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SAS/STAT User's Guide, Ver. 6
... The normality of the data was checked using a Shapiro-Wilk test and when the data was not normally distributed was right-skewed, a PROC UNIVARITE was used to assess the fit of a gamma distribution (19). Time (days) to hatch at 15°C, time (days) in instar and newly molted nymphal weights (mg) were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX (19). ...
... The normality of the data was checked using a Shapiro-Wilk test and when the data was not normally distributed was right-skewed, a PROC UNIVARITE was used to assess the fit of a gamma distribution (19). Time (days) to hatch at 15°C, time (days) in instar and newly molted nymphal weights (mg) were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX (19). The time in instar data was fit to a gamma distribution with a log link, and the hatch and weight data were fitted to a normal distribution. ...
... The model for time to hatch just had population as a fixed effect. Differences between means were assessed using the Tukey-Kramer test with an a = 0.05 (19). ...
Spotted lanternfly ( Lycorma delicatula White) is an invasive planthopper that was introduced to the United States from Asia and readily spreads via human aided means. Three geographically separated populations in the United States (NJ, PA, and WV) were collected and used to assess the effects of fluctuating thermal regimes that included temperatures above or below the upper (T max ) and lower (T min ) developmental thresholds, respectively, on nymphal survival and development, and to determine if there was within- and among-population variation in hatch timing and temperature responses of nymphs. Nymphs exposed to temperatures > T max and <T min were able to develop when those temperatures were part of an alternating regime, even though development took longer, and the average survival was lower than that of the corresponding constant temperature. When individuals from different geographically separated populations were exposed to the same temperature regimes, there was intra- and inter-population variation in time to hatch, instar duration, and estimated T min values. The NJ population on average hatched earlier than the PA populations. There was 1-4°C difference in estimates of the T min for the first through third instars for individuals from different populations. In addition, the time in instar estimates for constant 15 and 25°C from this study were 26 and 7 days faster, respectively, than estimates from previous studies. The variability in thermal responses documented in this study is large enough to have impacts on predicted phenology and potential risk of establishment especially in areas previously considered too cold to be at risk. This new information should be incorporated into phenology and risk models to improve their predictive ability.
... Each treatment was replicated 18 times and the experimental unit was an enriched cage with 10 birds for all traits. The data were analyzed by period, feeding phase, and cumulatively, using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, 2004). When significant differences among treatments were detected, means were separated using the Tukey test. ...
... The effects of age (12 periods of 4 wk each) and the interaction between age and dietary effects (Ca content and DLys:ME ratio) on egg production and egg quality traits, were tested as indicated by Littell et al. (1998). Mortality did not follow a normal distribution and consequently, the data (number of dead birds) was analyzed as a binomial distribution, using the LOGISTIC procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, 2004). Results in tables are presented as means and differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. ...
The influence of the Ca and nutrient content of the diet fed from 16 to 19 wk of age, on egg production, egg quality, and tibiae mineralization, was studied in brown egg-laying hens from 16 to 63 wk of age. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 pre-lay diets organized as a 2 × 2 factorial with 2 levels of Ca (2.5 vs. 3.8%) and 2 standardized ileal digestible Lys (g/kg) to AMEn (Mcal/kg) ratios (DLys:ME; 2.84 vs. 3.13) as main effects. From 20 to 63 wk of age, all hens received a common diet with 2.75 Mcal AMEn/kg, 0.75% DLys, and 3.8% Ca. Each treatment was replicated 18 times and the experimental unit was a cage with 10 hens. Hen production and egg quality traits were measured by period (4 wk), feeding phase (pre-lay and lay), and cumulatively (16 to 63 wk of age) and tibiae mineralization was measured at 63 wk of age. During the pre-lay phase, an increase in Ca delayed egg production (P = 0.065), reduced feed intake (P < 0.05), and increased BW gain (P < 0.01) and percentage of shell of the egg (P < 0.05). An increase in the DLys:ME ratio increased feed intake (P < 0.01) and reduced egg size (P < 0.01). Nutrient content of the pre-lay diets did not affect hen production during the lay phase, except egg weight that increased (P < 0.05) in hens previously fed the low DLys:ME ratio. Eggshell quality (weight, percentage, strength, and thickness) in this phase was better (P < 0.05) in hens previously fed 3.8% Ca. Cumulatively (16 to 63 wk of age), hens fed the high Ca pre-lay diets had better shell quality but tibiae mineralization was not affected. In conclusion, an increase in Ca content of the pre-lay diet from 2.5 to 3.8% improved shell quality for the entire egg cycle without showing any negative effect on hen production.
... We used SAS version 9.4 [59] to examine relationships between species seed size, seed dispersal traits, and dispersion. Given that seed mass was highly correlated with seed length (Spearman r 2 = 0.76, p < 0.0001), width (Spearman r 2 = 0.73, p < 0.0001), and surface area (Spearman r 2 = 0.84, p < 0.0001), we focused analyses on seed mass, in alignment with previous studies of seed size patterns and the availability of data online, e.g., in the TRY database. ...
Most terrestrial plants disperse by seeds, yet the relationship between seed mass, seed dispersal traits, and plant dispersion is poorly understood. We quantified seed traits for 48 species of native and introduced plants from the grasslands of western Montana, USA, to investigate the relationships between seed traits and plant dispersion patterns. Additionally, because the linkage between dispersal traits and dispersion patterns might be stronger for actively dispersing species, we compared these patterns between native and introduced plants. Finally, we evaluated the efficacy of trait databases versus locally collected data for examining these questions. We found that seed mass correlated positively with the presence of dispersal adaptations such as pappi and awns, but only for introduced plants, for which larger-seeded species were four times as likely to exhibit dispersal adaptations as smaller-seeded species. This finding suggests that introduced plants with larger seeds may require dispersal adaptations to overcome seed mass limitations and invasion barriers. Notably, larger-seeded exotics also tended to be more widely distributed than their smaller-seeded counterparts, again a pattern that was not apparent for native taxa. These results suggest that the effects of seed traits on plant distribution patterns for expanding populations may be obscured for long-established species by other ecological filters (e.g., competition). Finally, seed masses from databases differed from locally collected data for 77% of the study species. Yet, database seed masses correlated with local estimates and generated similar results. Nonetheless, average seed masses differed up to 500-fold between data sources, suggesting that local data provides more valid results for community-level questions.
... statistical analysis: Complete randomize design (CRD) was followed as a one way analysis. The trend included the effect of experiment parameters once, and experiment intervals for each transaction another time, following the general linear model and using the SAS statistical program the version 9.1 (21). Differences between mean values were tested using the Duncan multidimensional test (9) at a significant level (P≤0.05( ...
... Purity was obtained according to Sapronov et al. (1979) using the following equation: Purity = Sucrose% X 100 (soluble solid%). The microcomputer program ANOVA was used for statistical analysis, the spilt plot design was applied and the Duncan's multiple range tests were used for separating means (SAS, 1988). ...
... The statistical analysis was conducted for each location and then combined to test significant differences among the genotypes. The analysis of variance was done according to Statistical Analysis for System [9] for each season separately and then combined. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variations were computed according as follows: Broad sense heritability (h2b) estimates for yield and its related characters were computed as the ratio of genetic variance to phenotypic variance. ...
These experiments were conducted in two different sites to study the genetic variability and the mean performance of the elite different origin maize genotypes under irrigated condition in central of the Sudan on rainy season 2014. The experiments were arranged in randomize complete block design in three replicates, the data were collected on days to 50% tasseling and silking, plant and ear height, ear length and diameter and grain yield. The analysis of variance for each site and a cross sites showed a significant variability among tested genotypes for grain yield, days to 50% tasseling and silking, plant and ear height, ear length and diameter. Also, significant different were observed for genotypes, site and a cross site for most of studied traits such as for grain yield, days to 50% tasseling and silking, plant and ear height, ear length and diameter. The combined results for genotypic coefficients of variability and broad sense heritability estimates grain yield, ear length and ear diameter varied significantly among the tested genotypes.
... The least-squares mean for fixed effects and differences between subclasses within fixed effects were compared using a t-test (Yaemkong and Tuan, 2019). Means procedures are computed to examine the range using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure (SAS, 2003). These effects were 4765 considered significant at P<0.05. ...
The objectives of this study were to the development and technology transfer for local production of Samae Dam Chicken (Gallus gallus) in Uthai Thani Province, Thailand by studying diversity of phenotypic characteristics in the rearing system. The average age of chickens was eight months, randomly numbered 1,000 in Uthai Thani Province. The results showed that variation of quantitative traits such as body weight, body height, body length, body width, wing length, shank length and toes length, the mean is equal to 3.0±0.25 kg/h, 58.5±0.10 cm, 24.5±0.30 cm, 14.5±0.20 cm 33.0±1.15 cm,10.25±0.5 cm and 5.75±0.45 cm respectively. The relationship between qualitative characteristics found that significant strong positive relationships between beak color and shank color (r=0.70; p<0.01), between necklace color and wings feather color (r=0.60; p<0.05), between necklace color and back- necklace color (r=0.15; p<0.01), between wings feathers color and necklace color (r=0.60; p<0.01), between wings feathers color and back-necklace color (r=0.25; p<0.01), between back-necklace color and necklace color (r=0.20; p<0.01), between back-necklace color and wings feather color (r=0.25; p<0.05) and between shank color and beak color. The relationship between quantitative characteristics all positive relationships among the studied quantitative traits was significant (r=0.30 to 0.55; p<0.01). The relationship between qualitative and quantitative factors in which the relationship between characteristics is significant (p<0.05). The positive correlation of beak color with body height (r=0.14), necklace color with bodyweight (r=0.15), necklace color with body width (r=0.17), wings feather color with body length (r=0.23), wings feather color with body width (r=-0.20), wings feather color with wing length (r=-0.14), tail feathers type with bodyweight (r=-0.25), tail feathers type with body height (r=-0.19), tail feathers type with body length (r=-0.26), tail feathers type with body width (r=-0.12), tail feathers type with wing length (r=-0.14), tail feathers type with shank length (r=-0.22), shank color with bodyweight (r=-0.22), shank color with body height (r=-0.18) and shank color with body length (r=-0.22). Effects of qualitative characteristics on quantitative characteristics of the chicken necklace color, wings feather color, back necklace color tail feathers type, shank color had significant difference (p<0.05).
... We performed all the analyses with the five multiple databases generated by the multiple imputation procedure. We used standard techniques as implemented in the PROC MIANALYZE procedure in SAS to combine estimates from all databases and adjust standard errors to account for uncertainty in the imputation [57]. All analyses were conducted in SAS® version 9.2. ...
Heart failure (HF) is a significant clinical problem and an important public health issue due to the morbidity and mortality that it causes, especially in a population that is aging and affected by social stressors such as armed conflict. We aim to describe the inequalities and trends of HF mortality by educational level in Colombia between 1999 and 2017 compared with the cycles of the internal armed conflict during the same period. An observational study of ecological data panels, with aggregates at the national level, was conducted. Information from death certificates with HF as the basic cause of death (COD) was used. Variables of the year of death, sex, age, department of residence, and educational level were considered. Mortality rates adjusted for age were calculated. A joinpoint regression was used to model the trend of rates by educational level. We found that both men and women with primary education had the highest adjusted mortality rates: among men, RR_primary = 19.06 deaths/100,000 inhabitants, SE = 0.13 vs. RR_tertiary = 4.85, SE = 0.17, and similar differences among women. Mortality rates tended to decrease at all educational levels, with a greater reduction in people with higher educational levels. In both sexes, the behavior of the relative index of inequality showed significant inequality, albeit with a strong reduction during the last decade. Mortality due to HF in Colombia shows inequalities by educational level. In the prevention of HF, education should be considered a structural social determinant. In addition, we analyzed the potential role of the Colombian long-term armed conflict in the observed trends. We highlighted the role of the health sector, together with other sectors (education, work, and housing), in developing intersectoral public policies that contribute to the reduction of cardiovascular mortality disparities.
... All treatments were performed with five replications. All presented data were analysed statistically using SAS software (SAS Institute 1996). The Duncan multi-domain test (DMRT) was used to compare means of treatments. ...
Context. The application of soil amendments to immobilise pesticide residues is a promising technology for meeting human health requirements, environmental protection and cost-effective remediation. Aims. This study aims to evaluate the effect of rice straw biochar (RB), rice straw compost (RC) and their mixtures at rates of 0.5% and 1.0% in pots, on the immobilisation of pesticides (such as atrazine, glyphosate and chlorpyrifos) in contaminated soil, using spectroscopy analysis under grown canola (Brassica napus L.) plants. Methods. Determination of immobilisation of pesticide residues by GC or HPLC and chemical properties of RB and RC and adding them at differentrates to the contaminated soil. Keyresults. The results showed that the addition of RB or RC alone or their mixtures led to a significant increase in the exchangeable Ca 2+ contents, organic matter (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), uptake of N, P and K and dry weight of canola plants. Pesticide concentrations decreased with increasing OM, CEC, and exchangeable Ca 2+ with the soil amended by RC and RB. The data indicated that adding RB at levels of 0.5% and 1.0% resulted in reductions in chloropyrifos by 43.2% and 63.1%, glyphosate by 32.8% and 77.3%, and atrazine by 21.9% and 72.2%, respectively, as compared to the control. Addition of (RC + RB) at 0.5% gave the highest pesticide immobilisation, followed (RC+RB) at 1.0%. Conclusion. These results indicate that the dominant mechanisms of pesticides immobilisation in the alkaline soils amended with RC and RB by FTIR and XRD analysis were π-π interaction, pore filling, hydrophobic effect, H-bonding, degradation as well as improvement of soil properties and dry yield of canola plants. Implications. Our results suggested the possibility of adding recycled rice straw in the form of compost or biochar to the contaminated soil to improve its properties, immobilise pesticides and increase its production capacity.
... The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed by using GLM proc. in SAS version 9.1 (SAS, 2003) and the least significant different test (LSD) was used for mean comparison. ...
Optimal availability of nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N), from authorized resources is one of the most important issues in organic agriculture. Intercropping forage legumes with cereal crops may be a way of providing ecological services such as providing N for companion or following crops by biological N fixation. To determine the effect of biological, chemical, and organic fertilization on the quality and quantity of ten different wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted during two successive growing seasons. The three experimental factors (F1, F2, F3) were: mix cropping with Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) (F1: biological N fixation, as control); chemical nitrogen fertilizer (F2: 100 kg ha-1, urea), and organic cow manure (F3: 40 t ha-1). The vegetative growth parameters improved by F1 and F2 treatments. The F2 had the highest values of spikelet and seed number per spike, 1000-grain weight, and seed yield, followed by F1. The cv. ‘Kabul-13’ was the best among all tested cultivars in terms of almost all reproductive parameters. The highest seed yield was obtained by F2 ‘Kabul-13’ (8.02 t ha-1), and F1 ‘Kabul-13’ (7.26 t ha-1). By considering seed yield, ‘Chont-1’ and ‘Kabul-13’ were more suitable to be intercropped with clover. The effect of experimental factors was not significant on seed potassium and phosphorus contents, while percentage of seed protein improved by F3 (13%), and ‘Mugawim’ (13.59%). The highest protein yield was gained by F2 and F1 (820 and 650 kg ha-1) and also by ‘Kabul-13’ (850 kg ha-1). Overall, mixed cropping of wheat and clover can be suggested as a possible alternative for nutrients providing in wheat production in low input agro-ecosystems.
... Hasat indeksi (%), bitki örneklemesinden elde edilen tane verimlerinin biyolojik verime oranının 100 ile çarpılması ile yüzde olarak ifade edilirken, bitki örneklemesi ile alınan başakların sayılması ile metrekarede başak sayısı (adet), bu başakların harmanlanması ile elde edilen tanelerin sayılması ile de metrekarede tane sayısı (adet) özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen tüm sonuçlar varyans analizi ve Duncan testi kullanılarak değerlendirilmesinde SAS 8.0 paket programı kullanılmıştır (SAS Institute, 2000). ...
Turkey’s flora contains a substantial genetic diversity of natural wheat landrace germplasm. This study aims to compare 20 bread wheat pure lines selected from landraces and 5 varieties by their yield and yield components to select promising genotypes. Field experiments are conducted in 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 growing seasons in Çanakkale (Türkiye), according to a randomized complete block experimental design with three replications. Plant height, spike length, the number of spikelets per spike, spike weight, grain weight per spike, the number of grains per spike, the number of spikes per square meter, the number of grains per square meter, biomass, harvest index and grain yield of all bread wheat genotypes were determined. ANOVA results indicated that differences between all genotypes were significant. Commercial varieties were found to have higher grain yield, harvest index, spike weight, grain weight per spike, number of grains per spike, and number of grains per square meter compared to the landrace-derived pure lines, when pure lines were found to have higher plant height, biomass, and number of spikelets per spike. Results suggested that bread wheat landraces tended to be superior to the varieties by vegetative traits but inferior by grain properties, which could be the result of breeding efforts aimed to improve the grain yield of wheat. In conclusion, pure lines with high grain yield, Hakkari TR 47982/5 and Kırklareli TR 38316/2 were suggested as candidates to be utilized in future breeding programs.
... Elde edilen tüm sonuçlar varyans analizi ve Duncan testi kullanılarak değerlendirilmesinde SAS V8.0 paket programı kullanılmıştır (SAS Institute, 2000). Buna ek olarak, genotiplerin incelenen tüm özelliklere ait iki yıllık ortalamaları k-means algoritması kullanılarak kümeleme analizi ile biplot düzlemi üzerinde sınıflandırılmıştır. ...
Bread wheat landraces are considered among important gene sources for quality breeding programs. This study aims to compare thousand kernel weight crude protein ratio, dry gluten ratio, grain hardness and zeleny sedimentation results of 20 bread wheat lines selected from landraces to 5 registered cultivars in order to determine future candidates for quality breeding programs. Field experiments were conducted in the consequent 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 growing seasons in Çanakkale (Türkiye), according to randomized complete block design with three replications. ANOVA results indicated significant difference among genotypes, means were compared with Duncan’s test. Additionally, genotype × growing season interaction were significant for all parameters. Results of cluster and PCA Biplot analysis revealed a significant and positive relationship between crude protein ratio and dry gluten ratio while allowing for the selection of superior landrace pure lines. Our findings suggested that bread wheat varieties had higher TKW compared to landrace pure lines when pure lines had higher crude protein ratio, dry gluten ratio, sedimentation value with generally softer grains. Bread wheat landraces were concluded as being important variation sources.
... The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed by using GLM proc. in SAS version 9.1 (SAS, 2003) and the least significant different test (LSD) was used for mean comparison. ...
Optimal availability of nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N), from authorized resources is one of the most important issues in organic agriculture. Intercropping forage legumes with cereal crops may be a way of providing ecological services such as providing N for companion or following crops by biological N fixation.
To determine the effect of biological, chemical, and organic fertilization on the quality and quantity of ten different wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted during two successive growing seasons. The three experimental factors (F1, F2, F3) were: mix cropping with Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) (F1: biological N fixation, as control); chemical nitrogen fertilizer (F2: 100 kg ha-1, urea), and organic cow manure F3: 40 t ha-1). The vegetative growth parameters improved by F1 and F2 treatments. The F2 had the highest values of spikelet and seed number per spike, 1000-grain weight, and seed yield, followed by F1. The cv. ‘Kabul-13’ was the best among all tested cultivars in terms of almost all reproductive parameters. The highest seed yield was obtained by F2 ‘Kabul-13’ (8.02 t ha-1), and F1 ‘Kabul-13’ (7.26 t ha-1). By considering seed yield, ‘Chont-1’ and ‘Kabul-13’ were more suitable to be intercropped with clover. The effect of experimental factors was not
significant on seed potassium and phosphorus contents, while percentage of seed protein improved by F3 (13%), and ‘Mugawim’ (13.59%). The highest protein yield was gained by F2 and F1 (820 and 650 kg ha-1) and also by ‘Kabul-13’ (850 kg ha-1). Overall, mixed cropping of wheat and clover can be suggested as a possible
alternative for nutrients providing in wheat production in low input agro-ecosystems.
... Statistical analyses for all traits were carried out using the SAS software (The SAS Institute 1999). The effects of genotype, environment, and genotype by environment interaction (G × E) on phenotypic variation were evaluated using PROC GLM. ...
Yield is one of the most important traits for rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) breeding, but its genetic basis remains largely ambiguous. Association mapping has provided a robust approach to understand the genetic basis of complex agronomic traits in crops. In this study, a panel of 192 inbred lines of B. napus from all over the world was genotyped using 451 single-locus microsatellite markers and 740 amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. Six yield-related traits of these inbred lines were investigated in three consecutive years with three replications, and genome-wide association studies were conducted for these six traits. Using the model controlling both population structure and relative kinship (Q + K), a total of 43 associations (P < 0.001) were detected using the means of the six yield-related traits across 3 years, with two to fourteen markers associated with individual traits. Among these, 18 markers were repeatedly detected in at least 2 years, and 12 markers were located within or close to QTLs identified in previous studies. Six markers commonly associated with correlated traits. Conditional association analysis indicated that five of the associations between markers and correlated traits are caused by one QTL with pleiotropic effects, and the remaining association is caused by linked but independent QTLs. The combination of favorable alleles of multiple associated markers significantly enhances trait performance, illustrating a great potential of utilization of the associations in rapeseed breeding programs.
Land degradation affects extensive drylands around the world. Due to long-term misuse, the Israeli Sde Zin dryland site has faced severe degradation. The study objective was to assess the feasibility of passive restoration in recovering the site. The study was conducted in four land-units along a preservation-degradation continuum: (1) an area that has not faced anthropogenic disturbances (Ecological land); (2) an area that was proclaimed as a national park in the 1970s (Rehabilitation); (3) an area that was prone, until recently, to moderate anthropogenic pressures (Triangle); and (4) a dirt road that was subjected to long-term off-road traffic (Dirtroad). Soil was sampled and analyzed for its properties. The soil physical quality followed the trend of Ecological land > Rehabilitation > Triangle > Dirtroad. Specifically, high soil salinity in the latter three land-units is attributed to long-term erosional processes that exposed the underlying salic horizons. Herbaceous and shrubby vegetation cover was also monitored. The herbaceous vegetation cover followed the trend of Ecological land (86.4%) > Rehabilitation (40.3%) > Triangle (26.2%) > Dirtroad (2.1%), while the shrubby cover was 2.8% in the Ecological land-unit, and practically zero in the other land-units. It seems that despite the effectiveness of passive restoration in recovering the soil’s physical properties, the recovery of vegetation is limited by the severe soil salinity.
Application of N fertilizer and no‐tillage (NT) can increase winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L) production through improvements in plant available soil water and nutrient availability. However, long‐term tillage and N management interaction effects on winter wheat nutrient uptake are not well known. The objective of this study was to quantify winter wheat grain yield, macronutrient removal, and utilization responses to N fertilizer application and tillage intensity. The study was conducted in 2019 and 2020 at Hays, Kansas after 45 years of tillage and N fertility experiment. Treatments were a combination of two tillage practices (CT, conventional tillage; NT) and four rates of N (0, 45, 90, and 134 kg ha−1). Results showed a significant tillage and N fertilizer interaction effect on wheat grain yield, nutrient removal (NR) (grain‐N, ‐P, ‐K, ‐Mg; stover‐K, and total P), and nutrient concentration (stover‐K and ‐S). Two different quadratic models fit the N rate‐to‐yield relation for CT and NT with yields of 4.3 and 5.2 Mg ha−1 at agronomic optimal N rates of 119 and 199 kg N ha−1, respectively. This suggests that the N rates were not high enough to predict optimum N rate for NT in this environment. With an average yield of 3.30 Mg ha−1, wheat removed about 113 kg N ha−1, 17 kg P ha−1, 56 kg K ha−1, 7 kg Ca ha−1, 8 kg Mg ha−1, and 8 kg S ha−1, irrespective of tillage practice. Grain yields and NR were greater for CT at smaller N rates (<90 kg N ha−1) and for NT at greater N rates (>90 kg ha−1). Findings of the study suggest that adequate N fertility (>90 kg ha−1) should be maintained to improve grain yield, nutrient uptake, and utilization efficiency in dryland NT wheat production systems. Tillage and N fertilizer interaction had an effect on wheat grain yield and nutrient removal. Wheat yields were 4.3 for conventional tillage (CT) and 5.2 Mg ha−1 for no‐tillage (NT) at optimal N rates of 119 and 199 kg N ha−1, respectively. Grain yield and nutrient removal were greater for CT at N rates <90 kg N ha−1 and for NT at N rates >90 kg ha−1. With an average yield of 3.30 Mg ha−1, wheat removed about 113, 17, 56, 7, 8, and 8 kg N–P–K–Ca–Mg–S ha−1.
Food security and nutrition concerns are putting an ancient, climate-smart grain back on our plates; Farm to fork, there has been a revival of interest in millet. Foxtail millet, as a multi-purpose product, has nutritious and medicinal potentials. This research is aimed at identifying combined markers as well as stable associations between such markers and the investigated agronomic traits in a wide range of foxtail millet germplasms under normal and salinity-stress conditions. In this context, association analysis has been conducted among 14 agronomic traits and 331 polymorphic AFLP markers generated by 12 primer combinations in 134 foxtail millet genotypes. Based on the analysis of population structure, the foxtail millet genotypes were divided into six subpopulations. The results showed that a number of markers had stable and significant associations under both normal and salinity-stress conditions with agronomic traits. The primer combinations had high polymorphic percentage, diversity indices were highly reliable and revealed significant genetic variability among the genotypes. Their PIC, MI and Shannon’s indices were also highly reliable and revealed significant genetic variability among the genotypes. Since the markers introduced in this research have stable and strong associations with the investigated traits under normal and salinity stress conditions, they can be suitable candidates’ in future marker-assisted breeding to improve salinity- resistance genotypes of foxtail millet in arid and semiarid areas.
Os estresses salino e hídrico são parte dos principais fatores que limitam a produção agrícola. Em regiões semiáridas, esses estresses são potencializados devido às altas taxas de evapotranspiração e baixa precipitação pluviométricas. Porém, o fornecimento de água por irrigação e nutrientes via adubação pode favorecer a maximização de produção das culturas. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho agronômico e nutricional de sorgo e milheto, submetidos a diferentes lâminas de irrigação e doses crescentes de nitrogênio. A pesquisa foi realizada na Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada-PE. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, dispostos em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições, arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, referentes a 4 lâminas de irrigação (28%, 36%, 44%, 52% ETc) e 4 doses de nitrogênio (0, 100, 200, 300 kg ha-1), adotando o sistema Sorgo + Millet, sendo o sorgo a cultura principal. A semeadura foi realizada em 7 de abril de 2017, com média de 14 plantas por linear. As lâminas de irrigação foram baseadas na ETc (ETc = ETo x Kc do sorgo). A adubação nitrogenada consistiu no parcelamento de 1/3 na semeadura e 2/3 na cobertura. Ao final de cada ciclo da cultura, a altura da planta e o diâmetro do caule foram medidos, o número de folhas vivas foi contado, a produção de massa verde e seca foi estimada, o teor de N-total, Na+, K+ e Cl- foram determinados. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as variáveis ajustadas ao modelo de regressão, por meio do software SAS. A adubação nitrogenada e a irrigação com água salina beneficiaram o crescimento da cultura do sorgo e do milheto. O nitrogênio favorece a absorção de N-total e potássio pelas plantas e inibe a absorção de cloreto e sódio.
Conservation biological control techniques support integrated pest management (IPM) and insecticide resistance management (IRM) by restraining pest resurgence and outbreaks of secondary pests. The lady beetle Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is among the natural enemies in agricultural systems of brassica crops and their populations may be disrupted by exposure to insecticides. Pyrethroid-resistant and pyrethroid-susceptible E. connexa larvae and adults were exposed to eight insecticides (cyantraniliprole, chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, deltamethrin, spinosad, spiromesifen, methomyl, and pymetrozine) that target different pests of brassica crops. Evaluations were conducted on larval and adult survival, larval developmental time, fecundity and egg viability across 30 days, and consumption of Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) or larvae of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) during the exposure to the insecticides. In addition, the levels of aphids and diamondback moths infestation in field cages were evaluated as a function of insecticide application and release of the lady beetles. Neither survival of larvae and adult beetles, nor fecundity, were affected by the insecticides. Surviving lady beetles from pyrethroid-resistant and pyrethroid-susceptible populations consumed aphids and diamondback moth larvae when exposed simultaneous to the insecticides targeting these pest species. There was no additive effect of the control of these pests when lady beetles were used alone or with insecticides. The findings showed the compatibility of this natural enemy with selected insecticides through multiple exposures targeting different pest species combining different insecticide modes of action.
Silique density is one of the critical factors to determine seed yield and plant architecture in rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.), however, the genetic control of this trait is largely unknown. In this study, the genetic model for silique density on main inflorescence (SDMI) of rapeseed was estimated according to the phenotypic data of P1 (an inbreed line with high SDMI), P2 (an inbreed line with low SDMI), F1, F2, BC1P1 and BC1P2 populations, revealing that SDMI is probably controlled by multi minor genes with or without major gene. The QTLs for SDMI and its component characters including silique number on main inflorescence (SNMI) and main inflorescence length (MIL) were consequently mapped from a DH population derived from P1 and P2 by using a genetic linkage map constructed by RAD-seq technology. A total of eight, 14 and three QTLs were identified for SDMI, SNMI and MIL under three environments, respectively, with an overlap among SDMI and SNMI in 55.7-75.4 cM on linkage group C06 which corresponding to 11.6-27.3 Mb on chromosome C06. Genomic resequencing was further conducted between a high- and a low-SDMI pool constructed from the DH population, and QTL-seq analysis identified a 0.15-Mb interval (25.98-26.13 Mb) from the C06-QTL region aforementioned. Transcriptome sequencing and qRT-PCR identified one possible candidate gene ( BnARGOS ) from the 0.15-Mb interval. This study will provide novel insights into the genetic basis of SD in rapeseed.
Sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD) is among the biotic factors that cause significant storage root yield reductions in sweetpotato production. The experiments were executed at Dilla and Hawassa, southern Ethiopia, for two consecutive seasons (2017 and 2018), to evaluate the response of sweetpotato genotypes to SPVD, resistant reactions, and storage root yield performance. The materials were composed of eight genotypes. Design of the experiment was a randomized complete block design with four replications. Sweetpotato feathery mottle virus, sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus, and cucumber mosaic virus were the major virus types detected from the evaluated genotypes using serological tests. NASPOT-12 and NASPOT-13 genotypes exhibited negative responses for all tested virus types. Results exhibited a broad range of differences in SPVD incidence (12.65–55.75%), severity (19.83–52.58%), and the relative area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) (8.91–27.69%-days) with mean values for both locations and cropping seasons. The NASPOT-13 and NASPOT-12 genotypes showed consistent resistance reactions across location as well as cropping seasons. In addition, significant genotypic storage root yield variations (14.57–28.98 t/ha) were observed on average across the location as well as cropping seasons. In this regard, the genotype NASPOT-13 attained the highest storage root yield advantage (48.67 and 93.17%) over the standard and local check, respectively, across locations and cropping seasons. Overall, results pointed out that NASPOT-13 and NASPOT-12 showed consistent resistance reactions and lower SPVD intensities. Moreover, NASPOT-13 consistently provided a higher storage root yield across the locations in the two cropping seasons. As a result, NASPOT-13 with appropriate field management practices is suggested for sweetpotato production in the study areas and elsewhere with similar agro-ecological conditions. Furthermore, three varieties, namely, NASPOT-12, NASPOT-13, and Tomulabula, can be source of parent material for SPVD resistant genotype development in sweetpotato breeding programs.
The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), is an invasive species of planthopper that was introduced to North America and is a threat to multiple industries. Nymphs and egg masses were collected to assess each instar’s rate of development at a constant temperature of 25°C on the following hosts: Ailanthus altissima (Miller) (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae), Vitis labrusca (L.) (Vitales: Vitaceae), Salix babylonica (L.) (Malpighiales: Salicaceae), Acer rubrum (L.) (Sapindales: Sapindaceae), Celastrus orbiculata (Thunberg) (Celastrales: Celastraceae), Ocimum basilicum (L.) (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), and Rosa multiflora (Thunberg) (Rosales: Rosaceae). Host plant species was found to have a significant effect on developmental time for nymphs in the first through third instars, as well as on nymphal survival. Nymphs failed to develop through the second instar on O. basilicum and the third and fourth instars on A. rubrum. Host plant species also had a significant effect on the mean weight of nymphs in the first, second, and fourth instars (but not in the third instar), and on the hind tibia length and forewing width of adult nymphs. This variability in L. delicatula developmental time by host plant species can potentially impact phenology models, which should be updated to reflect these new insights. Rearing practices should also be refined to account for host plant influences on the physiology of L. delicatula.
Spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is a key pest of many berry and fruit crops worldwide. The primary method of controlling this pest is the application of insecticides. Attract-and-kill is a management tactic that may reduce the number of insecticide applications needed to manage D. suzukii. ACTTRA SWD OR1 and ACTTRA SWD TD, developed by ISCA Technologies Inc., combine D. suzukii attractants with a gel matrix. Growers add an insecticide as a killing agent. The only USDA National Organic Program approved organic insecticide that has been shown to be effective as a killing agent is spinosad. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of other USDA National Organic Program approved organic insecticides, including Grandevo 30 WDG (Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 30%), MBI-203 SC2 (C. subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 98%), Venerate XC (Burkholderia spp. Strain A396 94.45%), MBI-306 SC1 (B. rinojensis Strain A396 94.45%), Azera (azadirachtin 1.2% + pyrethrins 1.4%), and PyGanic (pyrethrins 1.4%), when used as the killing agent with the two ACTTRA SWD products. Lab and cage bioassays were conducted. Entrust (spinosad 22.5%) and PyGanic were the only compounds that showed some efficacy when used with ACTTRA SWD OR1 and ACTTRA SWD TD.
Completely randomized design were used as the quails were distributed to four feed treatments randomly (45 birds/ treatment) with three replications (15 birds/ replicate). Treatments were: basal diet without additives (control), basal diet with 5g/kg of ginger powder, basal diet with 5g/kg of turmeric powder and equal mixture of 10g/kg ginger and turmeric powder. Results showed all treatment additives significantly increased (p≤0.05) in live body weight with body weight gain. Feed intake until 21 days of age significantly decreased (p≤0.05) in turmeric treatment but as a whole study until 42 days of age, there were no considerable variations (p≤0.05) between treatments. Significant decrease (p≤0.05) of feed conversion ratio was occurred in turmeric treatment. Addition of ginger and turmeric significantly increased (p≤0.05) male and female eviscerated dressing percentage, breast percentage and back percentage. Inclusions ginger and turmeric powder significantly decreased (p≤0.05) blood cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL in both of males and females but HDL in males did not changed significantly (p≤0.05) while in females significantly reduced (p≤0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 5g/kg of ginger and 5g/kg turmeric powder either alone or as a mixture as an effective supplement could be used to enhance growth performance, carcass characteristics and blood lipids.
The main objective of the present study was to investigate changes in soil organic carbon (SOC), pH, as well as macro‐ and micronutrient concentrations in the top 0‐to‐5‐ and 5‐to‐15‐cm soil depths under no‐tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) practices at different nitrogen (N) application rates. The soil analysis was conducted in 2019 and 2020 from CT and NT treatments from a long‐term study conducted near Hays, KS, with N fertilizer rates of 0, 45, 90, and 134 kg N ha−1. Averaged across years, SOC in the top 0‐to‐5‐cm soil depth under NT was 19% greater than that measured in CT, but SOC was not different between the two tillage practices in the 5‐to‐15‐cm depth. The SOC concentration increased by 24–25% within the top 0‐to‐5‐cm soil depth with increasing N rate from 0 to 90 or 134 kg N ha−1. Soil pH declined at rates of 0.004 and 0.007 for every kg ha−1 increase in N rate for CT and NT treatments within the 0‐to‐5‐cm soil depth. Nitrate‐N concentration under NT at the top 0–5 cm soil was 55% more than CT but ammonium‐N concentration was unaffected by tillage or N rate. Phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) concentrations measured in the top 0–5 cm were 24, 34, and 33% greater in soils under NT compared with CT, respectively. Findings of the study suggest pH and SOC stratification in long‐term NT systems can affect soil macro‐ and micronutrient concentrations and availability in dryland crop production systems. Soil organic carbon in the top 0‐to‐5‐cm soil depth under no‐tillage was 19% greater than that measured under conventional tillage. There was a 24–25% increase in soil organic carbon at the top 0‐to‐5‐cm soil depth when N rate increased from 0 to 90 or 134 kg N ha–1. Soil pH declined at rates of 0.004 and 0.007 units for every kg N ha–1 increase for conventional tillage and no‐tillage, respectively. Nitrate‐N concentration in the top 0–5 cm of soil was 55% more in no‐tillage than conventional tillage. Phosphorus, Zn, and Fe in the top 0–5 cm were 24, 34, and 33% greater in soils under no‐tillage compared with conventional tillage, respectively.
This experiment aimed to identify the effect of wool shearing and the environmental factor represented by some hot months of the year on some of the criteria for thermal endurance in Awassi Turkish ewe .The experiment was carried out at the Dawar Research Station in Ramadi of the Agricultural Research Department / Ministry of Agriculture. For the period from July 1, 2019 to October 1, 2019. In the experiment, 18 Turkish Awassi ewes, aged 3-5 years, with an average weight of about 55 kg, were used. The ewes were randomly divided into three equal treatments in each treatment 6 ewes. The ewes of the control group were not shearing the wool, the second treatment (T2) was treated with shearing at a level of 1 cm above the skin , and the third treatment (T3) was treated with shearing at the level of the skin.The value of the weekly THI in this study (32.33, 31.08, 31.70, 32.53, 33.45, 33.83, 34.60, 33.91, 31.90, 31.10, 31.84, 32.74) for the study weeks in a row, while the monthly THI was (31.63, 33.48, 31.82) for the months of the study in July August and September in a row The results of the experiment showed a significant difference in the control group with the effect of the treatment on the Respiratory Rate during the weeks (1,5,7,8,11) compared to the two treatment groups, while no significant differences were recorded with the effect of the period. body temperature, observed with the effect of the treatment and the time period in the control group compared with the two treatment groups, in conjunction with the high value of THI in the seventh week and the fifth week of the experiment, and the results of the hormone cortisol showed no significant differences in the effect of the treatment, while the results indicated that There was a significant difference between the months in the control group, as it recorded its highest level in the month of August at a rate of (4.56 ± 0.693) compared to (3.58 ± 0.254, 3.32 ± 0.594) for the months of July and September, respectively, in conjunction with recording the highest value of THI (33.48).
This study was aimed to increasing egg production by supplementing medicinal plants Salvia officinalis L and Lavandula angustifolia L powders as antistressors in hen layer diet under high stocking density during different conditions. 240 two hundred and forty 31 weeks old hens layer were randomly divided into seven treatments with three replicates in each, reared for 16 weeks as folowings; T0 negative control normal density 24 layers, 8 layers/1.20 m2 in each replicate (7 hens/m2) fed a basal diet. T1 positive control basal diet, T2 basal diet+ 0.7% salvia, T3 basal diet+ 0.9% salvia, T4 basal diet+ 0.7% lavender, T5 basal diet+ 0.9% lavender and T6 basal diet+ 0.7% mix (0.35% salvia+0.35% lavender). From T1-T6, the stock density is 36 layers in each treatments, 12 layers/1.30 m2 (9 hens/m2). All layers were exposed in hot, normal, semi-cold conditions. The results showed productivity, hematology and immunity traits significantly improved by adding the two plants 9% lavender, 0.7% lavender, and 0.7% mixed, respectively, under stocking density led to significantly increase hen day egg production HD%, egg mass g, egg weight g, FCR for feed/1g egg, and feed/1egg were improved by 0.9% lavender and 0.7% mixed. Moreover, egg quality improved by adding the medical herbals. The yolk color was also improved colorful, particularly in 0.9% lavender. Red blood cells RBC 106 cells/mm3, PCV %, HGB g/dL, lymphocyte%, and total protein mg/dL were significantly increased by 0.9% salvia, 0.7% lavender, 0.9% lavender, and 0.7% mixed, while heterophil %,and the stress indicators H/L ratio and glucose mg/dL decreased. It was concluded that it's possible to increase the number of hens per m2 area to increase number of egg production by supplementing medical herbals salvia and lavender without any adverse effect.
The purpose of this experiment was to increase poultry meat production by increasing the number of chickens reared in the same area and managing it by using medicinal herbs Salvia officinalis L and Lavandula angustifolia L. in the broiler chicken diet. 705 one-day-old chicks were randomly distributed into to7 treatments with three replicates for an area of two m2 floor system in each replicate for each treatment, during 35 days of the study. T0 negative control 75 chicks, 25 chicks for each replicate 12-13 chicks per m2 fed standard diet. T1 positive control (stocking density without supplementation)105 chicks, 35 each replicate chicks 17-18 per m2 fed standard diet. The same stocking density for T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6 have been given standard feed with supplemented herbals, salvia 0.7%, 0.9%, lavender0.7%, 0.9%, and mixed 0.7% respectively. Depending on the results, chickens reared in stress stocking density with supplementations led to higher improvement of body weight, meat production, body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio(FCR g feed/g weight), production index PI, carcass weight (g) and dressing percentage, RBCs 106cells/mm3, lymphocyte%, of increasing activity of thyroid hormones T3, T4 (nmol/L) boost antibody titers of ND and IBV when compared with positive control. However, heterophil%, stress indicator H/L ratio, glucose mg/ dL and cholesterol mg/ dL significantly reduced. The results showed that adding sage and lavender plants to broiler feed is effective in improving productivity, immunity, and resistance characteristics in reducing the adverse effects of stress caused by increasing the intensity of broiler rearing in the same area.
Nitrogen (N) captured by cover crops can be recycled for use This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the major biotic constraints to wheat due to its direct detrimental effects on yield quality and quantity. To manage the disease, the deployment of resistant genotypes is ideal in terms of effectiveness, eco-friendliness, and sustainability of production. The study was conducted to determine the responses of different wheat genotypes to FHB, and to identify suitable and stable wheat genotype(s) regarding the FHB resistance and yield performance. A field study was carried out using eleven bread wheat genotypes in seven locations in southern Ethiopia during the 2019 main cropping season. A randomized complete block design with three-time replicates was applied in this study. The results showed that the lowest mean FHB severity (11.33 %) and highest mean yield (4.54 t/ha) were recorded at Bonke. Conversely, the highest mean FHB severity (83.38%) and the lowest mean yield (0.94 t/ha) were observed at North Ari. It was also showed that maximum mean FHB severity (49.25%) and minimum mean yield (2.95 t/ha) were recorded on the genotype Hidase under crosswise assessment. Across locations, a minimum mean FHB severity (17.54, 18.83, and 21.31%) and maximum mean yield (3.92, 3.96, and 3.93 t/ha) were noted from the Shorima, Bondena, and Wane genotypes, respectively. GGE biplot analysis and various comparison tests for FHB severity revealed a higher percentage of variation concerning FHB resistance reactions due to the environment (47% as an interactive element), followed by genotype by environment interaction (21%). AMMI analysis revealed genotype, environment, and genotype by environment interaction had a total variation of 7.10, 58.20, and 17.90% for yield performance, respectively. The inconsistency between genotype responses to FHB and yield performance demonstrated that the environmental component was responsible for significant variability in FHB reaction, yield performance, and the dominance of cross-over interaction. However, the greatest level of resistance to FHB was comparatively found in the genotypes Shorima, Bondena, Wane, and Huluka across locations. Considering both FHB resistance response and yield stability, in most environments, Shorima, Bondena, Wane, and Huluka genotypes were suggested for consideration of cultivation where they are well-performed under the pressure of FHB. North Ari and Hulbareg were acknowledged as more discriminating environments than the others for test genotypes against FHB. Bonke and Chencha were considered ideal environments for selecting superior genotypes with good yield performance.
Experiments were conducted to compare the effects of Schisandra chinensis and Viscum album var. coloratum (Korean mistletoe [KM]) powders on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, serum cholesterol, and meat quality of broilers. Arbor Acres male broiler chicks (240) were fed diets supplemented with 0% (control), 0.5%, and 1% S. chinensis, or 0.5% and 1% KM in a completely randomized design. There were no differences among the groups with respect to growth performance or carcass weight and carcass ratio, but there were differences in mortality and relative weights of organs (liver, spleen, and abdominal fat). Diets supplemented with S. chinensis or KM led to reductions in total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), and triglyceride levels and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) level. However, the S. chinensis and KM supplements produced no significant differences in proximate composition. Higher levels of S. chinensis and KM supplementation led to significantly better lipid oxidation stability and chicken thigh-meat quality (color), but there was no effect on pH and b*(yellowness). Moreover, the addition of KM had greater antioxidant and immune system effects than those of S. chinensis. In conclusion, diets with a 1% KM supplement had the greatest effect on reducing mortality and serum cholesterol levels, and increasing the meat quality of broilers.
Pineapple is a potential crop in Ethiopia that ensures food and nutrition security. However, the average fruit yield of the crop is nearly one-third of the global average of 63 t/ha, which is partly attributed to a lack of appropriate or optimal pineapple production technologies, such as the curing of planting materials and planting time. This study aimed to assess the effects of the curing period and planting time on the growth and yield of pineapple at Gojeb, Southwest Ethiopia. Planting materials (slips) of improved variety of pineapple (Smooth Cayenne) were cured for different weeks: control (CW0), one week (CW1), two weeks (CW2), three weeks (CW3), and four weeks (CW4) and planted at three different times: end of March (P1), end of April (P2) and end of May (P3). The experiment was laid out as a 3x5 factorial arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications for two growing seasons. Data on yield and related traits were collected and analyzed. The study revealed that the time of planting and curing periods had significant effects (P<0.05) on fruit length and diameter, plant height, and fruit fresh weight. The interaction effects of planting time and curing periods also significantly affected fruit length and diameter, while the curing period affected all traits considered in this study. Time of planting also significantly (P<0.01) affected the plant height. Two weeks curing period (CW2) of pineapple slips produced a higher fresh fruit yield than cured for a more extended period. Curing the planting materials for two weeks and earlier planting of pineapples in March and April produced a higher fruit yield. Therefore, pineapple growers in the study area can achieve the highest fruit length, diameter, and fresh fruit yield by implementing two weeks of curing and early Belg season (March and April) planting.
The effects of leaf extract of Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower) were tested on development and population of Rotylenchulus on Telfairia occidentalis (Fluted pumpkin) in the screenhouse. Two week-old seedlings of the vegetable were inoculated with 3000 eggs of Rotylenchulus per one-liter pot. The treatments were leaf extracts of T. diversifolia at the rates of 20,000 and 40,000 ppm per pot and untreated plants. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and were replicated four times. Data were collected progressively on development and root population of the nematode. Extracts of T. diversifolia applied at 40,000 ppm significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced Rotylenchulus populations and development of the nematode on T. occidentalis compared to plants treated at the rate of 20,000 ppm and untreated plants. Hence, extract of T. diversifolia applied at the rate of 40,000 ppm could be useful in protecting T. occidentalis from the nematode.
Ginger is a valuable revenue crop for Ethiopian farmers in many sections of the country. In Ethiopia, bacterial wilt disease is a serious constraint to ginger output. Heavy losses are common as a result of the disease, with extra losses happening as a result of the disease's boundaries, which prevent continued production in infested areas. To investigate the impact of soil solarization and botanical mulch on epidemics of bacterial wilt of ginger in Tepi, Southwestern Ethiopia, field studies were done throughout the 2019 and 2020 main cropping seasons. Four different soil solarization periods were used: two weeks, four weeks, six weeks, and eight weeks before planting, with four different botanical mulches: vetivar grass, lemon grass, Chinese chive, and lantana camara added after planting. The control plots were not solarized nor mulched. Treatments were placed in factorial arrangements with three replications using a randomized full block design. In comparison to the control, soil solarization combined with lemon grass mulch treatment dramatically reduced bacterial wilt mean severity by 22.1 percent to 42.2 percent. These treatments also significantly lowered the rate of AUDPC and disease progression. When compared to control, soil solarization for eight weeks combined with lemon grass mulch resulted in the lowest disease severity (42.2%) and AUDPC (33.8%). Overall, the findings of this study showed that using a mixture of soil solarization and botanical mulches to slow down bacterial wilt outbreaks and recover ginger production and productivity, along with other crop management strategies, was effective.
Soil & Tillage Research 208 (2021) 104872Available online 8 December 20200167-1987/© 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Synthesis and characterization of nano bentonite and its effect on some properties of sandy soils Doaa Ahmed El-Nagara,*, Dalal Hereimas Saryb aSoil Improvement Dept., Soil, Water and Environment Institute (Agricultural Research Center), Egypt bSandy and Calcareous Soil Department, Soil, Water &Environment Res Institute, Agriculture Research Center), Egypt ARTICLE INFO Keywords: Characterization Nano bentonite Sandy soil properties ABSTRACT There is an emerging importance for improving the productivity of sandy soils, and enhancing the efciency of feeding use, especially with the newly reclaimed soil in Egypt. The present study aims to assess the inuence of bentonite and nano bentonite application on the physical and chemical properties of sandy soils. Nano-particles of bentonite were prepared by Sonochemical,and bentonite and nano bentonite were characterized by (XRD), (XRF), (AFM), surface area and (FTIR). Field and pot experiments were carried out for studying the impact of adding bentonite (T1)5 ton ha− 1, (T2) 10 ton ha− 1 and nano bentonite (T3) 250 kg ha-1, (T4)500 kg ha− 1 on some sandy soil properties and its nutritional states; Total porosity (TP); Bulk density (Bd); available water (AW); water holding capacity (WHC) and availability of macronutrients. Data indicated that addition of bentonite and nano bentonite resulted in an increase of available water (AW) and water holding capacity (WHC), compared to the control in pot and eld experiments (surface 0− 20 cm). The increase in AW and WHC was highest at T4, and lowest at T1 treatment. Results showed that T4 treatments signicantly increased the biological yield, grain yield and (100-grain weight, 1000-grain weight) of wheat, in comparison to all the treatments in both experiments. The best treatments of nano bentonite were ultimately T4, followed by T2 of raw bentonite, which gave the highest values of elements content (N, P and K) in the soil or grain and straw of wheat crop whether in pots or in eld experiments. 1. Introduction The ratio between the soil resources and the growing population is undoubtedly one of the most serious problems in Egypt. Therefore, agricultural expansion in the desert through adding about 4.3 million feddans becomes one of Egypt’s major goals, in order to meet the food security requirements of such massively growing population (Abdel--Hamid et al., 2016). Sandy soils are infertile, due to their low content of clay, organic matter, nutrients and water. Bentonite is a rock consists mostly of clay mineral (montmorillonite). Bentonite is used to control swelling and stimulus response (absorption and thermal) (Suranjana et al., 2020). It improves sandy soil better, where improved cation ex-change capacity, organic carbon, macronutrients and micronutrients (Czaban and Grzegorz, 2013; Czaban et al., 2013; 2014; Semalulu et al., 2017). Bell et al. (2015) found that, bentonite increased the soil CEC and could decrease nitrate leaching too. Application of bentonite to sandy soil decreased water loss of deep ltration, kept the nutrients from leaking out, and improved water characteristics as water holding capacity (Abd El-Hady and Ebtisam, 2016). Bentonites are used world-wide to reduce water loss. A high quality bentonite should contain mainly montmorillonite (Bergaya et al., 2006). Nanomaterials are characterized by large surface area, smaller size, large surface compared to its volume, better chemical reaction, chemical stability, good ab-sorption and resistance to external inuences (Nikhat et al., 2013; Pandipriya et al., 2014). The nanoparticles accumulate in the gaps be-tween the larger particles, preventing the ow in the matrix (Wilson, 2012). Clay has a hollow tubular structure in the Nano domain, and it shows the highest adsorption capacity for both cationic and anionic molecules (Liu et al., 2012) beacause it has negative SiO2 at the outer lumen surface, and positive Al2O3 at the inner lumen surface. Thus, it has unique structural properties (Zhao et al., 2013). Nano- Clay can be easily synthesized in a laboratory and it is commercially available (Calabi et al., 2010). Clay nanoparticles can block ow through it (Riveland, 2013). Moreover, clay nanoparticles are able to form a thinner and less permeable lter as bentonite (Nima et al., 2018). Characterization of nano bentonite shows more uniformity, more * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: elnagar.doaa@yahoo.com (D.A. El-Nagar), dalal_sary@yahoo.com (D.H. Sary). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Soil & Tillage Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/still https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2020.104872 Received 4 March 2020; Received in revised form 24 October 2020; Accepted 9 November 2020
Optimal soil penetration resistance (PR), bulk density (BD) and moisture content (MC) are required for good seedling emergence, crop root growth and ultimately crop yield. However, adoption of conservation tillage is constrained due to fear for poor seedling emergence, and inadequate and less vigorous crop stand as a result of higher PR and BD in conservation tilled soils. Three years field trials were conducted to investigate the effect of three tillage practices (no-till T), reduced (RT) and conventional tillage (CT) and five cover crops (Centrosema pascuorum, Macrotyloma unijlorum, Glycine max, Cucurbita maxima and a control (bare with no cover crop)) on maize seedling emergence; as these treatments influences soil penetration resistance, moisture content and bulk density. The trial was laid out in a split plot, randomized complete block design and replicated three times with tillage practices and cover crops allocated to main and sub-plot respectively. Soil PR, BD and MC were taken from seed sowing to 7 days after sowing (DAS), percentage seedling emergence count was also taken at > 50 % seedling emergence after seed sowing as well as the number of days to > 50 % maize seedling emergence. A linear regression plot was used to assess the relationship between maize seedling emergence count and soil physical properties like PR, BD and Me. Result revealed that soil PR and BD were generally higher in conservation tillage practice (NT and RT) by 8.6times and 8.04 % respectively than in the conventionally tilled plot while soil moisture content was 13 % and 6.3 % higher in the NT and RT respectively than in CT plots. Generally the use of cover crops reduced soil bulk density and PR than in plots with no cover crop; with Centrosema pascuorum ranking best among all other cover crops. Soil MC was 28 % higher in plots with Centrosema pascuorum relative to plots with no cover crop. The effect of cover crops on soil moisture content were in the order of Centrosema pascuorum »Cucurbita maxima >Macrotyloma uniflorum > Glycine max> Bare (No cover crop). Adoption of conservation till alongside the use of cover crop had no adverse effect on seedling emergence and growth, as revealed by the regression graphs between maize seedling emergence and soil physical properties (PR, BD & MC). ln this study, values ofPR, BD & MC were within normal limits for seed germination.
Processing methods are used to increase the nutritional value of soybean. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of different processing methods of soybean on performance, carcass traits, and blood metabolites of Ross broiler chickens. A factorial experiment was used in the form of a completely random design using 600 male Ross 308 broiler chickens for 42 days (in 3 feeding phases: starter, grower, and finisher). The experimental factors included the 2 soybean varieties (Katol and Caspian) and 4 processing methods (unprocessed, extruded, thermal, and gamma radiation). Data were measured and analyzed with the Lsmeans procedure by SAS package. Processing methods had a significant effect on the feed conversion ratio (FCR) at the starter and finisher phase. Soybean varieties had a significant effect on the FCR at the whole phase. Interaction of processing methods and soybean variety had a significant effect on the FCR at the finisher and whole phase. Processing methods had a significant effect on the albumin. Soybean varieties, processing methods and interaction of them had a significant effect on the phosphorus. Interaction of processing methods and soybean varieties had a significant effect on the live weight, thigh, wings, pancreas weight, uric acid, and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Results showed that extruded and thermal methods are the most suitable for soybean processing.
Saffron is propagated exclusively by corm because of sterility. Therefore, choosing the suitable corm for cultivation is one of the important factors in saffron production and the final yield depends on the size of the corm. The research was conducted to investigate the effects of benzyl aminopurine hormone priming, application of bio-fertilizers and maternal corm weight on the germination indices of saffron cormlets. Experimental treatments consisted of large (7.1-10 g) and small (4-7 g) corms, priming with benzyl aminopurine at concentrations of 0, 250, and 500 mg/l and biofertilizer levels (no fertilizer, Mycorrhiza (Funneliformis mossea) and fertilizer, Phosphate Barvar2). The results showed that maternal corms with 7.1 to 10 g compared to 4 to 7 g increased seedling emergence rate by 14% and the seedling vigor length index by 6.3%. Hormonal priming of maternal corms with a concentration of 500 mg/l increased dry weight leaf of main and lateral shoots (34%), dry weight of the main and total shoots (37% ), and also improved emergence rate (56%) and the number of the contractile root of cormlet (77%) with biofertilizer application. The interaction of hormonal priming (250 mg/l) and the use of maternal corms with 7.1 to 10 g increased the weight index of seedling vigor by 72%. Biofertilizer treatment increased 25% of the total dry weight of the shoots. In general, the application of larger corms and the application of biofertilizer and hormonal priming improved cormlet and saffron seedling vigor.
Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) is the most important pest of hemlocks in the eastern United States, where it completes three generations a year. We investigated the impact of temperature (8, 12, 16, and 20°C) on the estivation and postaestivation stages of the A. tsugae sistens generation. Temperature significantly impacted development and survival of this generation. The highest mortality occurred at the coolest temperature (8°C). Adelges tsugae developed rapidly as the temperature increased and optimum temperatures for development ranged between 17 and 22°C for the different instars. The estimated lower temperature threshold was 0°C for second instar nymphs and 3 –5°C for the other instars and the preoviposition period. Estivating first-instar sistentes resumed development (as evidenced by segments becoming visible) after 40–100 d at the constant temperatures (fastest at 16°C) then required only 105 degree-days (DD) for 50% of the individuals to molt. Subsequent instars developed rapidly (another 470 DD total to reach adult), and oviposition began at ~623 DD from the time the first instars resumed development. This study provides valuable data required to develop an annual phenology model for A. tsugae which will assist in timing monitoring and control treatments.
Parents and teachers have identified the social inclusion of students with complex support needs as one of the most important components of school participation. Previous research has found that the opportunities for, and importance of, social contacts for students with complex support needs vary by educational placement. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a national sample of 92 elementary-aged students with complex support needs to determine whether placement predicts the number and importance of social contacts. We used multilevel regression analysis to measure the extent to which placement predicts the number of social contacts and teachers’ ratings of importance. Students in inclusive placements had almost 50% more social contacts than students in a segregated school. Furthermore, teachers’ perceptions of the social significance of the contacts experienced by students with complex support needs were notably higher in inclusive settings. Given these findings, we suggest implications for practice and future research.
Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) is a popular plant in Egypt, field study was carried out to evaluate the susceptibility of three squash varieties, i.e. Eskandarani, Hytech and Miletto infestation with two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Temperature and humidity played a strong role in the T. urticae infestation on squash varieties where there is a positive relationship between the population of T. urticae and temperature while negative between the population and humidity. Also, temperature plays an important role on biology of T. urticae where they completed their development and reproduced at all tested temperatures (20, 25, 30ºC).Also developmental time, oviposition period, adult longevity and life span decreased with increasing temperatures, while daily oviposition rate and fecundity increased with increasing temperatures. Therefore 30 ºC is the ideal degree in which all stages of growth are shortened. On the other hand the susceptibility of squash varieties to the T. urticae infestation attributable to phytochemical contents which varied from variety to another, and affect mite density levels. A positive relationship was found between mite infestations and squash leaf contents i. e. total carbohydrates, total protein and total lipids in squash leaves, while a negative one found with alkaloids and total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and total carotenoids and chlorophyll (a&b).Thus temperature and humidity and phytochemical contents of plant leaves has an important effect on infesting squash by T. urticae.
Abstract | Moringa seed cake is a protein-rich source that can be utilized as a feed supplement or a cheaper protein feed ingredient. This study aimed to: (1) assess the ruminal degradation features of machine-dehulled moringa seed cake (DMSC); and (2) examine the effect of supplementing lactating Damascus goats’ diets with DMSC on milk production. Three cannulated rams (50.60± 3.05 kg, body weight) were used to assess the ruminal degradability of DM, NDF, and ADF for DMSC using in sacco technique. Fifteen lactating Damascus goats (averaging 45.4± 0.5 kg, body weight and averaging milk yield 900±65 g/head/day) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments for 6 weeks to study DMSC’s effect on blood metabolites and quality and quantity of the produced milk. Treatment groups were provided either a control diet or control diet with 40 g/head/day (DMSC40) or 80 g/head/day (DMSC80) of DMSC. DMSC was high in protein (39.6% CP on DM) and low in fibre. DMSC DM was thought to be highly digestible due to its high ruminally degradable fraction (76.1%). Increasing supplementation amount of DMSC in goats’ diets reduced their blood cholesterol (linear; P = 0.012). However, total protein, albumin, globulin, urea-N, glucose, and liver enzymes showed no significant changes. DMSC supplementation increased milk energy content (MJ/kg), milk total solids, non-fat solids, protein, and lactose (g/kg) (linear; P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing lactating goats’ diets with a low level of DMSC might enhance the produced milk (quality and quantity) without any adverse effects. Keywords | Dehulled Moringa seed cake, Rumen degradation, Milk production, Damascus, Goats
The water balance and urinary parameters of lambs fed diets containing cactus cladodes varieties were evaluated. Thirty-six uncastrated male Santa Inês lambs (22.0 ± 2.9 kg initial body weight) were distributed in a completely randomized design, with three treatments and 12 replicates. The animals were fed a control diet (Tifton-85 hay as exclusive roughage), Miúda or Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (OEM) cactus-based diets. Urine samples were collected 45 days after the introduction of the tested diets, and voluntary water intake was measured over 10 days, during the experimental period. Diets containing Miúda or OEM cactus caused a reduction of 68.35 and 77.03% in voluntary water intake, respectively. In addition, the Miúda cactus cladodes caused urinary alkalinization (pH = 8.14) and reduction in the urinary excretion index (UEI) and on the fractional excretion rate (FER) of total calcium (Ca). The diets with OEM cactus cladodes caused higher oxalates intake (6.21 g/day) and increase in urinary volume. Regardless of the variety, there was a reduction in the urinary concentrations of urea, creatinine, total proteins, Ca, phosphorus (P), UEI of urea and P, as well as in FER of P, compared to the control diet. Urinary Mg content and UEI of uric acid and Mg increased and FER of P decreased by diets supplemented with different varieties of cactus cladodes. In conclusion, the cactus cladodes increased water intake and retention, and diuresis in lambs, altered urine parameters, without compromising kidney function.
This study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of supplemented thyme powder on growth performance, blood parameters and carcass traits in Japanese quail. One hundred and eighty (180) quail chicks after one week rearing were divide into four treatments which called: (T1) basal diet without thyme ; (T2) basal diet added 0.5% of thyme powder; (T3) basal diet added 0.75% of thyme powder; (T4) basal diet added 1% of thyme powder. Each treatment included 45 birds with three replicates, 15 birds in each replicate. all treatments were fed ad libitum of their own diet. The results showed that the addition of thyme powder significantly (p≤0.05) increased the values of live body weight and body weight gain. The food consumed did not differ significantly in all treatments (p≤0.05). Male eviscerated dressing percentage did not differ significantly (p≤0.05), however, there is a significant increase (p≤0.05) in females. The breast, wings, legs and backs percentage increased significantly (p≤0.05) in both of males and females of the thyme supplemented treatments. Blood serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides in males and females decreased significantly (p≤0.05) of the thyme added treatments. HDL increased significantly (p≤0.05) in both of males and females. LDL in males and females decreased significantly (p≤0.05). In conclusion, 1% of thyme powder supplemented to dietary can be used as an effective diet supplement to enhance growth performance, carcass characteristics and blood lipids in Japanese quail.
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