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... 0.1 g of each sample was homogenized in the extraction buffer (PBS) pH 7.8. The catalase activity was measured utilizing the method described byAebi (1984) (Aebi 1984). The activity was estimated via monitoring the decrease in absorbance due to H 2 O 2 decomposition [extinction coe cient (ε = 39µmol −1 cm −1 )] at 240 nm. ...
... 0.1 g of each sample was homogenized in the extraction buffer (PBS) pH 7.8. The catalase activity was measured utilizing the method described byAebi (1984) (Aebi 1984). The activity was estimated via monitoring the decrease in absorbance due to H 2 O 2 decomposition [extinction coe cient (ε = 39µmol −1 cm −1 )] at 240 nm. ...
Background: Plant growth, physiological and biochemical processes are severely affected by soil salinity. In the present study, toward investigating the interaction of antioxidants and salt stress in Lepidium sativum seedlings, two antioxidants (β-carotene and gallic acid) were sprayed on the plants.
Results: The findings revealed that total dry and fresh weight were adversely affected by 25 mM NaCl salinity stress. Moreover, K⁺ content decreased while Na⁺ content increased significantly. The application of β-carotene and gallic acid significantly improved tolerance to salt stress by regulating ion uptake, reducing H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, as well as increasing enzymatic antioxidant activity and phenolic, glutathione, and chlorophyll content.
Conclusions: Our findings are indicative of β-carotene and gallic acid in the induction of salt tolerance in economically important crops.
... Gastric mucosal superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were determined according to the methods of Nishikimi et al., (1972), and Aebi, (1984). Malondialdehyde (MDA) in terms of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances and reduced glutathione (GSH) were assayed according to , and Ellman, (1959), respectively. ...
... Gastric mucosal superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were determined according to the methods of Nishikimi et al., (1972), and Aebi, (1984). Malondialdehyde (MDA) in terms of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances and reduced glutathione (GSH) were assayed according to , and Ellman, (1959), respectively. ...
... Gastric mucosal superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were determined according to the methods of Nishikimi et al., (1972), and Aebi, (1984). Malondialdehyde (MDA) in terms of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances and reduced glutathione (GSH) were assayed according to , and Ellman, (1959), respectively. ...
This study was aimed to investigate the possible gastroprotective
efficacy of ethanolic extract of leaves of Morus nigra (EELMN) against ketoprofen-induced gastric ulcer in rats compared with omeprazole, as well as explore the possibility of incorporate EELMN in a milk pudding for the development of formulated food. Methods: Phytochemical screening and oral acute toxicity test of Morus nigra leaves were determined. Rats were pretreated with EELMN by two doses (250 and 500 mg/kg.day-1, p.o.) or omeprazole prior to ketoprofen. The milk formulated pudding was used to study the changes in dynamic viscosity, rheological behavior, texture properties and sensory evaluation as a result of using different concentrations of EELMN. Results: EELMN exhibited a radical scavenging activity. Acute toxicity test reveals the safety profile of EELMN. Pretreatment with EELMN significantly reduced the elevation in volume and acidity of the gastric juice, ulcer score, pepsin, H+/K+-ATPase, myeloperoxidase, TNF-α and lipid peroxide, which were detected in ketoprofen group. In addition, mucus, prostaglandin E, interluken-10, nitric oxide and antioxidant defense system were significantly preserved in the EELMN-treated groups. These findings suggested that EELMN is a nontoxic, natural antioxidant with dose-dependent gastroprotective potential attributed to the presence of bioactive phytochemicals, which mediated the preserving of the mucosal natural defense equilibrium mechanisms. Furthermore, significant effects were observed in the texture and rheological parameters of milk pudding as formulated food, while non-significant changes were observed in the most sensory parameters. Conclusion: M. nigra leaves are a promising source of natural products for enhancing mucosal protection and reducing the risk developing of gastric ulcer in rats. The milk pudding was demonstrated as a formulated food to prepare a new functional food. However, further investigations especially clinical trials are required to investigate the efficacy of EELMN as functional foods for patients with long-term NSAID therapy.
... Evaluation of catalase activity. Catalase (CAT) activity evaluation is based on the ability of the enzyme to degrade hydrogen peroxide (Aebi 1984). H 2 O 2 degradation (30 mM) by CAT results in a decrease in the absorption of reaction mixture at 240 nm against a blank containing 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH = 7) and enzyme extract. ...
In many occupational settings, workers are frequently exposed to toluene and noise. However, the individual and combined effects of these exposures on the cardiovascular system have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of simultaneous exposure to toluene and noise on the rat heart, while also evaluating the potential preventive effect of olive leaf extract (OLE). Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to eight groups (n = 6/group): control group (C), control group that received OLE (C+OLE), group exposed to noise (N), group exposed to noise and receiving OLE (N+OLE), group exposed to toluene (T), group exposed to toluene and receiving OLE (T+OLE), group co-exposed to noise and toluene (NT), and group co-exposed to noise and toluene and receiving OLE (NT+OLE). The rats in this study were subjected to simultaneous exposure to toluene and noise for a duration of six weeks, within a custom-built plexiglass chamber. Toluene was administered at a concentration of 300 ppm, while the noise level was set to 85 dB(A). The exposure chamber was equipped with a generation system, an exposure system, and a monitoring system, ensuring precise and accurate exposure conditions. After the six-week period, heart and blood samples were collected from the rats for subsequent analysis. Plasma levels of cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TG), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK) were measured, and histopathological investigation was conducted using HE staining. Additionally, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in heart tissue were measured. Our results showed that simultaneous exposure to noise and toluene altered CHOL, TG, LDH, and CK levels, and also caused an increase in lipid peroxidation levels and superoxide dismutase activity, along with a decrease in catalase activity in the heart. A significant alteration in the myocardium was also observed. However, treatment with OLE was found to modulate these oxidative and histological changes, ultimately correcting the deleterious effects induced by the combined exposure to noise and toluene. Therefore, our study suggests that OLE could be a potential preventive measure for individuals exposed to toluene and noise in industrial settings.
... Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was determined Bannister and Calabrese (1987), and catalase (CAT) activity by Aebi (1984). Both assays were assessed for the evaluation of the endogenous antioxidant activity. ...
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency in branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKAC). The treatment is a standard therapy based on a protein-restricted diet with low branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) content to reduce plasma levels and, consequently, the effects of accumulating their metabolites, mainly in the central nervous system. Although the benefits of dietary therapy for MSUD are undeniable, natural protein restriction may increase the risk of nutritional deficiencies, resulting in a low total antioxidant status that can predispose and contribute to oxidative stress. As MSUD is related to redox and energy imbalance, melatonin can be an important adjuvant treatment. Melatonin directly scavenges the hydroxy radical, peroxyl radical, nitrite anion, and singlet oxygen and indirectly induces antioxidant enzyme production. Therefore, this study assesses the role of melatonin treatment on oxidative stress in brain tissue and behavior parameters of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to two concentrations of leucine-induced MSUD: leucine 2 mM and 5mM; and treated with 100 nM of melatonin. Oxidative stress was assessed through oxidative damage (TBARS, DCF, and sulfhydryl content) and antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD and CAT). Melatonin treatment improved redox imbalance with reduced TBARS levels, increased SOD activity, and normalized CAT activity to baseline. Behavior was analyzed with novel object recognition test. Animals exposed to leucine improved object recognition due to melatonin treatment. With the above, we can suggest that melatonin supplementation can protect neurologic oxidative stress, protecting leucine-induced behavior alterations such as memory impairment.
... Catalase (CAT) activity was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the rate of decrease in H 2 O 2 concentration which is directly proportional to CAT activity (Aebi 1984). Briefly, 2.0 ml of diluted liver homogenate in 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 (1:100) was taken in a test tube and 1.0 ml of 30 mM H 2 O 2 was added and mixed well to initiate the enzyme-substrate reaction. ...
Environmental contaminant-induced aquatic pollution threatens the aquatic biota and causes oxidative stress in the aquatic organisms. Mahananda River, the lifeline of Malda district, West Bengal, India is presently experiencing environmental crisis due to increasing level of contaminants which deteriorate the water quality along with its biota. Puntius sarana is an economically important edible fish species in the River Mahananda that seems to be declining, owing to environmental pollution. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the health status of Puntius sarana by evaluating different oxidative stress biomarkers. The sampling sites were selected according to population density and possible anthropogenic activities around the River Mahananda. Significantly higher concentration of Zn2+ (p < 0.01), Cu2+ (p < 0.05) in different sampling sites has been observed, compared to the control site. Results of the water quality index and water pollution index confirmed the pollution status of different sampling sites. Significant decreases were observed in superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, compared to the control. The decreased values of reduced and oxidized glutathione ratio also indicate the increased oxidative stress of Puntius sarana. The principal component analysis showed that total hardness, calcium hardness, nitrate, manganese, zinc, copper, iron and arsenic were the main descriptors of the aquatic pollution. Therefore, findings of the present study demonstrate the ecotoxicological impacts of various anthropogenic activities which necessitates the need for continuous monitoring of the fresh water resources and its ecosystem from further contamination.
... Catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6) activity was assessed according to the method previously described by Aebi (1984). Peroxidase (POD; EC 1.11.1.7) ...
To our knowledge, little attention has been paid to evaluating ZnO nanoparticles (ZNPs) roles in plants grown under salinity stress. In this study, seeds of lupine (Lupinus termis) plants were grown in plastic pots and exposed to 0 (control) and 150 (S) mM NaCl with or without priming with different concentrations of ZnO [20 mg L−1 (ZNPs1), 40 mg L−1 (ZNPs2), and 60 mg L−1 (ZNPs3)] for 20 days. Salinized plants showed a reduction in plant growth parameters (root length, shoot length, fresh weight, and dry weight) and in the contents of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoids) and Zn, as well as in the activity of catalase (CAT) against control plants. On the other side, salinity stress boosted the contents of organic solutes (soluble sugar, soluble protein, total free amino acids, and proline), total phenols, malondialdehyde (MDA), ascorbic acid and Na, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in stressed plants over control plants. However, seed-priming with ZNPs mostly stimulated growth of stressed plants, which was accompanied by reinforcement in the levels of photosynthetic pigments, organic solutes, total phenols, ascorbic acid and Zn, as well as in the activities of SOD, CAT, POD, and APX enzymes over stressed plants alone. On the contrary, priming with ZNPs caused a decrement in the contents of MDA and Na in stressed plants relative to salinized plants alone. It is worthy to mention that, this improvement in salt tolerance of plants primed with ZNPs was more obvious in plants primed with ZNPs3 and grown both in unstressed and stressed regimes. Thus, our findings suggest that seed-priming with ZNPs, especially 60 mg L−1 ZnO is an effective strategy that can be used to enhance salt tolerance of lupine plants.
... Glutathione reduced (GSH) which is the major intracellular thiol utilized by cells as antioxidant protection marker, was measured according to Beutler et al. (1963) by spectrophotometric methods using 5,5 0 -dithio-bis (2-nitrobenzoic acid, DTNB). Glutathione S-transferase (GST) was determined using the GST Assay Kit (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) utilizing 1-chloro-2,4 dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as a substrate (Habig et al. 1974), Catalase activity (CAT) which is used for protection against H 2 O 2 induced stress, was measured according to the method of Aebi (1984). Nitric oxide (NO), which is produced as a defense against stress, was determined according to the method described by Montgomery and Dymock (1961) using UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-1601) in the wavelength range 200-700 nm. ...
Toxocara vitulorum is a common gastrointestinal nematode of buffaloes and cattle, primarily young calves. This parasitic infection is distributed worldwide, causing a huge economic loss due to reduced meat and milk production and animal mortality. Several studies have indicated that silver nanoparticles have an effective anthelmintic activity. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic effects of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles on adult Toxocara vitulorum in vitro. Male and female adult worms were incubated for 48 h in 50, 100, and 200 mg/L silver nanoparticles synthesized using lemon juice. Oxidative stress markers, in addition to light and scanning electron microscopic studies of treated worms, were assessed following 48 h incubation in 200 mg/L silver nanoparticles. Light and scanning electron micrographs of treated worms revealed damage in the muscular layer, destruction of the cuticle, distortion in lips structure, and deformed excretory pore and sensory papillae. Also, oxidative stress markers recorded an increase in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide and decreased levels of glutathione reduced, glutathione S-transferase, and catalase after exposure to silver nanoparticles. In Conclusion, the current study demonstrated a substantial destructive effect of silver nanoparticles on adult Toxocara vitulorum, indicating its potential as an anthelmintic alternative to the more expensive drugs.
... Serum c-glutamyltransferase (c-GT), total protein, and total bilirubin according to (Szasz 1969, Bradford 1976, Walter and Gerade 1970, respectively. B. Determination of antioxidant biomarkers was assayed in liver homogenate, glutathione (GSH) level (Beutler et al. 1963), Nitric oxide (NO) (Montgomery and Dymock 1961), Catalase (CAT) (Aebi 1984), LPO (Ohkawa et al. 1979), and TAC (Koracevic et al. 2001). ...
Context:
Nanotechnology is widely used nowadays in several fields of industry, engineering, and medicine, the biological action mechanisms of AgNPs, which mainly involve the release of silver ions (Ag+), generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Objective:
The potential toxicity AgNPs of damages to hepatic cells, hesperidin, and naringin role for their protective effect against the increase of ROS due to AgNPs toxicity. They can be restored, most cellular biochemical parameters, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and histopathological analysis.
Materials and methods:
Toxicity was induced by an oral dose of Ag NPs of (20-100 nm) for one month, after that treated with hesperidin, naringin (100 mg/kg) for three weeks, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH) and catalase were estimated. Also, aminotransferases (AST and ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), albumin, and total bilirubin were determined, following Chromosomal aberrations, DNA breaks and histological analyses.
Results:
hesperidin, and naringin treatment, recorded amelioration in most biochemical, genetic and spermatogenesis disturbances Also, histological Investigations were improved.
Conclusion:
Their biological safety problems such as potential toxicity on cells, tissue, and organs should be paid enough attention, hesperidin and naringin amelioration fundamental alterations, as hepatic architectural and DNA damage, related to its role as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.
... CAT activity was assayed by spectrophotometrically analyzed at 240 nm according to Aebi method [17]. The enzymatic reaction was triggered by the addition of a 20 μl aliquot of the homogenized tissue and the substrate (H 2 O 2 ) to an 0.5 M www.tsijournals.com ...
... To measure catalase activity, enzyme extract (250 μL) was mixed with 200 μL of potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM), DH 2 O (450 μL), and hydrogen peroxide (100 μL) was used as substrate. The decrease in the absorbance was recorded for 3 min (Aebi 1984). Peroxide activity was determined by treating the reaction mixture (enzyme extract 10 μL, 20 μL of 100 mM guaiacol, 50 mM sodium acetate, 160 μL) with (10 μL) 100 mM H 2 O 2 and the increase in the absorbance was observed at 450 nm (Ullah et al. 2013). ...
Aims
This study was designed to assess the effect of nanosilicab fertilizer on Triticum aestivum under drought stress.
Methods
The plants were grown in pots having the soil incubated with SiO2 NPs, biofertilizer and nanosilicab. The experimental design was completely randomized design and drought stress was applied at stem elongation stage. Plants were maintained in the pots till the collection of yield.
Results
Nanosilicab enhanced the germination percentage, germination index, and germination vigor index by 23.07%, 14.49%, and 93.10% under control and 14.42%, 10.52%, and 46.15% under drought stress. In the pot experiment, the soil was treated with 150 mg/kg silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2), 1% biofertilizer and, 1% nanosilicab before sowing. Nanosilicab increased shoot length and root length by 34.77%, and 16.88% under control and 30.58%, and 21.56% under stress conditions, respectively. It also increased photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes content, relative water content, membrane stability index, phenol, and flavonoid content. The increase in antioxidant activity was significant by the application of nanosilicab i.e. the augmentation in catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase was 68.65%, 83.69%, and 85.99%, respectively. It also increased indole acetic acid and cytokinin by 22.28% and 14.79% in comparison to control. The improvement in hundred-grain weight and grains per spike by the use of nanosilicab was 36.25%, and 38.76% under control, and 27.47%, and 22.59% under stress conditions.
Conclusion
The positive effect of nanosilicab on the roots of the plants improved the growth of plants significantly and this fertilizer showed potential for application on crops.
... Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined by using the thiobarbituric acid method and were calorimetrically clarified using a commercial kit (LPO-586 Kit, OXIS International Inc., PDX, USA) as described by Ohkawa et al. [51]. The serum samples were used to detect superoxide dismutase (SOD) [52] and catalase (CAT) [53] activities using colorimetric methods by commercial fish-specific kits (Biodiagnostic Co., Giza, Egypt). ...
Dietary Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 was used to relieve the impacts of aflatoxin B1 toxicity on the performances of Liza ramada. The control diet was without any additives, while the second and third diets were supplemented with aflatoxin B1 at 0.5 and 1 mg/kg. The fourth diet was supplemented with Lb. acidophilus ATCC 4356 at 1 × 10⁶ CFU/mL per kg diet, while the fifth with aflatoxin B1 at 1 mg/kg and Lb. acidophilus ATCC 4356 at 1 × 10⁶ CFU/mL per kg diet. The growth performance markedly increased (p < 0.05) in L. ramada fed Lb. acidophilus ATCC 4356, while aflatoxin B1 at 0.5 and 1 mg/kg groups showed a severe reduction. The red blood cells, hemoglobulin, hematocrit, and white blood cells were markedly increased in L. ramada fed Lb. acidophilus ATCC 4356 while decreased (p < 0.05) in fish fed aflatoxin B1 at 0.5 and 1 mg/kg. The blood total protein and albumin were markedly increased (p < 0.05) in L. ramada fed Lb. acidophilus ATCC 4356 while reduced in aflatoxin B1 at 0.5 and 1 mg/kg groups. The levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides were meaningfully increased in fish of the Lb. acidophilus ATCC 4356 and aflatoxin B1 at 1 mg/kg groups while decreased in aflatoxin B1 at 0.5 and 1 mg/kg groups. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, and urea levels were markedly decreased (p < 0.05) in fish-fed Lb. acidophilus ATCC 4356 while increased in aflatoxin B1 at 0.5 and 1 mg/kg groups. The highest levels of blood glucose and cortisol were seen in fish contaminated with aflatoxin B1 at 1 mg/kg, while the lowest levels were observed in the fish fed Lb. acidophilus ATCC 4356 group (p < 0.05). The catalase and superoxide dismutase were markedly enhanced in the Lb. acidophilus ATCC 4356 group and severely declined in aflatoxin B1 at 0.5 and 1 mg/kg groups (p < 0.05). The malondialdehyde level was markedly reduced in fish fed Lb. acidophilus ATCC 4356 with or without aflatoxin B1 at 1 mg/kg diets while increased in fish contaminated with aflatoxin B1 at 0.5 and 1 mg/kg (p < 0.05). The control group had lower malondialdehyde levels than the aflatoxin B1 at 1 mg/kg group and higher than the Lb. acidophilus ATCC 4356 with or without aflatoxin B1 toxicity (p < 0.05). Histopathological examination revealed impaired intestines and livers in fish contaminated with aflatoxin B1 while Lb. acidophilus ATCC 4356 relieves the inflammation and protected the intestines and livers. In conclusion, dietary Lb. acidophilus ATCC 4356 is recommended to relieve the impacts of aflatoxicosis-induced hepatorenal failure and oxidative stress in L. ramada.
... CAT activity was measured according to the method of Aebi (1984). The reaction was based on the decomposition of H 2 O 2 monitored at 240 nm. ...
Astrocytes play multiple important roles in brain physiology. However, depending on the stimuli, astrocytes may exacerbate inflammatory reactions, contributing to the development and progression of neurological diseases. Therefore, therapies targeting astrocytes represent a promising area for the development of new brain drugs. Thiazolidinones are heterocyclic compounds that have a sulfur and nitrogen atom and a carbonyl group in the ring and represent a class of compounds of great scientific interest due to their pharmacological properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 3-(3-(diethylamino)propyl)-2-(4-(methylthio)phenyl)thiazolidin-4-one (DS27) on cell proliferation and morphology, oxidative stress parameters, activity of the enzymes ectonucleotidases and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels in primary astrocyte cultures treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), to model neuroinflammation. The astrocyte culture was exposed to LPS (10 μg/ml) for 3 h and subsequently treated with compound DS27 for 24 and 48 h (concentrations ranging to 10–100 μM). LPS induced an increase in astrocyte proliferation, AChE activity, IL-6 levels, oxidative damage, ATP and ADP and a reduction in AMP hydrolysis in rat primary astrocyte cultures. DS27 treatment was effective in reversing these alterations induced by LPS. Our findings demonstrated that DS27 is able to modulate cholinergic and purinergic signaling, redox status, and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced astrocyte damage. These glioprotective effects of DS27 may be very important for improving neuroinflammation, which is associated with many brain diseases.
... Catalase activity was determined as previously described (Aebi 1984). The reaction mixture contained 40 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 14.1 mM H 2 O 2, and 20 μL of tissue homogenate to a final volume of 1 mL. ...
African eggplant (Solanum macrocarpon L) (AE) and Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum L) (BN) leaves are green leafy vegetables with nutritional and ethnobotanical values. We have previously characterized the vegetables via HPLC/LC-MS to reveal notable phenolic acids, flavonoids and alkaloids. In this present study, we addressed the efficacy of the two vegetables in mitigating mercuric chloride (HgCl2)-induced neurotoxicity and memory impairment in Drosophila melanogaster. Flies were exposed to HgCl2 (0.30 mg/g) alone or in combination with the vegetables (0.1 and 1.0%) of both samples in their diets for seven days. The results showed that HgCl2 (Hg)-exposed flies had significantly reduced survival rate and memory index, which were ameliorated in the Hg-exposed flies fed AE or BN. This was accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, reduced total thiol, as well as catalase, glutathione transferase (GST) and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activities in Hg-exposed fly heads, but ameliorated in Hg-exposed flies fed dietary inclusions of the vegetables. In addition, the Hg-induced alterations in SOD, NF-ҝB/Relish, Dronc and Reaper mRNA levels were statistically indistinguishable from controls in Hg-treated flies fed diets containing AE or BN. Normalization of cnc/Nrf2 and FOXO were observed only in Hg-treated flies fed BN. These findings suggest that dietary AE or BN leaves offer protection against Hg-induced memory impairment and neurotoxicity in D. melanogaster, and further justify them as functional foods with neuroprotective properties.
hlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate pesticide that is frequently and widely used to control both agricultural and domesticpests worldwide. In this study, the protective effect of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) essential oil (FEO) was investigated in carp(Cyprinus carpio) exposed to CPF. The fish were divided into six groups that one control group (no treatment) and fiveexperimental groups (FEO (3ml/100g diet) group, CPF1 (0.023 mg/l) group CPF2 (0.046 mg/l) group, CPF1 (0.023 mg/l) plusFEO (3ml/100g diet) group, CPF2 (0.046 mg/l) plus FEO (3ml/100g diet) group). Blood and tissue (liver, kidney, gill, and brain)samples were taken from the fish at the end of 14 days of application. Hemoglobin (Hb) level, nitoblue tetrazolium (NBT)activity, and total immunoglobulin (TI) level were measured in blood samples of fish. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity wasdetermined in brain tissue while malondialdehyde (MDA) level, reduced glutathione (GSH) level, catalase (CAT), and glutathi-one peroxidase (GPx) activity were determined in liver, kidney, and gill tissues. The results showed that there was a significantdecrease in Hb level, NBT activity, and TI levels in CPF-treated fish compared to the control group. In addition, increased inMDA levels and significant decreases in GSH level, AChE, CAT, and GPx activities were observed in CPF-treated groups.However, FEO-treated was showed a significant improvement in all parameters except AChE activity compared to CPF groups.These study findings showed that FEO could improve CPF-induced toxicity in C. carpio, except inhibition of AChE activity
(PDF) Ameliorative effect of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) essential oil on chlorpyrifos toxicity inCyprinus carpio. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373258560_Ameliorative_effect_of_Fennel_Foeniculum_vulgare_essential_oil_on_chlorpyrifos_toxicity_inCyprinus_carpio [accessed Aug 22 2023].
Drought stress is one of the serious threats to crop production. It causes significant deterioration of crop growth
and yield by inducing oxidative stress. The biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) can be an effective
technique to overcome drought stress. Activated carbon biochar (BC) has the potential to improve soil water
holding capacity while AMF inoculation can increase root surface area for better uptake of water. However, their
combined application as an amendment against drought still needs scientific justification. That’s why the current
study was conducted using a combination of AMF and BC on spinach under no drought stress and drought stress.
The treatments included i.e., 0, 0.25%, and 0.50%AMF-BC. The experiment was replicated thre times using
completely randomized design (CRD). Results showed that 0.5%AMF-BC increase spinach shoot fresh weight
(20.34%), shoot dry weight (21.23%), shoot length (3.37%), root fresh weight (16.10%), root dry weight
(14.51%), and root length (38.03%) over control under drought stress. The 0.50%AMF-BC increased chlorophyll
a (15.33%), chlorophyll b (30.17%), total chlorophyll (18.85%), photosynthetic rate (35.59%), transpiration rate
(26.53%), stomatal conductance (13.97%) and internal CO2 concentration (37.15%) compared to control under
drought stress. The improvement in N, P, and K concentration in root and shoot verified the efficacious functioning of 0.50%AMF-BC compared to control under drought stress. In conclusion, 0.50%AMF-BC is recommended for the mitigation of drought stress in spinach.
Despite the high biocompatibility of titanium and its alloys, the need to remove titanium implants is increasingly being debated due to the potential for adverse effects associated with long-term retention. Therefore, new solutions are being sought to enhance the biocompatibility of titanium implants. One of them is to increase the thickness of the passive layer of the implant made of titanium dioxide. We were the first to evaluate the effect of hard-anodized (type II) Ti-6Al-4V alloy discs on the cytotoxicity, mitochondrial function, and redox balance of fibroblasts mitochondria compared to standard-anodized (type III) and non-anodized discs. The study used fibroblasts obtained from human gingival tissue. The test discs were applied to the bottom of 12-well plates. Cells were cultured for 24 h and 7, 14, and 21 days and mitochondria were isolated. We demonstrated the occurrence of oxidative stress in the mitochondria of fibroblasts of all tested groups, regardless of the presence and type of anodization. Type II anodization prevented changes in complex II activity (vs. control). The lowest degree of citrate synthase inhibition occurred in mitochondria exposed to titanium discs with type II anodization. In the last phase of culture, the presence of type II anodization reduced the degree of cytochrome c oxidase inhibition compared to the other tests groups and the control group, and prevented apoptosis. Throughout the experiment, the release of titanium, aluminium, and vanadium ions from titanium discs with a hard-anodized passive layer was higher than from the other titanium discs, but decreased with time. The obtained results proved the existence of dysfunction and redox imbalance in the mitochondria of fibroblasts exposed to hard-anodized titanium discs, suggesting the need to search for new materials perhaps biodegradable in tissues of the human body.
Arsenic is an environmental toxicant known to be a carcinogen and endocrine disruptor. Maternal exposure to arsenic has been associated with fetus malformation and reproductive disorders in male offspring. However, it is unclear the extent to which those effects remain during postnatal development and adulthood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of prenatal arsenic exposure on reproductive parameters of male offspring at peripubertal and adult periods. Pregnant female Wistar rats were exposed to 0 or 10 mg/L sodium arsenite in drinking water from gestational day 1 (GD 1) until GD 21 and male pups were analyzed at postnatal day 44 (PND 44) and PND 70. We observed that some reproductive parameters were affected differently by arsenic exposure at each age evaluated. The body and reproductive organs weights, as well as testicular and epididymal morphology were strongly affected in peripubertal animals and recovered at adult period. On the other hand, the antioxidant genes expression (SOD1, SOD2, CAT and GSTK1) and the endogenous antioxidant system were affected in the testes and epididymides from both peripubertal and adult rats. Finally, an impairment in daily sperm production and in sperm parameters was observed in adult animals. Taken together, our findings show that prenatal arsenic exposure affected reproductive parameters of peripubertal and adult male rats mainly due to oxidative stress. Collectively, those alterations may be affecting fertility potential of adult animals.
Objectives
Diabetes has a negative effect on learning and memory performance, and it is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease and dementia development. The present study aims to investigate the effects of two kinds of endurance exercise including high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) as well as metformin on impaired memory and learning related to streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in rats.
Methods
Forty adult male rats (250 ± 20 g weight) were divided into five groups (n=8), including control, diabetic, as well as diabetic rats treated with metformin (300 mg/kg), and HIIT (20 m/min), and MICT (15 m/min) exercises. Diabetes was induced by STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.). Serum glucose concentration and oxidative stress markers (SOD, CAT, thiol, and MDA) in the cortex and hippocampus were determined by colorimetric assay. Behavioral tests were performed with a passive avoidance test.
Results
The diabetic groups treated with metformin and both HIIT, and MICT exercises improved the latency and the staying time in the darkroom and lightroom. The entrance frequency into the darkroom also was restored (p<0.01–p<0.001). In both HIIT and MICT exercises as well as metformin groups the oxidative stress induced by diabetes has been reversed and attenuation of the serum glucose level has been observed compared to non-treated diabetic ones (p<0.05–p<0.001).
Conclusions
The results of the present study revealed both HIIT and MICT exercises had protective effects against oxidative stress and behavioral impairments induced by diabetes and these effects were comparable to the effects of metformin.
Rice is one of the world’s most important food crop that is severely affected by abiotic stresses. In our earlier study, inoculation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SN13 (SN13) improved the growth of rice seedlings under salt and drought stress as compared to other abiotic stresses was demonstrated. Therefore, the present study was carried out to understand the possible mechanism induced by B. amyloliquefaciens for salt and drought tolerance. Further, the role of SN13 in phytohormone-induced stress tolerance by exogenous application of abscisic acid and ethylene was investigated. The SN13 inoculated rice seedlings showed significantly better performance as demonstrated by physio-biochemical, antioxidant enzyme activities, and nutrient analysis. The expression of positively regulated stress-responsive genes was found under abiotic stresses and phytohormone treatments in inoculated seedlings indicating its multifaceted role in abiotic stresses and phytohormone cross-talk in response to PGPR. Inoculated seedlings also showed altered metabolites primarily related to carbohydrates (glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose, trehalose, turanose, hexapyranose, and xylose) and fatty acid (dodecanoic acid, eicosenoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, linolenic acid, and octadecadienoic acid) metabolism. These findings affirm that B. amyloliquefaciens SN13 positively modulates plant nutrient status, stress-responsive genes, and metabolic pathways related to carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism supporting its involvement in cross-talk between imposed stresses and phytohormones.
Currently, biodiversity conservation is one of the key areas for sustainable development of the world economy. A combination of abiotic and biotic factors constantly affects the plant community. Often, together with anthropogenic stress factors, they adversely affect the ability of plants to adapt without compromising physiological parameters and to narrow the limits of tolerance and resistance. One of the options for determining the susceptibility or resistance of populations to climatic conditions and anthropogenic stress factors is to study the complex of enzymes responsible for the formation of the antioxidant defense of the cell. Cloudberry squat refers to relict plants that are endangered in the Republic of Belarus.
The studies have shown that the most oppressed of the studied populations of Rubus chamaemorus L. is “Zhada”; however, ongoing measures to restore the hydrological regime of this territory can have a positive impact on its future condition. These studies were carried out for the first time for the southern border of the habitat.
“Lonno” population plants are assessed as the most promising ones for use in breeding and distribution of cloudberries that, in turn, will allow preserving this relic species in Belarus.
Caffeic acid is highlighted as one of the major phenolic compounds present in foods with known antioxidant activity. This phenolic is among commonly consumed substances in everyday diet of pregnant women. However, there is not enough information on its effects during pregnancy, especially the most vulnerable early stage. Extravillous trophoblast cells are specific cells of the placenta that come in direct contact with maternal uterine tissue.
Through this study we investigated the cytoprotective effects of caffeic acid on H2O2-induced oxidative damage in first trimester extravillous trophoblast cell line HTR-8/SVneo. Investigated concentrations (1–100 μM) of caffeic acid showed neither cytotoxic nor genotoxic effects on HTR-8/SVneo cells. The treatment with caffeic acid 100 μM significantly increased the percentage of cells in G2/M phase of the cell cycle, compared to non-treated cells. Pretreatment with caffeic acid (10 and 100 μM) attenuated oxidative DNA damage significantly, reduced cytotoxicity, protein and lipid peroxidation, and restored antioxidant capacity in trophoblast cells following H2O2 exposure. This beneficial outcome is probably mediated by the augmentation of GSH and effective ROS scavenging by caffeic acid. These promising results require further investigations to reveal the additional mechanisms/pathways and confirmation through studies in vivo.
Hyperoxia, is often used in preterm supportive care, leading to high oxygen exposure in neonates. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a free radical scavenger that has been studied in older children but never be investigated for its role in preterm care. We hypothesize that the administration of exogenous CoQ10 would raise serum concentrations of CoQ10 and mitigate the adverse effects of hyperoxia on the organs by reducing oxygen‐free radicals and inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and survival in neonatal rats after CoQ10 treatment. Neonatal rats delivered from four pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: (a) control, (b) CoQ10, (c) hyperoxia (O2 group), and (d) treatment (CoQ10 + O2) groups. The dose of CoQ10 injected was 30 mg/kg. The CoQ9, CoQ10, cytokines, oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzyme activity were measured. Tissue samples were histologically examined and mortality was monitored for 16 days. The level of CoQ9 significantly increased in the liver, kidney, and plasma, while the level of CoQ10 significantly increased in most organ tissues in the CoQ10 + O2 group. Additionally, CoQ10 decrease oxidative stress in the liver, increase antioxidant enzyme activity in the heart, kidney, and brain, and reverse an inclined level of hematopoietic growth factors. However, CoQ10 had no effect on inflammation, organ damage, or mortality. Therefore, the use of CoQ10 in potential adjuvant therapy for neonatal hyperoxia requires further research.
Aluminum (Al) stress is known as a serious threat to the growth and production of crops in acidic soils. Here, the effects of different concentrations of methyl jasmonate (MJ, 0.5 and 1 µM) on rice plants were investigated hydroponically under different concentrations of Al (0.5 and 1 mM). Aluminum treatments injured membrane lipids and photosynthetic apparatus by reducing the leaf contents of mineral nutrients and increasing the accumulation of free radicals (hydrogen peroxide, methylglyoxal, and superoxide anion), resulting in reduced growth and biomass of rice. In comparison to control plants, 0.5 and 1 μM Al treatments lowered height by 21 and 37% and total dry weight by 24 and 41%, respectively. Exogenously added methyl diminished the inhibitory effects of Al stress on growth and photosynthetic apparatus by restoring ion homeostasis and improving chlorophyll metabolism. The application of MJ, by inducing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the glyoxalase cycle, lessened the levels of the toxic compounds hydrogen peroxide, methylglyoxal, and superoxide anion and, as a result, dwindled the toxic Al-induced oxidative stress. Methyl jasmonate enhanced the leaf accumulation of nonprotein thiol compounds and improved plant tolerance under Al stress by increasing the activity of enzymes involved in the synthesis of thiol compounds. Methyl jasmonate increased the leaf accumulation of glutathione and phytochelatins in Al-stressed plants by increasing the expression of GSH1, PCS, and ABCC1, which reduced the toxicity of toxic Al accumulated in leaves by sequestering toxic Al in vacuoles. Together, the results revealed that MJ increased the tolerance of rice under Al toxicity by maintaining ion homeostasis, improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the glyoxalase system, and increasing the level of non-protein thiol compounds. This research adds to our understanding of how MJ may be used in the future to improve Al stress tolerance in sustainable agriculture.
Acrylamide (ACR) has genotoxic, neurotoxic, and carcinogenic effects. From past to present, various plants or their products have been used for therapeutic purposes such as morin. It was aimed to detect possible protective effects of morin vs ACR‐induced lung toxicity. The rats, treated with ACR alone or with morin for 10 consecutive days, were included in the study. A broad variety of biomarkers related to oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammatory responses were evaluated. ACR increased malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), nuclear factor kappa‐B (NF‐κB), Beclin‐1, IL‐1β, bcl‐2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase‐3, light chain 3‐A (LC3‐A), and light chain 3‐B (LC3‐B) levels but reduced mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), b‐cell lymphoma‐2 (Bcl‐2), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) in lung tissues. The morin had effects on the level of these molecules in a way that is opposite to ACR. While ACR‐induced oxidative stress, apoptotic, autophagic, inflammatory responses, and may cause pulmonary dysfunction, the morin reduced ACR‐induced lung damage.
Practical applications
ACR is a toxic chemical produced by frying, baking, roasting, or grilling foods with high starch content and has genotoxic, neurotoxic, and carcinogenic effects. As an antioxidant compound, the morin is obtained from plants or their products. It was aimed to detect possible protective effects of morin against ACR‐induced lung toxicity. It was detected that ACR‐induced oxidative stress, apoptotic, autophagic, inflammatory responses, and may cause pulmonary dysfunction, but the morin reduced ACR‐induced lung damage.
In this work, a new terrestrial cyanobacterial species, Oculatella lusitanica LEGE 161147, was isolated and characterized using a polyphasic approach. Morphologically, O . lusitanica shares characteristics with different Oculatella species (mainly with O . crustae - formantes ), lacking distinctive features. However, the phylogeny based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence and the 16S-23S ITS secondary structures support the establishment of this isolate as a new species. O. lusitanica is placed within a clade mainly composed by other Oculatella terrestrial strains; however, it forms a separate lineage. In addition, our species differs from the other Oculatella described so far by lacking the V2 helix within the ITS region. Since cyanobacteria are known to release compounds that promote plant growth and/or increase their tolerance to stresses, the effect of this newly described cyanobacterial species on Lactuca sativa (lettuce) plants development and salinity stress resistance was evaluated. Our results showed that, although the cyanobacterium had no impact on plant growth under the conditions tested, it was able to mitigate the deleterious salinity stress effects on plant size, root and aerial part fresh weight, by eliciting the non-enzymatic antioxidant response system (proline, H 2 O 2 and reduced glutathione). In addition, the microorganism was able to induce a priming effect on lettuce plants by stimulating defensive mechanisms under non-stress conditions, and enhances the activity of nitrogen metabolism-related enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase and nitrate reductase. These results indicate that this native terrestrial cyanobacterial species could be employed as a tool in sustainable agricultural practices.
Background
Many arid and semi-arid areas endure from extensive salinization of agricultural land. Nevertheless, it must either develop salinity-tolerant varieties or use agronomic treatments to alleviate the symptoms of stress. Although the cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum L., is relatively salt sensitive, salinity tolerance was demonstrated in several Solanum relatives. Knowledge of genetic variation for salinity tolerance across diverse species is required for breeding of salinity-tolerant cultivars. Higher osmotic pressures associated with salinity impede plant development and cause plant death; yet, the exogenous application of cellularly recognized molecules to withstand such stress might be a key method.
Results
In vitro studies were performed to determine how much genetic variability for salinity tolerance exists in S. tuberosum ( tbr ), a tetraploid species and S. chacoense ( chc ) , a diploid species in which 13 genotypes were evaluated under 100, 200 or 300 mmol L ⁻¹ NaCl and the average tested parameters were compared with the control (no stress). A further experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of exogenous application of osmoregulators and antioxidants, namely, glycine betaine (GB), proline (P) and salicylic acid (SA) at 400, 200 and 100 mg L ⁻¹ , respectively, which applied solely to counteract the harmful effect of stress on potato plants. The results showed that when plants exposed to salinity, root characteristics, plantlet water content % (PWC), chlorophyll and K ⁺ content, and callus formation all substantially reduced; however, Cl ⁻ and Na ⁺ levels, as well as catalase and peroxidase activity, were elevated. In general, chc showed more tolerance compared to tbr with genetic diversity within and among species. Under stress, chc clones, ‘A-6’, ‘C-8’ and ‘D-2’ and tbr cultivars, ‘Diamond’ and ‘Russet Burbank’ were more tolerant and yielded the greatest salinity tolerance index. Under stress but with applied GB, SA and P, the adverse consequences of stress were relieved. GB was found to be a good treatment for enhancing all the examined traits.
Conclusion
The results indicated that there is a significant genetic variation in salt tolerance between ( tbr ) cultivars and ( chc ) clones. GB followed by SA and P could completely or partly reverse the adverse impact of salinity stress on potato plants.
Graphical Abstract
Biodegradable cardiac patches have been able to induce improvement in left ventricular (LV) remodeling. A novel scaffold patch made with collagen and silk‐fibroin (COL‐SF) was further associated to polyaniline (PANi) to increase conductivity. Thus, this study investigated the safety of the association of PANi to a patch, and the improvement in LV remodeling in a myocardial infarct (MI) rat model. Wistar rats underwent MI induction. MI was confirmed with echocardiographic and after 2 weeks, animals (n = 10/group) were randomized into: (a) COL‐SF hyaluronic acid patch, (b) PANi hyaluronic acid patch, (c) MI Control (just repeat thoracotomy). Healthy animals were also followed. Echocardiography was performed at pre‐treatment, and at 2‐, 4‐, and 8‐weeks post‐treatment. Hearts underwent hemodynamic evaluation on Langendorff apparatus and histology for LV thickness and percent of infarct size. Liver, kidneys, and blood samples were evaluated for biochemical, hematological, oxidative stress, and histology. There was a tendency of lower %infarct size in patched animals. LV thickness was higher in the patched animals than controls. Functional echocardiographic indices %Fractional shortening and %LV ejection fraction decreased in the MI control group, but not in the patched animals. PANi presented higher %LVEF versus MI control. PANi presented higher liver transaminases; no morphological changes were observed in histology. Elevation of antioxidant markers was observed. COL‐SF and PANi patches were able to induce better remodeling features compared to MI controls on %infarct size and LV thickness and have not presented echocardiographic worsening. Polyaniline may present a slight improvement on LV remodeling, despite associated to signs of hepatotoxicity and pro‐oxidant effect.
Abiotic stresses are emerging as a potential threat to sustainable agriculture worldwide. Soil salinity and drought will be the major limiting factors for rice productivity in years to come. The Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) pathway plays a key role in salinity tolerance by maintaining the cellular ion homeostasis, with SOS2, a S/T kinase, being a vital component. The present study investigated the role of the OsSOS2, a SOS2 homolog from rice, in improving salinity and drought tolerance. Transgenic plants with either overexpression (OE) or knockdown (KD) of OsSOS2 were raised in one of the high‐yielding cultivars of rice – IR64. Using a combined approach based on physiological, biochemical, anatomical, microscopic, molecular, and agronomic assessment, the evidence presented in this study advocates the role of OsSOS2 in improving salinity and drought tolerance in rice. The OE plants were found to have favourable ion and redox homeostasis when grown in the presence of salinity, while the KD plants showed the reverse pattern. Several key stress‐responsive genes were found to work in an orchestrated manner to contribute to this phenotype. Notably, the OE plants showed tolerance to stress at both the seedling and the reproductive stages, addressing the two most sensitive stages of the plant. Keeping in mind the importance of developing crops pants with tolerance to multiple stresses, the present study established the potential of OsSOS2 for biotechnological applications to improve salinity and drought stress tolerance in diverse cultivars of rice.
In recent years, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and nitric oxide (NO) have drawn much attention in reducing/alleviating metal toxicity in plants. Arsenic is a potentially toxic metal that imposes severe toxic effects on crop plants. Therefore, the present study was an attempt to explore the role of GABA and NO in the amelioration of arsenate As(V) toxicity in tomato and brinjal seedlings. Arsenate toxicity reduced fresh mass about by 17% in tomato and 25% in brinjal seedlings, increased the level of reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes (except glutathione-S-transferase), and altered photosynthesis. However, exogenously applied GABA and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor) improved the growth of both vegetables and reduced As(V) toxicity. Interestingly, As(V) toxicity was further increased on applying biosynthetic inhibitor of NO even in the presence of GABA, and under similar conditions addition of NO donor rescued the negative effect of biosynthetic inhibitor (L-NAME) of NO. This indicates that NO is crucial in GABA-mediated alleviation of As(V) toxicity in tomato and brinjal seedlings. Besides this, results revealed that c-PTIO (a NO scavenger) addition reversed the alleviatory effect of SNP also suggesting that NO is important in curtailing As(V) toxicity. Overall, the results indicated that NO is necessary for mitigation of As(V) stress by GABA in two studied vegetable crops but NO itself does not require GABA for the same.
Cadmium (Cd) toxicity reduces growth and yield of crops grown in metal‐polluted sites. Research was conducted to estimate the potential of hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S) to mitigate toxicity caused by Cd in fenugreek seedlings ( Trigonella foenum‐graecum L.).
Different concentrations of CdCl 2 (Cd1—1 mM, Cd2—1.5 mM, Cd3—2mM) and H 2 S (HS1—100 µM, HS2—150 µM, HS3—200 µM) were assessed. Seeds of fenugreek were primed with sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS), as H 2 S donor. Seedlings growing in Cd‐spiked media treated with H 2 S were harvested after 2 weeks.
Cd stress affected growth of fenugreek seedlings. Cd toxicity decreased leaf relative water content (LRWC), intercellular CO 2 concentration, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration. However, application of H 2 S significantly improved seedling morphological attributes by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, i.e . APX, CAT and SOD, in Cd‐contaminated soil. H 2 S treatment also regulated phenolic and flavonoid content.
H 2 S‐induced biosynthesis of spermidine (Spd) and putrescine (Put) could account for the enhancement of growth and physiological performance of fenugreek seedlings under Cd stress. H 2 S treatment also reduced H 2 O 2 production (38%) and electrolyte leakage (EL, 51%) in seedlings grown in different concentrations of Cd. It is recommended to evaluate the efficacy of H 2 S in alleviating Cd toxicity in other crop plants.
In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of xylitol on glycogen
content, oxidative stress, purinergic and cholinergic dysfunction, and lipid dysmetabolism
in hepatic tissue of diabetic rats. Seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups as follows: normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), diabetic xylitol 5% (DX5), diabetic xylitol 10% (DX10), and diabetic xylitol 20% (DX20). Type 2 diabetes (T2D) was induced in the diabetic groups, and after the confirmation of diabetes, the xylitol groups were supplied with their respective solutions. After 8 weeks intervention period, the animals were humanely sacrificed, and their hepatic tissues were harvested. Treatment with 10% xylitol compared with the other treatment groups had significantly (p < .05) higher liver glycogen level, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and ENTPase activities, with concomitant reduction in malondialdehyde MDA level, ATPase and acetylcholinesterase activities. It further modulated lipid metabolism and restored hepatic morphology. The data suggest that xylitol at 10% had a better therapeutic effect against hepatic dysfunction associated with T2D. However, further clinical studies are still required to affirm these findings.
Arsenic (As) is known to be one of the most toxic metalloids for humans and plants; however, little is known about the use of silicon (Si) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) in reducing As toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The experiment was conducted to examine the effects of Si-NPs (50 and 100 mg/L), TiO2-NPs (25 and 50 mg/L) and As (50 µM) on growth, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant defense system, glyoxalase system, expression of Si/As transporters, and genes involved in As sequestration in rice under hydroponic conditions. The results revealed that Si- and TiO2-NPs by upregulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes and glyoxalase cycle reduced hydrogen peroxide, methylglyoxal, malondialdehyde, and electrolyte leakage, and thus protected the photosynthetic apparatus and improved plant growth under As stress. By increasing the expression of GSH1, PCS, and ABC1 genes, Si- and TiO2-NPs increased leaf and root accumulation of glutathione and phytochelatins and sequestered As in vacuoles, which protected plant cells from As toxicity. Si-NPs diminished As uptake and increased Si uptake in As-exposed rice plants by modulating the expression of Si/As transporters (Lsi1, Lsi2, and Lsi6). The results depicted that 100 mg/L Si-NPs treatment had the highest positive effect on plant growth and tolerance under As stress compared to other treatments. In general, Si- and TiO2-NPs augmented the growth of rice under As stress through different strategies, which can be used to design effective fertilizers to enhance the crop growth and yield in areas contaminated with toxic metals.
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal and an important environmental contaminant. We analyzed its effects on oligoelements, oxidative stress, cell death, Hsp expression and the histoarchitecture of rat lung under different diets, using animal models of subchronic cadmium intoxication. We found that Cd lung content augmented in intoxicated groups: Zn, Mn and Se levels showed modifications among the different diets, while Cu showed no differences. Lipoperoxidation was higher in both intoxicated groups. Expression of Nrf-2 and SOD-2 increased only in SoCd. GPx levels showed a trend to increase in Cd groups. CAT activity was higher in intoxicated groups, and it was higher in Soy groups vs. Casein. LDH activity in BAL increased in CasCd and decreased in both soy-fed groups. BAX/Bcl-2 semiquantitative ratio showed similar results than LDH activity, confirmed by Caspase 3 immunofluorescence. The histological analysis revealed an infiltration process in CasCd lungs, with increased connective tissue, fused alveoli and capillary fragility. Histoarchitectural changes were less severe in soy groups. Hsp27 expression increased in both intoxicated groups, while Hsp70 only augmented in SoCd. This show that a soy-diet has a positive impact upon oxidative unbalance, cell death and morphological changes induced by Cd and it could be a good alternative strategy against Cd exposure.
Sorghum damping-off, caused by Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., is a serious disease which causes economic loss in sorghum production. In this study, antagonistic activity of lavender essential oil (EO) at 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, and 1.6% against F. solani was studied in vitro. Their effects on regulation of three SbWRKY transcription factors, the response factor JERF3 and eight defense-related genes, which mediate different signaling pathways, in sorghum were investigated. Effects of application under greenhouse conditions were also evaluated. The results showed that lavender EO possesses potent antifungal activity against F. solani. A complete inhibition in the fungal growth was recorded for lavender EO at 1.6%. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis revealed that EO antifungal activity is most likely attributed to linalyl anthranilate, α-terpineol, eucalyptol, α-Pinene, and limonene. Observations using transmission electron microscopy revealed many abnormalities in the ultrastructures of the fungal mycelium as a response to treating with lavender EO, indicating that multi-mechanisms contributed to their antagonistic behavior. Results obtained from Real-time PCR investigations demonstrated that the genes studied were overexpressed, to varying extents in response to lavender EO. However, SbWRKY1 was the highest differentially expressed gene followed by JERF3, which suggest they play primary role(s) in synchronously organizing the transcription-regulatory-networks enhancing the plant resistance. Under greenhouse conditions, treating of sorghum grains with lavender EO at 1.5% prior to infection significantly reduced disease severity. Moreover, the growth parameters evaluated, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents were all enhanced. In contrast, lipid peroxidation was highly reduced. Results obtained from this study support the possibility of using lavender EO for control of sorghum damping-off. However, field evaluation is highly needed prior to any usage recommendation. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is among the most important cereal crops worldwide as a source of food/feed, and ethanol production. It is ranked the fifth main grain crop with a total global production of more than 59 million tons 1. Sorghum damping-off, caused by Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., is a serious disease which causes seeds and seedling decay resulting in a significant economic loss in the crop yield 2. In addition, F. solani is a toxigenic fungus which produces dangerous mycotoxins such as trichothecenes and fusaric acid affecting human and animal health 3,4. The symptoms include seed decay in the soil, discoloration and rotting of the radicles which prevent germination and emergence, and formation of red lesions on the roots of seedlings that do emerge, which, especially at low temperatures, halts their development 5. Various chemical fungicides are available for control of damping-off disease such as Mancozeb, Rizolex, and Benomyl 6 , but the use of chemical fungicides is unfavorable owing to potential deleterious health effects and environmental risks 7. Essential oils (EOs) and plant extracts have been extensively studied by many researchers as alternatives to chemical fungicides due to their ecological safety, and potent antifungal activities against several phytopathogenic OPEN
Gastric ulcer (GU) is a lesion in the gastric mucosa associated with excessive oxidative damage, inflammatory response, apoptotic events, and irritation which may develop into cancer. However, medications commonly used in GU treatment cannot normalize gastric mucosa, while causing several adverse effects. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are dietary flavonoids with numerous biological and pharmacological activities. In the current investigation, we studied the potential anti‐ulcerative activity of PAs against acidified ethanol (HCl/ethanol)‐caused gastric ulceration. Fifty male albino Wistar rats were allocated into five equal groups: control, HCl/ethanol (3 mL/kg), lansoprazole (LPZ, 30 mg/kg) + HCl/ethanol, and PAs (100 and 250 mg/kg) + HCl/ethanol. LPZ and PAs were applied one week before gastric ulcer induction. PAs pretreatment notably reduced gastric mucosal macroscopic and microscopic pathological changes in a dose‐dependent manner. Additionally, PAs activated the innate antioxidant molecules including glutathione and its derived antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase), along with superoxide dismutase and catalase, while attenuating pro‐oxidant formation, including malondialdehyde and nitric oxide. Interestingly, PAs supplementation at a higher dose suppressed gastric inflammatory and apoptotic responses, as demonstrated by the reduced levels of interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, high‐mobility group box 1, cyclooxygenase 2, prostaglandin E2, nuclear factor kappa‐B, Bcl‐2‐associated X protein, and caspase‐3, while B cell lymphoma 2 was elevated. Hence, PAs could exhibit antiulcer activity by protecting gastric tissue from the development of oxidative damage, inflammatory responses, and apoptosis events associated with ulceration.
Practical implications
Gastric ulcer is a lesion in the gastric mucosal layer associated with excessive inflammatory response, apoptotic events, oxidative damage, and irritation, and may develop into cancer with about 5%–10% morbidity rate. However, medications commonly used in GU treatment cannot normalize gastric mucosa, while causing several adverse effects. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are needed to treat or prevent gastric ulceration. Proanthocyanidins (PAs, condensed tannins) are dietary flavonoids found in abundance in different plant species, including their fruits, bark, and seeds. Due to their potent antioxidative activity, PAs have been applied to prevent or treat oxidative stress‐related diseases, including cancer, as well as metabolic, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and inflammatory disorders. Here, we examine the potential therapeutic role of proanthocyanidins (PAs) against acidified ethanol‐induced gastric ulcer in rats through evaluating oxidative challenge, inflammatory response, apoptotic events, and histopathological changes in the gastric tissue.
Native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) generally provide more effective assistance for phytoremediation to remove heavy metal (HM) from polluted soils than non-native AMF. Nevertheless, it is a time-consuming work to isolate, identify, and propagate AMF inoculum for practical application. This study aims to explore an alternative method to improve the phytoremediation efficiency of Bidens parviflora using domesticated AMF under HM stress condition for a certain period of time. Our results showed that Funneliformis mosseae inoculation alleviated oxidative damage to plant membranes by enhancing activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Furthermore, mycorrhizal plants had higher chlorophyll concentration, photosynthesis efficiency, and root Pb content to protect the aerial parts from damage. These protective mechanisms were found to be more efficient in domesticated AMF inoculation compared with non-domesticated AMF inoculation. Overall, this study suggests that F. mosseae domesticated for 12 months could greatly enhance plant root Pb accumulation and plant growth mainly through strengthening antioxidant defenses as well as the photosynthesis efficiency under Pb stress conditions. Plants inoculated with pre-domesticated AMF provided a promising new strategy to enhance phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated soils.
As a master regulator of the balance between NO signaling and protein S-nitrosylation, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) reductase (GSNOR) is involved in various developmental processes and stress responses. However, the proteins and specific sites that can be S-nitrosylated, especially in microorganisms, and the physiological functions of S-nitrosylated proteins remain unclear. Herein, we show that the ganoderic acid (GA) content in GSNOR-silenced (GSNORi) strains is significantly lower (by 25%) than in wild type (WT) under heat stress (HS). Additionally, silencing GSNOR results in an 80% increase in catalase (CAT) activity, which consequently decreases GA accumulation via inhibition of ROS signaling. The mechanism of GSNOR-mediated control of CAT activity may be via protein S-nitrosylation. In support of this possibility, we show that CAT is S-nitrosylated (as shown via recombinant protein in vitro and via GSNORi strains in vivo). Additionally, Cys (cysteine) 401, Cys642 and Cys653 in CAT are S-nitrosylation sites (assayed via mass spectrometry analysis), and Cys401 may play a pivotal role in CAT activity. These findings indicate a mechanism by which GSNOR responds to stress and regulates secondary metabolite content through protein S-nitrosylation. Our results also define a new S-nitrosylation site and the function of an S-nitrosylated protein regulated by GSNOR in microorganisms.
Zinc coumarate and zinc caffeinate nanoparticles (ZnCoNPs, ZnCaNPs) affect different biological processes. This study aimed to evaluate the mitigating action of ZnCoNPs in combination with ZnCaNPs against liver damage induced by gamma rays (γ-rays). Rats were exposed to 7 Gy of γ-rays and then injected intraperitoneally (i.p) with ZnCoNPs [2U/rat/day (5 mg/kg)] and ZnCaNPs [2U/rat/day (15 mg/kg)] for 7 consecutive days. The results showed that irradiated rats treated with ZnCoNPs (5 mg/kg/body weight) in combination with ZnCaNPs (15 mg/kg/body weight) for 7 days had a significant increases in body weight, antioxidant levels, T helper cell 4 (cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4)), and T cytotoxic cell 8 (cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8)), associated with a marked decrease in lipid peroxidation (LP), nitric oxide(NOx), total free radicals concentrate (TFRC), and DNA fragmentation. There were positive alterations in the morphological state, hematological parameters and the cell cycle phases. Additionally, the histopathological study demonstrated an improvement in the liver tissue of irradiated rats after treatment. Thus, ZnCoNPs and ZnCaNPs could be used as natural mitigating agents to reduce the hazards of ionizing radiation.
The effect of combined stresses, photoinhibition, and nutrient depletion on the oxidative stress of cyanobacteria was measured in laboratory experiments to develop the biomass prediction model. Phormidium ambiguum was exposed to various photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intensities and phosphorous (P) concentrations with fixed nitrogen concentrations. The samples were subjected to stress assays by detecting the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration and antioxidant activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). H2O2 concentrations decreased to 30 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ of PAR, then increased with higher PAR intensities. Regarding P concentrations, H2O2 concentrations (nmol L⁻¹) generally decreased with increasing P concentrations. SOD and CAT activities were proportionate to the H2O2 protein⁻¹. No H2O2 concentrations detected outside cells indicated the biological production of H2O2, and the accumulated H2O2 concentration inside cells was parameterized with H2O2 concentration protein⁻¹. With over 30 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ of PAR, H2O2 concentration protein⁻¹ had a similar increasing trend with PAR intensity, independently of P concentration. Meanwhile, with increasing P concentration, H2O2 protein⁻¹ decreased in a similar pattern regardless of PAR intensity. Protein content decreased with gradually increasing H2O2 up to 4 nmol H2O2 mg⁻¹ protein, which provides a threshold to restrict the growth of cyanobacteria. With these results, an empirical formula—protein (mg L⁻¹) = − 192*Log((H2O2/protein)/4.1), where H2O2/protein (nmol mg⁻¹) = − 0.312*PAR²/(50² + PAR²)*((25/PAR)⁴ + 1)*Log(P/133,100), as a function of total phosphorus concentration, P (µg L⁻¹)—was developed to obtain the cyanobacteria biomass.
Sodium chlorate (NaClO3) is a common non-selective herbicide that is also used in paper and pulp mills and is produced as a by-product during drinking water disinfection by chlorine dioxide. Here, we report the effect of dietary antioxidant taurine on NaClO3-induced cytotoxicity in human red blood cells (RBC). RBC were treated with 5 mM NaClO3, either alone or in presence of 1, 2.5 and 5.0 mM taurine. Incubation of RBC with NaClO3 alone caused hemolysis, increased oxidation of lipids and proteins, methemogobin level and decreased total sulfhydryl and glutathione content. It lowered the activities of antioxidant enzymes thioredoxin reductase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase, while Cu–Zn superoxide dismutase activity was increased. The antioxidant capacity of RBC was impaired. This strongly suggests that NaClO3 causes the induction of oxidative stress condition in RBC. The specific activities of lactate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and plasma membrane bound enzymes, were also greatly altered. However, prior treatment of RBC with taurine conferred significant protection against NaClO3-induced oxidative damage and also improved the antioxidant defence system of cells. These results were supported by electron microscopy images of RBC. Treatment with NaClO3 alone converted the normal biconcave discoidal RBC to acanthocytes and echinocytes but this transformation was greatly prevented in the presence of taurine. Thus, taurine mitigates the cytotoxicity of NaClO3 in human RBC and can function as an effective chemoprotectant.
Soils salinization along with heavy metals contamination is among the serious environmental menaces. The present experiment was conducted to study the combined influence of salinity and nickel (Ni) on growth and physiological attributes of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Thirty-day-old healthy and uniform seedlings of quinoa genotype A7 were exposed to different concentrations of Ni (0, 100, 200, 400 µM), NaCl (0, 150, 300 mM) and their combinations for three weeks. Results indicated that plant growth, pigments and stomatal conductance decreased with increasing Ni concentrations in nutrient solution. Combining lower level of salt (150 mM NaCl) with Ni resulted in improvement in growth and physiological attributes of quinoa. However, the combined application of higher level of salt (300 mM NaCl) with Ni was more detrimental for plant growth and caused more oxidative stress (H2O2 and TBARS) than the alone treatments. The oxidative stress was mitigated by 5.5-fold, 5-fold and 15-fold increase in the activities of SOD, CAT and APX, respectively. The concentration of Na was increased, while K and Ni decreased under the combined treatment of Ni and salinity. Multivariate analysis revealed that a moderate level of salinity had positive effects on growth and Ni phytoremediation potential of quinoa. The higher tolerance index, bioconcentration factor and lower translocation factor depicted that quinoa genotype A7 can be cultivated for phytostabilization of Ni under salinity stress. It was concluded that NaCl salinity level of 150 mM is promising for increasing growth of quinoa on Ni contaminated soils.
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an extensively used organophosphorus pesticide for agricultural, industrial, and domestic purposes. Previous studies have reported the adverse effects of CPF, such as intoxication incidents, endocrine disruption, cardiovascular diseases, as well as histopathological and oxidative damage. The aims of the present study were to elucidate short time subacute toxicity of CPF in male rats. Sprague–Dawley male rats (n = 32) were divided into four groups (n = 8) and received CPF as 3.25 mg/kg body weight (b.w) (Group A), 6.75 mg/kg b.w (Group B), 13.5 mg/kg b.w (Group C), and corn oil (control or Group D) daily via gavage for 15 days. The rats were sacrificed and oxidative damages, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β), and histopathological changes were determined in the lung, liver, kidney, heart, and testis tissues as well as plasma. According to our result, administration of CPF caused a significant increase in malondialdehid level and catalase activity while a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase activity in all tissues. In addition, a significant decrease in TNF-α observed in all tissues and plasma duo to the CPF. Histopathological evaluation of CPF-treated samples revealed a dose-dependent tissue toxicity in the liver, heart, lung, and kidney with less sensitivity of testicular and kidney tissues. These results suggest the potential of CPF in inducing oxidative stress at low doses and short duration time with similar trends in different tissues. As well as, due to the effects of CPF on some pro-inflammatory mediators, more comprehensive studies are recommended.
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is an important and salt-sensitive medicinal plant used as a natural sweetener in food products. In this work, we used a pot experiment to investigate the role of microbial inoculation and exogenous polyamine spermidine (Spd) in conferring salt stress tolerance in stevia by analyzing plant growth, chlorophyll (Chl) content, Chl a fluorescence, antioxidant defense system and steviol glycosides. The inoculated plants with Piriformospora indica (Pi), Tricuderma virens (Trich) or Pi+Trich were grown in optimum conditions. At the late of vegetative stage (BBCH growth stage 47), plants sprayed with different concentrations of Spd (0, 0.75, and 1.5 mM) and then were exposed to salinity stress by irrigation with saline treatments (mix of Caspian Sea and distilled water; 0, 6, and 12 dS m⁻¹). The results revealed that salt stress increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde: MDA), and consequently plant growth characteristics and maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) as well as Chl content decreased, but antioxidant enzymes activity including superoxide (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) increased in the plants. Exposure to moderate salinity increased stevioside (Stv) and rebaudioside A (Reb A) content, while these compounds were decreased in the presence of severe salinity. The endophytic symbiosis and foliar spray of Spd (especially in Pi+Trich and Spd 0.75 mM) mitigated salt stress by significant increases in antioxidant enzymes activity and a decrease in H2O2 content and lipid peroxidation. Inoculation with Pi, Trich, and especially Pi+Trich increased the Chl content, Fv/Fm, shoot dry weight, and Stv and Reb A content at all salinity levels. Consequently, combined inoculation of Pi and Trich and foliar application of Spd can be a good approach to improve tolerance, growth and steviol glycosides production of stevia in salt stress conditions.
Oxidative stress plays a role in many aspects of cellular metabolism, and as a result, antioxidants have the potential to impact cellular stoichiometry and biogeochemical cycles. We reviewed how antioxidant systems influence macronutrient and micronutrient stoichiometry in marine phytoplankton and identified that antioxidant systems have important implications for micronutrient stoichiometry. By leveraging diatom proteomic data, we empirically estimated the level of micronutrient quota variation that can be attributed to antioxidant systems. Fe‐containing antioxidant expression may contribute to 3.3–10 μmol : mol variation in Fe : C, and superoxide dismutases appear to be important contributors to variation in Mn, Ni, Zn, and Cu quotas in phytoplankton. Critical next steps for the study of phytoplankton antioxidant systems are to (1) distinguish between oxidative stress and redox‐based gene regulation and (2) determine how antioxidants influence variation or consistency in micronutrient quotas under various environmental conditions.
Pot experiments were carried out to examine the biochar application and its alleviating effect on arsenic (As) toxicity in soybean plants. The data showed that As inhibits the growth indices and it increased with enhanced As-concentration in the substrate. The growth indices declined by more than 40% and the osmolyte concentration, photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymes were decreased significantly among As-stressed plants. However, biochar application effectively mitigated the inhibitory effects of As on the soybean growth and the mitigation effect of treatment is more prevalent to the plants subjected to higher As-treatment. Biochar significantly reduced the As-uptake as revealed by the translocation factor (<1), indicating more As is restrained in the roots. The reduction in the total chlorophyll and carotenoid content was found less in the As-treated soybean plants upon biochar application. Similarly, the osmolytes comprising proline, sugar and protein increased upon application of biochar. The biomarkers viz., membrane stability index (MSI), hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde (MDA) content significantly decreased at higher As-levels upon biochar application as was also supported by the heatmap analysis. Moreover, the antioxidative enzymes also showed a significant increase upon addition of biochar. Our data showed that biochar amendment effectively alleviates the As-stress by enhancing the sorption of As in the substrate thus, significantly declining the As concentration in plant leaves, and thus the results of the current study depicting the role of biochar as a promising, cost-effective and eco-friendly amendment to decontaminate the As-polluted soils.
CdSe magic-sized quantum dots (MSQDs) have been widely used as fluorescent probes in biological systems due to their excellent optical properties with a broader fluorescence spectrum and stable luminescence in biological media. However, they can be cytotoxic and alter the redox balance depending on the amounts of Cd²⁺ adsorbed on their surface. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate whether increases in selenium concentration in the synthesis of CdSe-MSQDs decrease the oxidative stress caused by Cd²⁺-based quantum dots. CdSe-MSQDs synthesized with different concentrations of selenium were investigated against oxidative stress in the brain of chicken embryos by examining total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation, thiol, and glutathione contents, as well as the activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase. In addition, the vascularization of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) analysis was performed. Higher selenium concentrations alter the surface defect levels (decrease free Cd²⁺) and controlled the oxidative effects of CdSe-MSQDs by reducing the lipid peroxidation, restoring the glutathione defense system and the antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT, and maintaining the vascular density of the CAM. The current findings reinforce the study of the effects of the presence of Cd²⁺ ions on the surface of quantum dots, changing toxicity, and aiming interesting strategies of nanomaterials in biological systems.
Although the widespread use of nanoparticles has been reported in various fields, the toxic mechanisms of molecular regulation involved in the alfalfa treated by nanomaterials is still in the preliminary research stage. In this study, Bara 310SC (Bara, tolerant genotype) and Gold Empress (Gold, susceptible genotype) were used to investigate how the leaves of alfalfa interpret the physiological responses to graphene stress based on metabolome and transcriptome characterizations. Herein, graphene at different concentrations (0, 1% and 2%, w/w) were selected as the analytes. Physiological results showed antioxidant defence system and photosynthesis was significantly disturbed under high environmental concentration of graphene. With Ultra high performance liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS), 406 metabolites were detected and 62/13 and 110/58 metabolites significantly changed in the leaves of Gold/Bara under the 1% and 2%-graphene treatments (w/w), respectively. The most important metabolites which were accumulated under graphene stress includes amino acids, flavonoids, organic acids and sugars. Transcriptomic analysis reveals 1125 of core graphene-responsive genes in alfalfa that was robustly differently expressed in both genotypes. And differential expression genes (DEGs) potentially related to photosynthetic enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, amino acids metabolism, and sucrose and starch metabolic which finding was supported by the metabolome study. Gold was more disturbed by graphene stress at both transcriptional and metabolic levels, since more stress-responsive genes/metabolites were identified in Gold. A comprehensive analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic data highlights the important role of amino acid metabolism and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism pathways for graphene tolerance in alfalfa. Our study provide necessary information for better understanding the phytotoxicity molecular mechanism underlying nanomaterials tolerance of plant.
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