Content uploaded by Norman Arancon
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Norman Arancon on Jul 01, 2016
Content may be subject to copyright.
Content uploaded by Norman Arancon
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Norman Arancon on Jun 30, 2016
Content may be subject to copyright.
1
THIS ARTICLE WAS PUBLISHED IN:
BioCycle December 2007, Vol. 48, No. 12, p. 38
Greenhouse trials confirm that the sooner a tea is used after it is brewed, the more effective it
is in influencing plant growth and suppressing diseases.
Part II
Clive A. Edwards, Norman Q. Arancon, Eric Emerson and Ryan Pulliam
SUPPRESSION OF PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES AND ARTHROPOD
PESTS BY VERMICOMPOST ‘TEAS’
Clive A. Edwards, Norman Q. Arancon, Eric Emerson, and Ryan Pulliam
Soil Ecology Laboratory
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH
INTRODUCTION
The production and use of aqueous extracts of thermophilic composts and
vermicomposts, commonly termed ‘teas’, has expanded rapidly in the last 2-3 years,
particularly since there is now a range of commercial ‘tea brewing’ equipment available
that can produce large or small quantities of ‘teas’. Unfortunately, there are relatively
few published scientific studies which have reviewed the methods of production and uses
of compost or vermicompost ‘teas’, optimal dilutions or application rates.
These ‘teas’ have been used extensively, particularly by organic gardeners and farmers,
to promote plant growth by application to soils as drenches, and to suppress plant
diseases by soil or foliar sprays, and these uses are still increasing as their methods of
application and effectiveness is gradually being established.
PRODUCTION OF VERMICOMPOST ‘TEAS’
Research in our laboratory has shown clearly that some form of agitation or aeration
during production of vermicompost ‘teas’ is necessary, if the ‘teas’ are to be effective in
promoting crop growth and suppressing pests and diseases. We have research under way
into the ‘shelf-life’ of vermicompost ‘teas’ under different temperatures and in a range of
containers. We have demonstrated the transport of microbial activity and diversity, key
nutrients, and enzymatic activity from solid vermicomposts into ‘teas’. Additionally, all
our experience of the use of ‘teas’ in greenhouse trials has confirmed that the sooner a
vermicompost ‘tea’ is used after it is ‘brewed’, the more effective it is in influencing
plant growth and in suppressing pests and diseases. We have tested vermicompost ‘teas’
extracted from vermicomposts, that were produced from a range of animal manures such
as pig or cattle wastes, as well as paper and food wastes, and all have been effective in
promoting plant growth and disease suppression, independent of nutrient supply. After
2
many laboratory and greenhouse trials, we decided that the optimal quantities of solid
vermicomposts to water ratios were: 1:5 (20%), 1:10 (10%) and 1:20 (5%).
EFFECTS OF VERMICOMPOST ‘TEAS’ ON PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES
We have demonstrated clearly that solid vermicomposts can suppress plant parasitic
nematodes in the field (Arancon et al, 2003). Our experiments on the effects of
vermicompost ‘teas’ on nematodes were in the laboratory and greenhouse, in soils that
had been artificially infested with the root knot of nematode (Meloidogyne incognita),
which is a very serious pest of a wide range of crops all over the world. Six-week-old
tomato seedlings were transplanted into 10 cm diameter pots containing a sand:loam (1:3)
soil mixture to which the test ‘tea’ treatments were applied. Drench treatments of ‘teas’
were applied at seedling transplanting, and every two weeks thereafter. One week after
transplanting 10,000 Meloidogyne hapla eggs were added to each plant pot in suspension
in tap water. The eggs were collected from cultures maintained on infested tomato
plants. Each treatment was replicated four times. Pots into which tomato plants had been
transplanted were arranged on benches in a completely randomized design and the
greenhouse was maintained at 25˚ C. Plants were watered regularly with tempered line
water. Thirty days after infestation with nematodes, soil was removed from the pots and
the roots were washed to assess the extent of root damage and the numbers of root knots.
The washed roots were rated for numbers of root knot galls and the numbers of galls per
unit wet weight of roots counted. The effects of the nematodes on plant height were
determined by growth measurements, including heights, leaf areas, fresh and the dry
weights of leaves from plant tops and the dry weights of all above-ground tissues at the
end of the experiment.
Figure 1. A comparison of tomato plants infested with Meloidogyne hapla and
treated with vermicompost or thermophilic compost ‘teas’. Plants were grown in
MM360 with all needed nutrients supplied.
3
The relative growth of the tomato plants in response to the nematode infestations after 30
days, are illustrated in Figure 1. The differences in growth between treatments, in
response to the vermicompost ‘teas’ were spectacular, and the reductions in numbers of
root knot galls on the tomato roots in response to the vermicompost ‘tea’ applications was
considerable (Figures 2 and 3). These effects of vermicompost ‘teas’ on plant parasitic
nematode attacks were very similar to those in experiments that used solid vermicompost
substituted into Metro-Mix 360 in the greenhouse (Arancon et al 2003).
Figure 2. Numbers of galls of Meloidogyne hapla on the roots of tomato plants
grown in soil treated with different dilutions of aerated vermicompost and compost
‘teas’.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Water
Control Thermophilic
Compost Tea
20%
Vermicompost
5% Vermicompost
10% Vermicompost
20%
Treatments
galls/g root
4
Figure 3. The roots of tomato plants infested with Meloidogyne hapla and treated
with 5%, 10%, 20% aerated vermicompost ‘teas’ or 20% thermophilic compost
‘tea’ compared with those treated with only water (control).
EFFECTS OF VERMICOMPOST ‘TEAS’ ON ARTHROPOD PESTS
We have shown that solid vermicomposts can suppress spider mite, mealy bug, and aphid
populations in the field (Arancon et al 2007). For our preliminary experiments into the
suppression of arthropod pests by vermicompost ‘teas’, we chose two important groups
of plant pests, aphids, and spider mites. For the spider mite experiments, four tomato
plants were placed into each 0.2 mm mesh cage (40 cm x 30 cm x 30), and 100 two-
spotted spider mites (Tetranychus sp.) were released into each infested cage, with four
replicate cages for each treatment. The plants were treated with either water (control),
aerated thermophilic 20% compost ‘tea’, or aerated 5%, 10%, or 20% vermicompost
‘tea’, produced from food waste vermicompost. The damage to the plants in these cages
was assessed on a damage rating of 0 (no damage) to 5 (100% damage), eight days after
pests were introduced into the cages. There were four replicate cages with no spider mite
infestations, in order to assess any changes in leaf weights caused by the spider mite
infestations.
Because spider mites are so small we did not count them, instead we assessed the
amounts of the distinct damage that they caused to the plants. All three soil application
rates of vermicompost ‘teas’ decreased the amounts of damage by the spider mites
compared with the water control significantly (P < 0.05). By comparison the traditional
thermophilic compost tea had no significant effect on the spider mite damage.
We used the same experimental protocol in experiments on aphids. In these experiments,
100 aphids (Myzus persicae) were released onto four tomato plants, in each of the cages
infected with aphids. A set of cages that had no aphid infestations was used to assess any
changes in leaf weights caused by the aphids. The numbers of aphids on each plant were
counted 13 days after infestation. The results are summarized in Figure 4. Clearly, all
three dilutions of aerated vermicompost ‘teas’ suppressed the aphid populations
significantly (P < 0.05) compared with the water control treatment whereas the aerated
thermophilic compost ‘tea’ had no significant effects on the aphid populations.
5
Figure 4. Numbers of aphids on tomato plants, 13 days after 100 aphids had been
released into each cage containing four tomato plants in separate pots. Plants were
grown in MM360 (with all needed nutrients supplied)
These results on the suppression of aphids and spider mites by vermicompost ‘teas’ were
very similar to those obtained from growing plants in the greenhouse in Metro Mix 360,
substituted with a range of solid vermicomposts (Arancon et al 2007). The suppression
of aphids is particularly important since they are key vectors in the transmission of plant
viruses. It seems clear that there is a good potential for suppression of arthropod pests by
both vermicomposts and vermicompost ‘teas’ using methods very acceptable to organic
growers and farmers.
Further Reading
Arancon, N.Q., Yardim, E., Edwards, C.A., Lee, S., 2003. The Trophic diversity of
nematode communities in soils treated with vermicomposts. Pedobiologia 47, 736-740.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Control (Water) Aerated Vermicompost
5% Aerated Vermicompost
10% Aerated Vermicompost
20% Aerated Thermophilic
Compost 20%
Treatment
Number of Aphids/plant
6
Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Oliver, T.J., Byrne, R.J. 2007 Suppression of two-spotted
spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), mealy bugs (Pseudococcus) and aphid (Myzus
persicae) populations and damage by vermicomposts. Crop Protection 26, 26-39.
