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... The warm global temperature, as much as 5-12°C higher than today that leading to ice-free poles for the majority of the epoch (Huber and Sloan, 2001;Bijl et al., 2009), allowed air masses holding more water vapor, and enhanced polarward moisture transportation from extremely wet tropics along a shallow gradient (Fricke, 2003;Greenwood et al., 2010;Clementz and Sewall, 2011). However, the regional hydrological dynamics distribution, and hence the climatic pattern during the Eocene, are intangibly known, especially in the vast territory of East Asia such as China, in which conflicting explanations are produced (e.g., Qiu, 1996;Tong et al., 1996;Liu, 1997;Wang et al., 1999;Sun and Wang, 2005;Lu et al., 2007;Huber and Caballero, 2012;Quan et al., 2012a). ...
... The first two sedimentary environments are usually allied to the arid climate (although not always), while the last two are equivocally related to either arid or humid climate (Yechieli and Wood, 2002;Warren, 2006; and see below). In the present study, however, because of lacking extensive geochemical data to determine the origin of specific evaporite layers, we here follow the lithological criterion of previous qualitative studies (Liu, 1997;Wang et al., 1999;Sun and Wang, 2005), and tentatively treat all evaporites, if occurred, as the indicator of arid climate in sedimentary facies analyses of each stratigraphic section, although some recent investigations argued that halite layers in most Eocene basins of eastern China are of deep brines (Chen et al., 2000;Yuan et al., 2000;Zhang et al., 2003Zhang et al., , 2005Fang, 2006;Du et al., 2007;Lu et al., 2007; and see below for details). ...
... On the other hand, recent advances in both limnology and petrogenesis reveal that occurrences of evaporites do not necessarily mean the arid climate (Renaut and Long, 1989;Alcocer and Hammer, 1998;Schreiber and Tabakh, 2000;Yechieli and Wood, 2002;Warren, 2006;Chaboureau et al., 2012). New studies on sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy, and basin analysis also suggest that most of the Eocene evaporites in the eastern part of middle China, although not all, are related not to the possible permanent arid or hyper-arid climate driven by the supposed subtropical high, but to the brine delamination in a deep lake environment (e.g., Chen et al., 2000;Yuan et al., 2000;Zhang et al., 2003Zhang et al., , 2005Fang, 2006;Du et al., 2007;Lu et al., 2007). Here we provide some modern examples that help to understand the potential mechanism of evaporites formation under humid, at least not likely permanent dry climate in the Eocene eastern China. ...
... The total area of the Jianghan Basin is around 6,500 km 2 (Chen and Li, 2021;Yu et al.,2018). The basin is characterized by a thick layer of mudstone, argillaceous, and gypsum-salt sediments, which are rich in solid salt rock and brine resources (Lu et al.,2007). The deposition thickness of this sedimentary layer is about 1000 to 1500 meters, with the paste salt layer ranging from 3 to 5 meters in thickness, reaching a maximum of 20 meters, and a cumulative thickness of 468 meters. ...
The brine resources in the Jianghan Basin have abundant reserves. In the Lingbei area of the Jiangling Depression, the brine resources from the Late Cretaceous to Lower Eocene strata have high salinity and rich mineral ion resources. These resources exceed the comprehensive utilization grade and some areas even exceed the industrial grade, indicating broad prospects for development and utilization. In this study, twelve brine samples were collected from the Lingbei area of the Jiangling Depression. The chemical characteristics, element correlation, characteristic coefficient, and isotope characteristics of the brine were analyzed based on the test results. The average salinity of the brine samples was 192.05g/L, and the hydrochemical type was chloride. Correlation analysis revealed that water-rock reactions in various underground reservoirs, such as sandstones and basalts, contributed a significant amount of salt materials. The characteristic coefficient analysis indicated obvious characteristics of sedimentary underground brine, good sealing, and high metamorphism. Furthermore, the analysis of δD-δ ¹⁸ O isotopes suggested that the water samples originated from terrestrial atmospheric precipitation, as they were all on the right side of the atmospheric precipitation.
The brine resource in the Qianjiang depression in Jianghan basin is rich in the brine resource because alternating deposits of gypsum mudstone, mudstone as well as sandstone of Qianjiang Formation form the potential sites for CO 2 geological storage. However, the salinity in Qianjiang Formation is very high with the average value up to 283.25 g/L. The purpose of this study is to investigate the physical and chemical responses under the condition of high salinity. The results show that the CO 2 dissolved in brine and sequestered in minerals decline significantly as a result of directly injecting CO 2 into the brine with high salinity, which may affect the storage safety. Moreover, high salinity will lead to serious salt precipitation around the injection well which may reduce the injectivity. High salinity can also cause the high pressure build up around the injection well. The method of CO 2 injection combined with brine production can effectively mitigate the severe pressure build up and salt precipitation. In this way, we can maximize the utilization of brine resource and the underground space and achieve both the econimic benifits and the environmental benefits.
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