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Authenticity and Commoditization in Tourism
... The urgency of this study lies in the need to preserve the balance between promotion and preservation of cultural authenticity. In practice, destination branding often leads to the distortion or simplification of cultural meaning (Cohen, 1988;Picard, 1996;Salazar, 2012). This issue becomes even more pressing as global digital platforms amplify local narratives, sometimes stripping them of their contextual significance to suit consumerist appetites. ...
... Noti et al. (2024) explored cultural branding in Albania, highlighting challenges in maintaining authenticity amid promotional demands. Cohen (1988) provided a foundational analysis of staged authenticity, while Salazar (2012) emphasized the role of cultural brokers and global narratives in shaping local identities. Likewise, Prentice (2001) examined the symbolic value of culture in tourism consumption. ...
... This visual strategy aligns with the concept of "staged authenticity," in which culture is repackaged in a simplified, performative manner to attract international audiences (Cohen, 1988;Salazar, 2012;Picard, 1996). Interviews with community members indicated dissatisfaction, particularly when their traditions were reduced to superficial imagery without cultural context. ...
The rapid growth of digital platforms has significantly transformed how local cultures are presented and perceived within the tourism industry. In particular, the interplay between cultural identity and the commodification of tradition has become a central issue in the branding of local destinations. This study aims to analyze how local cultural identities are constructed, represented, and potentially commodified through digital tourism branding strategies. It also explores how community stakeholders negotiate cultural integrity while responding to global tourism market demands. Using a qualitative case study method, the research combines digital ethnography, semi-structured interviews with local stakeholders (e.g., artisans, tourism officials, youth), and content analysis of social media platforms and official websites. Thematic analysis was applied to synthesize patterns in representation, commodification, and community participation. The findings show that cultural identity in digital branding is often selectively portrayed, emphasizing performative and aesthetic aspects such as traditional dance, crafts, and cuisine. These elements are frequently commodified for market appeal, sometimes detaching them from their original meanings. However, the study also highlights the agency of local actors, especially youth, in reclaiming narrative power through creative content and participatory branding practices. High-engagement platforms like TikTok and Instagram were found to be both empowering and risky for cultural representation. This study concludes that ethical and inclusive digital branding practices are essential for balancing cultural authenticity and economic sustainability in local tourism development.
... (Brown, 2013;Bruner, 1989Bruner, , 1994Cohen, 1979Cohen, , 1988Rickly-Boyd, 2012;Zhang ve Yin, 2020).Turistler günlük yaşamın sahte ve yapay şeylerle dolu olmasına tepki olarak,gerçek ve otantik olanı aramaktadır (Rickly-Boyd, 2012: 85;Wang, 1999: 357). Bu nedenle bu eğilim, destinasyonlarda otantikliği modern kültürün temel bir özelliği haline getirmektedir (Wang, 1999: 350). ...
... Bu kapsamda tarihsel süreçte otantiklik, alanyazınında çok sık tartışılan ve farklı anlamlar ile yorumlanan bir kavramdır. Örneğin; Boorstin (1964: 15) sahnelenen çekicilik unsurları ile ticari faktör haline gelen kültürün yol açtığı deneyimler olarak; MacCannell (1973: 590) ilkel toplumlar ile insanlar arasındaki etkileşimler olarak; Adams (1996: 25) turistler için üretilen ve onlara sunulan ürünler olarak; Cohen (1988: 371) doğal ve elle üretilmiş ürünleri otantik olarak; Wang (1999: 350) ise turistler tarafından algılanan, başkalarının geçmişinin temsili olarak yorumlamaktadır. ...
... Otantiklik, farklı araştırmacılar tarafından bir değer (Olsen, 2002: 163), motive edici bir güç (Cohen, 1988;Grayson ve Martinec, 2004;Kolar ve Zabkar, 2010;Leigh ve diğerleri, 2006;MacCannell, 1973), bir iddia (Peterson, 2005), bir algı (Cohen, 1988: 379) ve insanların yaptığı seçim : 300) olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Örneğin; Relph'e (1976) göre otantiklik, yüzeysel özellikleri ve derinliği bakımından katkısız, gerçek ve dürüst olan şeyleri ifade ederken; Theobald'a (1998: 411) göre otantiklik, özgün, saf veya gerçek şey anlamına gelmektedir. ...
... On the other hand, some scholars point out that commercialization has benefits for protecting cultural heritage, as it can stimulate economic growth (Kim et al., 2013), safeguard cultural heritage, and disseminate the value of cultural heritage (Cohen, 1988;Davies, 1987;Lak et al., 2020;Tilley, 1997). The process of commercialization attracts a greater number of visitors as well as more of their attention (Bao & Su, 2004). ...
... Previous research on tourism commercialization has primarily taken an industrial perspective, focusing on its identification and evaluation (Boorstin, 1964;Cohen, 1988;Greenwood, 1977;MacCannell, 1973;Wang, 1999), and the evolution and intervention mechanisms of commercialization (Fan et al., 2008;Mitchell, 1998Mitchell, , 2013Mitchell & De Waal, 2009). Others have adopted a societal perspective, examining its impact on local communities (Cetin & Bilgihan, 2016;Kuniyal et al., 1998;Marks, 1996;Wang et al., 2019). ...
... At present, most extant research on tourism commercialization focuses on the qualitative description of the commercialization phenomenon and its influence (Boorstin, 1964;Cetin & Bilgihan, 2016;Cohen, 1988;Greenwood, 1977;MacCannell, 1973;Wang, 1999). There are only few exceptions. ...
As cultural heritage attractions continue to draw significant interest from tourists, commercialization of such tourist experiences is increasingly becoming a critical phenomenon shaping the tourism industry. However, little research has explored the impact of commercialization from the tourists' perspective. This research investigates how commercialization influences the cultural heritage tourism experience. Across four studies, including one secondary data analysis and three experiments, we find that high (vs. low) commercialization in cultural heritage attractions leads to lower tourist satisfaction and loyalty, which is explained by a lower perceived object-based authenticity and existential authenticity. This negative effect of commercialization can be attenuated when the attraction provides higher convenience.
... Authenticity is considered an essential factor in tourism, exploring the dynamics of co-created value in experiences (Cohen, 1988;Rittichainuwat et al., 2018). However, the authenticity of images on social media has come into question, as they may not accurately reflect the genuine travel experience at a destination. ...
... All of them refer to social media and the influence of the Instagram platform to induce behavior away from the Internet. Studies which are deemed as classic sources for investigations about authenticity by several authors (Canavan & McCamley, 2021;Matos & Barbosa, 2018, Jansson, 2018, Köhler, 2021, as Cohen (1988), MacCannell (1973, Steiner and Reisinger (2006), and Wang (1999), were of substantial value in understanding the nuances and importance of the construct. ...
... The quest for authenticity as a powerful motivator for travel appears to be widely acknowledged among scholars. What is evolving, however, is the recognition that what one considers authentic may not hold the same meaning for others (Cohen, 1988;MacCannell, 1973;Park, Choi & Lee, 2019;Steiner & Reisinger, 2006;Tribe & Mkono, 2017;Wang, 1999). The definition of authenticity has evolved from a straightforward, dictionary-like concept to a complex and dynamic subject of discussion over the years (Canavan & McCamley, 2021;Cohen, 1988;Köhler, 2021;Matos & Barbosa, 2018;Rittichainuwat et al., 2018;Steiner & Reisinger, 2006;Wang, 1999). ...
En la era digital, el concepto de autenticidad en el turismo ha sido fundamentalmente transformado por la influencia de las redes sociales. Este artículo explora la noción evolutiva de autenticidad a través de una lente post-postmoderna. Su objetivo principal es destacar la importancia de las plataformas de redes sociales en la creación de una percepción post-postmoderna de autenticidad. El estudio destaca cómo los Millennials priorizan la “instagramabilidad” en sus elecciones de viaje, buscando destinos que proporcionen contenido visualmente atractivo y compartible. A pesar del aumento del contenido generado por los usuarios y la democratización del intercambio de información, existe un creciente escepticismo sobre la autenticidad de las imágenes en las redes sociales, usualmente editadas. Este ensayo teórico adopta una metodología exploratoria y descriptiva, analizando artículos académicos y fuentes no académicas para comprender la interacción entre las redes sociales y la autenticidad. Los resultados sugieren que los turistas están valorando cada vez más las experiencias y los lugares popularizados por las redes sociales, a veces por encima de los sitios históricamente auténticos. Este cambio subraya la necesidad de que las Organizaciones de Gestión de Destinos y las empresas adapten sus estrategias de marketing para resonar con las percepciones contemporáneas y digitalmente influenciadas de autenticidad. Al examinar los constructos de autenticidad y redes sociales, el artículo contextualiza la autenticidad dentro de las tendencias sociales y tecnológicas actuales, proponiendo el concepto de ‘alterrealidad’ como un marco para entender la búsqueda de los turistas por la fantasía en escenarios realistas.
... Dertil et analytisk niveau, hvor tre autenticitetsbegreber appliceres på diskussioner om forvaltningen af Anchers Hus. Diskussionen af autenticitetsbegrebet i turisme-og museumsforskningen har en lang historie (MacCannel 1973, Cohen 1988, Bruner 1994, Wang 1999, Reisinger & Steiner 2006, Chhapra, 2008, Jones 2010, Brenna et al. 2019, Jessen & Warring 2019, Wood 2020. Begrebet er notorisk flertydigt, og en egentlig definition, som daekker og tilfredsstiller på tvaers af fagdiscipliner, er endnu ikke blevet praesenteret. ...
... Både Boorstin og MacCannel arbejdede med autenticitet som en objektiv størrelse, der kan valideres gennem nogle specifikke og objektive standarder (Reisinger & Steiner 2005:68). Cohen (1988) kritiserede denne tilgang og argumenterede derimod for, at autenticitet bør anskues som en social konstruktion. Ifølge Cohen er autenticitet til forhandling og kan opfattes forskelligt alt efter individets egne overbevisninger (Cohen 1988:374, Bruner 1994. ...
... Cohen (1988) kritiserede denne tilgang og argumenterede derimod for, at autenticitet bør anskues som en social konstruktion. Ifølge Cohen er autenticitet til forhandling og kan opfattes forskelligt alt efter individets egne overbevisninger (Cohen 1988:374, Bruner 1994. I den konstruerede tilgang opererer man derfor ikke med en dualistisk enten-eller forståelse, men derimod med autenticitet som en proces, der er til forhandling, og som kan forandre sig over tid (Bruner 1994:407). ...
From 2019-2021 The Art Museums of Skagen conducted a reestablishment of the bedrooms in the historic house museum Anchers Hus. Challenges regarding lack of historical documentation and original artefacts led the museum staff to discuss the different notions of authenticity. In this article, a review of the concept of authenticity with regards to historic house museums, led to a categorization based on rationalities, held by conservators, curators, and museum visitors respectively. This categorization revealed several diverging understandings of authenticity. The analysis shows how the museum staff managed and negotiated these contested notions of authenticity and exemplifies how a theoretical understanding can help strengthen curatorial praxis.
... Many studies note how the global increase in tourism has exerted pressure on many heritage sites and provide a rich discourse on the complex interface and relationship between heritage and tourism. Many of these generally relate to tourists' consumption of heritage as an experience or as a product (Moscardo, 2001;Richards, 1996;Cohen 1988), the economic and socio-cultural impacts of tourism on indigenous heritage, cost-benefit analyses or outcomes, issues of authenticity (Apostolakis, 2003), or tourism's effect on heritage conservation and preservation. A few studies focus on special aspects of cultural tourism such as festivals (Prentice and Andersen, 2003). ...
... Presentation, in contrast to performance, denotes the deliberate "packaging" and promotion of elements of intangible heritage to visitors, catering to their need for an authentic cultural experience (Cohen, 1988). Examples of these include staging folk dances, re-enactments or cultural shows. ...
This paper explores the effects of tourism on the transmission of intangible heritage. It uses a preliminary review of literature on intangible heritage combined with exploratory field interviews conducted in Luang Prabang, Lao PDR, a UNESCO designated World Heritage Site rich in living manifestations of traditions and culture, to identify several factors affecting the transmission of intangible heritage. While many studies associate several positive (as well as negative) socio-cultural effects of tourism on indigenous heritage, they largely ignore or fail to specify tourism's effect on the process of heritage transmission as a distinct step and a key condition for its long-term sustainability and continuity. In addition, the exact nature of posited factors arising from the interaction between tourism and heritage-increased community pride, enhanced capacity for livelihood, greater awareness and assertion of cultural identity, to name a few-and what, if any, effects these have on the continuity and transmission of intangible heritage remains largely unstudied. Based on initial, exploratory and qualitative methods of inquiry, this paper treats tourism as an antecedent factor but focuses its effect specifically on the transmission of intangible heritage. Basic propositions based on the initial inquiry are then incorporated in a proposed framework.
... On the other hand, excessive commercialisation risks eroding intrinsic cultural values, leading to homogenisation and a loss of uniqueness (Li, 2003;Sheedy, 2022). Scholars like Cohen (1988) and MacCannell (1973) have highlighted how commodification reduces cultural practices and artefacts to mere marketable commodities, raising concerns about the sustainability of such transformations. ...
... On the other hand, commercialisation, while driving economic benefits, risks commodifying cultural practices into marketable products, potentially undermining their intrinsic value (Cohen, 1988;Chhabra et al., 2009;Streifeneder et al., 2023). However, when managed thoughtfully, it can enhance tourism infrastructure and accessibility, benefiting tourists and local communities (Zhang et al., 2021;Zhao et al., 2024). ...
This study explores the dynamic interplay between authenticity and commercialisation in rural tourism, focusing on Mawlynnong, India, acclaimed as Asia’s cleanest village. Using a netnographic analysis of 359 TripAdvisor reviews from 2012 to 2024, the research investigates tourists’ perceptions of authenticity and commercialisation and develops a framework of authenticity and commercialisation for rural tourism. Positive themes identified include cleanliness, natural beauty, community hospitality,
and cultural engagement through homestays. These attributes contribute to the village’s appeal as an authentic rural destination. However, tourists also expressed concerns regarding over-commercialisation, including excessive construction, overcrowding, overpricing, and limited local interaction. The study highlights the dual role of commercialisation in enhancing economic development and tourism infrastructure while potentially eroding cultural and experiential authenticity. The
research contributes to the theoretical discourse on rural tourism by integrating sustainability into the authenticity-commercialisation framework. Practical implications
include the need for destination managers to balance tourism growth with cultural preservation and authenticity.
Keywords: rural tourism, tourist experience, commercialisation, authenticity, rural interaction, netnography
... Appadurai, 1986;Cohen, 1988. 15 MacCannell, 1973, como se citó enCohen, 1988. ...
... Appadurai, 1986;Cohen, 1988. 15 MacCannell, 1973, como se citó enCohen, 1988. ...
El propósito de este capítulo es mostrar la forma en que se manifiesta la religiosidad en una tradición como esta procesión entreverada con lo turístico, pues más allá de concentrarse en el turismo religioso, implica una compleja comprensión del hecho religioso dentro de un producto turístico, como es el caso de Oaxaca. A partir de un análisis cualitativo, primero, basado en una
observación de la procesión del silencio, el viernes 29 de marzo de 2024 y, segundo, un análisis desde la geosemiótica y la recursividad fractal de la imagen y el espacio mismo identificados durante el ejercicio de observación, se muestra una división de lo turístico y lo local, desde su disposición en el espacio público y lo vivencial en el escenario de la procesión. Después de esto, se busca comprender la perspectiva de la devoción, la cultura y la tradición desde ambas aristas (lo local y lo exógeno) con base en los conceptos de autenticidad de Eric Cohen y la tradición inventada de Eric Hobsbawm y Terence Ranger.
... Appadurai, 1986;Cohen, 1988. 15 MacCannell, 1973, como se citó enCohen, 1988. ...
... Appadurai, 1986;Cohen, 1988. 15 MacCannell, 1973, como se citó enCohen, 1988. ...
La pluralización de las expresiones religiosas es una de las metamorfosis socioculturales más representativas de las últimas ocho décadas en México. A pesar de que la Iglesia católica se mantuvo como la religión hegemónica, la sociedad pluralizó sus creencias y prácticas religiosas. Tal situación fue el resultado de diversos hechos sociohistóricos que surgieron desde la época independentista hasta nuestros días, mismos que son un ingrediente de la transformación que vivimos en el país.
... Although research directly addressing this moderating role is limited, several related studies can provide valuable insights. (Cohen, 1988)discusses the concept of authenticity in tourism and how it can influence the tourist experience. Although it does not directly address the role of moderation, this study highlights the importance of authenticity in shaping tourist perceptions and experiences. ...
... Chen & Starosta, 2000;H. Chen & Rahman, 2018;Ning, 2017;Ward & Kennedy, 1994) and Authenticity and Genuine Experience (Chhabra, 2010;Cohen, 1988;Ning, 2017;Poria et al., 2006). ...
The purpose of this study was to examine the role of Cultural Immersive Authenticity (CIA) as a mediator of the relationship between service quality, destination image, and tourist satisfaction, and to provide theoretical and practical contributions in the management of experience-based tourist destinations. This study used a quantitative approach with a survey method. The subjects of the study were tourists visiting Prambanan Temple, Indonesia, as a representation of cultural tourism destinations. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire distributed to 219 respondents. Data analysis was carried out using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method using AMOS software to test the causal relationship between variables. The results showed that Cultural Immersive Authenticity played a significant role as a mediator between service quality and destination image on tourist satisfaction. This finding also supports the hypothesis that cultural, historical, existential, and environmental authenticity have a positive influence on tourist experience. This study concludes that improving service quality and destination image combined with a deep heritage of authenticity can increase tourist satisfaction. This study provides important implications, both theoretically in enriching the literature on cultural authenticity and tourism marketing, and managerially in designing strategies to improve the quality of cultural-based tourist destinations.
... The elements of spiritual life that were so integral to the lived experiences of Huayao Dai residents, particularly middle-aged and older residents, were difficult to commodify. Tourists instead prefer to see easily accessible, and unchanging, forms of culture that adhere to prior notions of what minority life looks like on society's margins (Cohen, 1988;De Haes and Archer, 2017). ...
... The goal of such tourism, beyond economic enrichment and development, was the development and cultivation of urban citizens. Extracting 'authentic' experiences from people serves as a means of inspiring new forms of modernity among contemporary urban Chinese residents (Cohen, 1988;Walsh and Swain, 2004). ...
... Based on this research, a theoretical model of "triple balance" for sustainable commercialisation of cultural heritage is proposed, emphasising the need to balance three pairs of key elements in commercial development: Cohen's (1988) concept of 'negotiated authenticity' provides the theoretical foundation, and MacCannell (2013) states that "in the commodification of culture, authenticity is not a fixed concept, but rather the result of constant negotiation and reconfiguration between producers, consumers and cultural authorities." Successful cases have adopted a "core-periphery" strategy: the core design elements maintain a high level of cultural authenticity, while the peripheral design elements are adapted to contemporary aesthetics.Smith (2009) emphasises that "the authenticity of a cultural product is not only in the form of similarity, but also in the level of meaning that is inherited." ...
This study explores how Dunhuang mural elements can be inherited and innovated in silk scarf design in the context of the digital era, and what this process reveals about the sustainable commercialisation of cultural heritage. Through literature review, case study and market research, the study systematically analyses the value of Dunhuang mural elements in contemporary design, the methods of transformation and the role of digital technology in facilitating this process. The results show that digital technology provides a new way for the extraction, reconstruction and innovative application of Dunhuang mural elements, while the design of silk scarves based on Dunhuang elements achieves both cultural heritage and creates considerable economic value. The study proposes a "triple balance" model for the sustainable commercialisation of cultural heritage, which can be useful for the adaptive use of other cultural heritage.
... It is clear from their gigantic history that religious shrines and sites have been the most popular destinations for pilgrims. The encouraging impacts of the local populace are stimulated by religious tourism (14). They preserve their religious sites and shrines as well as their cultural heritage, and they ensure that the under-maintenance of the sacred sites does not disappoint pilgrims who come to visit. ...
Religious tourism is one of the most fundamental and deep travel phenomena, encompassing worldwide destinations
for deep spiritual exploration. The present study critically analyzes the sustainability dynamics of religious tourism by
conducting an extensive analysis of Mathura-Vrindavan, a quintessential pilgrimage location in India. Given its vast
religious diversity, India is a key destination for religious tourism, one of the most significant and oldest forms of
travel in the world. For the study, 245 questionnaires were gathered from tourists visiting various areas of Mathura
and Vrindavan. This paper uses structural equation modeling to deconstruct tourism constructs such as
accommodation, accessibility, and attractions and their three-dimensional impacts on environmental, socio-cultural,
and economic sustainability. An independent scale is developed in this study by using sustainability and religious
tourism constructs together. The empirical analysis captures nuanced relations, especially regarding the economic
opportunities of attractions and environmental concerns arising from accessibility. The results indicate how religious
tourism is complex in its interactions, encompassing potential for transformation and inherent challenges toward
sustainable development of destinations. By throwing light upon these intricate dynamics, the research contributes
valuable insights for formulating strategic policies and holistic management of destinations for religious tourism with
consideration of sustainability.
... W takim rozumieniu, jeżeli turysta uzna coś za autentyczne, to takie jest, bez względu na opinię ekspertów. Ten efekt porównań między oczekiwaniami a percepcją nazywany jest autentycznością konstruktywistyczną (symboliczną) (Cohen 1988;Wang 1999;Reisinger, Steiner 2006). Zdaniem Wanga (1999) przyjęcie dualizmu między autentycznością obiektywistyczną i konstruktywistyczną nie jest wystarczające, bo nie daje możliwości pełnego opisania zachowań i odczuć turysty, więc odmienny charakter ma autentyczność egzystencjalna (tab. ...
Based on an analysis of the value of ratings and the content of reviews obtained from online opinion aggregators, an assessment was made of the popularity and attractiveness of cultural heritage sites in the Ojców National Park (OPN). The purpose of the study was to identify and assess the scale of the potential relationship between the perception of of authenticity and the reviews given. Tourists identify a very narrow group of cultural heritage objects associated with the national park, and in the absence of expert knowledge, they differ in their perceptions and understanding of authenticity. It has been shown that the authenticity of cultural objects in the OPN landscape, understood in an existential or constructivist rather than objectivist one, influences the experiences of only a small percentage of tourists. Direct contact with something unique and unusual, referred to as the "nimbus of authenticity", is important, and the distribution of evaluations is fundamentally influenced by a process known as the sacralization of the view. A marginal issue in the given opinions is the problem of the disappearance of authenticity in heritage objects and the emergence of a distorted image of space due to the growing demands of tourism. The evaluation of cultural heritage sites in the studied context of authenticity is often hampered by the fact that a significant group of opinions and evaluations focuses solely on issues related to tourist organization rather than on the cultural aspects. The results presented can provide a starting point for discussion, as well as for verifying the tourist attractions considered most important in the study area and evaluating the significance of authenticity in creating a tourist offer by tour operators. PRACE GEOGRAFICZNE zeszyt 176, 2024, 95-114
... Besides, the Q 2 values for both ATT (Q 2 = 0.3333) and PI (Q 2 = 0.3509) also confirmed the predictive validity of the endogenous constructs towards ATT and PI. Moreover, refers to the guidelines of Cohen (1988), the effect size (f 2 ) value in Table 4 further indicates that HC, HK, and HA have a small effect size on ATT, while PR have a medium effect size on ATT. However, ATT possess a substantial effect size on PI. ...
The Islamic economy has rapidly growth due to the increase in the Muslim population and also their consumption expenditure. Due to the paucity of evidence on the factors that affect Muslim consumers to purchase foreign Halal food products, this study intends to investigate the factors that affect the intention of Muslim consumers to purchase foreign Halal food products. A research framework that underlies the Stimulus-Organism-Response model has been developed, with Halal certification, Halal knowledge, Halal awareness, and perceived reputation as stimuli, and attitudes as internal cognitive organisms, while purchasing intention as a response. Throughout the data collection, a total of 211 valid responses were gathered. The results from the partial least squares-structural equation modelling showed that Halal certification, Halal knowledge, Halal awareness, and perceived reputation positively influenced attitudes. Besides, consumers’ purchase intention is positively significantly affected by attitudes. These findings offer crucial understanding related to the subject matters as it would benefit the stakeholders in promoting foreign Halal food products in Muslim-dominated countries. Furthermore, the findings also further enrich the extant knowledge in Islamic marketing and consumer Halal consumption behaviour as the evidence was verified by utilizing the stimulus-organism-responses framework.
... However, when market needs take precedence over communal interests, excessive commercialization can dilute or distort cultural meanings. For instance, if performed out of context or only for amusement, traditional dances or rituals modified for tourism may lose their ceremonial value (Cohen, 1988). Therefore, by elevating local voices and upholding cultural norms, strategic management must make sure that commercial development promotes rather than compromises cultural integrity. ...
Background and Aims: Local cultures are confronted with both opportunities and risks in the context of growing globalization. Many of them are still undeveloped or prone to standardization, despite their significant potential for economic value, identity, and creativity. In order for local cultures to thrive both domestically and globally, this research aims to explore strategic management techniques that can promote their ongoing value-added development. Compiling theories, models, and best practices that connect local cultural identity and global competitiveness is the aim of this project. Methodology: This study draws on a range of interdisciplinary sources in the domains of sustainability, cultural studies, strategic management, and the creative economy using a methodical approach to literature review. Comparisons are made between frameworks like the SWOT/TOWS, the Balanced Scorecard (BSC), stakeholder engagement models, and cultural branding strategies. International case studies are also analyzed to identify success factors and practical relevance. Results: The study concludes that global branding, creative cultural expression, stakeholder interaction, and strategic planning are necessary for improving local cultures. Local culture has been successfully promoted globally while retaining its authenticity through the use of tactics including cultural export models, strategic alliances, and combining local knowledge with modern technologies. Successful examples from Europe, Asia, and Africa demonstrate that, with proper handling, cultural identity may have long-term positive diplomatic and economic effects. Conclusion: Strategic management techniques can help local communities preserve, enhance, and promote their cultural heritage around the world. The transition from "local to global" requires a well-rounded approach that respects cultural heritage while embracing innovation and market-driven opportunities. This assessment highlights the need for inclusive policies, capacity building, and strategic visioning to ensure that cultural development promotes long-term sustainability and cultural variety in the global environment.
... Moreover, authenticity has emerged as a key facet of the dining and hospitality experience (Gilmore & Pine, 2007). Authenticity in this context extends beyond culinary traditions to include genuine interactions, meaningful cultural elements, and honest representations of local or thematic offerings (Cohen, 1988). Multiple studies have linked authentic experiences to deeper emotional connections and heightened perceived value (Walls et al., 2011). ...
With the growing focus on local cuisine, this study delves into the process of value cocreation in local gastronomy by examining diverse viewpoints, including those of restaurant managers (Study 1) and customers (Study 2). From the perspective of 391 restaurant managers, service quality and social capital emerge as crucial mediating factors connecting IT infrastructure flexibility and value cocreation. Furthermore, human capital plays a vital role as a moderating factor, strengthening the correlation between service quality and value cocreation. Additionally, based on the insights of 523 restaurant customers, this research finds that authenticity experience and satisfaction act as mediators in the relationship between experiential value and loyalty. Moreover, perceived interactivity is identified as a moderator influencing the connection between satisfaction and loyalty. The final section discusses alternative models and implications, both theoretical and managerial.
... Creating genuine and ethical guest experiences that align with cultural values and hospitality ethics (Cohen 1988;MacCannell 1973) • Hotels integrating local art and traditions into their service offerings (Kirillova et al. 2014 ...
Inherently rooted in ethical considerations, the hospitality industry faces numerous moral challenges in ensuring service quality, customer satisfaction, and operational integrity. This study explores integrating foundational ethical principles from Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle to address these challenges. Socratic ethics, emphasizing continuous ethical inquiry and self-knowledge, provides a framework for ongoing moral reflection. Platonic ideals inspire a pursuit of excellence and integrity, while Aristotelian virtue ethics offers practical guidance for ethical decision-making. By critically analyzing these ancient philosophies, this research aims to elevate the moral discourse within the hospitality sector and develop practical guidelines for integrating these principles into contemporary practices. The study contributes to the field by understanding how classical ethical theories can address current ethical issues, enhance decision-making, and promote a culture of moral excellence in hospitality. Practical implications include developing ethical training programs, formulating fair and just policies, and creating a service environment that prioritizes the well-being of guests and employees.
... The scope of the research context or the framework adopted by investigators also largely determines the interpretation of the types of motives that emerge. Gnoth (1997), for example cites the work of Cohen's (1988) sociological perspective in interpreting tourist motives as well as Hartman's (1982) interpretation of empirically derived motives from respondents' emotive thoughts and reaction towards different landscape patterns. ...
Many tourism studies consider elicited reasons for undertaking a behavior (e.g., visiting a destination) as the basis from which tourist motives are inferred. Gnoth (1997) considered this a tautological problem early on and cast doubt about tourist motives derived from such procedures. He contrasted tourist motivations from tourist motives, which, based on the psychological literature properly refers more to the underlying force that drive behavior. This study tackles the challenge of differentiating explicit from implicit motives and attempts to discriminate between the two constructs, theorize the relationship between the two, and assess their relative significance in predicting choice of a destination, from which tentative indications regarding their conceptual equivalence can be gleaned.
... According to Cambridge (2019), Collins (2019), and Ivanova et al. (2014), authenticity denotes qualities of being genuine, true, and real. Additionally, the concept extends to the faithful representation or replication of an original, as discussed by Chhabra (2005), Cohen (1988), and Collins (2019). However, authenticity is inherently subjective, particularly in the context of food (Hamzah et al., 2013;Heidegger, 1996). ...
... To this end, the question is approached from the perspective of the creation and consolidation of the tourist image of an area. This is generated through processes, understood and studied within the Humanities and Social Sciences, which involve the reduction of the image of a country or tourist destination to a few simple features, which are familiar to large segments of the market (Baloglu and McCleary, 1999;Cohen, 1988;Echtner and Prasad, 2003;Navalón García, 2015;Selwyn, 1996), and which are then reproduced until they become part of the collective image of those societies (Graburn and Gravari-Barbas, 2011;Salazar, 2011). ...
The central theme of the article is the role of the image of Al-Andalus in shaping the archetypes of Spain and Andalusia, and more specifically in the tourist image of the latter. Thus, the main objective of this article is to show the historical process through which the idea of and the features associated with Al-Andalus have become one of the components of the tourist image of Spain and, fundamentally, of Andalusia throughout most of the 20th century. Furthermore, the secondary objectives are to analyse the intense debate, running since the beginning of the 19th century, about the image of Al-Andalus among Spanish intellectuals; and analyse the (re)production of “phantom image” linked to Al-Andalus in films with tourists, using a qualitative method of film image analysis that can be considered novel (Grounded Theory built through visual analysis with NVivo software).
... Dampak relatif suatu variabel pengaruh eksternal terhadap variabel pengaruh endogen diukur dengan menggunakan ukuran F-Square. Kriteria yang digunakan adalah, jika nilai F-Square dari variabel eksogen lebih besar atau sama dengan 0,02 dan lebih kecil dari 0,15 maka termasuk kedalam SMALL EFFECT, jika nilai F-Square dari variabel eksogen lebih besar atau sama dengan 0,15 dan lebih kecil dari 0,35 maka termasuk kedalam MEDIUM EFFECT, serta jika nilai F-Square dari variabel eksogen lebih besar atau sama dengan 0,35 maka termasuk dalam LARGE EFFECT (Cohen, 1988 Dari Tabel 7., terlihat bahwa faktor ekstrinsik terhadap motivasi kerja memiliki nilai F-Square sebesar 0,901, yang termasuk dalam kategori LARGE EFFECT. Temuan ini secara jelas menunjukkan bahwa variabel eksogen, dalam hal ini faktor ekstrinsik, memiliki pengaruh yang sangat besar terhadap variabel endogen, yaitu motivasi kerja. ...
This article shows identification about the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence the work motivation of supervisors (plant foremen and plant clerks) at PT. FAP AGRI, North Kalimantan. The decline in supervisor motivation at the company has caused issues such as unkempt and undisciplined appearances, as well as an increased resignation rate. This study aims to provide a basis for consideration for the company in making policies to improve the performance of supervisors at PT. FAP AGRI. Data was collected using a census method on 109 supervisors who are training center (TC) graduates and still employed at PT. FAP AGRI. Data collection was conducted using a Likert scale questionnaire and analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling – Partial Least Square (SEM–PLS). The results of the study indicate that the intrinsic factors significantly influencing work motivation include self-perception, self-esteem, personal expectations, and personal needs. The extrinsic factors that influence include the type and nature of the work, work groups, work environment, and salary. The analysis shows that extrinsic factors have a greater influence compared to intrinsic factors on supervisor work motivation. This study provides recommendations for PT. FAP AGRI to focus on enhancing extrinsic factors to improve the work motivation and performance of supervisors
... When tourists perceive an object as real, it is due to symbolic authenticity rather than the object's inherent authenticity [62]. In other words, tourists will consider a replica "real" if it accurately reflects the key characteristics of the tourism object [63]. Consequently, constructive authenticity is contingent upon the tourists' personal expectations and perceptions. ...
The rapid development of digital technologies and the diversification of user needs have made digital museums significant platforms for cultural dissemination and education, attracting unprecedented attention. This study aims to investigate how interaction quality influences users’ psychological responses and their continuance intention to use digital museums. By integrating the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) model and telepresence theory, this study proposes a novel model to examine users’ continuance intention. A questionnaire survey of visitors to the China Zisha-ware Digital Museum (CZDM) yielded 414 valid responses, which were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that: 1) The interaction quality of digital museums (i.e., interactivity, vividness, and authenticity) and users’ psychological responses (i.e., telepresence, perceived enjoyment) significantly affect users’ continuance intention to varying degrees. 2) Telepresence significantly mediates the relationship between interaction quality and continuance intention. 3) Perceived enjoyment serves as an important mediator between interactivity, vividness, and continuance intention, while its mediating role between authenticity and continuance intention is not significant. This study offers theoretical and practical insights for optimizing digital museum user experience design to enhance continuance intention, while also promoting the dissemination of digital culture and supporting educational efforts.
... In this study, WE exhibited a moderate R² value of 0.693, while TI had a weak explanatory power with an R² value of 0.377. To further evaluate the impact of individual constructs, effect size (f²) was calculated, where values of 0.350, 0.150, and 0.020 denote substantial, medium, and trivial effects, respectively (Cohen, 1988). The results revealed that autonomy (f² = 0.150) and social support (f² = 0.290) had small effect sizes on WE, while feedback (f² = 0.038) had a trivial effect. ...
This study examines the impact of job resources-autonomy, feedback, and social support-on work engagement (WE) and investigates the subsequent influence of WE on turnover intentions (TI) among employees in Malaysia's selected Services sector. Guided by the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) theory, this research extends existing knowledge by focusing on underexplored subsectors, including wholesale and retail trade, food and beverage, and accommodation. Employing a quantitative, cross-sectional survey approach, data were collected from 150 employees using a combination of online and pen-and-paper surveys. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis revealed that autonomy, feedback, and social support significantly enhance WE, with social support emerging as the most influential predictor. Furthermore, WE demonstrated a negative relationship with TI, highlighting its role in mitigating employee TI. These findings contribute to the theoretical advancement of JD-R theory by validating its application in a non-Western, Services-oriented context. Practically, the study underscores the importance of fostering autonomy, delivering constructive feedback, and promoting social support to enhance employee WE and reduce TI. By addressing the unique challenges of Malaysia's Services sector, this research offers actionable insights for improving workforce resilience and organizational sustainability.
... The primary focus has largely centered on how heritage provides individual tourists with a sense of existential authenticity to contemplate (Cohen, E. 1988;Atkinson, A. 1991). This representation of the authentic past, perceived and consumed in the present, leads to certain complexities as achieving a truly accurate perception of the past through cultural heritage is unattainable (Weaver, D. 2011). ...
The emergence of oil discovery in the Gulf states since 1930s has led to rapid
modernization, transforming once-historic districts into global commercial hubs. This transformation prompted significant construction and reconstruction of historic urban areas in capital cities, highlighting the profound impacts of swift modernization on cultural identity. In response to these changes, a process known as "Heritagization" has gained popularity in the Gulf states. This approach combines efforts for cultural enrichment with leisure activities while preserving the cultural identity. Although heritagization does bring economic and tourism benefits, concerns such as over commercialization, cultural commodification, and heritage degradation warrant critical consideration. This heritagization in the Gulf states often leads the urban regeneration projects to develop in such a manner that contradicts and challenges the previously existing cultural heritage and thus the continuity of the cultural identity is somehow marginalized and overshadowed.
This research aims to investigate the emergence of heritagization as a transformative and innovative strategy in the Gulf region and its impact on the cultural identity of the historic districts. It also examines how the urban regeneration of these historic districts plays a central role in promoting this brand and shaping new cultural identities.
This phenomenon of heritagization in the Gulf region will further be critically
examined through the case study of Historic Al Diriyah in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The
transformation of the historic site after its designation as a World Heritage Site
represents a seamless fusion of tradition and modernity within the framework of a large-scale urban regeneration project. Beyond its function as a newly established
cultural tourism destination, Al Diriyah serves as a cultural museum within a
contemporary environment. However, this approach raises critical questions regarding the role of heritage, which may be reduced to mere visual aesthetics, thereby presenting a constructed cultural identity. It also raises concerns about commercializing and branding the heritage for tourism promotion showcasing the new historicized past.
Keywords: Urban Regeneration , Cultural Identity, Heritagization, Gulf States, Al
Diriyah.
... It is a dimension that explains the appropriateness of dishes, ingredients (products), recipes, cooking methods, cooking stages and presentations to local and traditional culture. This dimension focuses on the physical and historical reality of food (Cohen, 1988;MacCannell, 1973). ...
The aim of this study is to examine how the Living Cuisine Movement has evolved food culture beyond being merely a source of nutrition and into a tool for social interaction, cultural experience, and education. It also aims to explore the
impact of this movement on preserving local cultures, ensuring environmental sustainability, supporting local economies, and increasing tourists’ loyalty to the region. The study seeks to evaluate the opportunities presented by Living Cuisine practices in terms of gastronomy tourism and cultural interaction, and
plans to provide suggestions on how to expand the reach of this movement to broader audiences. This study will closely examine the significance of Living Cuisine practices concerning local, cultural, and sustainability aspects, as well as their contributions to guests participating in tourism activities.
... It is a dimension that explains the appropriateness of dishes, ingredients (products), recipes, cooking methods, cooking stages and presentations to local and traditional culture. This dimension focuses on the physical and historical reality of food (Cohen, 1988;MacCannell, 1973). ...
Gastronomy tourism can be defined as a type of travel undertaken for
specific purposes such as tasting a particular dish, observing production
processes or trying the dishes of famous chefs. In this type of tourism, instead
of daily eating and drinking habits, the discovery of local flavors and cultural
experiences are at the forefront. The gastronomic richness of a region plays an
important role in preferring that region and shaping tourists’ travel experiences.
Gastronomy tourism not only offers tourists the experience of eating, but also
the opportunity to get to know the cultural structure and traditions of the host
community closely.
... This study yielded a moderate predictive capacity (0.694). Effect size (f²) values of 0.350, 0.150, and 0.020 imply substantial, medium, and trivial effect sizes, respectively (Cohen, 1988). This study showed that EI and WIF had a substantial effect on WE, with values of 0.417 and 0.380, respectively, while SL had a medium effect (0.273). ...
This study explores the influence of servant leadership (SL), emotional intelligence (EI), and work interfere with family (WIF) on work engagement (WE) among the service sector workforce in Klang Valley, Malaysia. A quantitative approach via survey was administered to 150 employees from the food and beverage, retail and wholesale trade, and accommodation sectors. The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis revealed that SL and EI positively affect WE, while WIF negatively impacts WE among service sector employees. The practical implications emphasise the importance of fostering EI, implementing SL practices, and addressing WIF to enhance employee WE. This study also offers theoretical contributions to further enhance the understanding of these factors within the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) framework. JEL Classification: M54
... Although, for other researchers, commodification can bring income and pride to local communities (Cohen, 1988;Tilley, 1997) as well as tourist-oriented commodities can gain new meaning for locals, transforming into symbols of identity that represent local cultures to external audiences (Cole, 2007;Tilley, 1997). In these cases, cultural consumption can revitalize local communities, though the effectiveness of such revitalization depends on local communities' ability to control the production of commodities and access the capital generated from such production (Bruner, 1991;Tilley, 1997). ...
In this paper, I investigate how far participatory processes result in a wider democratic space through new public procurement schemes. I analysed three dimensions strictly connected with the framework of the 'Democracy Cube', developed by Anchor Fung in 2006 to represent the institutional space in participatory governance processes: (x) the public engagement mechanism, (y) decision-making power, and (z) the skilling of actors involved.
The visual representation allows us to understand the added value of collaborative administration practices compared to traditional PPP and where they could be optimized. The agreement's long run (20 years) helped the social cooperative become an aggregator of further cultural and social regeneration processes, connecting other stakeholders and activating new relationships within the local community.
... This study yielded a moderate predictive capacity (0.694). Effect size (f²) values of 0.350, 0.150, and 0.020 imply substantial, medium, and trivial effect sizes, respectively (Cohen, 1988). This study showed that EI and WIF had a substantial effect on WE, with values of 0.417 and 0.380, respectively, while SL had a medium effect (0.273). ...
This study explores the influence of servant leadership (SL), emotional intelligence (EI), and work interfere with family (WIF) on work engagement (WE) among the service sector workforce in Klang Valley, Malaysia. A quantitative approach via survey was administered to 150 employees from the food and beverage, retail and wholesale trade, and accommodation sectors. The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis revealed that SL and EI positively affect WE, while WIF negatively impacts WE among service sector employees. The practical implications emphasise the importance of fostering EI, implementing SL practices, and addressing WIF to enhance employee WE. This study also offers theoretical contributions to further enhance the understanding of these factors within the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) framework.
... I describe discursive extraction by enjoining recent perspectives on the geographies of extractivism with scholarship developed in sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology, tracing the creation and exploitation of Myanmar as a tourism frontier-a space where land, goods, and people are territorialised for tourism industry development (Mostafanezhad 2020)-before the COVID-19 pandemic and then the 1 February 2021 military coup brought an end to the tourism boom. In doing so, this article diverges from influential tourism scholarship, which argues that tourists seek experiences in a quest for authenticity (Cohen 1988;MacCannell 1999) and/or a process of reflexive identity construction (Bruner 2005;Desforges 2000). Instead, the case of Myanmar indicates that much tourism-and especially that in frontiers-is motivated by an extractivist logic to accumulate symbolic capital. ...
The mid-2010s tourism boom in Myanmar (Burma) shows how discourse creates and extracts value in tourism frontiers. Building on studies documenting tour- ism’s operation as an extractive industry, interviews with 60 tourists, residents, and industry stakeholders in Myanmar in 2018–20 reveal that tourism in frontiers is oriented by an extractivist logic. The high-value symbolic goods pursued by tourists are experi- ences with people who are otherised as “premodern”, which tourists accumulate and exchange on a linguistic market in a process described as discursive extraction. What is theorised as an extractive relation grounded in colonial hierarchies of value commodifies people and places as repositories of symbolic capital, supporting the territorialisation of spaces for tourism development and revealing discourse to be a constitutive force in the extractive geographies of tourism.
... The effect size (f²) was also calculated to assess the individual impact of each construct. According to Cohen (1988), f² values of 0.350, 0.150, and 0.020 are considered substantial, medium, and trivial, respectively. Results indicated that WIF had a medium effect (f² = 0.172) and FIW had a substantial effect (f² = 0.399) on WE. ...
This study aim examine the interplay between work-family conflict (WFC), emotional intelligence (EI), and work engagement (WE) in Malaysia's service sector. through the lens of the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) theory. Using a sample of 150 employees from Malaysia's wholesale and retail trade, food and beverage, and accommodation sectors, data were gathered through both online and pen-and-paper surveys and quantitatively analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that work interference with family (WIF) and family interference with work (FIW) negatively impact WE. Notably, EI acts as a buffer against the detrimental effects of WIF on WE but shows no significant moderating effect for FIW. This study enriches the JD-R theory by positioning EI as a vital personal resource, shifting the focus from burnout to work engagement as a critical outcome of job demands. From a practical standpoint, it emphasizes the potential of EI-based strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of WFC and foster employee WE in Malaysia's service sector. By shedding light on the nuanced role of EI, the study offers both theoretical contributions and actionable insights for organizations aiming to enhance workforce resilience and productivity.
... Turistlerin hikâye anlatıcılığı özellikleri demografik değişkenlere bağlı olarak önemli farklılıklar göstermektedir (Cohen, 1988). Garber ve Michael (2013) çalışmalarında; özellikle yaş, cinsiyet ve eğitim seviyesi gibi faktörlerin hikâye anlatım tarzını ve içeriğini etkilediğini, yaşlı bireylerin genellikle daha geleneksel anlatım yöntemlerini tercih ederken gençlerin dijital ve modern anlatım tekniklerine yöneldiğini belirtmişlerdir. ...
Turizm deneyimleri öznel doğalarıyla karakterize edilen kişisel olaylar olduğu için her tüketicinin deneyimi algılama biçimi, bireysel özelliklerine göre değişmektedir. Özellikle demografik değişkenler ve önceki deneyimler turistlerin algılarını etkilemektedir. Aynı zamanda deneyimler seyahatten önce, seyahat sırasında ve seyahatten sonra meydana gelen karşılaşmaların neden olduğu bir dizi bilişsel ve duygusal etkiyi içermektedir. Turistlerin bireysel özellikleri destinasyonlarda yaşadıkları deneyimleri anlatılar yoluyla başkalarıyla paylaşmalarını şekillendirmektedir. Dolayısıyla deneyimler ve hikâye anlatıcılığı turistlerin bireysel özelliklerine, varış noktası unsurlarıyla etkileşimlerine ve çevredeki durumsal faktörlere bağlı olarak farklılık göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı, turist deneyimi, güdüler, memnuniyet ve hikâye anlatıcılığının katılımcıların demografik özelliklerine göre anlamlı bir farklılık gösterip göstermediğini tespit etmektir. Bu kapsamda Kapadokya / Nevşehir destinasyonunu tercih eden 591 kişiden çevrim içi anket tekniği ve kolayda örnekleme yoluyla veriler elde edilmiştir. SPSS programı aracılığı ile güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik analizleri, normallik testi, Bağımsız Örneklem T testi ve Tek Yönlü Anova analizleri yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda; turist deneyimi, hedonik ve faydacı güdüler, memnuniyet ile hikâye anlatıcılığının medeni durum, yaş, meslek, eğitim ve gelir durumuna göre farklılık gösterdiği, cinsiyete göre ise farklılık göstermediği tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda paydaşlara çeşitli önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
... It looks at the elements that go into making a satisfying culinary travel experience. (Cohen 1988) Cohen's groundbreaking study examines the relationship between culinary experiences and authenticity in tourism. It talks about striking a balance between real food experiences and the tourism industry's commercialization or commodification of them. ...
Destination attraction and distinctiveness are shaped by the interplay of culture, identity, and experiences in culinary tourism, an increasingly important aspect of travel. This essay offers a thorough investigation of the dynamics, perspectives, and impacts related to food destinations. This study aims to unravel the complex fabric of culinary tourism by means of a thorough analysis of survey data covering a wide range of demographics. The study starts by examining how important food experiences are when choosing a travel destination. The results show that respondents have a strong consensus, with most of them prioritizing culinary factors when making travel decisions. More investigation reveals that a significant portion of respondents believe that culinary identity plays a crucial role in influencing their choice to travel, highlighting the perceived significance of a destination's culinary reputation in drawing tourists. Examining respondents' views of the culinary character of places they have visited in more detail, the study highlights favorable impressions that point to a fulfilling gastronomic experience. Additionally, the study reveals a complex relationship between a place's identity and its food scene, emphasizing the significant influence of regional cuisine on a place's perception as a whole. This study not only documents popular beliefs but also provides recommendations to strengthen the scope and depth of the investigation. Stakeholder viewpoints and qualitative interviews are also suggested to improve comprehension and insights. In the end, this study acts as a foundation for understanding the complex field of culinary tourism. The results are consistent with the increased influence of food experiences on traveler preferences and destination selections. This research intends to help with strategic tourism planning by shedding light on perceptions, influences, and dynamics. It highlights the critical role that culinary experiences play in destination marketing and the development of sustainable tourism.
... Another path for consumers to construct an authentic identity is to conjure the perception of authenticity for consumption. Because authenticity is a quality individuals perceive based on their personal experiences (Cohen 1988), it is a socially negotiable concept that is relative, contextually determined, and ideologically driven (Leigh 2006). Prior research has demonstrated the dexterous ways consumers address the existence of inauthenticity in their consumption experience by creating authenticity. ...
This study examined how consumers achieve their desired authenticity when tension arises between their individual and collective identity goals. Insa‐dong, a popular tourist attraction in Seoul, was chosen as a conducive research setting to examine conflicting identity goals given that the place has been criticized as inauthentic by many consumers while often touted as a must‐visit tourist attraction for experiencing traditional Korean culture. The primary data were collected through in‐depth interviews and focus groups with 24 native Korean individuals with prior experience in Insa‐dong. Additionally, promotional materials, relevant mass media content, and TripAdvisor reviews were included as supplemental data. The analysis revealed the tension between different goals based on multiplicity in the self and two main strategies to maintain one's desired identity while performing socially expected roles. Based on these findings, the present study demonstrated that the quest for authenticity is a social endeavor enmeshed with various social roles with their accompanying expectations and obligations. Additionally, the current study expands the understanding of authenticity in consumer experience by identifying middle‐ground strategies between downright resistance and conjuring the perception of authenticity.
... According to Hair et al. (2017), the R-square values of 0.762, 0.540, and 0.572 show good predictive accuracy. Further, following the Cohen's (1988) definition about f-square values, the results show that FE has a large effect on revisit intention (1.176), but FE (0.210) and revisit intention (0.157) have a medium effect on the intention to recommend. Affordability (0.168), emotional resilience (0.151), and enhancing physical endurance (0.211) have a medium effect on flow experience. ...
This study assessed the multidimensional perspective on the relationship between tourism and green growth. Specifically, the study evaluates perspectives on green growth, impact of tourism activities on local communities, and influence of green growth on tourism development. The descriptive research design was employed for this study and a total of 150 sample size were selected from local community residents in Ikole Local Government Area of Ekiti State using the stratified sampling technique. Data used for the study was collected using a well-structured questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical technique. Findings showed that there are varied perspectives on green growth, some of which emphasized the advancements in renewable energy and resource efficiency with a preference for businesses and governments to lead this transition. There is optimism about aligning environmental protection with economic growth, and international cooperation is deemed crucial, especially for developing nations like Nigeria. Tourism's ecological impact is viewed as moderate, with positive economic contributions to community wellbeing and job creation, despite increased living costs and mixed socio-cultural effects. Green growth is seen as beneficial for tourism development, attracting eco-conscious tourists and offering unique, sustainable experiences. However, concerns about higher operational costs and stringent regulations deterring investors persist, though preserving cultural heritage through green practices is believed to enhance the tourist experience and boost economic benefits. Based on the findings obtained, it was recommended that government at all levels, and businesses should take s more proactive role in driving green growth initiatives. Adoption and enforcement of sustainable tourism practices such as responsible waste management, conservation programs, and the use of sustainable transportation options while ensuring equitable economic benefits, greater community involvement in tourism planning and management is essential.
Critical thinking is a fundamental yet overlooked skill of nursing education, crucial for equipping future nurses to navigate complex clinical scenarios. Nonetheless, conventional learning methods often emphasize individual learning modes, thereby neglecting collaborative opportunities such as teamwork and role-playing. Also, The traditional nursing education focuses on the training of hands-on practice, but the lack of contextualized learning with clinical scenario simulation limits the development of critical thinking, ultimately hindering the full potential of nursing education.This study aimed to assess the effects of a Collaborative Role-Play-Based Virtual Reality Flipped Learning (CRP-based VR-FL) approach on nursing education. Utilizing a quasi-experimental design within a vocational college setting, one group designated to receive instruction via the CRP-based VR-FL method, while another group was taught using the traditional non-CRP-based VR-FL approach.The research evaluated the impact of these instructional strategies on students' learning achievement and critical thinking skills by administering pre- and post-tests on knowledge related to intravenous infusions, a pre- and post-test critical thinking tendencies questionnaire, and a self-assessment. Findings indicated that the CRP-based VR-FL approach significantly improved students' learning achievement and critical thinking abilities, particularly in decision-making competencies. Furthermore, based on the students' self-assessments, it is evident that this method significantly enhances students' learning experiences, including engagement, participation, teamwork, and independent learning skills.Consequently, it is recommended that nursing education actively pursue and implement the CRP-based VR-FL approach to cultivate high-quality nursing professionals.
The study delves into an instrumental element in ensuring the sustenance of the tourism industry: literature promoting tourism. To understand the important role literature promoting tourism or travel narratives play in disseminating tourism discourse on Sri Lanka, in addition to the fact that such texts are most often the first point of contact between a potential traveler/tourist and the destination. The study unpacks representations of Sri Lanka, and how Lankan identities, and the many touristic offerings of Sri Lanka, are depicted within the authoritative official tourism site of Sri Lanka 1. More specifically, this research study examines the commodification of authenticity and exotica within the official SL tourism website and will provide a response to how Lankan identities are represented within the website, how the marketing aspect of travel writing shapes the text and explores the dominant representations/narratives and how they are established, constructed, and/or disrupted. This study strived to answer how Sri Lankan identities are represented across travel narratives, how the marketing aspect of travel writing shapes the texts and explores the dominant representations/narratives and how they are established, constructed, and/or disrupted. Delving into these three research questions, the study identifies that literature pertaining to Lankan travel narratives, and its intersections with postcolonial studies, feminist perspectives, and digital cultures, is lacking, and therefore a lacuna that needs to be filled in order to understand and identify the transition and reflection of the existing tourism discourse onto the chosen platforms/texts. Thus, the study employs a qualitative approach and conducts a content analysis via a postcolonial lens on the selected promotional literature on Sri Lanka. The primary theoretical frameworks included the 1 https://www.srilanka.travel/ Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Volume 03, Issue 01-2023 2 postcolonial exotic, otherness, Postcolonial representations of Sri Lanka in literature promoting tourism, authenticity, new age orientalism, and postcolonial spaces. The study thus, exposes that authenticity is used as a marketing tool within the website to define and represent how SL authorities and the government of Sri Lanka would like to portray an authentic version of SL, via exotic and diverse means.
This study aims to examine the connection between ownership structure and earnings management, as well as explore how environmental sustainability influences this relationship. The research analyzes data from 917 companies, gathered from annual reports, Bloomberg, and DataStream. OLS regression is utilized to assess direct and indirect links between ownership structure and earnings management. The study also employs robustness and sensitivity tests to evaluate indirect relationships among ownership structure, environmental sustainability, and earnings management. Results from fixed regression align with the primary test findings. The research reveals a negative association between Foreign Ownership and earnings management. Although Government Ownership (GOOW), Institutional Ownership (INOW), Family Ownership (FMOW), and Environmental Sustainability (ES) show negative correlations with earnings management, these relationships lack statistical significance. The study also uncovers a slight negative impact of environmental sustainability on the connection between Foreign Ownership (FOROW) and Institutional Ownership (INOW) with earnings management. Supplementary tests corroborate the primary results. This work addresses a gap in current literature and creates opportunities for further in-depth research on the subject. To confirm the results, robustness tests are undertaken, such as endogeneity checks with fixed effect model and two-stage least squares (2SLS). The findings serve as a warning to policymakers, entrepreneurs, stakeholders, and researchers about the significance of ownership structure characteristics that may impede its success.
Abstract:
This sociological investigation explores the multifaceted relationship between disability, tourism, and identity within the vibrant context of Nepal's travel industry. As global tourism continues to grow, inclusivity becomes a pivotal aspect of the sector's development. However, little research has been conducted on the experiences of individuals with disabilities within this dynamic landscape, particularly in the unique cultural and geographical setting of Nepal. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative interviews, participant observations, and quantitative surveys to comprehensively investigate the social dimensions of disability within the Nepalese travel industry. The study examines how individuals with disabilities navigate and experience various facets of tourism, from transportation and accommodation to cultural attractions and adventure activities. By employing a sociological lens, the research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between disability and identity formation in the tourism context. It explores the role of societal attitudes, cultural perceptions, and policy frameworks in shaping the experiences of individuals with disabilities as both tourists and service providers. Additionally, the study investigates the impact of inclusive tourism practices on altering broader societal perceptions of disability and fostering a more equitable and accepting social environment. Preliminary findings indicate a range of challenges faced by individuals with disabilities in accessing and participating in Nepal's tourism activities. These challenges are not only physical but also deeply rooted in social and cultural constructs. Conversely, instances of successful inclusion initiatives showcase the potential for tourism to act as a catalyst for positive social change, challenging stereotypes and fostering a sense of empowerment among individuals with disabilities. This question aims to understand the practical aspects of tourism experiences for people with disabilities in Nepal. And explore how disability is perceived and managed within the context of Nepal's tourism industry. Ultimately, this research aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge on disability studies and tourism sociology, providing valuable insights for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and academics interested in fostering a more inclusive and equitable travel environment in Nepal and beyond.
This paper explores tourism experiences through a comparative analysis of research trends and hotspots in China and the United States. Using CiteSpace software, it analyzes relevant literature from 1 January 2004 to 10 May 2024. The research reveals that although China started later in tourism experience research, it has developed rapidly and formed unique features. Both countries attach importance to tourism experiences and the application of technology. However, in the initial stage, China focused on infrastructure construction and tourism industry development planning, while the US emphasized concept definition, theoretical framework construction, and in—depth evaluation of tourism experience quality. This study fills the gap in cross—cultural comparison of tourism experience research, provides a scientific basis for the comparative analysis of Chinese and American tourism experience research, and promotes the theoretical development and practical innovation in this field.
This study explores tourists' perceptions of tribal tourism destinations in Meghalaya, India, with a focus on their experiences, feedback, and awareness of sustainable tourism practices. The survey reveals that visitors are drawn to the region's rich tribal culture, traditions, and natural landscapes. Tourists largely appreciate the positive impact of their visits on local communities and express a strong willingness to recommend these destinations to others. Awareness of sustainability is high, with many respondents observing efforts towards eco-friendly tourism during their trips. However, the study also highlights areas for improvement, including accessibility, infrastructure, and targeted marketing initiatives. Key suggestions include collaborative efforts between local tribal businesses and government, improved facilities, and increased promotion of sustainable practices. By addressing these areas, Meghalaya has the potential to become a leading example of sustainable tribal tourism, showcasing the balance between cultural preservation and tourism growth.
The aim of this study was to develop students’ critical thinking skills by applying questioning techniques as a tool. The study employing action research approach adopted the spiral model of action research characterized by iterative steps of reconnaissance, planning, action, observation/reflection and re-planning. This cyclical process was repeated in a spiral fashion. The findings suggest that questioning is one of the effective pedagogical techniques to foster students critical thinking skills. The findings reveal four phases of critical thinking skills development. In the initial phase / level of intervention, most of the students almost reproduced the memorized / recalled responses instead of demonstrating critical thinking skills. In the second phase, most of the students somewhat departed from recalling level and demonstrated the ability to analyses the issue from multiple perspectives. In the third phase, most of the students developed the ability to understand the complex interconnections of issues followed by the fifth phase in which students developed action-oriented critical thinking skills to some extent. The study makes strong recommendations for teachers to employ questioning techniques as a tool for developing students’ critical thinking skills.
Studi ini mengeksplorasi pemanfaatan UMKM kuliner lokal dan kearifan lokal dalam mempromosikan pengembangan desa wisata berkelanjutan, dengan fokus pada Desa Buluh Duri di Serdang Bedagai, Sumatera Utara. Dikenal karena daya tarik alamnya, termasuk arung jeram di Sungai Bah Bolon dan situs unik seperti Green Canyon dan Air Terjun Bahgula, Buluh Duri menawarkan pengalaman kaya bagi wisatawan yang berakar pada alam dan budaya lokal. Penelitian ini menganalisis bagaimana UMKM kuliner lokal meningkatkan pemberdayaan ekonomi desa dengan menawarkan pengalaman gastronomi tradisional yang mendukung mata pencaharian lokal, sementara kearifan lokal, yang mencakup adat istiadat, tradisi, dan praktik lingkungan, berkontribusi pada pelestarian budaya dan pengembangan pariwisata berkelanjutan. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui wawancara, observasi, dan diskusi kelompok fokus, studi ini menganalisis peran, tantangan, dan peluang yang terkait dengan integrasi bisnis kuliner lokal dan kearifan lokal ke dalam kerangka desa wisata. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa UMKM kuliner dan kearifan lokal mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi, pelestarian budaya, dan partisipasi masyarakat, meskipun menghadapi tantangan dalam infrastruktur, pemasaran, dan pengembangan kapasitas. Penelitian ini memberikan wawasan berharga bagi pemerintah daerah, penduduk desa, dan akademisi, menawarkan strategi untuk meningkatkan potensi pariwisata desa dan mempertahankan identitas budaya uniknya. Rekomendasi untuk perbaikan infrastruktur, pemasaran digital, pelatihan bagi operator UMKM, dan manajemen lingkungan bertujuan untuk lebih memperkuat Buluh Duri sebagai desa wisata berkelanjutan.
Since the late 1990s, heritage reuse for cultural purposes has become a widespread phenomenon in major Chinese cities. Heritage-led projects aim to foster the development of new urban functions, transforming historical spaces into magnets for leisure and tourism. These government-led projects often attract local entrepreneurs, who capitalize on heritage settings as a breeding ground for new activities, such as design galleries, art and craft stores, cafés, gourmet restaurants, and microbreweries. Tianjin, a city 120 km south of Beijing, has embraced this trend by implementing ambitious projects to preserve and enhance its former Western concessions (19 th-20 th centuries). While the "creative" use of heritage is a common feature of both Western and Chinese cities, Tianjin presents a particularly compelling case due to the dissonant nature of its former concession heritage. This article analyzes the relationship between creative (re)uses of heritage and cultural tourism in Tianjin's former Western concessions. Specifically, it questions the influence of the re-functionalization of historical buildings in the former concessions, mainly for leisure and tourism purposes, on their recognition as heritage. To address this, the study draws on four case studies in Tianjin's former Western concessions, employing qualitative data collected through participatory and non-participatory observations, thematic analysis of institutional documents, and semi-structured interviews with officials and local stakeholders. The findings highlight how creative uses of heritage could enhance tourism experiences and contribute to economic and cultural revitalization. These practices might foster a deeper engagement with the past while supporting sustainable tourism development.
This qualitative study employs a comparative ethnographic approach across three rapidly developing Southeast Asian tourism destinations in Bali, Thailand and Vietnam to examine complex impacts on intangible cultural heritage and everyday cultural realities as international visitor flows accelerate. The project encompassed 18 months of immersive multi-sited fieldwork engaging 96 participants through in-depth semi-structured interviews and 15 focus group discussions. Over 500 hours of systematic participant observations occurred across both mundane public spaces and ritual ceremonial events. Discourse analysis examined policy and media materials regarding cultural tourism and heritage planning. Triangulation compared emergent themes across varied data types to discern multifaceted dynamics intermixing ongoing tradition, adaptation and change. Descriptive statistical analysis of tourism growth indicators from 2000-2020 supplemented qualitative interpretations. Multiple regression analysis identified significant sociocultural, economic and political predictors of perceived commodification pressures across settings. Similarities and differences in change dynamics and planning regimes emerged between religiously and politically diverse sites through systematic comparative analysis. Key dimensions investigated encompass shifts in meanings, practices, productions, sense of identity, community relations, ritual performances, representation disputes and intergenerational negotiations amidst tourism expansion and globalized mobility. Findings reveal uneven blends of risks and opportunities around intangible cultural heritage persisting, adapting or transforming as locales balance enduring local life-worlds with heightening transnational interconnectivity.
This study analyses the perceptions and attitudes of national minorities in Serbia towards the impact of ethnic tourism on the preservation of their cultural identity, economic benefits, the reduction of prejudices and the future development of ethnic‐tourism. Using a qualitative approach, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with members of different national minorities: Slovaks, Hungarians, Bosniaks, Ruthenians, Vlachs and Roma. Thematic analysis was used to identify key issues and gain insights into the views of the interviewees. The results show that ethnic tourism contributes significantly to the economic development of these communities by creating jobs and supporting local businesses. Ethnic tourism also plays a key role in the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage through festivals, traditional crafts and gastronomy. Interaction with tourists helps to break down stereotypes and prejudices and promotes mutual understanding and tolerance. However, challenges are also recognised, such as the commercialization of culture and the need for sustainable practices. The importance of this research for Serbia is particularly great, as it is a country with numerous national minorities and the potential for the development of ethnic tourism. Serbia faces prejudices and stereotypes, and ethnic tourism can play a key role in reducing these prejudices and promoting cultural diversity. The results of this research can inform managers and development professionals on how to integrate sustainable practices and cultural identity into tourism strategies and thus promote the long‐term prosperity of national minorities in Serbia.
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