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Haematological changes in the blood of Clarias batrachus exposed to mercuric chloride
... Tissue metal concentrations in fish are good indicators of aquatic system exposure to metal contamination [34,35]. Heavy metals accumulate in fishes via water, sediments, and food such as algae upon which both herbivorous and omnivorous fishes feed [6,36,37]. Difference in the absorption of heavy metals depends on the heavy metal affiliation, the fish species, and the physical and chemical properties of water [24]. e heavy metals are accumulated in living organisms when they are taken up and stored faster than they are broken down (metabolized) or excreted. ...
... Ayoola and Alajabo [76] studied the histopathology of fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to sublethal concentrations of lead and cadmium. e fish showed marked thickening and separation of muscle bundles with severe intracellular edema [37,77]. e destruction and vacuolation of the muscle cells in Oreochromis spp. ...
... e destruction and vacuolation of the muscle cells in Oreochromis spp. were observed in fish exposed to chromium [37,77]. ...
... Tissue metal concentrations in fish are good indicators of aquatic system exposure to metal contamination [34,35]. Heavy metals accumulate in fishes via water, sediments, and food such as algae upon which both herbivorous and omnivorous fishes feed [6,36,37]. Difference in the absorption of heavy metals depends on the heavy metal affiliation, the fish species, and the physical and chemical properties of water [24]. e heavy metals are accumulated in living organisms when they are taken up and stored faster than they are broken down (metabolized) or excreted. ...
... Ayoola and Alajabo [76] studied the histopathology of fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to sublethal concentrations of lead and cadmium. e fish showed marked thickening and separation of muscle bundles with severe intracellular edema [37,77]. e destruction and vacuolation of the muscle cells in Oreochromis spp. ...
... e destruction and vacuolation of the muscle cells in Oreochromis spp. were observed in fish exposed to chromium [37,77]. ...
... Tissue metal concentrations in fish are good indicators of aquatic system exposure to metal contamination [34,35]. Heavy metals accumulate in fishes via water, sediments, and food such as algae upon which both herbivorous and omnivorous fishes feed [6,36,37]. Difference in the absorption of heavy metals depends on the heavy metal affiliation, the fish species, and the physical and chemical properties of water [24]. e heavy metals are accumulated in living organisms when they are taken up and stored faster than they are broken down (metabolized) or excreted. ...
... Ayoola and Alajabo [76] studied the histopathology of fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to sublethal concentrations of lead and cadmium. e fish showed marked thickening and separation of muscle bundles with severe intracellular edema [37,77]. e destruction and vacuolation of the muscle cells in Oreochromis spp. ...
... e destruction and vacuolation of the muscle cells in Oreochromis spp. were observed in fish exposed to chromium [37,77]. ...
Health and environmental problems arising from metals present in the aquatic ecosystem are very well known. The present study investigated toxicological effects of LC15 of metals such as copper, chromium, and lead for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h on hematological indices, RBC nucleus and cell morphology, and gill and muscle tissues of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Experimental dose concentrations of copper were 1.5, 1.4, 1.2, and 1 mgL−1. Similarly, dose concentrations of chromium were 25.5, 22.5, 20, and 18 mgL−1 while those of lead were 250, 235, 225, and 216 mgL−1, respectively. Maximum decrease in the concentration of Hb, RBCs, and monocytes was observed against chromium, while maximum increase in the concentration of lymphocytes was reported against lead. Abnormalities such as single and double micronuclei, deformed nucleus, nuclear shift, irregular nucleus, deformed cells, microcyte cells, and vacuolated and swollen cells were observed. Gill tissues absorbed maximum concentration of lead followed by chromium and copper. Muscle tissues also absorbed maximum concentration of lead followed by chromium and copper, respectively. Histological alterations such as epithelial lifting, interlamellar spaces, club gill filaments, gill bridging, curling filaments, swelling and fusion of cells, irregular cells, destruction of epithelial cells, cellular necrosis, and inflammatory cells were observed in gill tissues while inflammation and necrosis of muscle fibers, degeneration of muscle fibers, edema of muscle bundles, zig-zag of muscle fibers, and lesions were observed in muscle tissues of fish exposed with different doses of these heavy metals, indicating the toxicity of metals to aquatic fauna as well as to human being via food chain.
... An increase in the total leucocyte count in fish, due to heavy metal toxicity have been earlier reported by Joshi et al., (2002), hemoglobin (Hb), Maheshwaran (2008), Sinha et al., (2000), Sharma and Langer (2014);Torrens et al., (1984), Tondon (2009) andBerthelizi et al., (2008). ...
... Kouril et al., (1989) studied percentage distribution of individual types of leucocytes in the brood tench Tinca tinca treated with γ-globuline while, Svobodova et al. (1987; studied in carp on application of the anaesthetic agent menocain and malachite green respectively. My finding is in agreement with that of Joshi et al., (2002) and Maheshwaran et al., (2008), who reported similar increase in leucocyte count in Clarias batrachus due to mercury exposure. ...
... Similar to the present results, a decrease in the number of RBC was reported in rainbow trout exposed to diazinon (Banaee et al., 2011) and in Clarias gariepinus exposed to lead nitrates (Adeyemo et al., 2008). Inhibition of erythropoiesis and increase in the rate of erythrocyte destruction in hematopoietic organs is the cause of decrease in RBC count (Joshi et al., 2002). In the present study, the significant decrease of RBC content might have resulted from the oxygen deficiency in the body or from the lowering content of the water due to the presence of cypermethrin. ...
... The immediate stimulation of immunological defense may result in leucocytosis in fish due to the presence of foreign particles or stressed conditions (Marti et al., 1996). The rise in the number of WBCs can be linked with rise in the manufacturing of antibodies, which helps in the survival and regeneration of stressors exposed fish (Joshi et al., 2002) ...
A 90-day experiment was conducted to study the effect of sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin exposure on mortality, Gonadosomatic index (GSI), ovarian cell development and hemato-biochemical parameters of Gangetic mystus (Mystus cavasius). According to previous findings of LC50 value (30µg/L) of cypermethrin the experiment was carried out using four sub-lethal concentrations as treatment (0.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 16.0µg/L). The whole water was exchanged in every 4th day and pesticide was mixed accordingly. For collection of gonad and blood, fish were sampled at 30, 60 and 90 days after starting of pesticide exposure. There were no significant changes on GSI. Several histopathological changes were observed in ovary. Wrinkle oocyte, cytoplasmic clumping, atretic follicle, degenerated granulose layer, degenerated oocyte wall, increased inter follicular space, adhesion, cyst, necrosis were found in the ovary of M. cavasius with increasing cypermethrin concentration and exposure time. Blood glucose level and WBCs were significantly increased whereas blood hemoglobin and RBCs were significantly decreased in exposure groups compared to control groups over the three sampling days. The current findings revealed that cypermethrin had negative impact on the hemato-biochemical parameters and female gonad of M. cavasius. So the use of cypermethrin in agriculture should be done with a great caution.
... Significant increase in white blood cells (WBC) in Clarias gariepinus juveniles exposed to various concentrations of HES during the period of study was observed across board. This increase recorded could be attributed to increased production of leucocytes in the haematopoietic tissue of the kidney and perhaps the spleen in response to fish immunity (Joshi et al., 2000;Omoniyi et al., 2002;Ayoola, 2011). Lymphocytes which are the most numerous cells, comprising predominantly the leucocytes, function in the production of antibodies and chemical substances serving as defensives against infection (Golovina, 1996;Joshi et al., 2000). ...
... This increase recorded could be attributed to increased production of leucocytes in the haematopoietic tissue of the kidney and perhaps the spleen in response to fish immunity (Joshi et al., 2000;Omoniyi et al., 2002;Ayoola, 2011). Lymphocytes which are the most numerous cells, comprising predominantly the leucocytes, function in the production of antibodies and chemical substances serving as defensives against infection (Golovina, 1996;Joshi et al., 2000). The presence of the high white blood cells in the fish during the period of study is indicative of a phagocytic action against disease and a depleted immunological status due to toxic exposure to various HES concentrations. ...
Abstract Background Various substances released from modern complex human societies which enter the aquatic ecosystems produce alterations in survivability of aquatic biota. This study assesses the consequence of exposure to industrial effluents containing potentially hazardous constituents, especially soap industrial waste effluent, relative to fish physiology, growth and survival, particularly food fish such as Clarias gariepinus. Five hundred (500) fingerlings of C. gariepinus (15.65 ± 0.02 g) randomly stocked at 50 fish per tank in duplicates were exposed to varying concentration (0, 0.32, 0.66, 1.31 and 2.63%) of homogenous effluent sample and fed Durante® floating feed at 5% of the body weight in two instalments per day for 180 days. The growth performance and feed utilization data were generated to determine the growth performance indices. The haematological parameters of the fish were also determined following routine methods of fish haematology. Result Generally, fish in the control had significantly (p
... Although a majority of Goliath Grouper in this population were within the normal PCV range relative to other teleosts , lower PCV is one of the earliest indicators of toxin exposure for many metals (Agrawal et al., 1979;Javed and Usmani, 2015). Several studies on fish have shown decreased PCV as a result of toxicant exposure (e.g., pesticides, Hg, other metals) (Joshi et al., 2002;Atamanalp and Yanik, 2003;Olaifa et al., 2004;Vinodhini and Narayanan, 2009), and a number of factors associated with metal toxicity-induced impaired erythropoiesis have been suggested (Javed and Usmani, 2015). Such factors include direct effects on the microenvironment of hematopoietic tissues and mechanisms of hematopoiesis in kidney and spleen, increased RBC fragility, impaired intestinal uptake of iron, defective iron metabolism, or a combination thereof. ...
... Additionally, neutrophils positively correlated with WB THg and MeHg, while lymphocytes positively correlated with WB MeHg only. White blood cells often increase after exposure to lethal and sublethal Hg concentrations, which has been shown in several fish species (e.g., Joshi et al., 2002;Shah and Altindağ, 2005;Saroch et al., 2012). The observed positive correlations may indicate subclinical, non-specific effects on WBC responses. ...
Mercury (Hg) is a ubiquitous and non-essential heavy metal that is highly toxic to aquatic organisms. Few studies examine Hg and its effects on wild fish populations. Here, we investigated the potential effects of Hg exposure on a large and long-lived marine species of conservation concern, the vulnerable Atlantic Goliath Grouper Epinephelus itajara. Our objectives were (1) to measure Hg (methyl-Hg; and total Hg = combined methyl-Hg and inorganic-Hg) concentrations in whole blood (WB) and gametes (eggs and sperm); (2) to investigate the relationships between Hg concentrations in muscle and liver with WB and gametes; (3) to investigate the relationships between Hg concentrations in liver, muscle, and WB with hematological and plasma biochemical analytes; and (4) to investigate the relationship between liver Hg and pigmented macrophage aggregates in liver tissue sections. We found several lines of evidence for potential adverse effects on Goliath Grouper health and reproduction by high Hg concentrations in liver, muscle, WB, and gametes, including (1) Hg concentrations in all tissues and gametes were well above observable ranges of marine and freshwater fishes from experimental exposure studies; (2) gamete Hg concentrations were among the highest recorded in wild fishes, with seasonal patterns suggesting females offload significant amounts of Hg into their eggs during the spawning season; (3) Methyl-Hg was highest in muscle, followed by sperm, liver, eggs, and WB; (4) there were significant correlations between liver, muscle, and WB Hg concentrations with various blood analytes; (5) vitellogenin positively correlated with female liver methyl-Hg concentrations, and was abnormally high in males, suggesting direct endocrine effects; and (6) liver total Hg positively correlated with pigmented macrophage aggregate count and percent area. This work will help guide future research examining the potential adverse effects of Hg and its role as an additional stressor on wild fish populations.
... The proximate analysis and haematological values were measured following standard methods [11]. ...
... The Haematological values were measured following standard methods [11]. Fig. 1 shows the haematological status of the experimented fish fed on the four diets For the mean haematological status of the experimented fish, it was observed that the white blood cell of the fishes in Treatment 1 had a high value of 6600 when compared to that of the Control which had a value of 7500 as shown in Table 4. ...
A fabricated modified single screw fish feed extruder was used to extrude formulated floatable fish feeds from obtainable available feed ingredients. They were fed to 225 Clarias garienpinus (mean weight of 56 4.22 g) for 120 days in order to compare their nutritional values with that of a commercial feed. The fishes were first acclimatized for a period of 48 hours under laboratory condition. The weight of the fishes were taken every two weeks and recorded in comparison with the commercial feed (Durante) which served as the control. At the end of the feeding trials, the fishes were weighed, sacrificed and analysed for whole body composition, haematological status and proximate analysis. At the end of the feeding trial, Treatment 1 had the highest mean values of growth and nutrient utilization indices on Clarias garienpinus at standard deviations of 260.77 g (45.59%), 2.01%, 1.92 and 52.10% for the percentage of weight gained, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and feed conversion efficiency of the experimented fishes respectively when compared with the commercial feeds (Control) that had mean values of 416 g (71.36%), 2.18%, 1.20 and 83.33%. Treatment 4 had the lowest weight gained with mean values of 99.67 g (17.77%) 1.67%, 5.02 and 20.00% respectively. The white blood cell of the fishes in Treatment 1 had a high value of 6600 when compared to that of the Control which had a value of 7500. Treatment 1 (T1R1) experimented on Clarias garienpinus, gave the highest values of growth performance and nutrient utilization compared with other treatments in terms of its whole body composition, proximate analysis and haematolgical status. This implies that treatment 1 experimented on Clarias garienpinus, was the best and can be used for feeding fishes since their values are closer to that of the control. There was significant differences in the final weight of fish fed with treatment 1, 3 and 4 (p > 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in treatments 1 and 2.
... For determination the health of an organism, the blood considered good marker and as a mirror for pathological status of the whole body. To evaluate potential immunological condition of any compounds of plant extract, the blood cellular components is valuable (Joshi pk. et, al;2002). So the blood and biochemical parameters used for estimation the effects of diet containing G.T. on performance rate and health parameters in Antioxidant activities of the Gundelia have been investigated for total phenolic contents. However for source of oxidant inhibitors, no much attention has been paid to this extract (Soltani a ...
... The plant Gundelia tournefortii were brought from vegetable market, the plant cut to small pieces after washing put it in the conical flask and submerged by 1cm D.W., the mixture were heated in shaker water bath (Memmert. Germany) at 95 c for 30 minutes (19). The mixture was filtered through sterilized gauze and the filtrate stored in dark bottles in the refrigerator (Vestel Turkey). ...
The study carried out on 20 male rats, to investigate the effect of crud extract of Gundelia tournefortii on some blood parameters, with an hypoglycemic, and hepatoprotective role via antioxidant mechanism. The animals were treated with the plant extract and 0.05%H2O2, while the control group received D.W. The treatment conducted for four weeks by oral administration. At the end of treatment period the animals, were fasted over night to collect the blood samples from retro-orbital vein. The blood processed for measuring the blood parameters by automated hemotology analyzer and the serum were used for detection of some hepatic enzymes, glucose and some biochemical constituent's concentration after laporatomy liver were removed, preserved in normal formalin and processed to obtain 5µm tissue thicknesses for histological study. The group of 0.05H2O2revealed significant decrease (P<0.05) of leucocytes, lymphocyte and erythrocyte count with % of lymphocyte, however there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in the concentration of glucose, GOT, ALP, urea and TSB. While all above parameters were reversed significantly in the group of rats treated with the plant extract only. The results of the study revealed ameliorated effects of plant extract against oxidant agent (plant extract + H2O2 group). Histological study on the liver confirmed the previous results of the study were the extract approved its protective effect against oxidant agents. So finally, we concluded that the Gundelia extract ameliorate some blood and serum parameters with protective effects on the liver of rats exposure to the oxidant agent.
... 100% C. albidum diet was not ideal for the experimental fish because it recorded the highest reductions of the primary haematological variables (HB, RBC and TWBC). Comparatively, a reduction in haemoglobin level in the blood of fish is a risk to its ability to transport oxygen and ultimately adequate respiration (Joshi et al., 2002;Omitoyin, 2006;Ajibade et al., 2013). A significant decrease in red blood cell count increasing progressively with increase in inclusion level of C. albidum meal in the diet of C. gariepinus, tends toward anaemic effect by encouraging erythrocytes destruction or hindering erythrocyte products (Joshi et al., 2002;Omitoyin and Ajibade, 2014). ...
... Comparatively, a reduction in haemoglobin level in the blood of fish is a risk to its ability to transport oxygen and ultimately adequate respiration (Joshi et al., 2002;Omitoyin, 2006;Ajibade et al., 2013). A significant decrease in red blood cell count increasing progressively with increase in inclusion level of C. albidum meal in the diet of C. gariepinus, tends toward anaemic effect by encouraging erythrocytes destruction or hindering erythrocyte products (Joshi et al., 2002;Omitoyin and Ajibade, 2014). The red blood cell (RBC) and PCV trend values of the haematological parameters showed that the ASASM positively affected haematopoiesis, thus prejudicing blood production. ...
... While (25) suggested that heavy metal exposure decreased the red blood cell count, PCV and Hb due to impaired intestinal absorption of iron. The reduction in RBC count might be due to the destruction of mature RBCS and the inhibition of erythrocyte production (26). According to (27) the reduction in Hb content in fish exposed to toxicant could also be due to the inhibitory effect of the toxic substances on the enzyme system responsible for synthesis of Hb. ...
The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of a commercial ß-glucan against acute toxic effect of copper sulfate on common carp Cyprinus carpio L. behavioral, hematological parameters and biochemical tests. A total of 250 Fish (150 ± 2 g) were fed a basal control diet or the basal diet plus a ß-glucan (1 g kg-1 diet) for 60 days. LC50 was calculated for 72 h which was 10.83 mg L-1. At the end of the trial, CuSO4.5H2O was added to all treatments at a dose of 5 mgL-1 for T1 and T2, 7mg L-1 for T3 and T4, 9 mgL-1 for T5 and T6 for 96h. Fish behavioral changes were recorded during 96h of exposure to different Cu concentrations with and without β-glucan, which showed abnormalities such as increase swimming activity, jerky movement, loss of equilibrium, respiratory stress, increase operculum movement, frequent jumping, erratic swimming and swimming near the water surface. On the other hand, ß-glucan supplemented groups showed significant increase (P≤0.05) in Hb concentration, PCV%, RBC and WBC count in comparison with groups without ß-glucan. The results of dietary groups without ß-glucan showed a significant decrease (P≤ 0.05) in Hb concentration, hematocrit value, RBC count, but there were significant increase (P≤ 0.05) in WBC count with an increase of Cu concentration compared to control groups. Results showed significant increase (P≤ 0.05) in dietary groups without ß-glucan in values of ALT, AST and ALP enzymes activity with elevation of Cu levels compared to control group. But, ß-glucan supplemented groups showed significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in values of ALT, AST and ALP enzymes activity in comparison with dietary groups without ß-glucan. These results suggested that β-glucan has protective effect against CuSO4 toxicity and future studies should be pursued particularly immune response and molecular studies.
... Anaemia, under copper induced stress, may also be due to blood cell injury and disrupted heamoglobin synthesis (Mckim et al., 1970;Gross et al., 1975). Joshi et al. (2002) suggested that heavy metal exposure also decreased the RBC, Hb% and HCT % due to impaired intestinal absorption of iron. Anaemia is an early manifestation of acute and chronic intoxication of heavy metals. ...
The present study is aimed to investigate the haematological parameters such as haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), haematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in the blood of fresh water air breathing catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis exposed to sub-lethal concentration of copper and cadmium for a period of 30 days. Heteropneustes fossilis showed alterations in haematological parameters on exposure to both Cu and Cd. Both Cu and Cd caused a reduction in RBCs, Hb and HCT as compared to control (p<0.05) whereas, there was an increase in WBC count and higher in each case than in the control (p<0.05). Red blood cell indices such as MCV and MCH showed a decrease in their level on exposure to Cu and Cd and decreased with increasing period of exposure time. However, MCHC showed an increase in its level on exposure to both Cu and Cd and gradually increased with increasing period of time. Cu showed higher toxicity than Cd and the sequence of alteration in haematological parameters indicated by two metals was Cu > Cd. The alterations in blood parameters may be the result of direct damage to blood cells or indirectly to the target organ. The dysfunction induced by the toxicants and these parameters can be used as a rapid and reliable indicator of environmental contamination.
... Decreased level in RBC count and Cd content was observed in fish catla catla exposed to some heavy metals . [15,16] Observed by increased WBC counts in catla catla after other heavy metals like Zn, mercury and arsenic. [17]. ...
The aim of the study was to assess the effect of different heavy metals agents on hematological. The Indian major Carp Catla catla was exposed to Sub lethal concentration of Cadmium and Chromium for various exposure period 10,20 and 30 days .Hematological parameter of RBC ,WBC and Cd, Cr were measure both in control and experimental fish. During The Various exposure period day 10,20 and 30 day of RBC, WBC and Cd, Cr level were <1.20>,<1.30> significantly evaluated in the experimental fish , Over the control and the WBC level was decresed significantly <8.20> and <9.20>in experimental fish.
... However, a significant increase was observed only after 15 days (p<0.01) and (p<0.001) of exposure periods. Similar results were confirmed by Joshi et al., 2002. All the reading was found to be statistically significant. ...
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... The present study evaluated the functional status of C. batrachus exposed to zinc at various concentrations over a period of time. According to Joshi et al. (2002), heavy metal toxicity can lead pronounced effects on ESR of all the experimental group of fishes (Table-1 , Fig.-4). ...
Minerals such as zinc (Zn) are abundant in the Earth's crust, serving as cofactors for a variety of proteins and modulating immune functions, however, in high doses, it might cause toxic effects on the body. This study examined the effects of excessive Zn concentrations on fish hematological parameters. The authors employed fresh water fishes Clarias batrachus as an experimental model and treated them with three different concentrations of Zn. The treatment with Zn was done for total 28 days and hematological parameters were assessed at different time intervals. As compared to control, Zn treated fishes showed considerable changes in hematological parameters such as, Haemoglobin (Hb), total erythrocyte counts (TEC), total leucocytes count (TLC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). The present study showed that exposure to Zn could be linked to chronic and acute hematological toxicity in fishes in time and dose-dependent manner.
... The primary consequence of observed changes in TC in stressed fish is suppression of the immune system and increased susceptibility to disease as suggested by [15]. The increase in WBC count can be correlated with an increase in antibody production which helps in survival and recovery of fish [16]. In the present study, increase in WBC count indicates hypersensitivity of immune system to tartrazine and these changes could be immunological reactions to produce antibodies to cope up with stress induced by the toxicant. ...
... The present study evaluated the functional status of C. batrachus exposed to zinc at various concentrations over a period of time. According to Joshi et al. (2002), heavy metal toxicity can lead pronounced effects on ESR of all the experimental group of fishes (Table-1 , Fig.-4). ...
Minerals such as zinc (Zn) are abundant in the Earth's crust, serving as cofactors for a variety of proteins and modulating immune functions, however, in high doses, it might cause toxic effects on the body. This study examined the effects of excessive Zn concentrations on fish hematological parameters. The authors employed fresh water fishes Clarias batrachus as an experimental model and treated them with three different concentrations of Zn. The treatment with Zn was done for total 28 days and hematological parameters were assessed at different time intervals. As compared to control, Zn treated fishes showed considerable changes in hematological parameters such as, Haemoglobin (Hb), total erythrocyte counts (TEC), total leucocytes count (TLC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). The present study showed that exposure to Zn could be linked to chronic and acute hematological toxicity in fishes in time and dose-dependent manner.
... Cadmium has been recognized to play a vital role in almost all aspects of living systems either directly or indirectly (Shukla et al, 2002). The heavy metals like zinc aluminum and nickel cause the great threat to the health of Indian aquatic ecosystem (Joshi et al, 2002 andVijuen et al, 2003). However, very few reports are available to the changes in the nutritive value of the fish after prolonged exposures to zinc, especially in their biochemistry. ...
In the present work, results clearly indicated that the glycogen content of liver was decreased with increased Parathion concentration. From the present study that on exposure to pesticides during chronic toxicity fishes Channa punctatus, Labeo rohita and Clarias gariepinus shows time dependent significant reduction in total protein, cholesterol, S. creatinine, Globulin, albumin, HDL, Bilirubin activity, where they show non-significant decrease. In contrast significant increase in the levels of glucose was recorded in all the treated groups as compared to control group. The activities of hepatic function enzymes alkaline phosphate (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were significantly elevated on exposure pesticides 30th days in contrast to control group. Similarly, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was also significantly higher than the control group except for pesticides in 15th day sampling where it shows non-significant increase. Key words : Methyl parathion, alkaline phosphate (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). How to cite : Neetu and Dushyant Kumar Chauhan (2023) Biochemical modulation induced by methyl parathion on few fresh water edible fishes.
... This indicated that higher levels of Ag-NPs can reduce the oxygen-carrying capacity of C. capoeta blood [78]. These negative effects could include Hb and RBC degeneration [79,80], hematological tissue damage [81], and the inhibition of aerobic glycolysis, resulting in a lack of energy for Hb synthesis [82,83]. Exposed fish showed a significant dose-and time-dependent reduction in total serum glucose values in groups with higher exposure concentrations, but a significant increase in total serum protein, cholesterol, triglyceride, and albumin values in groups with increasing dose and exposure time when compared to control fish ( Table 3). ...
The increasing use of nano-based products raises concerns regarding potential risks related to their manufacturing, transportation, waste disposal, and management operations. We used the riverine carp, Capoeta capoeta, as an aquatic animal model to demonstrate the acute toxicity of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). This study focuses on acute toxicity first, and then integrates the findings through histopathology, hematological, and biochemical testing of lethal and sub-lethal Ag-NPs exposures. Red blood corpuscles (RBC), white blood corpuscles (WBC), hematocrit, and total serum glucose levels were significantly lower in Ag-NPs-exposed fish than in control fish. Total serum protein, triglycerides, cholesterol, and albumin were all significantly greater in exposed fish. This research focused on the impacts of Ag-NPs on gills and liver tissue, and it was found that the level of injury escalated as the concentration of Ag NPs increased. Epithelial lifting of secondary lamellas (ELSL), epithelial hypertrophy (EH) of secondary lamellae (SL), leukocyte infiltration (LI), and bottom hyperplasia (BH) were all detected in Ag-NPs-exposed fish. In Ag-NPs-treated liver cross-sections of Capoeta capoeta, macrophage aggregates (MA), fatty liver (FL), sinusoid dilatation (SD), and necrosis (N) were identified. Ag-NPs dosages, according to biomarker representations, elicit stress-specific biochemical and physiological effects, compromising the general overall health status of aquatic animals. The gradients of toxic responses across exposure concentrations and portrayals of disrupted fish health with increasing silver nanoparticle exposure time indicate a reduced physiological ability for surviving in the wild.
... Blood samples of about 4milliliters was collected from the caudal peduncle (Stoskopf, 1993) with the aid of a 2cm3 syringe,1ml of the blood was dispensed into ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) anticoagulant for haematological studies. The blood samples were analysed for packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration, red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) described by Dacie and Lewis (1991) and Joshi et al, (2002 ...
... Cadmium has been recognized to play a vital role in almost all aspects of living systems either directly or indirectly (Shukla et al, 2002). The heavy metals like zinc aluminum and nickel cause the great threat to the health of Indian aquatic ecosystem (Joshi et al, 2002 andVijuen et al, 2003). However, very few reports are available to the changes in the nutritive value of the fish after prolonged exposures to zinc, especially in their biochemistry. ...
The kidney and liver, tissues of Channa punctate were all destroyed after administration to sub-lethal quantities of parathion according to all histological findings. Histopathological changes in the kidney, liver, such as those seen in this research and prior research, can cause serious physiological difficulties in fish, eventually resulting in death. To summaries, the results of the current histological research show a direct link between pesticides exposure with histopathological problems across several tissues.
... Prices of insect meals are predicted to become competitive by 2023, but at present, IM prices are very high [283,284]. The main limitation of using insects is the existence of toxic compounds which can negatively affect fish physiologically, such as lowering growth and altering hematological parameters [285]. On the other hand, the substitution of FM and FO with H. illucens meal can reduce the content of some potentially toxic elements such as Ni, As, and Pb in fish feed, causing levels of harmful chemicals in animal feed to be below the permitted limit [286]. ...
Most of world’s fish and seafood are produced by aquaculture, which is one of the biggest contributors to the world’s food security. The substantial increase in prices of conventional feed ingredients and the over-exploitation of natural resources are some of the biggest constraints to aquaculture production. To overcome this stress, different approaches and techniques are used, among which the use of non-conventional feed ingredients in the aquaculture sector is the most recent approach. Different non-conventional feed ingredients such as plant-based products, algae (both micro and macroalgae), single-cell protein (bacteria and yeast), and insect meal are currently used in aquaculture for sustainable food production. Amongst all these novel ingredients, insects have greater potential to replace fishmeal. The existence of about 1.3 billion tons of food and agriculture waste from the food chain supply poses a serious environmental threat. Insects are tiny creatures that can thrive on organic waste and thus can convert the waste to wealth by the bioconversion and nutritional upcycling of organic waste. Insects have the potential to recover nutrients from waste aquaculture products, and many fish species feed on insects naturally. Therefore, employing insects in the aquaculture sector to replace fishmeal is an eco-friendly approach. The present review briefly highlights emerging non-conventional feed ingredients, with special attention given to insects. The current review also focuses on the nutritional value of insects, factors affecting the nutritional value of insects, potential insects that can be employed in the aquaculture sector, the physiological response of fish when fed with insect meal, techno-functional properties of insect meal, and emerging approaches for addressing possible downsides of employing insect meal in fish diets. Finally, it suggests avenues for further research into these inventive fishmeal replacements.
... Heavy metals are amassed in living organisms when they are taken up and stored faster than they are metabolized or excreted. They accumulate in fishes via water, sediments and food such as algae upon which both herbivorous and omnivorous fishes feed (Joshi et al. 2002). Difference in the absorption of heavy metals depends on the fish species, chemical features of the test solution, tolerance limit of the organism, sensitivity as well as on the physical and chemical characteristics of water (Rauf et al. 2009;Yousafzai et al. 2010). ...
The current research was conducted with the aim to investigate the rate of chromium accumulation in various tissues of commercially valuable freshwater fish, Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Investigation included various tissues of skin, muscles, liver, swim bladder, intestine, and gills in fish. For this purpose, the fish were exposed to sub lethal concentration of hexavalent chromium in the form of potassium dichromate with a dose of 120 mg/L for 40, 20 days and 10 mg/L for 7, 25, 40 and 60 days. Forty fish of the same weight and length (70.45±2.91 g and 7.32±0.16 inches) were used in the present research. Chromium was estimated after acid digestion of the sample tissues and further analyzed through atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Spectra AA6300 China). The results showed that in all the experiments intestine remained the highly accumulative tissue and the accumulation of chromium in the intestine increased with the increase in exposure time i.e., 0.63±0.21 after 7 days, 0.83±0.35 after 25 and 1.63±0.44 after 60 days. Finding of this research work supports that the route of metal uptake was mainly oral instead of absorption by gills or skin.
... Lower red blood cells (RBC x 10 6 /µ L) in male (1.48 + 0.06) than female (1.81 + 0.12) fish may be due to quantitative protein inadequacy per feeding time to meet its nutrient requirements, which might have inhibited erythrocyte production. Lower haemoglobin level according to Joshi et al. (2002) might decrease the ability of fish to enhance its activity in order to meet occasional demands. Higher white blood cell count in female fish in this study does not necessarily initiate leucopomia (a condition of increase in total white blood cell) in the haematopoietic tissue of the kidney and perhaps the spleen as suggested by Omitoyin (2006) but it is possibly linked to the higher spleenosomatic index observed in female fish. ...
... The results of the present study were in accordance with work carried out by a researcher who observed the decrease in Hb concentration in the blood of Eel and Perch after short-term and longterm exposure to Cadmium (Brahan et al. 2017). According to Carvalho and Fernanles (2019), Joshi et al. (2002) the fish exposed to Cadmium shows a significant decrease in blood iron level caused by the deficiency of intestinal absorption which might be the reason for reduction in Hb concentration. As per the Hb%, RBC and PCV% decreased significantly after 15, 30 and 45 days of exposure periods, respectively, in comparison with control. ...
Cadmium chloride is a toxic heavy metal that can induce imbalance in various physiological, biochemical and cellular processes in aquatic organisms. Hemato-logical parameters allow the most rapid detection of alterations in physiology exposed to the heavy metals thus, it could be considered as possible biomarkers for detecting heavy metal pollution. The present study reflects the effect of Cadmium chloride on hematological parameters with sub lethal exposure to Cadmium chloride for 48 and 96 h, the results indicated significant decrease in Hb (Hemoglobin), RBC (Red Blood Corpuscles), PCV (Packed Cell Volume), MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin), MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration) and PLT (Platelets Count) were noticed and WBC (White Blood Corpuscles) and MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) was significantly increased with respect to time of exposure and concentration.
... The decrease in Hb concentration is due to the heavy metal impacting directly on the enzyme system, which have functions to synthesize and regulate Hb concentration (Pamila et al., 1991). In addition, heavy metal effects reduce iron absorption leading to heme nucleus not forming and reducing Hb concentration (Joshi et al., 2002). This anemia is thought to occur because of δ-amino levulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) inhibition by lead and thus causing severe damage in Hb synthesis. ...
Fish is one of the reliable biomonitoring used to assess the levels of heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment. Analyzing the biological parameters of fish provides a predictable transformation of the underwater ecosystem and the current state of nursery water. Blood directly or indirectly reacts to changes in the environment, objectively reflects the physiological state and allows predicting the direction of adaptive responses in the body. According to the blood indicators and proper generalization of the blood system, we can estimate the physiological and pathological processes inside the body. This study aimed to estimate the effects of lead on hematological parameters in red tilapia. Fish were investigated for the effects of the lead after one week. Fish blood is taken from the tail vein by suction injection. Hematological parameters were determined by standard methods. The number of WBC is counted indirectly through blood smears stained Giemsa. The result of the study shows when the concentration of lead for infection increase from 0mgL-1 (control) to 0.5mgL-1 , 1.0mgL-1 and 1.5mgL-1 , there is a decrease in the hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC and increases of the mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, WBC. RBC and WBC have observed the shape. Blood cells of red tilapia Oriochromis sp. living in a lead polluted environment can be affected and result in many different values of hematological parameters. This is an adaptive reaction of the body in response to harmful factors at the cellular level.
... Recently, high copper level decreased the RBC counts and HGB concentration in rats (Akomolafe et al., 2014) as a result of erythrocytes hemolysis induced by the free copper ions. The low activity of G6PD in rats of the copper group might be related to the inhibition of the enzyme by copper ions, an enzyme responsible of the red cells protection from oxidative stress by maintaining the GSH level through NADPH generation (Joshi et al., 2002). Moreover, toxic copper was reported to induce hemolysis, leading to red blood dysfunction (Savaru et al., 2007), and disturbs the erythropoiesis by affecting iron metabolism in the intestinal tracts, where copper and iron are antagonists (Pmila et al., 1991). ...
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible beneficial use of common hawthorn Crataegus monogyna aqueous extract at 1.5g/Kg bw/day against chronic copper sulfate intoxication (100mg/Kg bw) in Wistar rats. Material and Method: Animals were divided into 6 groups; the untreated control (C), 2 positive controls treated respectively with hawthorn fruits (F) and leaves (L), 1 group treated with copper (Cu) and 2 combined treatment groups treated with Cu and hawthorn-fruits (CuF) and Cu and hawthorn-leaves (CuL). After 30 days of oral administration, testis weight and plasma testosterone levels were evaluated, in addition to the epididymal sperm concentration, motility, vitality, velocity (VCL, VSL and VAP), the amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH), and the beat cross frequency (BCF). Testicular glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were also evaluated. Result and Discussion: Cu exposure reduced testosterone, sperm concentration, live sperm, VCL, VSL, VAP, ALH, BCF, GSH, and GPx levels compared to control groups. Dead sperm and MDA levels were increased in rats of Cu group compared to the untreated control. When compared to the Cu group, levels of testosterone, sperm concentration, sperm motility, live sperm, VCL, VSL, VAP, ALH, BCF, GSH, and GPx were much higher in the CuF and CuL groups, along with a significantly lower MDA concentration. In conclusion, hawthorn, when co-administered as an aqueous extract with Cu, protected most biological markers against copper toxicit, while positive control (s) boosted sperm concentration and velocity (VCL and VAP). Keywords: C. monogyna, CASA, Copper, sperm, testosterone
... Blood is a good indicator in determining the health of an organism (Joshi et al,. 2002). It has been documented that different factors are effective on the haematological and biochemical parameters of fish from which the species, environmental condition, age, maturation and nutrition are very important (Ross and Ross, 1999). Materials on haematological and blood biochemical reference range of juvenile Clarias gariepinus ar ...
The effects of substituting di-calcium phosphate (DCP.) with chicken egg shell (CES.) on the growth, haematology and biochemistry of Clarias gariepinus were investigated for ten weeks in a feeding experiment. One hundred and fifty juveniles of Clarias gariepinus were fed at varying inclusion levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% CES meals. Significant difference occurred (P < 0.05) in the mean weight gain (MWG) (35.54±5.69), average feed intake (AFI) (0.8029±0.0967) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) (1.48±0.18) of the fish, with the highest values in the fish fed 25%CES. while the lowest occurred at 75% substitution level.. In the haematological parameters, red blood cell (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin (Hb) levels were highest in the 50% CES. WBC values recorded in the fish fed with the test ingredients were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the control. The biochemical analysis showed that the urea values observed in the fish fed with the test feed were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the control with the highest value recorded in diet 50% CES. In conclusion, chicken egg shell could be substituted with di-calcium phosphate (DCP) up to 25% and or 50%level of substitution in Clarias gariepinus diet without any negative effects on the growth and feed efficiency.
... pamila et al., (1991) suggested that the reduction in haemoglobin in fish blood exposed to heavy metal could be due to the inhibitory effect of the toxic substance on the enzyme system responsible for synthesis of haemoglobin. christensen et al., (1972) stated that the changes in the haematological parameter could be understood in terms of the reduction of oxygen consumption in fish resulting in death due to heavy metal contamination (christensen et al.,1972;Joshi et al., 2002). ...
... While (25) suggested that heavy metal exposure decreased the red blood cell count, PCV and Hb due to impaired intestinal absorption of iron. The reduction in RBC count might be due to the destruction of mature RBCS and the inhibition of erythrocyte production (26). According to (27) the reduction in Hb content in fish exposed to toxicant could also be due to the inhibitory effect of the toxic substances on the enzyme system responsible for synthesis of Hb. ...
The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of a commercial ß-glucan against acute toxic effect of copper sulfate on common carp Cyprinus carpio L. behavioral, hematological parameters and biochemical tests. A total of 250 Fish (150 ± 2 g) were fed a basal control diet or the basal diet plus a ß-glucan (1 g kg-1 diet) for 60 days. LC50 was calculated for 72 h which was 10.83 mg L-1. At the end of the trial, CuSO4.5H2O was added to all treatments at a dose of 5 mgL-1 for T1 and T2, 7mg L-1 for T3 and T4, 9 mgL-1 for T5 and T6 for 96h. Fish behavioral changes were recorded during 96h of exposure to different Cu concentrations with and without β-glucan, which showed abnormalities such as increase swimming activity, jerky movement, loss of equilibrium, respiratory stress, increase operculum movement, frequent jumping, erratic swimming and swimming near the water surface. On the other hand, ß-glucan supplemented groups showed significant increase (P≤0.05) in Hb concentration, PCV%, RBC and WBC count in comparison with groups without ß-glucan. The results of dietary groups without ß-glucan showed a significant decrease (P≤ 0.05) in Hb concentration, hematocrit value, RBC count, but there were significant increase (P≤ 0.05) in WBC count with an increase of Cu concentration compared to control groups.
Results showed significant increase (P≤ 0.05) in dietary groups without ß-glucan in values of ALT, AST and ALP enzymes activity with elevation of Cu levels compared to control group. But, ß-glucan supplemented groups showed significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in values of ALT, AST and ALP enzymes activity in comparison with dietary groups without ß-glucan. These results suggested that β-glucan has protective effect against CuSO4 toxicity and future studies should be pursued particularly immune response and molecular studies
... On the other hand, white blood cell (WBC) increased significantly in most cases of sumithion exposure. In this case, fish may develop antibodies for protective purposes (Joshi et al. 2002). Correspondingly, blood glucose and cortisol levels increased significantly in common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Sepici-Dincel et al. 2007) and European eel, Anguilla anguilla (Sancho et al. 1998a) after exposure to sumithion. ...
Sumithion is an organophosphate insecticide, extensively used to remove tiger bug from aquaculture ponds prior to the release of fish larvae. Its usage in aquaculture may initially assist in insect eradication; however, the harmful effects of sumithion may surpass the beneficial effects and may be alarming for the farmed fish and other aquatic organisms. This study summarizes the consequential effects of sumithion on the natural productivity in aquaculture ponds, and early development , physiological response, and reproductive functions of the farmed fish. Studies have found that sumithion adversely affects the natural production of phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos, and reduces the hatching success with increased mortality, and morphological alterations in fish embryos and larvae. Fish haematological and biochemical alterations are also reported to be induced by the exposure to sumithion, as are variety of histopathological alterations and reproductive dysfunctions in exposed fish. Overall, this study is the first comprehensive overview of any insecticide which may advance our understanding of the rational and restricted use of insecticide in aquaculture operations.
... Lower level of haemoglobin in T 2 fishes might decrease the ability to enhance the activities required to meet demands such as seeking of food and escaping from predators (Barot and Bahadur 2013). The depletion or reduction in Hb content in T 2 fishes could also be attributed to the production of reactive oxygen species under the influence of toxicant resulting in the destruction of red blood cell membrane and its function, inhibition of the enzymes involved in Hb synthesis (Pamila et al. 1991), impaired intestinal absorption of iron or transferrin dysfunction (Joshi et al. 2002) and impairment in the immunological reactions to produce antibodies to cope up with stress induced by the toxicant (Ramdas 2013). Similar decrease in the amount of RBC, Hb and PCV could be corroborated with the findings of earlier investigations in Tilapia mossambica exposed to textile dyeing effluent (Deepika and Noorjahan 2018), Catla catla exposed to acid red 97 (Avni and Jagruti 2017) and Carassius auratus gibelio exposed to azo red 120 (Al-Sabti 2000), respectively. ...
The present investigation is an attempt to assess the impact of untreated methyl orange and Oedogonium subplagiostomum AP1 treated methyl orange dye solutions on Labeo rohita. The behavioural response, mortality, haematological (red blood corpuscles (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), white blood corpuscles (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)), biochemical (plasma glucose and protein), enzymological (aspartate amino transaminases (AST) and alanine amino transaminases (ALT)) and histological examination (gills, liver and kidney) of Labeo rohita are exposed to untreated and treated methyl orange dye solutions were assessed on 7th day. The fish exposed to tap water and treated dye solution showed normal behavioural response whereas abnormal behaviour was noted in fish exposed to untreated dye solution. Similar trend was recorded in the mortality rate of the fishes. Fish exposed to untreated dye solution showed reduction in RBC, PCV, Hb, MCHC, plasma glucose and plasma protein, increased level of WBC, MCV and MCH and also alteration in AST and ALT thereby indicating the toxicity of the dye. No such reduction and alteration were observed in haematological, biochemical and enzymological levels of fishes exposed to tap water and treated dye solution indicating the non-toxic nature of the degraded metabolites of dye. Histological examination of fishes exposed to methyl orange dye revealed necrosis and haemorrhage in the gills and hepatocytes, congested and shrunken glomeruli in kidney thereby indicating the toxicity of the dye. The histoarchitecture of control and algae-treated fishes showed no structural changes indicating the non-toxic nature of the degraded metabolites of the dye. The results concluded that methyl orange dye solution treated with O. subplagiostomum AP1 can be explored for aquacultural purposes owing to its non-toxic nature.
Graphical abstract
... The increased number of leukocytes as seen in our study for tilapias exposed to mercury has also been observed for other fish species and with other pollutants. For example, an increase in the number of leukocytes was observed in Channa punctatus exposed to lead [52] and in Clarias batrachus exposed to Hg [53]. This increase has been attributed to a non-specific immune response to stress because stress hormones such as prolactin and cortisol are also involved to restore ionic balance [54]. ...
The effects of Hg exposure on blood parameters and gill physiology of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were analyzed. Fish maintained in freshwater were exposed for 7 days (d) to sublethal mercury concentrations (0.1 and 1 mg/L). Blood serum osmolality (SO), sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺) and chloride (Cl⁻) ionic concentrations, and hematological parameters were assessed after 1 up to 7 d of exposure. Serum osmolality and ionic concentrations of exposed fish appeared differently affected throughout the experimental period compared to the controls. Osmolality was reduced at the 2 tested concentrations but Na⁺ and Cl⁻ contents were only altered at 1 mg/L of Hg after 1 d of exposure and values rapidly returned to the control values thereafter. K⁺ content was also modified and significantly increased at both concentrations after 1 d of exposure but returned to the control values after 3 d of exposure. Red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) and hemoglobin (Hb) levels were significantly increased throughout the experiment but returned to control values after 7 d of exposure only for the 0.1 mg/L concentration. The hematocrit (Ht) levels remained unaffected due to Hg exposure. Therefore, tilapias exposed to sublethal concentrations of Hg present a marked osmotic imbalance with ionic and hematological disorders that are rapidly compensated.
... Hematological parameters are useful indices that can be employed to assess the toxic potentials of plant extracts in living systems [16,17]. They can also be used to explain blood relating functions of chemical compound/plant extract. ...
... The PCV counts ranged between 47.00 AE 1.00 % and 55.53 AE 0.50 %, while samples BMP and MAP showed the least PCV values between 47.00 AE 1.00 % and 46.00 AE 0.10% respectively. If the feeding continues, the PCV of those wister albino rats may tend towards being anaemic which may encourage erythrocytes destruction or hindering erythrocyte products as reported by Joshi et al. (2002); Omitoyin and Ajibade (2014) in the work of Adeosun et al. (2019). The PCV of the Wister rats fed with other samples are still within normal range (18-48%) for albino rats when compared with control. ...
The cyanide, haematology and histopathology profiles of white albino rats fed with ‘fufu’-based diets were monitored. The cassava tubers were subjected into different processing operations: spontaneous-soaked traditional method (SWI), grated before spontaneously-fermented without starter culture (CWI) and those grated, blanched at 65 °C for 15 min before fermented with microorganisms isolated, purified and identified from spontaneously fermented ‘fufu’ categorized into Bacteria only (BAP), Bacteria and Yeast (BYP), Yeast only (YAP), Bacteria and Mould (BMP), Mould and Yeast (MYP) and Mould only (MAP) and were oven dried and milled. The commercial ready-to-eat ‘Fufu’ (CWF) was served as control for laboratory processed samples. Albino rats of the wister strain with four (4) rats per group were fed with 50 % of Commercial vital feed (CVF) and 50% each of the remaining nine (9) “Fufu” samples in ratio 1:1 before haematology and histopathology profile of the animals were investigated. It was found out that Samples BMP and MAP had abnormal high Neutrophil (58–60; 41–42 %) lower Lymphocyte (40–43; 58–61 %), lower Packed cell volume (46–48; 45–47 %) and higher cyanide in the blood (0.004–0.006 mg/L) with sample BMP highest white blood cell (23–24 × 10⁹/L) and sample MAP least white blood cell (6.5–6.6 × 10⁹/L) when compared with other samples which were within the acceptable recommended values for animal studied for haematology and histopathology profiles. The “fufu” samples had reduced cyanide levels ranging from 0.001 mg/L to 0.006 mg/L in the blood of the animals assayed due to the processing operations used. Therefore, combined use of bacteria isolated as starter cultures in the production of odourless “Fufu” have acceptable haematology, histopathology and reduced cyanide level which suggests the suitability in terms of safety for human consumption.
... Haematological parameters are important in establishing the body's functional status as a result of exposure to toxicants, useful indices that can be employed to assess the toxic potentials of plant extracts in living systems (Joshi et al., 2002). They can also be used to explain blood related functions of chemical compound/plant extract. ...
Plants have widely being used for medicinal and therapeutic purposes, also for maintenance of a healthy
biochemical system, the food intake a necessary factor. This study evaluates the effect of the intake of aqueous
seed extract of Ricinodendron heudelotii on the blood electrolyte and hematological status of male wistar albino
rats. Twenty five experimental rats were randomly grouped into five of five rats each; the control group fed with
normal rat feed and water without the extract while groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were in addition to normal feed and water
ad libitum administered 400, 600, 800 and 1000mg/kg body weight respectively, 24 hourly for a period of 21 days.
Blood samples were collected for the blood electrolyte assay; sodium (Na+
), potassium (K+
), chloride (Cl-
), calcium
(Ca++) and bicarbonate (HC03
-
) and hematological parameter; white blood cell (WBC), Hemoglobin (Hb), Red
blood cell (RBC), Packed cell volume (PCV), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Mean
corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Neutrophils and lymphocytes. The results
obtained revealed that administration of aqueous seed extract of Ricinodendron heudelotii did not have significant
effect p≤0.05 on the sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate concentrations, however, a significant difference
p≤0.05 was observed for the calcium level. The aqueous seed extract caused a concentration dependent and
statistical significant increase at p≤0.05 in RBC and WBC concentrations. A concentration dependent increase in
Hb, PCV, MCH was observed, although not statistically significant. The increase in the WBC, RBC, Hb, MCHC,
PCV observed suggests that the aqueous seed extract of Ricinodendron heudelotii has the potency to stimulate the
production of leucocytes and red blood cells and thereby serve as an immune booster during infections and prevent
anemia hence maintain the hematological balance of the body.
... Cellular components of blood are useful in the evaluation of immunotoxic potential of a substance. Therefore, haematological indices are important in determining the body's functional status as a result of exposure to toxicants (Joshi et al., 2002). Hematological parameters are useful indices for the assessment of toxic potentials of substances in living systems. ...
Chromolaena odorata is an invasive plant which is acclaimed to have cyanide remediation potential from contaminated sites. This examination means to decide the impact of ethanol concentrates of C. odorata (ECO), sodium thiosulphate and a mix of both on hematological parameters and blood lipid profile of rodents presented to potassium cyanide. (KCN). A sum of thirty five male Wistar rats partitioned into seven groups of five units were used. KCN Group rats were administered with KCN alone. Rats in 100ECO, 150ECO, 200ECO groups were administered with 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg body weight of ECO respectively. Rats under Na2sS2O3 and Na2S2O3+ECO groups were administered 200 mg/kg sodium thiosulphate and sodium thiosulphate with ECO at 200 mg/kg respectively. The trial was done in about a month. Toward the finish of the investigation, the packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin level (Hb), Red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) were resolved utilizing known biochemical methodology. The outcomes demonstrated a noteworthy increment (p ? 0.05) in PCV, Hb, RBC and WBC level of remedial groups when contrasted with the cyanide group. Total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) were altogether lower while HDL-cholesterol was fundamentally expanded in all the treated groups when contrasted and the untreated group given cyanide alone. However, no significant difference in LDL-cholesterol was indicated in all therapeutic groups compared with the cyanide group. The study revealed that C. odorata at the tested doses was able to improve the hematological parameters and lipid profile in cyanide exposed rats.
... Hematological parameters are useful indices that can be employed to assess the toxic potentials of plant extracts in living systems [16,17]. They can also be used to explain blood relating functions of chemical compound/plant extract. ...
Introduction/Aim: The incidences of medicinal plant toxicity in the society are becoming serious in the society. There is the need for scientist
to determine the toxicity profile of most is therefore very important. Terminalia Chebula is traditionally is found in natural colon cleansers and used
in treatment of constipation, digestive disorders, irregular fevers, flatulence, ulcers, vomiting, colic, and hemorrhoids. In this study the effect of subacute administration of Terminalia Chebula on the brain, spleen, and stomach were evaluated.
Method: Rats of either sex were selected. Group 1 received distilled water (10 ml/kg), while group 2, 3 and 4 received Terminalia Chebula
200, 400 and 800 mg/kg respectively. Animals were kept in standard cages and given access to the extract, water and food orally for 28 days, after
which they were weighed and sacrificed. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture and taken immediately for hematological and chemo pathological
analysis. The brain, spleen, and stomach were also harvested for histological study of the effect of the plant using haematotoxylin and eosin (H&E)
staining technique.
Result: There was Significant (P<0.05) decrease in RBC, HGB, MCV, while there was no change in the level of neutrophiles, basophiles,
eosinophiles and platelets. The size of the brain, spleen and stomach were observed to be slightly significantly (p<0.05) increased in rats with dose
level of 400 mg/kg, while there was no significant (p<0.05) change observed at the 200 and 800 mg/kg dose. Histopathological examination of the
brain and stomach showed normal features at all doses. The spleen showed Slight lymphocyte hyperplasia at all doses and normal features at the
control (10 ml/kg).
Conclusion: Result of the study suggests that care should be observed when taken this herb.
Keywords: Rat; Terminalia Chebula; Brain; Stomach
... Alterations in the biochemical levels in different body parts of fresh water bivalve, Lamellidens marginalis on exposure to heavy metal Mercury [13]. Hematological changes in the blood of Clarias batrachus exposed to mercuric chloride [14]. Impact of TBTCl on the protein content in fresh water prawn, Macrobrachum kistnensis [15]. ...
Aquatic environment gets polluted by heavy metals because of their environmental persistence and ability to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. Cadmium is a ubiquitous toxic heavy metal, biologically non-essential element, it is not biodegradable and has a very long biological half-life. The aim of the present study was to assess the glycogen content in different body parts i.e. Mantle, gill, gonad, hepatopancreas, siphon, foot, anterior adductor muscle and posterior adductor muscle of freshwater bivalvemolluscs Lamellidens marginalis exposed to lethal concentrations of cadmium chloride after 96 hrs acute toxicity of exposure. The results clearly showed In LC0 group compared with control group the content significantly increased from gill (67.62% P<0.01) followed by hepatopancreas (51.89% P<0.01) and gonad (21.14% P<0.01) and Decreased significantly from siphon (47.87% P<0.01), Anterior adductor muscle (42.73% P<0.01), posterior adductor muscle (40.33% P<0.01), mantle (4.24% P<0.01) and foot (3.28% P<0.01).In LC50 group compared with control content showed increase significantly from mantle (41.08% P<0.01) and Decreased significantly from foot (63.27% P<0.01), siphon (46.89% P<0.01), gonad (45.45% P<0.01),hepatopancreas (29.70% P<0.01), gill (21.75% P<0.05) anterior adductor muscle (17.65%) and Posterior adductor muscle (7.40% P<0.01) showed non significant. The influence of toxicant cadmium chloride in selected tissues of freshwater bivalve mollusks Lamellidens marginalis was taken into account in evaluating to response against stressor. Hence, we can use glycogen content as biomarker of cadmium stress in bivalve mollusks.
... Chromic oxide in feed was measured following methods described by Cho and Kaushik [13]. Haematological values were measured following standard methods [14][15][16] and Dacie et al. [17]. Mineral content was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer analysis. ...
Heavy metals are metals having a density greater or equal to 5 g/cc. In water (both surface water and ground water) they pose a serious environmental problem threatening not only the aquatic ecosystem but also human health through contamination of drinking water. Being persistent, heavy metals accumulate in water, soil, sediment and living organisms. Exposure to heavy metals has been linked with developmental retardation, various cancers, kidney damage, autoimmunity, and even death in some instances when exposed to very high concentrations. Essential metals such as copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) have normal physiological regulatory functions (Hodgstrand and Haux 2001) but many also bioaccumulate and reach toxic levels (Rietzler et al. 2001). Non-essential heavy metals are usually potent toxins and their bio-accumulation in tissues leads to intoxication, decreased fertility, cellular and tissue damage, cell death and disjunction of a variety of organs. High levels of Cd (cadmium), Cu, Pb (lead), and Fe can act as ecological toxins in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
Heavy metals are metals having a density greater or equal to 5 g/cc. In water (both surface water and ground water) they pose a serious environmental problem threatening not only the aquatic ecosystem but also human health through contamination of drinking water. Being persistent, heavy metals accumulate in water, soil, sediment and living organisms. Exposure to heavy metals has been linked with developmental retardation, various cancers, kidney damage, autoimmunity, and even death in some instances when exposed to very high concentrations (Glover-Kerkvil et al. 1995). Essential metals such as copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) have normal physiological regulatory functions, but many also bioaccumulate and reach toxic levels. Non-essential heavy metals are usually potent toxins and their bio-accumulation in tissues leads to intoxication, decreased fertility, cellular and tissue damage, cell death and disjunction of a variety of organs. High levels of Cd (cadmium), Cu, Pb (lead), and Fe can act as ecological toxins in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
This work is concerned with studying the effect of various
pollutants in Lake Manzala on fish quality by investigating the biochemical
characteristics of Nile tilapia fish collected during the winter and summer
seasons 2020. The biochemical parameters of Nile tilapia fish were
significantly different between the two seasons at all investigated stations.
However, blood creatinine, urea, and uric acid showed the highest levels in
fish collected from Bahr El-Baqer and El-Matariya during the study. Fish
from polluted stations recorded an increase in serum cholesterol levels in
cold season, and triglycerides levels of O. niloticus showed remarkable
variations. Alterations in the physiological blood parameters reflect changes
in the organism's metabolic and biochemical factors as a result of the effects
of various pollutants, and they allow researchers to evaluate the mechanisms
of pollutants' impacts.
Mobile phones are major means of communication in Nigeria. Users of mobile phones are inadvertently exposed to heavy metals in coatings of mobile charge card (CMCC) used in concealing personal identification numbers for loading credits in mobile phones. However, there is little information on toxicity of CMCC in vivo. In this study, the toxicity of CMCC to blood, kidney and testes was assessed in rat. Heavy metals in CMCC was determined before male Wistar rats were administered 5, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight CMCC thrice per week for five weeks. Control rats were given water. Animals were euthanized after treatment and hematological, renal health and sperm quality indices were determined. Renal and testicular histopathology, malondialdehyde, super oxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were also evaluated. The CMCC contains Co, Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb, Mn, Al, Cr, and Cd. Creatinine and proteins were elevated following CMCC administration. However, it decreased hematological parameters including hematocrit, hemoglobin and red blood cell count, while platelet count, plateletcrit and platelet distribution width were dose dependently increased. Sperm motility, viability and counts were dose dependently decreased, but morphological aberration was significantly increased in treated rats. Alteration of renal and testicular architecture was accompanied with a dose dependent increase in MDA coupled with inhibition of catalase and SOD in a dose dependent manner. Our results revealed that coatings of mobile charge cards caused alteration of hematological, sperm quality and renal function as well as oxidative damage in kidney and testis of rats
Egyptian aquatic ecosystems have faced a rapid deterioration over the last decade. This deterioration results in severe effects on fish health and behavior. This study assessed the water quality of the drainage canal of Kalabsho sugarbeet factory and the Nile River. Histological and hematological changes in fish were estimated to evaluate the effects of altered water quality on fish. Water samples from the canal showed increased total dissolved solids, anions, and cations as well as decreased dissolved oxygen, compared to the Nile river. Fish from the drainage canal had lower levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and thrombocytes. Histological changes indicated several adverse effects of the deteriorated water quality in the drainage canal. Hematological alternations and histopathological changes have been also proved sensitive biomarkers for the detection of the impact of pollutants on living organisms.
Effect of different concentrations (0 % control, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7%) of pulp and paper mill effluent selected on the basis of 96 hours LC50 test (8%), on certain blood parameters in Cyprinus carpio was evaluated after exposure for 7, 15 & 30 days. The hematological parameters studied include hemoglobin concentration, total erythrocytes count, total leucocytes count, packed cell volume, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mean corpuscles volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Physico-chemical parameters i.e. pH, temperature, conductivity, total dissolved solids and dissolved Oxygen in diluted effluent were also recorded. Decreasing trend was observed in hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration after an initial increase. Decreasing trend in total erythrocytes count and increasing trend in total leucocytes count, packed cell volume, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and mean corpuscles volume were recorded as concentration of effluent and duration of exposure increased. Minute fluctuations were observed in pH and temperature, and conductivity, total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen of diluted effluent used during the study.
Polyaromatic compounds are the major, widespread contaminants in the aquatic environment. However, the adverse impacts of these compounds on blood pathophysiology (hematological profiling and serum biochemical responses) are poorly understood. As a consequence, this study was intended to evaluate the toxic effects of naphthalene, one of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, on the blood pathophysiology of Anabas testudineus using multiple end-point biomarker approach. A. testudineus was exposed to short-term (1 and 5 d) and long-term (10, 15, and 21 d) naphthalene concentrations, that is, T1 (0.71 mg/L indicates 25% of LC50) and T2 (1.42 mg/L indicates 50% of LC50 value). The results disclosed significant decrease in red blood cells, hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume, and platelet levels, while other blood parameters, namely, white blood cells, percent lymphocyte, mean cell volume, mean corpuscular Hb, and mean corpuscular Hb concentration showed enhanced levels under naphthalene intoxication. Results were more detrimental under T2 concentration. Cholesterol, glucose, calcium, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein levels gradually increased throughout the different exposure periods under T1 and T2 concentrations, while the triglyceride level gradually decreased during exposure periods. Finally, integrated biomarker responses (IBR) analysis indicated that serum biochemical parameters are more powerful than hematological parameters for determining the naphthalene-induced fish health status. Additionally, the IBR study clearly identified that long-term (>5 d) exposure was more harmful than short-term (<5 d) naphthalene exposure. So, these responses may be derived as biomarkers for monitoring naphthalene pollution in an aquatic ecosystem.
This study investigated the ameliorative effect of methanolic extract of orange peel on serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and haematological parameters in male Wister rats following mercury toxicity. Fifteen (15) apparently healthy mature wistar strain albino rats weighing 170g-180g, were housed in a standard rat cage and fed on standard feed. The experimental rats were randomly divided into three groups of five rats each and allowed to acclimatize before the commencement of the experiment. The groups were as follows; group I (normal saline), group II (mercury chloride; 3.0 mg/kg alone) and group III (orange peel extract; 600mg/kg and mecury chloride; 3.0 mg/kg) in a completely randomized design. The treatment was done for 21 consecutive days. Two (2) ml of blood was collected through the saphenous vein once weekly for three weeks for determination of serum levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine and whole blood for haematological parameters. The result revealed significant (P≤0.05) decrease in T4 and T3 in group II (25.3 ± 0.7 nmol/l; 0.9± 0.52 nmol/l) compared to group I (38± 0.23 nmol/l ; 1.9± 0.34 nmol/l) and a significant (P≤0.05) recovery for these parameters was observed in group III (30.3± 1.2 nmol/l; 1.4 ± 0.55 nmol/l) compared to group II. Significant increase (P≤0.05) was also observed on all haematological parameters in group I and group III, however there was a significant decrease (P≤0.05) on all haematological parameters except for white blood cell which increased significantly (P≤0.05) in group II. It was concluded that methanolic orange peel extract ameliorated the toxic effect of mercury on thyroid hormones and haematological parameters in male Wister rats.
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