of ecosystem services, and the erosion of the planet’s capability to absorb our wastes. Equity issues remain stubbornly difficult to solve. This situation is novel in its speed, its global scale and its threat to the resilience of the Earth System. The advent of the Anthropence, the time interval in which human activities now rival global geophysical processes, suggests that we need to fundamentally alter our relationship with the planet we inhabit. Many approaches could be adopted, ranging from geoengineering solutions that purposefully manipulate parts of the Earth System to becoming active stewards of our own life support system. The Anthropocene is a reminder that the Holocene, during which complex human societies have developed, has been a stable, accommodating environment and is the only state of the Earth System that we know for sure can support contemporary society. The need to achieve effective planetary stewardship is urgent. As we go further into the Anthropocene, we risk driving the Earth System onto a trajectory toward more hostile states from which we cannot easily return.
... Anthropogenic changes in the Earth's climate, oceans, land, and biosphere are now so great and so rapid that the concept of a new geological epoch defined by the action of humans, the Anthropocene, is widely and seriously debated. Crutzen (2002) proposed the concept of 'Anthropocene' to the present, in many ways human-dominated, geological epoch, supplementing the Holocene -the warm period of the past 10-12 millennia. The Anthropocene started in late 18 th century and coincided with the designing of steam engine in 1784 by James Watt's. ...
Presently, our world is suffering with COVID-19 caused by novel coronavirus SARS- CoV-2 which is directly connected to climate change. Climate change is leading to desertification on one hand and melting of glaciers on the other. In order to check the global warming the world has set a goal of carbon neutrality by 2050 by implementing science-based decarburization solutions.
Green energy from in renewable sources e.g. biomass and bioenergy, solar panels and wind energy to replace the use of fossil fuels. Mitigation and adaptation strategies must be adopted.
... The concept of Anthropocene (Crutzen 2002) was introduced to capture the present time. ...
Non-technical summary
Our time seems to be trapped in a paradox. On the one hand, the capacity to master information has tremendously increased, but on the other hand the capacity to use the knowledge humanity produces seems at stake. There is a gap between our capacity to know and our capacity to act. We attempt to better understand that situation by considering the evolution of knowledge processing along human history, in particular the relation between the development of information technologies and the complexity of societies, the balance between the known and the unknown, and the current emergence of autonomous machines allowing intelligent processes.
Technical summary
Information-processing capacities developed historically in conjunction with the complexity of human societies. Positive feedback loops contributed to the co-evolution of knowledge, social organization, environmental transformation, and information technologies. Very powerful loops now drive the rapid emergence of global digital platforms, disrupting legacy organizations and economic equilibria. The simultaneous emergence of the awareness of the sustainability conundrum and the digital revolution is striking. Both are extremely disruptive and contribute to a surge in complexity, but how do they relate to each other? Paradoxically, as the capacity to master information increases, the capacity to use the knowledge humanity produces seems to lag. The objective of this paper is to analyze the current divergence between knowledge and action, from the angle of the co-evolution of information processing and societal transformation. We show how the interplay between perception and action, between the known and the unknown, between information processing and ontological uncertainty, has evolved toward a sense of control, a hubris, which abolishes the unknown and hinders action. A possible outcome of this interplay might lead to a society controlled to stay in its safe operating space, involving a strong delegation of information processing to autonomous machines, as well as extensive forms of biopolitics.
Social media summary
The sustainability conundrum and the digital revolution are entangled phenomena leading to complexity and disruption.
... Assim, pode-se observar o aumento dos níveis de concentração de dióxido de carbono e metano na atmosfera, e de materiais particulados (ex., carbono negro e microplásticos) e substâncias químicas (ex., metais pesados e derivados de petróleo) em rochas sedimentares no mar. Estas alterações de escala planetária fizeram com que ingressássemos no Antropoceno (Crutzen, 2002;, o qual pode ser atualmente dividido em três estágios principais: 1. Meados de 1800 até 1945: Estágio marcado pela industrialização e utilização de combustíveis fósseis, como carvão, petróleo e gás. O resultado da queima de combustíveis fósseis, o uso de fertilizantes na agricultura, a criação intensiva de gado, as alterações de uso e ocupação do solo e consequente desmatamento aumentaram os gases do efeito estufa substancialmente na atmosfera, alterando os padrões das chuvas, provocando aumentos de temperatura e aumentando o nível dos mares. ...
... Mankind's ever-increasing need for energy as well as the environmental developments in [178][179] . Thus, the Anthropocene describes an epoch in which the influence of the human population on the planet is constantly felt. ...
In this thesis, the functionalization of metal oxide nanoparticles with tailor made molecular building blocks and the properties and applications of the resulting nanoparticle (NP) hybrids were studied. Initially, a strong attachment of a first ligand shell is achieved through covalent binding of anchoring groups like carboxylic or phosphonic acids to the metal oxide surface. This first ligand shell then provides stability against agglomeration and growth, as well as unique properties like dispersibility in specific solvents, reactivity or molecular recognition. Based on this general approach, three different projects focusing on self-assembly of nanoparticles via solvophobic interactions, postfunctionalization of self-assembled monolayers via hydrogen bonding and the controlled release of photochemically stored energy in the norbornadiene/quadricyclane photoswitch were explored. In the first part of this thesis, the encapsulation and subsequent release of hydrophobic molecules from water sources by shell by shell (SbS) coated nanocarriers was investigated. These nanocarriers were prepared through a two-step process. First, semiconducting TiO2 or ferromagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were covalently coated with a first ligand shell consisting of hexadecylphosphonic acid (PAC16) providing dispersibility in apolar solvents. This is followed by the addition of a second ligand shell that is an amphiphilic molecular building block like sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS). The addition of the amphiphilic building blocks is facilitated solely through hydrophobic interactions, rendering the resulting hybrid architectures dispersible in water. This enabled the uptake of several hydrophobic water contaminants like benzene, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or crude oil. The high efficiency of these nanocarriers was showcased by the high loading capacity (up to 400 %) and facile payload release through treatment with an organic solvent. In addition, the intrinsic magnetic properties of the utilized iron oxide nanoparticles enabled straightforward phase separation through the application of an external magnetic field. (publication P1). Next to the removal of hydrophobic water contaminants, this novel nanocarrier concept was implemented for the transportation and targeted delivery of anticancer drugs. After incorporation of the anticancer drugs quercetin (G1) and 7 methyl 4 aminocoumarin (G2) the loaded SbS coated nanoparticles were administered to healthy Michigan Cancer Foundation (MCF)-10 A cells and cancerous MCF-7 cells. Without an external trigger, the loaded nanocarriers proved biocompatible for both cell lines, proving a stable encapsulation of the hydrophobic drug molecules. Irradiation with X-Rays, however, facilitated the release of the hydrophobic drugs into the cytoplasm. Interestingly, G1 and G2 acted as radioprotective agents in the healthy MCF 10 A cells due to a smaller drug uptake, while in the cancerous MCF-7 cells an increase in reactive oxygen species and thus a significantly decreased survival fraction of the MCF-7 cells was detected (publication P2). Finally, a review article on the recently established shell by shell functionalization of inorganic nanoparticles, summarizing the underlying fundamental concepts, properties of these hybrid materials and possible practical applications is presented (publication P3). Next to the relatively unspecific solvophobic interactions, highly directional hydrogen bonding in the HAMILTON receptor-cyanuric acid binding motif was utilized for the synthesis of hierarchical structures. Semiconducting TiO2 nanoparticles were covalently coated with a first dye layer, that is, a porphyrin functionalized with carboxylic acids and a HAMILTON receptor or cyanuric acid. This surface bound molecular recognition motif then enabled the non-covalent addition of a second dye layer, that is a porphyrin or dipyrrometheneboron difluoride (BODIPY). The photophysical and binding properties of the hybrid structures and individual building blocks were investigated in detail. Further, the most promising structures were then implemented in sandwich type dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) configurations. The non-covalent postfunctionalization of a second dye layer led to an efficiency increase of up to 43%, respective to the first porphyrin layer coated TiO2 DSSCs (publication P4). The last part of this thesis is focused on the controlled storage and release of solar energy through utilization of the molecular photoswitch norbornadiene (NBD). Upon absorption of light NBD undergoes a photoisomerization to the metastable quadricyclane (QC), thus storing solar energy. This energy can then be released on demand by backconversion of QC to NBD, triggered by heat, electrochemistry or a suitable catalyst. Unsubstituted NBD, however, has a very poor overlap with the solar spectrum and a low photoisomerization quantum yield. Therefore, a so called “push-pull” system was implemented to one of the double bonds of NBD to redshift its absorption profile. In addition, a novel magnetic nanoparticle catalyst for the exothermic backconversion of QC to NBD was designed by immobilizing a cobalt(II) salphene complex on Fe3O4 nanoparticles. This enabled the facile removal of the NP catalyst after quantitative backconversion of QC to NBD by application of an external magnet. NBD could then undergo further cycles of photochemical energy storage and NP catalyzed energy release (publication P5). Building on these achievements, a library of structurally modified NBD derivatives was prepared through multistep organic synthesis and probed regarding their photochemical properties. The synthetic modifications to the NBD core led to excellent solar fuel properties with an absorption onset of up to 450 nm, quantum yield around 70 %, high energy storage capacity of up to 98 kJ/mol and excellent thermal stability with t1/2 (25 °C) over 100 days. Further, the transition to a 2nd catalyst generation, that is, cobalt porphyrin functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles, led to a 22.6-fold increase in catalyst activity. Detailed investigations on the performance of the novel magnetic NP catalysts revealed excellent turnover frequencies (TOF) up to 3.64 s-1 and turnover numbers (TON) of more than 3305 (publication P6).
... Ein wesentlicher Grund für die hohe Resonanz der Anthropozändebatte in den vergangenen 10 Jahren ist ihre enge Verknüpfung mit der aktuellen Klimawandeldebatte. Es sind vor allem engagierte Erdsystem-, Global Change-und Klimawandelforscher, die mit der Einführung des Anthropozänkonzepts in die geowissenschaftliche Debatte einen grundlegenden Blickwechsel auf das Verhältnis von Mensch und Umwelt, von Gesellschaft und Natur vorantreiben wollen (Crutzen 2002;Crutzen/Stoermer 2000;Schellnhuber 2009;Steffen et al. 2007Steffen et al. , 2011aSteffen et al. und 2011b. Diese Bemühungen um einen grundlegenden Paradigmenwechsel werden durch die apokalyptische Diagnose der drohenden menschlichen Selbstzerstörung durch die beschleunigte anthropogene Veränderung des Erdsystems motiviert. ...
Warum stimuliert die Diagnose eines neuen, durch menschliche Aktivitäten geprägten Erdzeitalters
(Anthropozän) eine so intensive wissenschaftliche und kulturelle Debatte? Ist es nur der mediale
Neuigkeitswert dieses Begriffs oder öffnet er, angesichts sich häufender Umwelt- und
Klimakatastrophen, gewollt oder ungewollt die Augen für ein sich anbahnendes, grundlegend neues
Verhältnis von Mensch und Natur? Im Folgenden soll in Auseinandersetzung mit der These Bruno
Latours (2017) eines tiefgreifenden Bruchs zwischen dem ‚Zeitalter der Modernen‘ und dem neuen
‚Zeitalter GAIAS‘, gezeigt werden, dass diese Bruch-Annahme das Besondere an den aktuell sich
vollziehenden Umbrüchen verkennt, weil sie einem sehr reduktionistischen Verständnis von
Moderne folgt. Diese Verkürzung erlaubt es weder die historischen Umbrüche in der Entwicklung der
industriellen Moderne, noch die derzeitigen, tiefgreifenden Transformationsdynamiken angemessen
zu fassen.
In coming to grips with the advent of the Anthropocene, contemporary philosophers have recently pushed beyond its many physical implications (e.g., global warming, reduced biodiversity) and social significance (e.g., climate justice, economics, migration) to interpret the Anthropocene metaphysically. According to such interpretations, the Anthropocene imposes nothing less than a wholly new understanding of the world. This raises the question regarding the character of such an imposition. To develop this question, this article discusses three metaphysical interpretations of the Anthropocene: Clive Hamilton’s, Timothy Morton’s, and Bruno Latour’s. Among many voices today, these authors are specifically relevant because they predominantly correlate the imposition of a new, nonmodern world with the scientific object “Earth” as it is developed in Earth system science. The purpose here is to elucidate the ways in which this correlation is made, and to inquire after the role of science—a modern activity par excellence—in the advent of the world of the Anthropocene. The critical question is how this role could be legitimated in the proclaimed absence of a modern framework ensuring science’s status as a beacon of certainty and truth.
The aim of the present study is to analyse what role will the traditional and Italian-Constitutionally oriented principle of private property, freedom of enterprise, labour and health protection play in the climate change just transition. In a context characterised by a growing concern of public opinion and thus-and consequently-of European and international political agendas on environmental protection issues, an opportunity will be sought to promote a renewed reflection on the well-known case-law of Ilva in Taranto. An interesting means to achieve the objective of this research analysis will be to try to reopen the debate on the perimeter of the social functionalisation of property.
Este proyecto de investigación se enmarcó en los temas de ambiente y sustentabilidad en las Instituciones de Educación Superior. En estas instituciones existe la necesidad de incorporar dichas temáticas de manera sistémica y holística. Por ello, el objetivo del estudio fue construir el Sistema Ambiental Institucional (SAI), para la gestión y organización del compromiso ambiental de una Institución de Educación Superior (IES) de formación técnico-tecnológica, en Bogotá-Colombia. La metodología de esta investigación es un estudio de caso descriptivo, donde se utilizaron encuestas, documentos y reuniones de trabajo para recolectar la información. En los resultados se observa la gestión de la institución frente a cincuenta y cuatro (54) indicadores de sustentabilidad y la organización de las líneas estratégicas, así como de la política de sustentabilidad en el marco de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sustentable (ODS). De igual forma, se concluyó que las IES, como el PI, requieren de indicadores de medición realistas frente al contexto del país, organizados en ejes o líneas estratégicas que sean transversales a todas las áreas de la institución; con una política de sustentabilidad como base y una red de aliados, tanto internos como externos.
Den bæredygtige stat skal i sit virke respektere, at mennesker ikke er hævet over natur, men er en del af ”Jordens økosystem”. Det betyder bl.a., at eksternaliteter, herunder evt. miljøudfordringer, der opstår som følge af samfundets aktiviteter, ikke kan behandles i isolation. En ”klimalov” skal f.eks. også tage hensyn til andre menneskelige påvirkninger af miljøet, herunder biodiversitet. Ressourcerne i jordsystemet udgør den naturkapital, der understøtter vækst i samfundet, men disse er begrænsede. Ressourcetræk i alle udviklede lande i dag er større, end en ligelige fordeling blandt Jordens befolkning tilsiger. Derfor må den bæredygtige stat forholde sig til den globale ressourcefordeling.
Human activities have profoundly transformed the natural environment and the Earth system, leading to the concept of the Anthropocene. This paper summarizes the effects of human activities on the environment in China as recorded in sedimentary archives. China is divided into core and marginal areas based on their natural and societal conditions, and changes in selected proxies for four stages since 2.0 ka are assessed. From 2.0 to 1.0 ka, tree pollen ratios, magnetic susceptibility values, stable organic carbon isotope ratios, and lead concentrations began to deviate from natural baseline (4.0–2.0 ka) values in the core area at different times depending on location. From 1.0 ka to 1950 CE, anthropogenic perturbations recorded by these proxies increased and exhibited regional changes in the core area. From 1950 to1980 CE, total organic carbon contents, stable organic carbon isotope ratios, total nitrogen contents, and stable nitrogen isotope ratios changed significantly in both the core and marginal areas. After 1980 CE, lead concentrations, black carbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contents increased rapidly. In the latter two stages, the amounts and chronologies of artificial radionuclides and novel materials in the strata reflect their history of outputs or emissions. The boundaries for each stage correspond with important historical events. At 1.0 ka, the political center of China moved eastward, and a transportation network was established in the core area. In ca. 1950 CE, the People's Republic of China was established and the Global Acceleration began, while 1980 CE corresponds with the Reform and Opening-up of China that led to an accelerated industrialization. Our review shows that transportation networks and industries were key factors for intensification of human activities that caused Earth system to enter the Anthropocene.
In a time of ubiquitous availability of diverse musics, in which noise pollution and the silencing of sounds represent simultaneous challenges and make crises audible, a rethinking of hearing, listening and music-making becomes necessary. This builds upon an ongoing discussion on the understanding of the environmental crisis as a failure of culture and the demand to pay increased attention to the protection of the natural environment through music. Current developments in music research give new impetus to discussions about greening processes in and through sound as reactions to environmental and social crises. For example, in the areas of Acoustic Ecology, Ecomusicology, Multispecies Ethnomusicology, Soundscape Ecology, Zoomusicology, and Human-Animal Studies, other-than-human beings are understood as agents also in terms of music-making and receiving. These disciplines call for the openness of musics to dialogue across cultures, species, and academic disciplines. Hence, every sound – whether classifiable as music or not – is a legitimate topic of music research. This in turn questions human exceptionalism, speciesism, anthropocentrism, ethnocentrism, and their effects on the environment. This paper focuses on sustainable examinations of the role of sound and musics regarding the solution or intensification of current problems for which conscious listening is primarily required.
This chapter provides an overview of the emergence of international environmental lawInternational environmental law from the Stockholm Conference in 1972 to the adoption of theSustainable developmentSustainable Development GoalsSustainable Development Goals in 2015. It discusses the major milestones as well as principles that have emerged and their impact on international environmental law (IEL), especially the report of the World Commission on Environment and DevelopmentWorld Commission on Environment and Development (1987) and sustainable development. The chapter surveys the evolution of IEL under three subheadings: (a) during the pre-sustainable development era—from the Stockholm ConferenceStockholm Conference (on the Human Environment) in 1972 to the World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987; (b) the post-sustainable developmentSustainable development advancements from the Rio Declaration of 1992 to Rio+20 in 2012 with particular emphasis on the impact of sustainable development on IEL; and (c) globalization, the AnthropoceneAnthropocene and the Sustainable Development GoalsSustainable Development Goals. The chapter also discusses some of its unique features such as the extensive use of soft lawSoft law instruments, the framework/protocol approachFramework/protocol approach, linkages with other disciplines and the North-South divideNorth-South divide. It briefly surveys the regulation of the global commonsGlobal commons as well as the activities of non-state actors. It concludes by summarizing the achievements, challenges and the future trajectory of IEL. It argues that IEL needs to devise novel legal tools and principles to confront the challenges posed by global environmental challenges, especially climate changeClimate change, and urgently rethink the capitalist model of development that has given rise to extensive environmental destruction.
Environmental pollution as well as sustainability of the natural environment is the product of behavioural exchange obtainable in a particular geographical setting and time space. Each environmental setting has its own expected behavioural disposition making it, more or less the symbolic identity of the people living in the setting. In southeast Nigeria among the six geopolitical zones of the country, environmental pollution has appeared as identity for many cities over the years. While some scholars have scratched the matter from other dimensions, there is yet to be research design, targeting the essence of symbolic behavioural exchange in the understanding of the issue of urbanites and environmental pollution. From the theoretical framework of symbolic interactionism, a coherent analysis was advanced in this study, to capture the behavioural exchanges towards the natural environment between the urbanites and the government institutions implementing environmental protection policies. This was substantiated through the primary data obtained via survey research design, involving 640 respondents (18+) from the southeast Nigerian cities. The study adopted descriptive statistics as well as linear model in probing the data collected. According to the findings of the study, weak policy framework and implementation elicited covert anti-environmental protection behaviour. Commitment to environmental protection, policy awareness and support to government policy and institution are dependent on the public trust of the government institutions managing the environment, awareness of environmental issues, government policies and the functionality of the government institutions managing environmental issues.
Les systèmes deltaïques sont des milieux très dynamiques et fragiles et, à la fois, très attractives pour les sociétés humaines. Généralement très peuplées, ces régions ont été fortement anthropisés et leurs fonctionnement a été profondément altéré par des interventions pluriséculaires voire plurimillénaires. Contrairement à la plupart des deltas du monde, le delta du Danube, situé à l’aval d’un bassin versant qui draine une partie importante de l’Europe, reste jusqu’à nos jours un espace très peu habité à cause de son histoire mouvementée. Cette thèse propose une reconstitution des trajectoires d'évolution de la partie amont du delta, considérée comme la partie fluviale, plus ancienne et plus complexe, qui a été jusqu’à présent moins étudiée que sa partie fluviomarine. Les objectifs de ce travail sont de reconstituer le fonctionnement hydro-sédimentaire du delta du Danube avant les aménagements à l’aide des carottages, et de définir la périodisation des transformations anthropiques dans le delta par l’analyse des cartes et la recherche des sources documentaires inédites. L’étude se fonde sur une approche géohistorique et une approche de terrain, à trois échelles spatiales : à l’échelle du site, par les carottages ; à l’échelle des régions, à travers les projets d’aménagements trouvés dans les archives ; à l’échelle de la totalité de notre terrain d’étude, à l’aide des cartes. Le travail mené sur les archives du sol, qui a permis d’avoir un aperçu de la formation et de l’évolution de plusieurs régions du delta fluvial pour des intervalles de temps allant jusqu’à 10 000 ans dans certains cas, montre que la construction des paysages dans cette région est assez récente. L’analyse des sources d’archives atteste que le rôle de l’homme dans cette construction avant la seconde moitié du XIXème siècle est d’une moindre importance. C’est surtout après 1856, avec la création de la Commission Européenne du Danube, et plus encore après la seconde guerre mondiale, durant la période communiste, que les interventions anthropiques se sont multipliées et ont modifié, parfois de manière irréversible, la morphologie de cette vaste zone humide.
Humans are changing critical environmental conditions in many ways. Here, the important changes in atmospheric chemistry and climate are discussed. The most dramatic examples of major human impacts are the increase of the ‘greenhouse’ gases, especially carbon dioxide (CO2), in the atmosphere and the unpredicted breakdown of much of the ozone in the lower stratosphere over Antarctica during the months of September to November, caused by theemissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Other, more regional but ubiquitous examples include photochemical smog and acid rain. Industrial activities are not alone in causing air pollution and in changing the chemical composition of the atmosphere. Biomass burning, which takes place largely in the developing world, also contributes in major ways. In the future, climate warming due to CO2 emissions will continue to increase over present levels and pose a major problem for humankind. Current radiative forcing by “greenhouse gases” can, to a substantial degree (up to half), be dampened by increased backscattering of solar radiation, either directly by aerosol particles or indirectly through their influence on cloud albedo, or also by cloud feedbacks independent of anthropogenic aerosols. Cloud and hydrological cycle feedbacks provide major challenges. It is unlikely and undesirable that aerosol emissions will continue to increase, as greater emphasis will be placed on air quality, also in the developing world. However, due to its long atmospheric lifetime and expected growth in global emissions, CO2 will continue to accumulate, exacerbating climate warming and related problems in the future. Drastic measures are thus needed at the international level to reduce the emissions, in particular, of CO2 through energy savings, alternative energy sources, and sequestration.
To the general public, Geological Time Scale does not appear to be a major concept of interest. With the exception of geologists, in particular those concerned with the order and relative position of strata and their relationship to the geological time scale, this may even apply to the scientific community at large. However, this statement does not apply to the specific case of the Anthropocene – The Age of Men.
The rapid global spread of the Anthropocene concept across disciplines, languages, cultures and religions has been extraordinary and is unique in scientific history for a basic concept.
We explore the development of the Anthropocene, the current epoch in which humans and our societies have become a global geophysical force. The Anthropocene began around 1800 with the onset of industrialisation, the central feature of which was the enormous expansion in the use of fossil fuels.
A energia eólica representa atualmente uma das fontes renováveis de
energia mais utilizadas no mundo, com a tecnologia inserida cada vez mais
no cotidiano. Com o cenário caótico das alterações climáticas, a sociedade
está despertando para as questões ambientais com relação ao setor
energético. A busca pela relação de sustentabilidade é uma regra fácil de ser
compreendida, uma vez que a questão energética não deve ser observada
apenas do ponto de vista financeiro, ou seja, o olhar deve-se voltar
especialmente aos recursos naturais impactados, visto que não é possível
consumir mais recursos do que a própria natureza é capaz de renovar.
Nesse sentido, a mudança na matriz energética deve ser alterada, pelo
fato de combustíveis fósseis, como petróleo, carvão, termelétricas, etc.,
serem um dos principais responsáveis por desastres ambientais, ocasionados
pela emissão de gases do efeito estufa, que são disseminados na atmosfera
com impactos severos para as presentes e futuras gerações. Inequívoco que a
preocupação com a capacidade de energias renováveis não possa ser
dissociada das preocupações ambientais.
Em face do cenário atual e devido as mudanças climáticas globais, a
importância da geração de fontes de energia renováveis tem despertado o
crescente desenvolvimento e implantação desses sistemas. Nesse contexto,
este artigo tem por objetivo principal analisar os impactos ambientais e
sociais da instalação de parques de energia eólica, abordando conceitos e
desenvolvendo a pesquisa com relação a essa fonte de energia renovável no
país. Será apresentada, inicialmente, uma breve conceituação sobre as
principais energias renováveis, na sequência, como ocorreu seu
desenvolvimento e os principais benefícios como fonte renovável. Por fim,
objetiva-se examinar os impactos ambientais e sociais que a implantação de
parques eólicos causa, mesmo sendo bastante reduzidos em comparação à
maioria das outras fontes, eles existem, e como será retratado no presente
artigo, os impactos não são só de natureza ambiental, ocorrem nas
comunidades direta e indiretamente.
No que concerne à implementação de um processo de energia
renovável – energia eólica, objetivou-se registrar a discussão sobre os
impactos ambientais e as comunidades afetadas associadas à energia eólica,
levando em consideração uma perspectiva de desenvolvimento sustentável.
A pesquisa é descritiva e explicativa com apoio no método dedutivo e na
revisão da literatura
Climate is the average weather in a place and climate change is shift in those average conditions over the years. World temperatures are rising because of human activity, and climate change now threatens every aspect of human life. Presently, our world is suffering with COVID-19 caused by novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 which is directly connected to climate change. Climate change is leading to desertification on one hand and melting of glaciers on the other. In order to check the global warming the world has set a goal of carbon neutrality by 2050 by implementing science-based decarburization solutions. Green energy from in renewable sources e.g. biomass and bioenergy, solar panels and wind energy to replace the use of fossil fuels. In this mini review a brief account of climate change, its causes and mitigation and adaptation strategies are presented.
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