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Some basic issues regarding dual-process theories from the perspective of cognitive-experiential self-theory
... A core assumption that drove a series of studies by Maas and Van den Bos (2009) was the idea that personal uncertainty often leads people to react more strongly toward fair and unfair events because being uncertain or being reminded about things one is uncertain about often instigates strong affective-experiential processes. Thus, in terms of cognitive-experiential self-theory (Epstein & Pacini, 1999), the idea was that experiencing feelings of uncertainty would lead people to start processing the information they subsequently receive in experiential-intuitive ways. ...
... Cognitive-experiential self-theory distinguishes between two conceptual systems that people use to process information, namely the experiential-intuitive and the rational-cognitive systems (Epstein & Pacini, 1999). The experiential way of processing information is intuitive, preconsciously encoding information into concrete images or metaphors, and making associative connections. ...
... Cognitive-experiential self-theory also assumes that the operation of experiential mindsets is intimately associated with affect-related experiences (see, e.g., Epstein & Pacini, 1999). If experiential mindsets do indeed make people's fairness reactions more susceptible to affect-related processes, then the intensity with which people react affectively to daily life events (Larsen et al., 1987) should interact with people's mindsets. ...
... Simon (1955) and Tversky and Kahneman (1983) among others, established the foundation for what is now known as behavioral decision research in economics. We delved into the well-established intuition scales in cognitive psychology CEST by Epstein (1985), REI by Epstein and Pacini (1999), GDMS by Scott and Bruce (1995), PMPI by Burns and D'Zurilla (1999), CoSI by Cools and Van den Broeck (2007), PID by Betsch (2004) summarized in the USID by Pachur and Spaar (2015) as well as Pretz et al. (2014). To keep abreast with the evolving literature, we also considered works that cited these well-established contributions in cognitive psychology since 2022. ...
... A dual process model of understanding intuition follows the theoretical models proposed by Jung (2014) and Simon (1955). In general, a dual process model suggests that people can use two distinct processing systems when making judgments Epstein & Pacini, 1999;Hogarth, 2010). A widely accepted measurement style is the distinction between rational thinking or deliberation and intuitive decision-making (Kruglanski & Gigerenzer, 2011). ...
... Therefore, we have carried out a simple Google Scholar search on March 4, 2023, to check for articles that have cited the most relevant cognitive psychology concepts in our review, and which have been published since 2022. The amount of citations and the amount of works citing the authors through publications in major business journals since 2022 are indicated in brackets CEST by Epstein (1985) [not cited in the best journals since 2022] and Epstein (1994) [5 of 5545], REI by Epstein and Pacini (1999) [2 of 590], GDMS by Scott and Bruce (1995) [1 of 1573], PMPI by Burns and D'Zurilla (1999) [not cited in the best journals since 2022], CoSI by Cools and Van den Broeck (2007) [1 of 327], PID by Betsch (2004) [2 of 200] summarized in USID by Pachur and Spaar (2015) [2 of 99] as well as Pretz et al. (2014) [1 of 121]. In a further step of purification unsuitable articles were removed, that were not published in journals satisfying the minimum requirement to be counted as scientific according to the exclusion criteria of the Norwegian Register for Scientific Journals, Series and Publishers. ...
To make good decisions, employees must manage their own intuitions and be able to anticipate decision-making in their work environment. How well this is accomplished has significant consequences for the workplace. A closer examination indicates that individuals utilize various types of intuition. People's work context is frequently omitted from studies on the use of intuition, resulting in a literature that omits vital aspects of decision-making. To assist applicable research in the workplace, our contribution to the management literature is a comprehensive overview of intuitive decision-making types. Current psychological assessment scales constitute a mature discipline, but they frequently lack the professional applications needed in business administration and economics. Considering this, the primary objective of this article is to assemble and assess many types of intuition and combine them into a new lens for research in the theory and practice of business using a multidimensional approach. It is comprised of rational choice theory, classical intuitive decision making, emotional decisions (gut feelings), fast heuristic decisions, unconscious thought, and anticipation. The overview of several scientifically proven measuring scales produces a theoretical foundation for future empirical study in business administration and economics based on these findings.
... System 1 is experiential, automatic, intuitive and related to affective factors. System 2 is rational, analytic, reflective and related to rational thinking (Chaiken, 1980;Epstein & Pacini, 1999;Evans, 2006;Kahneman & Frederick, 2002;Lieberman, 2003;Strack & Deutsch, 2006). The final decision is made based on satisficing principle between two systems (Evans, 2006). ...
... According to dual-system theories, consumers make decisions based two distinct cognitive systems: system 1 is unconscious (preconscious), automatic, rapid, effortless and holistic while system 2 is conscious (rational), controlled, slow, effortful and analytic (Evans, 2008). A number of influential dual-system theories include experiential and rational systems (Epstein & Pacini, 1999), the theory of intuitive and reflective judgment (Kahneman & Frederick, 2002), heuristic and analytic systems (Evans, 2006), reflexive and reflective systems (Lieberman, 2003), reflective and impulsive systems (Strack & Deutsch, 2006), heuristic-systematic model (Chaiken & Ledgerwood, 2011). The dual-system approach is supported by neuroscience evidence of two neural systems described as an impulsive, amygdaladependent system for signaling the pain or pleasure of immediate prospects and a reflective, orbitofrontal-dependent system for signaling the prospects of the future (Bechara et al., 2006). ...
... Experiential and rational systems (Epstein & Pacini, 1999) Experiential system related to preconscious, rapid thinking ...
The Northern Central (NC) is a horizontally narrow strip in the Central Coast
of Vietnam including 6 provinces: Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh,
Quang Tri, and Thua Thien – Hue. The geographical location as well as natural
conditions and cultural characteristics of the region always attract international
tourists from a variety of nations. Entering into the 21st century - the era of
integration and development, international tourism in the region has had more
opportunities for a rapid growth. Based on the assessment of the actual number of
tourists, the structure of tourist source, expenditure capability and the distribution
of tourists in the studied area during 15 years (2000 - 2015), the article draws
conclusion about fluctuations in the trend of international tourists to NC, which
recommends a number of orientations to develop the international tourist market,
and contributes to the growth of tourism receipts for this region.
... Based on several works developed within construal level theory (Trope & Liberman, 2010) and cognitive-experiential self-theory (Epstein & Pacini, 1999), we suggest that the extent to which consumers experience the need to justify (not salient vs. salient) when assessing hedonic products constitutes the condition under which psychological distance can positively or negatively impact their responses toward hedonic products. ...
... In psychology and marketing, several authors suggest that consumer behavior is typically driven by rational and affective systems that operate in parallel and could interact (Chang & Pham, 2013;Epstein & Pacini, 1999;Lee et al., 2015;Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999;Shiv & Fedorikhin, 1999;Strack & Deutsch, 2004). According to cognitive-experiential selftheory (CEST) (Epstein, 1973;1994;Epstein & Pacini, 1999), a person automatically activates the affective (or experiential) system that is based on feelings, affect, and sensorial connections. ...
... In psychology and marketing, several authors suggest that consumer behavior is typically driven by rational and affective systems that operate in parallel and could interact (Chang & Pham, 2013;Epstein & Pacini, 1999;Lee et al., 2015;Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999;Shiv & Fedorikhin, 1999;Strack & Deutsch, 2004). According to cognitive-experiential selftheory (CEST) (Epstein, 1973;1994;Epstein & Pacini, 1999), a person automatically activates the affective (or experiential) system that is based on feelings, affect, and sensorial connections. In parallel, the individual may activate the rational system based on reason which requires justification via logic and evidence (Epstein, 1994). ...
Psychological distance is pervasive in consumers’ minds and affects their hedonic consumption patterns. However, the literature regarding the effects of psychological distance on hedonic consumption is inconsistent. Three experiments demonstrate that the need to justify is an important moderator. Experiments 1 and 2 show that when the need to justify is not salient, psychological distance negatively impacts hedonic consumption. However, when the need to justify is salient, the effect of psychological distance disappears statistically. Experiment 3 shows that when the need to justify is not salient, the effect of psychological distance on hedonic consumption is explained by two conflicting mechanisms (i.e., positive emotional intensity and the difficulty in justifying) which respectively represent the indirect negative and positive effect. Nevertheless, when the need to justify is salient, the effect of psychological distance can only be explained by the difficulty in justifying the hedonic option, resulting in an indirect positive effect.
... [13] In information processing, the conceptualization of the world is performed through two systems (styles): rationalism and intuitionism. [14] The rationalist style is more verbal, analytical, conscious, and relatively slow, which deals with the conscious evaluation of events and requires high levels of cognitive resources. In contrast, the empiricist style is unconscious, automatic, effortless, intuitive, relatively quick, and related to interpersonal and emotional relationships. ...
... Therational-experiential inventory (REI) Epstein et al. (1994) [15] and Pacini and Epstein (1999) [14] developed the Rational-Experiential Inventory (REI) that measures individual differences in rational and experiential thinking. The REI is composed of two subscales: rationality and experientiality, each with 22 items. ...
BACKGROUND
In recent studies, the deficit in the cognitive process has been investigated as one of the etiological hypotheses in a wide range of obsessive–compulsive disorders (OCD). This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and metacognitive therapy (MCT) on objective cognitive information processing style in obsessive–compulsive patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test plan and a control group was conducted on 45 patients with OCD, matched with gender, age, and educational and marital status. The samples in three groups were selected using the convenience sampling method. Finally, the study participants were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group and assessed using Pacini and Epstein's rational experimental Inventory (REI) in two stages, pre-test, and post-test. The experimental groups received ACT and MCT weekly during eight and seven sessions and in a group.
RESULTS
The results showed that ACT and MCT are effective at a significant level in the objective cognitive information processing style of obsessive–compulsive patients (P < 0.05). The post-test results showed that the effect of ACT in changing rational processing style is more effective than MCT treatment. Also, the effect of ACT on intuitive processing style changes was greater than on MCT treatment.
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study indicate that ACT and MCT cause a significant change in intuitive style to rationalism in the thematic processing of cognitive information of obsessive–compulsive patients. According to the results, both methods of treatment improve the research variables in these patients.
... Patterns of constructive thinking are believed to emerge in childhood and be relatively stable across time. A considerable body of research has supported the distinction between experiential and rational coping processes (see Epstein & Pacini, 1999). For example, D' Zurilla and Chang (1995) found little association between constructive thinking and a measure of rational coping (Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised) in college students, demonstrating the independence of these two aspects of coping. ...
... Of particular importance is examining whether the CTI adds anything to our understanding of coping in adolescents with SUDs over and above that provided by more frequently used measures of active, rational coping (e.g., Wills & Filer, 1996). Epstein and his colleagues (e.g., Epstein & Pacini, 1999) have conducted a programmatic research effort devoted to the delineation of experiential coping as a distinct and independent process and one that precedes and influences rational coping. However, much of this research has been conducted with nonclinical populations, raising questions about its applicability to adolescents with psychiatric disorders. ...
This study examined the concurrent validity and clinical correlates of the Constructive Thinking Inventory (CTI), a measure of experiential coping, in 551 adolescents aged 14–18 years with and without Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) substance use disorders (SUDs). The CTI was correlated with depression, anxiety, and conduct problems. After controlling for demographics and comorbid lifetime psychiatric disorders, the CTI scales of Behavioral Coping and Categorical Thinking distinguished adolescents with and without SUDs. Implications of these findings for assessment and treatment are discussed.
... Default-interventionist dual-process theories (e.g., Kahneman and Frederick, 2002;Stanovich and West, 2000;Tversky and Kahneman, 1981) assume that the default position of human decision makers is to rely on less costly Type 1 processes, so as to conserve the scarce cognitive resources required for Type 2 processes, deploying the latter only as and when essential (see also Kahneman, 2011). In contrast, parallel-competitive dual-process theories (e.g., Barbey and Sloman, 2007;Epstein, 1994;Epstein and Pacini, 1999;Sloman, 1996;Smith and DeCoster, 2000) assume that Type 1 and Type 2 processes operate in parallel, and, in the event of conflicts between them, these varied processes literally compete for the control of thinking and behaviour. As noted by Hodgkinson and Sadler-Smith (2018), management researchers have not paid sufficient attention to the importance of this distinction, thus risking the development of a body of work that is fundamentally incoherent, based on a blend of incommensurable psychological assumptions. ...
... In this special issue, the study of Baldacchino et al. (2023) builds on the insights of a prominent parallel-competitive dual-process theory -Epstein's cognitive-experiential self-theory (Epstein, 1994;Epstein and Pacini, 1999) -in conjunction with the growing literature on managerial and entrepreneurial intuition. Based on a think-aloud protocol analysis and accompanying survey of 74 technology entrepreneurs, Baldacchino et al. (2023) find that, in the process of new venture creation, experienced technology entrepreneurs employ a combination of intuitive and analytical information processing strategies, extensively, in a cognitively versatile manner, switching back and forth as necessary. ...
Psychology-grounded research on heuristics and biases in decision making has become increasingly influential in the field of management studies. However, although this line of inquiry is recognized as a valuable perspective for advancing understanding of decision processes in the upper echelons of firms, extant research remains unbalanced, the bulk of previous endeavours having been focused on managerial overconfidence, with insights from more recent dual-process theory and ecological rationality conceptions of heuristics less explored. This introductory article to the special issue of the Journal of Management Studies, entitled ‘the heuristics and biases of top managers: Past, present, and future’, offers a reflective review of prior work addressing its focal theme and places the articles incorporated into the special issue within this broader context. In addition, it sets out a number of directions for future work, with a view to inspiring the continuing advancement of conceptual and empirical knowledge and management practice. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Management Studies published by Society for the Advancement of Management Studies and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
... Simplistically, classic discussions tend to consider two minds at work: one is based on intuitive, automatic processing, and the other is based on reflective, deliberate processing that forms coherent, justifiable sets of beliefs and action plans [45]. While these dual-process models may come in many forms (e.g., heuristic and systematic [46]; experiential and rational [18,47]; intuitive and analytic [48]; reflexive and reflective [49]; and associative and rule-based [20,50]), they all distinguish cognitive operations that are quick and associated with those who are slow and rule-governed [19]. Although many names have been ascribed to these two cognitive mechanisms, the neutral or generic terms System 1 and System 2 proposed by Stanovich and West [21] and adopted by Kahneman and Frederick [27] are used. ...
The current paper provides a critical evaluation of the dual-system approach in cognitive psychology. This evaluation challenges traditional classifications that associate intuitive processes solely with noncompensatory models and deliberate processes with compensatory ones. Instead, it suggests a more nuanced framework where intuitive and deliberate characteristics coexist within both compensatory and noncompensatory processes. This refined understanding of dual-process models has significant implications for improving theoretical models of decision-making, providing a more comprehensive account of the cognitive mechanisms underlying human judgment and choice.
... Overall, based on our results we can assume that intuitive markers facilitate the exercise of phronesis. An alignment between deliberation and intuition is essential for attaining complex virtues (Epstein & Pacini, 1999). To strike the ideal equilibrium and engage in wise decision-making, one must engage in acts of self-awareness and judgment that draw on both explicit and tacit kinds of knowing, reflexive selfknowledge, and the use of both deliberation and intuition (Hodgkinson & Sadler-Smith, 2018). ...
... Epstein et al. (1996) develop the Rational-Experiential Inventory (REI) which contains 31 questions. Then Epstein and Pacini (1999) develop a simpler version of the REI, known as the short-REI, for use in organizational behavior research, including only the five most valid items for each cognitive style. This study measured intuitiveanalytic cognitive style using the short-REI. ...
Plain language summary
How does entrepreneurs’ cognitive styles influence entrepreneurial decision-making logic
Entrepreneurial decision-making logic significantly affects entrepreneurial performance. It contains two main types which are causal logic and effectual logic. Causal logic has four dimensions: goals-orientation logic, expected returns logic, competitive analysis logic, and avoiding contingencies logic. Effectual logic has four dimensions: means-orientation logic, affordable loss logic, partnerships logic, and leveraging contingencies logic. There’s not much known about why entrepreneurs follow certain logic to make decisions. This paper explores the influences of cognitive styles on entrepreneurial decision-making logic. Cognitive style reflects individual differences in perceiving, thinking, learning, solving problems, and building connections with other people. It is categorized into two types: analytical and intuitive. This study empirically analyzes data from a sample of 336 entrepreneurs in China. It finds that entrepreneurs with an intuitive cognitive style tend to apply causal logic. Entrepreneurs with an analytical cognitive style are inclined to adopt effectual logic. Environmental uncertainty moderates the effect of cognitive styles on some dimensions of entrepreneurial decision-making logic. In uncertain environment, entrepreneurs with an intuitive cognitive style reduce the use of logics of affordable losses and leveraging contingencies, while entrepreneurs with an analytical cognitive style reduce the use of expected return logic.
... One of the most established dual-process theories, cognitive-experiential self-theory (Epstein et al., 1996;Epstein & Pacini, 1999), underlies the FI and need for cognition (NFC) scales, which Koudstaal et al. (2019) also include in their study. FI and NFC are principal tools that are used in entrepreneurship research. ...
Intuition is a central element of entrepreneurial decision-making. We conceptually replicate a published study by using new representative data from 1961 adults and the widely used Cognitive Reflection Test, which assesses the ability to avoid intuitive decisions and to switch to an analytical process. We extend the analysis by exploring occupational sorting versus environmental influence as mechanisms, the role of overconfidence, and heterogeneity. Our results confirm that entrepreneurs do not resist intuitive (but potentially wrong) decisions as much as hired managers do. Our extensions suggest that this difference is not fully explained by occupational sorting, but partially by overconfidence.
... The dual process theory of thinking [17,[23][24][25][26][27] encompasses a set of cognitive approaches to decision-making, including the preference for intuition/preference for deliberation [21,22]. ...
... Overall, based on our results we can assume that intuitive markers facilitate the exercise of phronesis. An alignment between deliberation and intuition is essential for attaining complex virtues (Epstein & Pacini, 1999). In order to strike the ideal equilibrium and engage in wise decision-making, one must engage in acts of self-awareness and judgement that draw on both explicit and tacit kinds of knowing, reflexive self-knowledge, and the use of both deliberation and intuition (Hodgkinson & Sadler-Smith, 2018). ...
There are a number of well-established concepts explaining decision-making. The sociology of wise practice suggests that thinking preferences like the use of intuition form a cornerstone of administrators' virtuous practice and phronesis is a likely candidate to explain this behaviour. This contribution uses conceptual and theoretical resources from the behavioural sciences, administration as well as philosophy to account for individual level differences of employees regarding thinking preferences in administrative professions. The analysis empirically investigates the behavioural dimension preference for intuition/preference for deliberation to cast empirical evidence on three different intuitive markers present among individuals, who also prefer to use deliberation. We explore possible explanations for the differences and similarities of our global sample of 2227 workplace respondents, who conceptually represent phronetic practitioners.
... The distinction between these two kinds of strategies is congruent with much recent theorizing about the processing of social information (e.g., Chaiken & Trope, 1999;Clore & Ortony, 2000;Epstein & Pacini, 1999) and appears to reflect different routes of processing (Cacioppo, Gardner, & Berntson, 1999;Damasio, 1995;LeDoux, 1996;Schore, 1994;Tucker, 1992). Accordingly, information can be processed in one of two modes. ...
In this research, the authors hypothesize that affect regulation involves 2 independent strategies: affect optimization, the tendency to constrain affect to positive values, and affect complexity, the amplification of affect in the search for differentiation and objectivity. Community residents age 15 to 86 were assessed by using 2 convergent measurement domains: 1 based on measures of positive-negative affect and cognitive-affective complexity and 1 based on measures of coping and defense. Both domains yielded the hypothesized affect optimization and affect complexity dimensions. As predicted, the affect optimization dimensions are primarily related to relationship quality variables, and the affect complexity dimensions to socioeconomic status and education. Hence, positive affect and its maximization have different significance in the context of high- or low-affect complexity.
... Education in STEM disciplines enhances managers' receptiveness to long-term R&D investments (Cummings & Knott, 2018) and improves their ability to assess investment returns compared to their business-educated counterparts (Hayes & Abernathy, 1980). Therefore, managers' cognitive processes and R&D investment choices vary based on differences in field and level of education (Marvel & Lumpkin, 2007;Rodenbach & Brettel, 2012), which remain relatively stable over time (Epstein & Pacini, 1999;Marzi, Fakhar Manesh, Caputo, Pellegrini, & Vlač ić , 2023). ...
In an era of hypercompetition, research and development (R&D) investments are vital for organizations to stay competitive. This microlevel study draws on dynamic managerial capability (DMC) theory to explore the mechanisms contributing to competitive advantages. It posits that DMCs enhance firm performance by increasing R&D spending, and explores the moderating role of slack resources due to their effect on resource availability. Employing hierarchical regression analysis and bootstrapping methods on a longitudinal sample comprising 31 German DAX firms, the findings robustly demonstrate that DMCs facilitate firm performance by fostering R&D expenditures and confirm the moderating effect of specific slack resources. However, only internal but not external slack resources amplify the relationship between DMCs and R&D intensity. Overall, this study emphasizes the critical role of managers’ microlevel capabilities in determining firm performance and sheds light on how different slack resources influence the relationships between DMCs, R&D intensity, and firm performance.
... Alternatively, decisions can be formed by constructing mental models or simulating future scenarios, a task for which System 2 is employed. The literature assigns several labels to Systems 1 and 2 [6,7,25,48,[60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75]. However, we cannot expect these labels to be consistent from one author to the next [58]. ...
This paper explores the dual-processing hypothesis of the mind, Systems 1 and 2, by examining debates between cognitive and evolutionary psychologists. I structure the discussion in a back-and-forth manner to emphasize the differences. I show that, while the majority of cognitive psychologists now embrace the dual-processing theory of the mind, Systems 1 and 2, there are still some who disagree. Most evolutionary psychologists, in contrast, dispute the existence of System 2, a domain-general mind, although some disagree. However, a consensus is growing in favor of System 2, although evolutionary psychologists’ concerns must be addressed. The uniqueness of this review is that it contrasts the perspectives of cognitive psychologists with evolutionary psychologists, which is uncommon in the cognitive psychology literature, which tends to overlook evolutionary viewpoints.
... The first system is fast, automatic, relatively effortless, and based on associative processes. The second system is slow, controlled, requires a certain amount of effort, and is based on deliberation (Sloman, 1996(Sloman, , 2014Epstein and Pacini, 1999;Lieberman, 2003;Stanovich, 2004;Kahneman and Frederick, 2005;Evans, 2006;Pennycook et al., 2018). The dual process theory of thought is a general label that includes several specific theories that differ in some respects as to the interaction between the two systems (De Neys and Glumicic, 2008;Thompson, 2013;Sloman, 2014). ...
False memory formation is usually studied using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (DRM), in which individuals incorrectly remember words that were not originally presented. In this paper, we systematically investigated how two modes of thinking (analytical vs. intuitive) can influence the tendency to create false memories. The increased propensity of intuitive thinkers to generate more false memories can be explained by one or both of the following hypotheses: a decrease in the inhibition of the lure words that come to mind, or an increased reliance on the familiarity heuristic to determine if the word has been previously studied. In two studies, we conducted tests of both recognition and recall using the DRM paradigm. Our observations indicate that a decrease in inhibitory efficiency plays a larger role in false memory formation compared to the use of the familiarity heuristic.
... We see the fairness and uncertainty phenomena that are the subject of this chapter as manifestations of "hot" cognitive processes and immediate experiential reactions (Maas & Van den Bos, 2009; see also Epstein, 1985Epstein, , 1994Epstein et al., 1992;Epstein & Pacini, 1999), reactions that occur at a rather Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/44608/chapter/413985084 by Utrecht University Library user on 21 August 2023 fundamental psychological level and that can come into play whether the uncertainty involved is advantageous or disadvantageous, whether it is sought or not by the person in question. With respect to the processes triggered by informational uncertainty about fairness, the research and theory that we describe show that these processes are a ready way to cope with any situation where there is less-than-complete information about whether given experiences are fair or about whether particular people or institutions can be trusted. ...
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... Alternatively, decisions can be formed by constructing mental models or simulating future scenarios, a task for which System 2 is employed. The literature assigns several labels to Systems 1 and 2 [6,7,25,48,[60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75]. However, we cannot expect these labels to be consistent from one author to the next [58]. ...
Most cognitive psychologists now accept the dual-processing theory of the mind, Systems 1 and 2, but there are some who disagree. Most evolutionary psychologists, in contrast, deny the ex-istence of System 2, a domain-general mind, but there are some who disagree. This entry shows that a consensus is emerging in favor of System 2, but the challenges raised by evolutionary psychologists must be addressed.
... Cognitive experiential self-theory (CEST) is the two-way mechanism in which individuals process information through experiential or rational means [68]. The reduction of emotion-based processing makes decision-making more bottom-up and systematic. ...
Juries are a core component of the criminal justice system. Although marked with a history of prejudice, segmentation, and discrimination, the framework of the 6th Amendment calls for impartiality among a jury of peers who are selected for the pursuit of justice. Influencing jury decision-making is the perception of witnesses, defendants, and victims. Specific to this work, the characterization of the victim is often a function of in-group bias in which the jury, operating collectively, decides if it is to cognitively distance itself from the victim based on assigned attributes. The group's agreement with the assignment of negative attributes is especially apparent when the victim is a Black male. In the case of this analysis, teenage murder victim Jordan Davis was described as a man and characterized as an adult aggressor and deserving of blame. The analysis is integrative and considers this case to elaborate on the cognitive theories, system behavior, and cultural norms that frame the perceptive process of jurors. Also reflected are the implications of biased decision-making processes, as well as suggestions for ways to mitigate them.
... According to the Dual System Theory, one of the systems is purposive and rational, and the other is autonomous and emotional (Hamilton et al., 1999). These two systems maintain their existence together and play an active role in the decision-making processes of individuals in daily life (Epstein & Pacini, 1999). In the literature, these two systems are named differently as reflexive and reflective (Lieberman, 2002), experiential and rational (Epstein, 1994), System-1 and System-2 (Kahneman, 2003). ...
This study examines research models of the dual system theory, which has recently begun to be used in consumer behavior. The studies reached within the scope of the research were evaluated, and their contents, results, and models were shared. Unfortunately, a research article written using the framework of dual systems theory could not be found in the Turkish consumer behavior literature. Therefore, the outputs of this study could be helpful to marketing theorists who will apply to the dual system theory.
Key words: Consumer Behavior, Dual-Systems Theory, Research Model.
... Although paranormal beliefs are assumed to be prevalent in Western society (Rice, 2003), variations among such beliefs and specific thinking styles are also noted (Aarnio & Lindman, 2005). More specifically, according to Epstein and Pacini's (1999) cognitive-experiential self-theory, individuals operate with two distinct information processing systems that have specific operating rules. The first is the experiential/intuitive system, which is concrete, holistic associative, and mainly focused on experiences. ...
Previous studies suggest that paranormal beliefs, cognitive processes, and psychotic-like experiences are correlated. To further explore this connection, research was conducted to examine whether paranormal beliefs were correlated with, or predicted by executive functioning, metacognition, delusions, and hallucinations. A convenience sample of 180 people completed five measures- evaluating paranormal beliefs, executive functioning deficits, metacognition awareness, delusions, and hallucinations. Prior to performing correlation and multiple regression analyses, the reliability of each measure was assessed. Findings revealed the significant positive correlations of paranormal beliefs with deficits in executive functioning, delusions, and hallucinations, whilst no significant correlation was found with metacognition. Regression analysis showed that delusions and hallucinations were significant predictors of paranormal beliefs. Concerning the relevant literature, these outcomes are debated.
... We see the fairness and uncertainty phenomena that are the subject of this chapter as manifestations of "hot" cognitive processes and immediate experiential reactions (Maas & Van den Bos, 2009; see also Epstein, 1985Epstein, , 1994Epstein et al., 1992;Epstein & Pacini, 1999), reactions that occur at a rather fundamental psychological level and that can come into play whether the uncertainty involved is advantageous or disadvantageous, whether it is sought or not by the person in question. With respect to the processes triggered by informational uncertainty about fairness, the research and theory that we describe show that these processes are a ready way to cope with any situation where there is less-than-complete information about whether given experiences are fair or about whether particular people or institutions can be trusted. ...
There are two substantial literatures in social and organizational psychology that sit at the interface of uncertainty and fairness concerns. Work on "informational uncertainty" examines how people respond to lack of certainty about the informational bases of fairness judgments. Work on "personal uncertainty" addresses how fairness processes are themselves affected by uncertainty about how one is being evaluated by others in social or organizational contexts and what personal implications the resulting feelings have on people's reactions. This chapter addresses both informational and personal uncertainty, examining how uncertainty affects the generation of fairness judgments and the use of fairness to guide attitudes, decisions, and behavior in organizational settings. The review indicated that research and theory on these topics can tell us a great deal about fundamental processes in organizational psychology. Studies on informational uncertainty processes show how people seek to "fill in the gaps" in their understanding of what is fair and whether management and organizational supervisors are trustworthy. Research on personal uncertainty management shows that when people are treated fairly, this helps them to manage their insecurities and to cope when they are alarmed. The underlying psychological dynamics seen in both of these literatures illustrate basic social psychological concerns that are important to, but sometimes neglected in, the understanding of how people behave within organizations.
... Researchers generally view System-2 as a collection of cognitive properties, characterized as slow, propositional, rational, effortful, and requiring working memory (Kahneman, 2011;Strack & Deutsch, 2004;Frankish 2010). System-2 involves explicit propositional knowledge that is used to guide decisionmaking (Epstein & Pacini, 1999). Propositional knowledge is associated with relational knowledge (Halford, Wilson, & Phillips, 2010) which represents entities (e.g.: John and Mary), the relation between them (e.g.: loves) and the role of those entities in that relation (e.g.: John loves Mary). ...
There have been increasing challenges to dual-system descriptions of System-1 and System-2, critiquing them as imprecise and fostering misconceptions. We address these issues here by way of Dennett's appeal to use computational thinking as an analytical tool, specifically we employ the Common Model of Cognition. Results show that the characteristics thought to be distinctive of System-1 and System-2 instead form a spectrum of cognitive properties. By grounding System-1 and System-2 in the Common Model we aim to clarify their underlying mechanisms, persisting misconceptions, and implications for metacognition.
... Researchers generally understand System-2 in terms of a collection of cognitive properties characterized as slow, propositional, rational, effortful, and requiring working memory [4,20,35]. System-2 involves explicit propositional knowledge that is used to guide decision-making [37]. Propositional knowledge is associated with relational knowledge [38] which represents entities (e.g.: John and Mary), the relation between them (e.g.: loves) and the role of those entities in that relation (e.g.: John loves Mary). ...
Attempts to import dual-system descriptions of System-1 and System-2 into AI have been hindered by a lack of clarity over their distinction. We address this and other issues by situating System-1 and System-2 within the Common Model of Cognition. Results show that what are thought to be distinctive characteristics of System-1 and 2 instead form a spectrum of cognitive properties. The Common Model provides a comprehensive vision of the computational units involved in System-1 and System-2, their underlying mechanisms, and the implications for learning, metacognition, and emotion.
... A cognitive style denotes an underlying and enduring propensity toward a specific mode of information processing (Hodgkinson and Clarke, 2007). Most individuals tend to have such a preference for one style over the other, and this predisposition tends to persist over time (Epstein and Pacini, 1999). This was the case in Baldacchino's (2013) study, where a negative correlation among a sample of entrepreneurs was found between the two cognitive styles. ...
SMEs' willingness to adopt Open Innovation largely depends on managerial cognitive configurations. The present study inquiries a scarcely explored aspect of Open Innovation, namely the human side of Open Innovation. As a result, we study the cognitive configurations leading toward willingness or unwillingness of OI adoption, specifically focusing on the cognitive side of the decision-makers. In doing so, we explore the role of Rational and Intuitive cognition, together with the NIH and NHS syndromes. Also, we study the effect of perceived barriers and perceived benefits that are able to affect the decisional outcome of managers in deciding to adopt, or not, Open Innovation. The present is grounded in a survey among 442 qualified and experienced managers working in SMEs. Results of a fsQCA analysis outlines different decisional profiles associated with willingness and unwillingness to adopt OI.
... Researchers generally understand System-2 in terms of a collection of cognitive properties characterized as slow, propositional, rational, effortful, and requiring working memory [4,20,35]. System-2 involves explicit propositional knowledge that is used to guide decision-making [37]. Propositional knowledge is associated with relational knowledge [38] which represents entities (e.g.: John and Mary), the relation between them (e.g.: loves) and the role of those entities in that relation (e.g.: John loves Mary). ...
Attempts to import dual-system descriptions of System-1 and System-2 into AI have been hindered by a lack of clarity over their distinction. We address this and other issues by situating System-1 and System-2 within the Common Model of Cognition. Results show that what are thought to be distinctive characteristics of System-1 and 2 instead form a spectrum of cognitive properties. The Common Model provides a comprehensive vision of the computational units involved in System-1 and System-2, their underlying mechanisms, and the implications for learning, metacognition, and emotion.
... Affective rumination is a typical form of hot processing, characterized by a rapid judgment and decision-making process based on perceptual experience. By comparison, cognitive rumination is a form of slow, cold processing mainly based on rational judgment, which tries to eliminate emotional disturbance [31]. Finally, there are significant differences between the two types of information processing in terms of goals and time orientation. ...
Adopting the information processing perspective, the current study aims to investigate the differential effects of affective and cognitive ruminations on individuals’ affective states and learning behavior, and to further explore their differential mediating roles in transmitting effects of challenge and hindrance stressors on affect and behavior. A two-wave survey, in which stressors and ruminations were measured in the first wave and affective states and learning behavior were measured in the second, was conducted to obtain responses from 410 employees. As expected, affective and cognitive ruminations were differently associated with challenge stressors (i.e., cognitive job insecurity) and hindrance stressors (i.e., interpersonal conflict), and yielded different effects in terms of positive affect, negative affect, and learning behavior. Specifically, the results showed that: (a) cognitive job insecurity was significantly and positively related to cognitive rumination, while interpersonal conflict was significantly and positively related to affective rumination; (b) affective and cognitive ruminations were significantly associated with positive or negative affect, but in the exact opposite direction; (c) cognitive rumination, but not affective rumination, was significantly related to learning behavior; and (d) cognitive rumination mediated the effect of cognitive job insecurity on positive affect and learning behavior, while affective rumination mediated the effect of interpersonal conflict on negative affect. The current study contributes to the literature on rumination by introducing a new perspective, and sheds new light on the understanding of how and why affective and cognitive ruminations may lead to different affective states and behaviors.
... Meneliti pilihan yang tersedia melalui gaya pengambilan keputusan yang rasional mengharuskan pembuat keputusan untuk secara sengaja menilai pilihan dan kemungkinan konsekuensi yang relevan. Gaya pengambilan keputusan rasional sebagian besar bebas dari kekonyolan dan ceroboh, tetapi menjadi proses yang sadar dan bijaksana, sehingga menghasilkan keputusan yang lebih baik (Epstein and Pacini, 1999), kinerja organisasi yang lebih tinggi (Busari and Spicer, 2015;Uzelac et al., 2016). ...
Buku ini diberi judul “Pengantar Manajemen Modern” yang merupakan rangkuman dari berbagai referensi dan sumber bacaan. Dengan adanya buku ini, diharapkan bisa menjadi bahan acuan dan dapat memberikan gambaran terkait teori dan aplikasi dari ilmu manajemen modern dalam kehidupan sehari-hari maupun dalam melaksanakan suatu kegiatan atau aktivitas individua tau organisasi.
Dalam buku ini terdapat pengetahuan mengenai konsep dan aplikasi
manajemen modern serta penjelasan lebih lanjut lainnya yang bisa
diaplikasikan dalam pekerjaan atau tugas kita.
... A cognitive style denotes an underlying and enduring propensity toward a specific mode of information processing (Hodgkinson and Clarke, 2007). Most individuals tend to have such a preference for one style over the other, and this predisposition tends to persist over time (Epstein and Pacini, 1999). This was the case in Baldacchino's (2013) study, where a negative correlation among a sample of entrepreneurs was found between the two cognitive styles. ...
The adoption of Open Innovation (OI) in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) often rests on its positive evaluation from top-management teams and/or entrepreneurs. Because of the mixed outcomes attainable through SMEs' openness, managers must weigh the beneficial aspects of boundary-spanning against the complexities coming from inter-organizational arrangements and knowledge transfer. Building upon the tenets of dual-process theory, this study highlights the cognitive configurations leading toward willingness or reluctance of OI adoption in SMEs. This is done by investigating perceptions of barriers, benefits, and organisational resistance to openness, such as the not-invented-here (NIH) and not-shared-here (NSH) syndromes in combination with decision-makers' cognitive styles. To shed further light on observed heterogenous outcomes and the effects of managerial cognitive configurations, this study analyses the willingness and reluctance to adopt OI among 434 managers and entrepreneurs working in SMEs. The results of combined PLS-SEM and fsQCA analyses outline different decisional paths associated with willingness and reluctance to adopt OI. Thus, this research contributes to the 'human side of OI' paradigm by providing fruitful implications about cognitive configurations of decision-makers in SMEs concerning OI adoption.
... Researchers generally view System-2 as a collection of cognitive properties, characterized as slow, propositional, rational, effortful, and requiring working memory (Kahneman, 2011;Strack & Deutsch, 2004;Frankish 2010). System-2 involves explicit propositional knowledge that is used to guide decisionmaking (Epstein & Pacini, 1999). Propositional knowledge is associated with relational knowledge (Halford, Wilson, & Phillips, 2010) which represents entities (e.g.: John and Mary), the relation between them (e.g.: loves) and the role of those entities in that relation (e.g.: John loves Mary). ...
There have been increasing challenges to dual-system descriptions of System-1 and System-2, critiquing them as being imprecise and fostering misconceptions. We address these issues here by way of Dennett’s appeal to use computational thinking as an analytical tool, specifically we employ the Common Model of Cognition. Results show that the characteristics thought to be distinctive of System-1 and System-2 instead form a spectrum of cognitive properties. By grounding System-1 and System-2 in the Common Model we aim to clarify their underlying mechanisms, persisting misconceptions, and implications for metacognition.
People make decisions throughout their day and most of decision making do not require much thought, however, when situations are more complicated, it is easy to feel hesitant. This hesitation creates two terms in decision making; moral and ethical. In teachers’ situation, their obligations and personal beliefs can, and sometimes do, conflict while deciding something. Hence, this study aims to seek for the tendency whether EFL teachers in Indonesia use ethical or moral guidance in making decision in dilemmatic situations and also to reveal their reasons in making those decisions. This study also investigates the relation between age and service time or experience as a teacher affecting their tendency in making decision. Mixed methods in the form of open-ended questionnaires with clustered-random sampling for selecting the 30 participants are used in this study. The findings show that ethical decision is the most used type of decision with duty-based ethical decision as the prominent reasoning. It was also found that, while insignificant, female participants made more ethical decisions than man. It was also revealed that the longer the experience one possesses, the more ethical decision will be made
Decision-making processes integrate both rational and intuitive approaches, crucial across disciplines like management, psychology, and neuroscience. This study systematically reviews 152 eligible studies using PRISMA 2020 methodology, examining key theoretical frameworks. Single-process approaches highlight structured, logical analysis, while dual-process theories differentiate deliberate rationality from intuition. Emerging multidimensional perspectives frame intuition as a complex construct encompassing emotional, experiential, and holistic mechanisms.The review proposes an integrated framework with 12 dimensions, including analytical, planning, and knowing (rational) alongside emotional, holistic, and anticipatory (intuitive) styles. It also introduces new dimensions such as body impulses, anticipation, unconscious thought processes, and technology-based decisions, bridging gaps in current models. Advanced technologies like AI are reshaping decision-making, challenging traditional boundaries between rationality and intuition.This study unites diverse theoretical approaches and provides a foundation for interdisciplinary research and applications. It emphasizes integrating rational and intuitive dimensions to enhance decision-making efficiency and adaptability across fields.
Purpose
The primary objective of this research paper is to investigate the fundamental dimensions of conflict management, namely cooperation (concern for self and others) and competition (concern only for self), and to establish a theoretical connection between these dimensions and reflective and intuitive thinking. Drawing upon dual process theory and Deutsch’s conceptualization of cooperation and competition, the study delves into the systematic impact of intuition and reflection on individuals’ preferred conflict management styles.
Design/methodology/approach
Theoretically driven hypotheses established links between reflective and intuitive thinking and cooperative and competitive conflict management styles. Two studies were conducted to empirically validate these hypotheses, designed to scrutinize the influence of intuition and reflection on individuals’ inclinations toward competitive or cooperative conflict management styles. Study 1 was based on self-reported measures, and Study 2 was an experimental design method.
Findings
The study outcomes affirm the hypotheses, revealing that reflective thinking aligns with a preference for cooperation, whereas intuitive thinking corresponds to a preference for competition.
Research limitations/implications
Recognizing the significance of cognitive styles in shaping preferences for competitive and cooperative conflict management, this research offers valuable insights for both parties involved, leading to more favorable outcomes and providing practical guidance for conflict management practitioners. The paper concludes by discussing implications and acknowledging limitations.
Originality/value
This exploration represents a novel avenue in the conflict management research domain, shedding light on the antecedents of thinking styles in the context of conflict resolution.
The thesis is an experimental investigation of the influence of personality variables on risk behaviour in investment situations.
Every day people make decisions, choose between alternatives. Since they do not know or cannot mentally process all possible consequences of their actions, they run the risk of choosing wrongly with each of these decisions. There is no such thing as a risk-free life and there never will be. For every risk that humans have learned to control, others arise that they do not yet have a handle on. One domain in which risky decisions are constantly being made is the area of private and institutional investment.
How people decide in risky investment situations and which influencing factors play a role is an interesting question. Intuitively, two types of determinants are conceivable, which can be attributed either to the person making the decision or to the situation in which the decision is made.
State and nonstate theories of hypnosis have dominated the field for decades and helped advance hypnosis clinically and scientifically. However, they fall short in various ways including insufficient consideration of unconscious/experiential processes. The authors' new theory is predicated on Epstein's cognitive-experiential self-theory, a dual-process model that provides a comprehensive understanding of the rational system and the experiential system and highlights that, although they interact synergistically, their features and modes of operation differ greatly. The rational system, influenced by logic and reason, is demanding of cognitive resources and operates effortfully with minimal affect. In contrast, the experiential system is emotionally driven, associative, and encodes reality in images and feelings without conscious effort. Our theory, the adaptive experiential theory, posits that complex hypnotic responding is attributable to an individual's ability to adapt and deliberately shift from processing primarily within the rational system to the experiential system. Greater association with the experiential system yields alterations in processing reality, which allows hypnotic suggestions to be internalized and enacted without excessive interference from the rational system.
Introduction: Researches have shown that information processing
styles are an important determination for superstitious beliefs and
superstitious people have less sense of control over their
destination. The purpose of this study was to investigate the
relationship between superstitious beliefs, information processing
styles, and a sense of agency among people going to a
fortuneteller.
Method: The research design is descriptive-correlational. The
statistical population includes 425 people that going to a
fortuneteller in Urmia. The sample of the study is 200 people
selected by the available sampling method. To collect information,
the information Process Styles questionnaire of Epstein and Pacini
(1999), the superstitious belief questionnaire (2019), and The sense
of agency rating scale (2013) were used. for data analysis, the
Pearson correlation and multivariable regression were used
Results: The results showed that there was a negative and
significant relationship between the rationalism information
process, sense of agency with superstitious beliefs, and The
positive significant relationship between the intuitionalism
information process and superstitious beliefs. regression analysis
showed that all of them predicted significantly the superstitious
beliefs(P <0/01).
Conclusion: Considering the significant relationship between
superstitious beliefs, information processing styles, and a sense of
agency, the results of this study have implications for reducing
superstitious and fortunetelling expansion in society.
Bu çalışmada, kişilerin öğrenme aşamasında kendilerine sunulmayan kelimeleri hatırlama aşamasında yanlış şekilde tanımaları ile ortaya çıkan sahte hatıralar, bir bireysel farklılık olarak bilgiyi işlemlemede ikili süreç teorilerinin varsayımı mantıksal ve sezgisel düşünme biçimleri açısından incelenmiştir. DRM listeleri ile ortaya konan sahte hatıraların, düşünme stili ile olan ilişkisi, Mantıksal Deneyimsel Düşünme Ölçeği (Pacini & Epstein, 1999) ve Bilişsel yansıma testi (Frederick, 2005) kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Uygulanan ölçeklere verilen yanıtlarda yüksek ve düşük puan alan grupların, tanıma testi aşamasında DRM listelerine verdikleri yanıt performansları karşılaştırılmıştır. Ayrıca kişilerin verdikleri yanıtlarına ilişkin yaptıkları hatırlıyorum/biliyorum değerlendirmeleri ile tanıma belleği süreçleri incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak hem mantıksal hem sezgisel düşünme tarzında anlamlı bellek yanılgıları gözlemlenmiştir. Kişiler kritik kelimeleri değerlendirirken kendilerine gerçekten sunulup sunulmadıklarını ayırt edememişlerdir. En fazla yanlış yanıt kritik kelimeler için verilirken, verilen yanıtları değerlendirme aşamasında yine en fazla hatırlıyorum yanıtı kritik kelimeler için yapılmıştır. Ancak mantıksal ve sezgisel düşünme biçimi arasında sahte hatıra ortaya koymak açısından anlamlı bir farklılık görülmemiştir. İstatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmasa da ortalamalara bakıldığında analitik gruptaki kişilerin sezgisel kişilerden daha az sayıda sahte hatırlama ortaya koydukları görülmüştür. Ancak sunulan kelime sayısı ve uygulama süresi düşünüldüğünde özellikle kritik kelimelere verilen yanlış yanıt oranları yeterince yüksekken gruplar arasında fark görülmemesi bir taban tavan etkisinden kaynaklanmış olabilir.
Suderburger Arbeitspapier Nr. 15: Dokumentation der
Fragebogenentwicklung (Scale-Development Study) für die Intuitionsforschung RHIA
Conference Proceeding 6th international Conference on Contemporary Studies in Management (CoSiM) 2022, Suderburg, Germany
Acknowledgement of our Patron, Editorial Board & Review Team
Collaborators and Editorial Board
Prof. Dr. Joanna Paliszkiewicz, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
Çetin, Fatih, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Turkiye
Prof. Dr. Meltem Huri Baturay, Atilim University, Center for Teaching & Learning, LET IN, Turkiye
Prof. Dr. Joane Serrano, University of the Philippines, Los Banos
Prof. Dr. Erik Capistrano, University of the Philippines, Manila
Prof. Dr. Dave Marcial, Silliman University, Philippines
Prof. Dr. Kandappan Balasubramanian, Taylor`s University, CRiT Institute, Malaysia
Prof. Dr. Kuanchin Chen, Western Michigan University, USA
Prof. Dr. Bo Aquila Yang, Beijing Open University, China
Prof. Dr. Joeffrey Maddatu Calimag, Kyungsung University, Korea
Review Team
Prof. Dr. Frithiof Svenson, UIT - The Arctic University, Norway
Çetin, Fatih, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Turkiye
Prof. Dr. Meltem Huri Baturay, Atilim University, Center for Teaching & Learning, LET IN, Turkiye
Prof. Dr. Erik Capistrano, University of the Philippines, Manila
Dr. Joanna Rosak-Szyrocka, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Moderators of the Conference
Prof. Dr. Joeffrey Maddatu Calimag, Kyungsung University, Korea
Prof. Dr. Meltem Huri Baturay, Atilim University, Center for Teaching & Learning, LET IN, Turkiye
Dr. Joanna Rosak-Szyrocka, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Acknowledgement of our Key Note Speakers
Prof. Dr. Jengchung Victor Chen, Distinguished Professor of the Institute of International Management, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.
Dr. Marta Sinclair, Senior Lecturer in the Department of Business Strategy and Innovation, and member of the Griffith Asia Institute, Australia. Editor of the Handbook of Research Methods on Intuition.
Prof. Dr. Eugene Sadler-Smith, Professor of Organizational Behaviour, University of Surrey, UK.
Dr. Dean Radin, Institute of Noetic Science (IONS) and Associated Distinguished Professor of Integral and Transpersonal Psychology at the California Institute of Integral Studies.
Dr. Francesca McCartney, Founder and President Academy of Intuition Medicine, CA, U.S.A.
Prof. Dr. Mustafa Ozbilgin holds a Chair of Human Resource Management at Brunel University. He is also co-chair of Management and Diversity at University Paris-Dauphine in France.
Prof. Dr. Ramesh Sharma, Human Resource Development Centre, Ambedkar University Delhi, India.
Balasubramanian, Kandappan, Taylor's University, CRiT Institute, Malaysia.
Joachim Delekat, Member of the Uelzen City Parliament and Project Manager at the Independent Institute for non-profit Services gGmbH (Institut für gemeinnützige Dienstleistungen), Germany.
OStD Stefan Nowatschin, OStR Frank Nierath and over 40 students from the Vocational School Uelzen (Berufsbildende Schulen 1, Uelzen).
In recent years, numerous studies comparing intuition and deliberation have been published. However, relatively little is known about the cognitive processes underlying the two decision modes. In two studies, we analyzed the effects of decision mode instructions on processes of information search and integration, using eye-tracking technology in a between-participants (Study 1) and a within-participants (Study 2) design. Our findings indicate that the instruction to deliberate does not necessarily lead to qualitatively different information processing compared to the instruction to decide intuitively. We found no difference in mean fixation duration and the distribution of short, medium and long fixations. Short fixations in particular prevailed under both decision mode instructions, while long fixations indicating a conscious and calculation-based information processing were rarely observed. Instruction-induced deliberation led to a higher number of fixations, a more complete information search and more repeated information inspections. We interpret our findings as support for the hypothesis that intuitive and deliberate decision modes share the same basic processes which are supplemented by additional operations in the deliberate decision mode.
Objective: This study aims to explain the relationship between cognitive abilities and faith in intuition with behavioral biases and also to explain the relationship between behavioral biases and performance of professional investors in the Tehran Stock Exchange. We compare two different measures of impulsive or intuitive behavior, examining their effect on anchoring bias and conjunction fallacy, and finally examining the effect of behavioral biases on investors' performance. Methods: The sample consists of 311 professional investors in the capital market whose data were collected via questionnaires. Chi-squared test, Mann Whitney U test, ordinary least squares, and probit regression were used to analyze the data. Results: The results show that faith in intuition has a positive and significant effect on anchoring bias and conjunction fallacy. While cognitive ability has a negative and significant effect on the conjunction fallacy. The results also show that faith in intuition has a negative and significant effect on return. The results of
This study sought to examine the nature of the relationships between information processing style preference, statistical reasoning ability (statistical skills and misconceptions), and performance on a psychology-based statistics course (RDA IIA). A non-experimental, correlational research design was used. The sample consisted of 133 University of the Witwatersrand students who had completed the RDA IIA module. Participants completed a brief demographic questionnaire as well as the Rational-Experiential Inventory (Pacini & Epstein, 1999), assessing processing style preference, and the Statistical Reasoning Assessment (Garfield, 2003), assessing statistical reasoning ability. Results indicated statistically significant, positive relationships between preference for a rational information processing style and statistical reasoning ability; as well as between performance on RDA IIA and statistical reasoning ability. There were, however, no significant relationships between performance on RDA IIA Â and processing style preference. These findings yielded useful implications for the teaching of statistical courses and thus contribute to limited knowledge available regarding the links between processing style preference and statistical reasoning and performance, particularly in the South African context.
Highlights
• Review informativeness fully mediated the influence of product description informativeness on product sales.
• Review readability increases product sales and enhances the relationship between review informativeness and product sales.
• Multimedia richness, either from seller-created or buyer-created content, is positively associated with product sales.
• Extreme positive review valence enhances the relationship between review informativeness and product sales.
• As a product of the research process, the lexicons of video game attributes are developed.
La distance psychologique est omniprésente dans l’esprit du consommateur et influence ses attitudes et son comportement envers les produits hédoniques. Cependant, des contradictions sont présentes dans la littérature quant à la direction (positive ou négative) des effets de la distance psychologique sur les réponses du consommateur envers les produits hédoniques. En effet, certaines recherches avancent que l’augmentation de la distance psychologique influence positivement les réponses du consommateur envers les produits hédoniques. Alors que d’autres suggèrent l’effet inverse, à savoir une influence négative de l’augmentation de la distance psychologique sur les réponses du consommateur envers les produits hédoniques. L’objectif de cette recherche est de réconcilier ces contradictions en examinant sous quelles conditions la distance peut avoir un effet positif ou négatif. Sur la base d’un état de l’art de la littérature et d’une étude qualitative, nous proposons que le degré de proéminence du besoin de justification (non saillant vs saillant) du consommateur au moment où il évalue le produit hédonique modère ses effets et constitue une condition sous laquelle la distance psychologique peut avoir un effet positif ou négatif sur les réponses du consommateur envers les produits hédoniques. Trois expérimentations ont été conduites pour le test de nos hypothèses. Les deux premières suggèrent qu’en condition de besoin de justification non saillant, l’augmentation de la distance psychologique a une influence négative sur les réponses attitudinales et comportementales du consommateur envers les produits hédoniques. La troisième expérimentation, quant à elle, propose qu’en condition de besoin de justification saillant, l’augmentation de la distance psychologique a un effet positif sur la réponse comportementale du consommateur envers le produit hédonique. Cette recherche contribue à la littérature sur le concept de distance psychologique en précisant sous quelles conditions (c.-à-d. besoin de justification saillant vs non saillant) la distance peut avoir un effet positif ou négatif sur les réponses des consommateurs envers les produits hédoniques.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.