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Development of renewable energy sector in Bangladesh: Current status and future potentials
Abstract
Bangladesh is a hugely populated country in South Asia. The country produces its electricity mainly from natural gas followed by liquid fuels. Although the installed electricity generation capacity of the country has been increased to 12,261 MW, there is scarcity of electricity in the hot summer season which is a barrier to industrial development as well as socio-economic development. Combustion of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere which causes global warming. Bangladesh can be badly affected by greenhouse effect and global warming. These problems can be mitigated by incorporating renewable energy sources (e.g., solar, wind, hydro, biomass, etc.) to the country's electricity generation. Renewable energy resources are considered as clean and can serve the electricity demand in the remote areas where grid connection is not possible. The potential of solar energy and biomass is enormous in Bangladesh and people have already started to harness energy from these sources. The government and the policy makers should come forward to encourage the people of rural areas as well as urban areas to use renewable based electricity. The government of Bangladesh has set up a plan to generate 5% of the country's total electricity from renewable sources within 2015 and 10% within 2020. However, within 2015 the country has been able to generate only 3.5% of the total electricity from renewable sources. This paper presents a thorough review of the current status and future potentials of renewable energy sector in Bangladesh. In this paper the updated information is provided for the overall renewable energy sector of the country.
... By 2025, New Zealand will achieve 70%; Canada, 50%; Mexico, 50%; USA, 50%; and China will achieve its target of 35% renewable energy by 2030 [13][14][15][16]. In this trend, the Government of Bangladesh decided that its renewable energy sector achieve the target of 10% of total power generation capacity by 2020 to generate power from renewable energy sources [17]. On the other hand, Bangladesh set targets for 2021 and 2030 to save 15% and 20% of total fuel consumption, respectively [18]. ...
... The research paper on this trend in Bangladesh focuses on various aspects of technological development and the potential of renewable energy [38,39]. Moreover, some articles have highlighted the importance of the sector and its real status [17,40]. This section discusses research on renewable energy capabilities, potentials, and barriers in various developing countries. ...
... The steps taken to achieve SDG-7 in Bangladesh, and the current situation, have been reflected in various studies. Among them, the study titled "Development and Prospects of Bangladesh in Renewable Fuel Sector" has provided suggestions on technological development and more research [17]. The article mentions that one of the decisions taken by the Government of Bangladesh in the renewable energy sector is to achieve the target of 10% of total power generation capacity by 2020 to be power generated from renewable energy sources. ...
For a developing country such as Bangladesh, renewable energy is immensely important for its entire development and advancement. Bangladesh has taken steps to increase the development capacity in the renewable energy sector and to fulfill the target of achieving one hundred percent electrification. The goal of this study is to determine the present scenario of the capability of the sustainable energy sector, the advancement as well as achievement of adopted plans, obstacles to achieving goals, and to discuss overall issues with necessary suggestions. In this article, according to qualitative research, data have been collected about the steps taken by Bangladesh in the renewable sector, potential achievements, and various progress to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) in the renewable energy sector. The most important things that have been discussed in this article are what obstacles Bangladesh faces in increasing the capacity of renewable energy and what steps should be taken to overcome those obstacles. To present the obstacles in this article, some important points are discussed including the lack of coordination among the institutions that are responsible for implementing ongoing projects and the lack of adequate maintenance. In addition to increasing public awareness of the mentioned obstacles, valuable advice has also been given in making the loan system accessible to entrepreneurs and customers, increasing the capability of renewable energy, and encouraging conducting research on the overall subject. Nevertheless, for technological advancement in the sustainable energy sector, it has been suggested to reduce imports and to make renewable energy equipment available by increasing the production of the equipment that is necessary. To enrich this renewable energy sector in a sustainable manner, the analysis of the current state of the energy division of Bangladesh, taken steps, obstacles, and given proposals presented in this article will play an important role in the future.
... Bangladesh's geographical position renders it an optimal target for solar energy harvesting, since this tropical nation receives an average of 4-6.5 kWh/m² of solar irradiation daily (Hil Baky et al. 2017). This may generate a total of 1018×10 18 J of energy, which is one thousand times greater than the present energy consumption (Halder et al. 2015). ...
... Regarding sustainability, RESs are the best option during the present energy crisis. Lower GDP countries like Bangladesh may not prioritize environmental concerns, yet implementing renewable energy can lessen reliance on declining natural resources (Hil Baky et al. 2017). ...
The government of Bangladesh is unable to provide adequate support for grid extension and the supply of electricity to remote or rural areas as a result of the high investment and maintenance costs. The lack of power causes a crisis in fundamental human living values; education. Here three cases have been analyzed involving a rural location, Chandpur. This research compares a diesel-only system, a hybrid PV/Diesel/Battery system, and a hybrid without battery storage using HOMER Pro software. Technical aspects including Global Horizontal Irradiation and load demand were examined. According to these datasets, the model's peak demand was 405.71kW, which was utilized to create an off-grid model and optimize it using Homer Pro. The established system is capable of producing 885.654 MWh of energy annually. The principal analytical elements encompass the cost of electricity (COE), net present cost (NPC), renewable energy proportion, and carbon emissions. The results underscore the fact that hybrid systems, particularly those with battery storage, provide significant benefits in terms of reducing fuel consumption, lowering costs, and mitigating environmental impact. Therefore, they are the most viable option for future off-grid energy solutions.
... This study calculated the dairy cow manure at 9% of the cow's body weight based on the average of the 250 kg live mass of dairy animals and determined an average manure volume of 22.5 kg per day [46,47]. This research used the collection factor for dairy cow manure as 0.50, the ratio of volatile solid to dry matter as 0.93, and the biogas production rate of 0.66 m 3 /kg VS [48][49][50]. ...
... This value is quite close to the findings of a 2013 study conducted by the International Energy Agency (IEA). According to this institution, the average emission factor for power production in Bangladesh from non-biogas sources is 588 g CO2eq/kWh [50]. Laura et al. [57] conducted a study in the European Union (EU) on biogas burning to create energy and estimated that the marginal lifetime GHGs of biogas-based electricity values from-335 to 25 g CO2 per kWh. ...
Dairy production is one of the most important economic sectors in Bangladesh. However, the traditional management of dairy cow manure and other wastes results in air pollution, eutrophication of surface water, and soil contamination, highlighting the urgent need for more sustainable waste management solutions. To address the environmental problems of dairy waste management, this research explored the potential of community-based biogas production from dairy cow manure in Bangladesh. This study proposed introducing community-based biogas plants using a geographic information system (GIS). The study first applied a restriction analysis to identify sensitive areas, followed by a suitability analysis to determine feasible locations for biogas plants, considering geographical , social, economic, and environmental factors. The final suitable areas were identified by combining the restriction and suitability maps. The spatial distribution of dairy farms was analyzed through a cluster analysis, identifying significant clusters for potential biogas production. A baseline and proposed scenario were designed for five clusters based on the input and output capacities of the biogas plants, estimating the location and capacity for each cluster. The study also calculated electricity generation from the proposed scenario and the net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction potential of the biogas plants. The findings provide a land-use framework for implementing biogas plants that considers environmental and socioeconomic criteria. Five biogas plants were found to be technically and spatially feasible for electricity generation. These plants can collectively produce 31 million m 3 of biogas annually, generating approximately 200.60 GWh of energy with a total electricity capacity of 9.8 MW/year in Bangladesh. Implementing these biogas plants is expected to increase renewable energy production by at least 1.25%. Furthermore, the total GHG emission reduction potential is estimated at 104.26 Gg/year CO2eq through the annual treatment of 61.38 thousand tons of dairy manure.
... Based on the plant data detailed in Appendix C, the produced useful energy stands at 4.37 kWh/kWp/day. 22 ...
... Major challenges still remain in our country in most of the SDGs including goal 1-no poverty, goal 3-good health and well-being, goal 4-quality education, goal 7-affordable and clean energy, goal 8 decent work and economic growth, goal 11 sustainable cities and communities. [22]. ...
Bangladesh, one of the most rapidly developing countries in the world has a significantly increasing population. For this reason, meeting Bangladesh’s rising energy needs while addressing environmental issues and lowering its dependency on fossil fuels presents formidable hurdles. Furthermore, many conventional power production units are not well suited to the geography and environment of this country. This is another reason why our nation is unable to produce enough electricity to meet the needs of its citizens, particularly those who reside in rural and coastal areas. To deal with this situation the construction of solar photovoltaic (PV) power facilities in Bangladesh offers a potential remedy for these problems. Barishal is a major city situated in the southern region of Bangladesh thus solar photovoltaic power generation was chosen because it has considerable potential in the southern portion
of Bangladesh and is an established renewable energy source. An area like Barishal can help satisfy the need for electricity while also improving the people’s quality of life. This is significantly more environmentally favorable than coal, gas, or diesel electricity plants and will also aid in the achievement of the SDGs. The main goal of this project is to power up a Hospital in Barishal with a 60 MW solar PV grid-connected system. A grid-connected photovoltaic system, or grid-connected PV system is an electricity-generating solar PV power system that is connected
to the utility grid. When conditions are right, the grid-connected PV system supplies
the excess power, beyond consumption by the connected load, to the utility grid.
... However, emerging economies, which account for a substantial proportion of the rising energy demand, heavily rely on fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil, and coal for power generation (Ali et al., 2020). According to Baky et al. (2017), the power generation process in these plants results in the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs), which not only worsens the climate crisis but also contributes to global warming. As per the projections made by Ermias et al. (2023), the carbon dioxide emissions resulting from power generation are anticipated to escalate to 40 billion kilograms by the year 2030. ...
... It is also manifested in ambitious mega projects that underscore Bangladesh's commitment to a cleaner, more resilient energy future (Amin et al., 2022). Additionally, due to the geological makeup of Bangladesh, geothermal energy also has a promising avenue for sustainable power generation, offering a continuous and reliable source that is not contingent on weather conditions (Baky et al., 2017). In Bangladesh, the potential geothermal energy sites are dispersed among different divisions. ...
The ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict has made the global energy crisis a severe issue, particularly for emerging economies with a sharp rise in load shedding in communities, disruptions in industrial operation, and an increased cost of living. Shifting our focus from fossil fuel-based energy to sustainable and promising renewable energy sources, like geothermal energy (GE), is crucial to addressing the ongoing energy crisis. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the significant factors influencing the adoption of GE to support the national grid of an emerging economy like Bangladesh. An integrated framework consisting of the Delphi method, fuzzy total interpretive structural modeling (TISM), and fuzzy Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) analysis was utilized in this study to evaluate the hierarchical interrelationships among the significant factors. The findings indicate that the top two influencing factors are the “scope for new investments and employment” and the “growing need for inexpensive and renewable energy sources”. The study's findings can offer significant insights to decision-makers and policymakers, which can aid in the development of long-term strategic plans to facilitate the successful adoption and integration of GE and promote sustainability and low-carbon economy in the energy sector.
... However, natural gas and coal reserves 1. Energy consumption per capita and the variation in energy usage growth rates among various nations [10]. are limited in the country and unfortunately, the remaining recoverable reserve of gas, which is 10.42 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) will be deplete by the next decade [13]. ...
... Reiterating the aforementioned point, Bangladesh's strategically favorable geographical position positions solar power as a pivotal renewable energy asset. The diurnal average solar radiation fluctuates from 4 to 6.5 kWh/m 2 , underscoring the noteworthy variation in solar energy availability [10]. The Asian Development Bank's calculations suggest a potential solar energy generation capacity of nearly 50,463 MW [39]. ...
The escalating global demand for energy has coincided with economic development, while Bangladesh's reliance on renewable energy remains modest at 4.59%. Investigating economically viable solutions such as solar, biomass, and other renewable sources, the research underscores the pivotal role of sound policies and a strategic plan in transforming the current energy landscape. Despite facing various challenges, particularly in technology, the implementation of sound policies and a strategic plan can substantially alter the current landscape. By reviewing the Renewable Energy Policy of 2008 and incorporating recommendations from United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in 2023, this paper not only delves into challenges and future prospects but also aligns with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) aimed at achieving affordable and clean energy. This study contributes valuable insights by proposing methodologies to generate renewable energy by offering a comprehensive overview of the present energy scenario in Bangladesh, with a focus on strategic policy recommendations, thus surpassing previous efforts in the literature. The paper, in its entirety, strives to foster the adoption of renewable energy while concurrently mitigating reliance on conventional fossil fuels.
... For a broader regional perspective, Ref. [13] provides a power sector analysis for the entire BBIN sub-region, while Refs. [14][15] [16][17]and [18] offer an energy sector review specific to Bangladesh. ...
... Equation (13) regulates the reserve limit of exhaustible fuels throughout the study period. The imported and domestic fuel shares for electricity generation are determined by equation (14). ...
The diminishing natural gas resource has turn out to be a severe energy concern for Bangladesh. This study conducts a detailed evaluation of potential pathways for the development of Bangladesh's electricity sector as an emerging economy by developing a capacity expansion model capable of capturing the hourly operational characteristics of diverse power generators and storage technologies, while also identifying the optimal utilization of limited resources. The simulation results indicate that nuclear energy stands out as the most cost-effective option for achieving sustainable development goals in the absence of substantial opportunities for widespread deployment of renewable energy sources in Bangladesh. However, a significant deployment of solar PV and the incorporation of battery storage could reduce the reliance on nuclear power, contingent on a revision of current land-use policies. The construction of cross-border transmission lines for importing surplus electricity is economically advisable and considering the load curve shape change is found to have significant impact on capacity mix.
... Among these, the major technologies include biogas plant; improved and efficient cooking stoves, furnaces, and boilers; biomass briquetting; and biomass gasification. [91,92] In fact, to meet the increasing demands from the rapidly increasing population of Bangladesh and simultaneously to reduce the pressure on fuel wood for cooking purpose, [93] a prospective solution is the maximum utilization of the biomass by utilizing improved cooking stoves. [94] Because underground temperature is the maximum in southeast Asia followed by South Asia, Bangladesh has various prospective locations especially northern districts of Bangladesh for harnessing geothermal resources. ...
... [37] In this regard, some places, such as Hazipur, Titas, Bakhrabad, and Begamganj, have favorable thermal gradient to exploit the geothermal energy. [91] Above all, different non-governmental and governmental organizations have been actively participating in developing renewable energy. The development of renewable energy resources is associated with massive job creation. ...
... With the development of science and technology, the demand for energy continues to increase, and the main energy sources utilized by society are dominated by fuel resources (oil, natural gas, coal, and so on), They irreparably pollute the environment, exacerbate the greenhouse effect, and are not renewable [1]. In the last century and a half, the earth's temperature has risen by 0.8°C, and as a result, people have started to focus their attention on the development of clean energy sources [2]. ...
Wind energy offers significant advantages over fossil fuels, including extensive energy storage and environmental sustainability. Offshore wind turbines serve as the primary technology for harnessing offshore wind power. However, the corrosive effects of the marine environment pose serious threats to their safety and stability. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of corrosion issues affecting steel pipe pile infrastructure, focusing on the following key aspects: (1) Differentiating corrosion mechanisms under various environmental conditions, (2) analyzing the comprehensive corrosion response, particularly the changes in mechanical properties of the pile–soil interface and the bearing capacity of steel pile foundations, (3) summarizing the patterns and trends in corrosion processes to offer theoretical insights for engineering design, and (4) reviewing commonly employed corrosion prevention methods and their respective applicability in relation to specific corrosion mechanisms and responses.
... As an agricultural nation, Bangladesh possesses enormous potential to produce biogas from animal waste, including cattle, goats, sheep, and buffaloes, and use it for bioenergy production. As the estimated 263 million chicken population continues to grow [74], the recovery rates for animal waste and poultry droppings are considered to be 60% and 50%, respectively [75]. From 24.48 million cattle and buffaloes, approximately 186,000 tons of dung are available daily [10], which can produce around 2.5 billion m³ of biogas per day, equivalent to 2.56 million tons of coal or 1.28 million tons of kerosene [10]. ...
This review examines the function of renewable energy to highlight its significance in Bangladesh's power generation mix. The report highlights the importance of solar, hydro, wind, biomass, biogas, geothermal, and nuclear energy in the system. Graphs, charts, and maps clearly show the significant capacity and wide distribution of renewable power plants, underscoring the pressing need for additional development and integration of renewable energy in Bangladesh. The study highlights investment requirements, low-cost production, and greenhouse gas emission mitigation and discusses opportunities and obstacles to growing renewable energy. The main barriers to rural electrification include limited acreage for project implementation, financial constraints, and limits in grid infrastructure. The analysis underscores the significance of technological innovation, international cooperation, green financing, and policy reforms in propelling the sector. Lastly, it provides solutions for these challenges, such as adopting climate-resilient systems, updating infrastructure, and advancing sustainability. With 230 MW, hydropower is second after solar energy, with 459 MW. The results emphasize the necessity of a comprehensive, cooperative approach to fully utilize Bangladesh's renewable energy potential and assist its sustainable energy transition.
... In Bangladesh, renewable energy technologies like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power benefit the environment by reducing reliance on fossil fuels, decreasing greenhouse gas emissions, and combating climate change (Baky et al., 2017). Improvements in energy efficiency across different sectors, such as manufacturing, transportation, and buildings, positively impact the environment. ...
Introduction
This study investigates the complex relationship between economic growth, remittances (REM), export earnings (EEs), infrastructural development (IFD), and environmental sustainability (ES) in Bangladesh over the period from 1990 to 2020. Framed within the context of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, the research explores how these factors influence environmental outcomes and contributes to ongoing discussions on sustainable development.
Methods
Utilizing advanced time-series modeling techniques, including autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and nonlinear ARDL (NARDL), this study applies unit root tests and co-integration analysis to examine the data. These methods allow for a detailed assessment of both short- and long-term relationships between the variables in question.
Results
The findings confirm the EKC hypothesis, showing that economic growth initially leads to increased carbon emissions and environmental degradation, but further development contributes to environmental improvements. Remittances, however, significantly exacerbate carbon emissions and ecological degradation. On the other hand, technological innovation (TI) demonstrates a negative association with carbon emissions and ecological footprint (EF), highlighting its potential in supporting sustainable development. The impacts of export earnings and infrastructural development on environmental sustainability are mixed, with infrastructural growth in particular linked to environmental degradation.
Discussion
The study's results underscore the importance of targeted policy interventions to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability. Policymakers should focus on mitigating the environmental impacts of remittance inflows and fostering technological innovation to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). While export earnings and infrastructural development play critical roles in economic progress, their environmental implications require careful management to ensure long-term sustainability.
... Due to its geographical location, Bangladesh has considerable potential for harnessing solar power to generate electricity [26]. Between 4.0 and 6.5 kWh/m 2 of solar radiation are absorbed daily over the country, producing 1018×10 18 J of energy [27], [28]. Most of the country's energy needs are met with just 0.11 percent of this enormous solar output [26]. ...
Limited access to fossil fuels in Bangladesh is becoming increasingly expensive, leading to high prices. Compared to fossil fuels, renewable energy sources are better regarding several factors worth mentioning: cost-effectiveness and availability. To secure sustainable energy infrastructure and transit towards green economies, Bangladesh must pursue clean energy. The study proposes employing GIS-based multi-criteria suitability analysis to determine Bangladesh's potential locations for solar power plants. Topography, climate, the distance to power stations, and environmental preservation are among the selection criteria. The research area was evaluated using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) framework. As a result, it was divided into three distinct suitability categories: least suitable, moderate suitable, and most suitable areas. It is noteworthy that Bangladesh's southeast has a disproportionately high concentration of the majority of potential sites for constructing solar power plants.
... Indonesia is a country that has an archipelagic shape with abundant potential for renewable energy resources, building a micro grid system that can support electricity supply and have an economic impact on people's welfare is a very noble goal. Development of this form of electricity has been carried out in south Egypt [4], Bangladesh [5], Iran [6]. Advances in the development of information and communication technology have enabled changes in mechanisms and business models for electrical energy, information barriers no longer matter with 5G-based cellular communications and the Internet of Things. ...
The direction of development for the application of electric vehicles is starting to be seen with great certainty, this situation is driven by the vision of sustainable development goals (SDGs) where one of them is energy that is minimal from carbon. The agricultural sector is a field of activity that also requires machinery or equipment to support its activities. and currently most of them still use conventional machines that produce quite high carbon, meanwhile, when agricultural machinery is converted to electricity, the challenge is to provide affordable energy at competitive prices and reliable technology. Blockchain is a disruptive technology that has many advantages, especially in terms of flexibility and security to accommodate broad interactions from many parties in an activity chain. The purpose of this research is to develop a blockchain-based architecture to support collaborative energy supply in agriculture that is sourced from renewable energy. we use Scopus indexed data sources to formulate and describe the directions and references of the proposed architecture
... Bangladesh's energy is produced mainly by natural gases (62.39 %), followed by furnace oil (20.49 %) and diesel (7.79 %) [95]. Only 2 % of its energy comes from renewables, making the country more fossil fuel-dependent and less environmentally friendly (Fig. 3). ...
This study analyses environmental sustainability indicators (ESIs) and explores their governance challenges in developing countries (Bangladesh and Thailand) and advances possible remedies in light of the practices of a developed country (Japan). A comparative analysis of countries' performance based on the ESIs could help identify useful practices from countries with high ESI to improve the poor ESI countries. While it is broadly understood that renewable energy and effective governance support environmental sustainability, our findings extend this knowledge by detailing how these factors interact specifically within the contexts of developed and developing nations. The analysis delineates the complex relationship between GDP growth, fossil fuel reliance , and sustainability efforts, offering a detailed examination of the variance in ESI performance across these countries. Beyond established notions, this study empirically validates the relationships between environmental sustainability (ES) and its influencing factors, providing a country-specific analysis that emphasizes the differential impact of renewable energy adoption, governance quality, and economic policies on environmental sustainability in Japan, Bangladesh, and Thailand. The results also revealed that Bangladesh's performance in terms of majority ESIs ranges from bad to worse, while Japan exhibits good performance in all its ESI indicators except for emissions. Thailand's ESI performance indicates its vulnerability to climate disasters and slow growth of renewable energy. The ESI measures of Thailand have shown its susceptibility to climate-related calamities and a slowdown in the rate of renewable energy implementation. A noticeable discrepancy in the execution of regulatory frameworks was noted between developing countries, such as Bangladesh, and industrialized ones, such as Japan. The outstanding results of Japan's ESI may be credited to the successful practices of its citizens and their strong devotion to the rule of law.
... This increased examination demonstrates a dedication to comprehending and improving the efficiency of solar energy systems within the particular circumstances of Bangladesh. An in-depth examination of these various elements is crucial for improving the design, implementation, and functioning of solar power installations.The partnership between research and development organizations and academic institutions highlights the increasing recognition of the need of customizing solar energy solutions to the specific environmental circumstances and needs of the area (Baky et al., 2017). In this study, a techno-economic assessment of the photovoltaic (PV) system is conducted to determine its levelized cost of energy (LCOE), payback time, and other key indicators to ascertain profitability. ...
As the global quest for sustainable energy solutions intensifies, the role of solar power plants in meeting energy demands while mitigating environmental impact becomes increasingly vital. This study focuses on the performance evaluation and economic analysis of Engreen Sarishabari Solar Plant Ltd., a 3.3 MW grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power plant located in Sarishabari, Jamalpur, Bangladesh. A thorough evaluation of the solar power plant's performance ratio was carried out using the PVsyst software and data supplied by plant authorities. Moreover, a mathematical model was developed to analyze energy output variations, while grid stability post-integration of PV into the distribution feeder was examined under diverse conditions, including load and irradiance variations, as well as different short-circuit fault scenarios. The findings reveal that the annual performance ratio of the solar power plant stands at approximately 71%, with an average annual energy production of 3132 MWh. With a payback period of 10.1 years and an energy generating cost per kWh of 0.1132 USD, the installation cost came to 67,40,853 USD. This research not only provides valuable insights into the operational efficiency and economic viability of the Engreen Sarishabari Solar Plant Ltd. but also contributes to the broader discourse on the integration of solar energy into the grid infrastructure of Bangladesh, offering practical implications for policymakers, energy stakeholders, and investors striving towards a sustainable energy future.
... Solar photovoltaic technology has the highest potential among solar power systems (Hosenuzzaman et al. 2015). Among solar technologies, solar home system (SHS) is expanding rapidly in rural Bangladesh with great success (Baky et al. 2017). Distribution of 645,000 SHS throughout the country by IDCOL (Infrastructure Development Company Limited) as of 2010 has contributed to the reduction of about 22,000 tCO 2 emissions per annum (Kabir and Uddin, 2015). ...
Though best provided with electricity, Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, often experiences power outages while lacking at least 500 MW of electrical power. Given a massive shortage of electricity both in Dhaka and the country and the use of fossil fuels in power generation, the present study examines the potential of rooftop solar photovoltaics (SPVs) for electricity generation in the Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA) and the consequent greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction. It has been found that the roof area of DMA is 62 km 2. Considering 50% of this area (31 km 2), the application of SPVs can generate 9,454 GWh of electricity yearly or 25.8 GWh per day. Such generation can reduce GHG emissions by 4.3 MtCO 2 e/year, which is 26.7% of the NDC target from the power sector. The results of this study support the wide-scale application of rooftop SPVs throughout DMA.
... Wind, biogas, and biomass provide insignificant contributions. Bangladesh intends to use renewable energy to generate 5 % of total energy by 2015 and 10 % by 2020 [10]. However, only 4.51 percent of the goal has been met (SREDA, 2023), which falls far short of the objective and lies behind many countries. ...
Stand-alone hybrid energy systems (HES) have the potential to significantly reduce pollutant emissions and alleviate strain on the national grid. The selection and sizing of stand-alone HES for buildings can serve as a methodological approach toward establishing a resilient and clean electrical energy system in urban areas of developing countries. To explore this further, a case study was conducted using Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) to assess the feasibility of implementing a HES at Uttara University in Dhaka, Bangladesh. This study examined the technical, economic, environmental, social, and reliability aspects of a stand-alone HES. The findings of this study suggested that the PV-WT-DG-BT is the most cost-effective solution for the University when compared to other hybrid configurations. Additionally, this HES benefits the surrounding communities by creating employment opportunities and contributing to human development. The sensitivity analysis showed that the COE and NPC of the optimal HES are sensitive to fuel price changes. A PV slope angle of 23.88° was cost-effective, and a 20-meter wind turbine hub height was optimal. It was observed that increased solar radiation decreases COE. Further, sensitivity analysis showed that fuel costs, CO2 emissions, and NPC will decrease if average daily load demand declines. It was also found that 1 kWh of Li-Ion-based HES performed the best compared to other batteries. Finally, the results of the genetic algorithm (GA), and grey wolf optimizer (GWO) showed that they provide the same optimum configuration as HOMER but with the lowest NPC. The findings of this study can serve as a foundational model for designing HESs in other large educational buildings located in low and middle-income countries with environmental conditions and socio-economic characteristics similar to Bangladesh.
... Sustainable energy has become one of the most important and urgent challenges of the 21st century, as the world is facing the threats of climate change, environmental degradation, an increasing demand for energy, and the environmental impacts of fossil fuels [1,2]. To achieve sustainable energy levels, it is necessary to develop and implement renewable sources of energy that can provide clean, reliable, and affordable power for various applications and sectors [3]. Renewable sources of energy, such as solar, wind, geothermal, and wave energy, offer promising alternatives that can meet the energy needs of the present and future generations while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing energy security [4,5]. ...
In this work, we conducted a numerical analysis of an oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converter (WEC) device. The main objective of this research was to conduct a geometric evaluation of the device by defining an optimal configuration that maximized its available hydrodynamic power while employing realistic sea data. To achieve this objective, the WaveMIMO methodology was used. This is characterized by the conversion of realistic sea data into time series of the free surface elevation. These time series were processed and transformed into water velocity components, enabling transient velocity data to be used as boundary conditions for the generation of numerical irregular waves in the Fluent 2019 R2 software. Regular waves representative of the sea data were also generated in order to evaluate the hydrodynamic performance of the device in comparison to the realistic irregular waves. For the geometric analysis, the constructal design method was utilized. The hydropneumatic chamber volume and the total volume of the device were adopted as geometric constraints and remained constant. Three degrees of freedom (DOF) were used for this study: H1/L is the ratio between the height and length of the hydropneumatic chamber, whose values were varied, and H2/l (ratio between height and length of the turbine duct) and H3 (submergence depth of hydropneumatic chamber) were kept constant. The best performance was observed for the device geometry with H1/L= 0.1985, which presented an available hydropneumatic power Phyd of 29.63 W. This value was 4.34 times higher than the power generated by the worst geometry performance, which was 6.83 W, obtained with an H1/L value of 2.2789, and 2.49 times higher than the power obtained by the device with the same dimensions as those from the one on Pico island, which was 11.89 W. When the optimal geometry was subjected to regular waves, a Phyd of 30.50 W was encountered.
... Over the past two decades, along with the emphasis on climate change mitigation, a number of RET projects have been implemented in Kenya and Bangladesh to supply costeffective and clean energy to rural households. In Bangladesh, major ongoing RET projects are on solar home systems, wind power plants in coastal areas, biogas-based electricity, solar irrigation, and micro hydro power plants (Rahman et al. 2013;Baky, Rahman, and Islam 2017); and the country has set the target of producing 5 percent of its total electricity from RET by 2020. In Kenya, RET projects are on biogas plants, solar home systems, solar hybrid mini-grids, geothermal and micro hydro power plants (Murphy 2001). ...
... Traditional, commercial, and alternative sources can be classified into three distinct types of renewable energy. The share of traditional energy for heating and cooking in rural areas is over 90% of the total energy, which is 35% of the entire energy of the country [39]. Besides, over 97% and around 3% of the total electricity utilized in Bangladesh are derived from the fossil fuel-based energy and renewable energy, respectively [40]. ...
This study investigates the potential energy resources from livestock manure to evaluate the country's energy potential from domestic animals (e.g., cows, chickens, sheep, and goats). A comparative analysis of four distinct energy routes, such as process I: anaerobic digestion and co-generation, process II: gasification and co-generation, process III: combustion and co-generation, and process IV: direct combustion to heat energy generation is exclusively examined. In addition to that, a simulation using a Biogas calculator was run to get a better idea of how the technical potential of the mathematical models stacks up. Results from this analysis reveal that the gasification process with heat recovery options (process II) has the greatest energy estimation (26,564.64 TJ) among the four energy-producing paths, whereas process IV (combustion) has the lowest energy potential (4419.75 TJ). The maximum electricity generation potential has been found for process II (1630.77 GW h/year), whereas the minimum from process I (27361.45 MW h/year). Moreover, CO2 reduction potential results show that the maximum potential was obtained for process II (3,78,941.57 ton/year), whereas the minimum reduction potential (63,047.23 ton/year) was obtained from process IV, compared to coal combustion. The annual revenue obtained through process II is the maximum among different techniques, which is 141.87 million dollars.
... north latitude and between 88.04-92.440 east longitudes, it has a great potential to harvest solar energy [2]. More energy is obtained from sunlight striking the earth in a single hour than people use in a whole year [3]. ...
To balance out energy derived from fossil fuels, solar energy applications continue to captivate the attention of the research community on a global scale. Employing photovoltaic (PV) modules to gather solar energy is one well-liked strategy. Solar panel power efficiencies deteriorate when temperatures rise during external installations. Therefore, there is a considerable amount of research being done on how to maintain temperatures as low as feasible. For a 50W polycrystalline silicon (Poly-Si) PV module, various cooling strategies have been investigated in this study effort. An experimental setup has been developed to conduct outdoor experiments on mostly sunny days. A data acquisition device was developed employing an ESP 32 microprocessor and various sensors for measuring various factors to assess power output and temperatures (current, voltage, and temperature). In this research, we explored two straightforward cooling techniques: forced air cooling with and without a designed finned heat sink, and natural air cooling. The maximum power output of the Poly-Si panel for natural air cooling is 40W, while the maximum peak power for forced air cooling is 42W. The efficiency of the solar panel for both natural and forced air cooling was calculated to be about 16%. The efficiency of the panel is also quite high in the range of 14-15.9% during the natural air cooling with the heat sink. It is worth noting that the highest efficiency is observed for the longitudinal forced air-cooling method (17.8%) followed by the transverse forced air cooling method with a marginally lower value of 17% employing the finned heat sink.
... Bangladesh has a significant potential for using solar radiation to produce power because of its geographic location. The nation can generate 1018 × 1018 J of energy from the solar radiation it absorbs on average, which ranges from 4.0 to 6.5 kWh/m 2 per day [4] [14]. Several research teams from various colleges and research institutions are attempting to advance the current renewable technologies under the Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) finance plan [13]. ...
... Biogas is produced by the anaerobic digestion of organic materials in MSW, which can be used to generate electricity or heat. Biofuels can be produced from the conversion of organic materials such as food waste, paper, and yard waste into liquid fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel (Baky, Rahman, & Islam, 2017;Hossen et al., 2017). RDF is produced by the mechanical processing of MSW to remove inorganic materials and convert organic materials into a homogenous fuel that can be used in combustion processes. ...
Renewable energy resources become an alternative to fossil fuels and help to mitigate the issues relevant to environmental sustainability. Some organic waste materials are harmful to the environment, but they offer a useful bioresource for renewable energy production. In this study, municipal solid waste (MSW) collected from Chat-togram City was characterized for its effective utilization of energy production. Proximate analysis showed that the MSW has high ash and moisture content which needs further separation and purification. Elemental analysis reveals the presence of a lower amount of sulfur and nitrogen content. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spec-troscopy analysis depicted that it has hydrocarbons with some compounds of sulfur and nitrogen. Thermogravi-metric (TGA) analysis showed that MSW can be degraded through three stages corresponding to the presence of moisture content, lower hydrocarbons, and higher hydrocarbons. Based on the characterization and subsequent analysis, it can be concluded that municipal solid waste has potential for utilization as an alternative source of energy, after proper separation and purification.
... Te potential sources of renewable energy that can be implemented in Bangladesh include solar, wind, biomass and biogas, and hydro energy [2][3][4][5][6][7]. However, these sources of energy have some drawbacks that restrict their widespread applications. ...
This study examines the optimal sizing of an off-grid hybrid system comprising solar photovoltaic (PV), rice husk-based biomass, and lead-acid battery for meeting the electric demand of a rural community. Considering a selected remote village in Bangladesh as a case study, the proposed optimized system is primarily compared with the diesel generator and the micro gas turbine (MGT)-based options in techno-economic and environmental terms. The potential social benefits, such as the employment creation and the improvement in the human development index in the locality, have been investigated in this study. Moreover, the impacts of operational greenhouse gas emissions on the human health damage and the surrounding ecosystem have been examined. Additionally, an exergy analysis of the hybrid system and the components has been carried out. Results indicate that in addition to being the environmentally preferable option, the proposed PV/biomass/battery system offers a lower cost of energy of 0.314 /kWh). Although the diesel-based system offers a marginally better economy (9.55% less energy cost), it comes with the expense of probable damages to human health and the ecosystem worth of 6,608, respectively, making biomass the best option with no such damages. Exergy analysis reveals higher loss from PV than biomass and 13.09% system exergy efficiency. The assessment of the social indicators testifies to the potential of promoting the human development index from its current value and the formation of 1.41 jobs to as high as 15.15 full-time permanent jobs with the installation of hybrid systems in the community.
... It also seeks to advance existing indicator systems, where using the indicator system in the right way can help with the development of resilient political strategies. An in-depth examination of the current state and prospects of Bangladesh's renewable energy sector was presented by Hil Baky et al (2017). Spanish energy policies and their implications for sustainable energy development were focused on by Gabaldón-Estevan et al. (2018). ...
The accelerated standards of living and upsurge in population have made energy security the key priority for policymakers globally. This poses a major challenge for the energy sources which are traditionally fossil-based and non-renewable. The depletion of these fuel sources is posing a threat to decision-makers. India, as an emerging economy, has a favorable tropical climate, which will help in generating clean energy with renewable resources. However, there are many barriers to achieving sustainable clean energy. In this study, we have collected 113 barriers from the existing literature, which are a major challenge for implementing sustainable energy, for our evaluation. In this study, the Fuzzy Delphi method is used to attain justifiable and dependable attributes using qualitative information. According to the ranking given by the industry experts, major barriers are further transformed into a comparable scale and presented through qualitative information. The study demystified major challenges to sustainability in the energy sector, Political interference, High investments in transmission and distribution networks, Lack of flexible generation, Interprets intervention effects and time lags differently, and Lack of grid expansion. Policy formulation is recommended to mitigate the above stated impediments in sustainable energy adoption.
... Near about 13,648 Btu/kWh heat rate containing a biomass plant. All the influential results are shown in a table [4]. w w w . ...
... So, there is no alternative to renewable energy in places where electricity facility either unavailable or insufficient to meet the electricity demand. Hence, renewable energy generation has huge potential for sustainable development in this region [4][5][6]. To make the renewable energy (RE) system more reliable, one of the most important factors is power quality, and FACTS is amongst the most outstanding power electronics devices that contribute to power system stability in an efficient manner [7][8][9]. ...
Renewable resources are most effective for sustainable development of society and economically
efficient for small-scale power generation. However, grid integration is challenging because of the
randomness of the source effects on power system parameters. This work proposes power quality
enhancement by incorporating Static VAR Compensator (SVC) in a grid-integrated renewable
hybrid power system. SVC is one of the shunt type Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)
devices that is adopted in this system for the compensation of reactive power requirement. The
proposed hybrid system for the Rohingya Refugee camp is energized by a wind and solar based
sources. The objective is to enhance the overall bus voltage profile by minimizing both real and
reactive power losses as well as boost the power transmission capability of the entire system.
Different case studies have been considered by changing the source availability and generation
supply for load flow analysis using ETAP software. Moreover, critical system parameters such as
bus voltage, power transfer capacity, and power losses have been reported during the inactive
time of one or both renewable sources. The results obtained without SVC have been compared
against the ones with the presence of SVC. Our analysis reveals that, as a result of using SVC, the
voltage profile improves by 2.9–3.3%, branch loss reduces by 2.1–2.4%, and power transfer
capability enhances by 7.5–9 units.
... The electricity generation sector in Bangladesh is expanding rapidly, and the government is trying to develop a costeffective, energy-efficient, and environment-friendly structure using renewable resources such as solar, biogas, and wind energy. The average insolation in Bangladesh is approximately 5 kWh/m 2 /day, and the effective duration for solar Irradiation is 4-5 hours a day [54]. This scenario indicates that Bangladesh has a good prospect for solar power generation. ...
This paper introduces an energy management algorithm for a hybrid solar and biogas-based electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) that considers techno-economic and environmental factors. The proposed algorithm is designed for a 20-kW EVCS and uses a fuzzy inference system in MATLAB SIMULINK to manage power generation, EV power demand, charging periods, and existing charging rates to optimize real-time charging costs and renewable energy utilization. The results show that the proposed algorithm reduces energy costs by 74.67% compared to existing flat rate tariffs and offers lower charging costs for weekdays and weekends. The integration of hybrid renewables also results in a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, with payback periods for charging station owners being relatively short, making the project profitable.
... Bangladesh is so far successful in enriching its power generation capacity over the years reaching 21,967 MW in 2021 (BPDB, 2021) but largely fails to ensure sustainable energy sources although there are potentialities in the renewable energy sector (e.g., solar, wind, biomass, etc.) (Baky et al., 2017;Nandi et al., 2011). Within 2021, the country has been able to generate only 0.56% of the total electricity from renewable sources (Fig. 5.38b). ...
This chapter endeavours to develop an alternative explanation to the causality of climate change in the backdrop of the existing policy regimes, stemming from orthodox theoretical underpinnings. First, it reveals that there is inequality in the sharing of burden of climate change between developed and developing countries. For instance, Bangladesh, despite playing a negligible role in greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions, faces severe vulnerabilities resulting from climate change. In this regard, cases of food security, natural disaster and forced displacement have been analysed rigorously as these are major areas of vulnerabilities experienced by Bangladesh. Secondly, the chapter focuses on the issue of cooperation among different countries across the world to reveal that attempts of cooperation have failed due to institutional mismatches among different organisations, authorities and countries. Furthermore, it demonstrates the adverse outcomes of institutional fragility at the national level in Bangladesh that multiplies the country’s vulnerability in the face of climate change. Finally, it develops an alternative understanding of sustainability—a concept interrelated with climate change in particular and natural resource governance in general.
... Bangladesh is an emerging economy, which largely generates electricity using coal. Electricity consumption increased by 526% between 2000 and 2021 [57][58][59], which was higher the other countries with similar economic development including Sri Lanka (79%) or Nigeria (94%) [57]. Based on historical trends, electricity consumption per capita may increase by 22 times by 2050, compared to in 2014 [60]. ...
The year 2022 has served as a recall for the impact that climate change has in the South Asian region, which is one of the most vulnerable regions to climate shock. With a paucity of climate-based and geospatial observational studies in South Asia, this paper (i) links power sectors and carbon dioxide emissions, (ii) maps nitrogen dioxide density across three countries (Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh), (iii) understands electricity generation trends and projects weather changes through 2100. We monitored data monitored between 1995 and 2021. The following databases were used: the International Energy Agency, the World Bank, the UN Food and Agricultural Organization. Raw data was obtained for climate indicators, which were entered into Microsoft Excel. Geospatial trends were generated in the ArcGIS geostatistical tool by adopting the ordinary kriging method to interpolate and create continuous surfaces depicting the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the three countries. We found increased usage of coal and fossil fuels in three countries (Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh). Both were significant contributors to carbon dioxide emissions. The geographic localities in South Asia were densely clouded with nitrogen dioxide as reported with the tropospheric column mapping. There are expected to be increased days with a heat index >35 °C, and consecutive dry days from 2020 and 2100. We also found increased chances of flooding in certain regions across the three countries. This study monitored climate change indicators and projects between 1995 and 2100. Lastly, we make recommendations to improve the relationship of the environment and living beings.
... The government has been planning to depend on renewable energy resources as they are available and eco-friendly. Studies on the overall situation and potential for Bangladesh's renewable resources were conducted by several researchers [8][9][10][11][12]. A recent study by MN Uddin et al. presented the national energy scenario of Bangladesh where the potentiality of renewable resources has been elaborated also [13], but that paper did not shed any light on the government's plan regarding renewable energy resources. ...
... Bangladesh has targeted to generate 10% of electrical power from renewable energy sources by 2020. However, so far the achievement from renewable energy sources is only 3.5% up to 2015 [1]. New energy is attributed to novel practices of energy generation like alternative, free, or renewable energy that encompass wind energy, biofuel energy, geothermal energy, nuclear energy, distributed energy, solar energy, etc. [2,3]. ...
Wind speed projection is a research hotspot in wind energy conversion systems because it aids to optimize the operating costs as well as boost the reliability of power generation from wind. Wind power output depends on wind speed that depends on different parameters. Non-linearity among these parameters makes machine learning methods a preferable approach. In our work, we have used eight parameters and fifteen different machine learning regression methods to predict the hourly wind speed of five different sites of Bangladesh. The results obtained from these methods are very compelling as it has a low Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). So, this sort of investigation can be effective for future wind energy-related ventures and research in Bangladesh.
... According to the REN21 research, Bangladesh, along with China, India, and Japan, leads the area in renewable energy development. Bangladesh has one of the most effective off-grid renewable energy systems in the world, according to the World Bank economist Dandan Chen ( ABC 2022 f, Baky, 2017 ). According to a report published in 2019 ( ABC 2022f ), coastal land and riverbanks are constantly eroding and flooding. ...
Many countries are mitigating the shortfall of electricity through the renewable energy system. Research is still continued in this direction to find other alternatives or reduce the consumption of electricity. This paper presents the status of the renewable energy system in the Indian Subcontinent which includes India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, and the Maldives. This paper presents, a comparative assessment of the capacity of all the renewable energy systems is done. The effects of renewable energy on the economic growth, foreign direct investment, domestic investment, electricity sustainability, and environmental sustainability of the Indian Subcontinent is presented along with SWOT analysis. According to the SWOT analysis it is find out, the main threats in different countries are such as inefficiency in risk analysis technology and mitigation mechanism in India, Inadequate infrastructure, Terrorism, Unbalance political issues in Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh and opportunity to increase the electricity generation through the wind, geothermal and ocean energy in the Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives.
Bangladesh receives enough sunlight to generate electricity, so the government has actively supported the use of photovoltaic power systems, or solar energy, to generate electricity. It should be ecologically sustainable in addition to having the potential to lower energy expenses. The goal of this study is to reduce CO2 emissions, save energy costs, and build and assess a PV rooftop system with an EV charging point in the parking lot. The complete system is evaluated using RETScreen4. The PV rooftop system had an installation area of 530 m2 and a production of 149.9 MWh electricity annually by using 326 JKM-250P-60 solar panels. This project would be worth the investment within a 25-year period with an interest rate of 6.5 percent because it has a simple payback period of 10.1 years, an IRR of 12.3 percent, an energy cost of 4.46 BDT per kWh with a minimum selling price of 5.90 BDT per kWh and the capacity to cut emissions of CO 2 by up to 2190 tonnes of equivalent CO 2 . By promoting the production of electricity from solar energy, these kinds of initiatives will increase the use of electric vehicles (EVs), as well as the safety of both energy and the environment. Furthermore, the economic assessment revealed that the decision to start a project will be influenced by several critical aspects, including the initial cost, payback duration, interest rate, and price of energy.
Without fundamentally altering how humans generate and utilise energy, there is no effective strategy to safeguard the environment. The motivation behind this study was to analyse the effectiveness of renewable energy in addressing climate change, as it is one of the most pressing global issues. This study involved the analysis of panel data covering 138 nations over a 27 year period, from 1995 to 2021, making it the latest addition to the existing literature. We examined the extent of the impact of renewable energy on carbon dioxide over time using panel, linear, and non-linear regression approaches. The results of our analysis, revealed that the majority of countries with the exception of Canada, exhibited a downward trend, underscoring the potential of increasing renewable energy consumption as an effective method to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and combat climate change. Furthermore, to reduce emissions and combat climate change, it is advisable for nations with the highest carbon dioxide emissions to adopt and successfully transition to renewable energy sources.
Energy is a necessary component of modern civilization and a need for long-term growth. Bangladesh, a developing country where socioeconomic development and energy scarcity have become key issues in recent years. In Bangladesh, fossil fuels are commonly used to generate energy, resulting in increased CO2, NOx, and SOx emissions. The electricity deficit problem in Bangladesh, and the greenhouse impact, can be remedied by generating electricity with renewable energy (solar, biomass, hydropower, and wind). This study examines the impact of Renewable Energy on Economic growth in Bangladesh. The analysis uses annual secondary data from the World Bank, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, UNDP from 1990 to 2018. The empirical results reveal that a 1% increase in renewable energy consumption equals a 2.269 % increase in GDP. The result also shows that an increase in population growth of 1 % reduces GDP by 1.8867 % which is significantly related at the 5% level.
Access to affordable and clean energy is one of the basic requirements for sustainable growth. Bangladesh, being one of the developing nations, currently faces rapid growth in the electricity sector. However, this growth might cause energy security issues as natural gas, the main source of energy and electricity is depleting quickly and might be totally depleted by the next decade if no new gas-fields are discovered. Local and imported coal could be an alternative to natural gas, which causes environmental pollution by emitting carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Nuclear and renewable energy sources are also considered as future solutions to the energy security problem in spite of having specific technical limitations. In this study, we consider all available and potential energy sources for electricity generation taking into account their techno-economic limitations and applied the linear programming method to obtain the best generation mix which would ensure low cost and limited emission at the same time. The whole country is geographically divided in to nine regions to obtain a high spatial resolution of current installed capacities and future potential for expansion. Moreover, hourly demand for all different nodes is projected so that high temporal resolution can be achieved for best optimization. This dynamic optimal power generation mix model provides optimized generation and capacity mix from 2020 to 2050 at five years intervals. Different economic growth scenarios for electricity demand projection and policy scenarios including carbon-emission limits and adaptation of new technologies have been considered for sensitivity analysis. This analysis results provide a clear pathway for low-cost optimum electricity sector expansion planning by incorporation of modern technologies like nuclear power and renewables with storage capacity.
This paper investigates the potential of renewable and other clean energy sources in the long-term electricity generation mix of Bangladesh considering availability of resources and the country's commitment to international community through Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) to reduce carbon emission by 2030. A review of indigenous fossil reserve and renewable energy potential for electricity production up to the year 2050 is presented along with the scope for import of primary energy and electricity through cross-border trade. Based on the projected economic development coupled with electricity demand growth, a linear programming method is used to optimize future generation mix by limiting CO2 emission for different policy scenarios. The study infers that more than 50% reduction in the projected CO2 emission in current policy scenario could be achieved by extensive deployment of potential solar and wind energy sources along with storage technologies in order to overcome the limitation of intermittency. Moreover, switching the base load generation from imported fossil fuel to indigenous coal and nuclear power would improve energy security related concern on the verge of depleting natural gas. Import of hydro electricity from neighboring countries is also justified as a sustainable option both from economic and environmental perspectives. Carbon footprint of Bangladesh may not be that significant currently from global perspectives. However, as the country continues developing economically, advance planning and timely action is required to maintain INDC for 2030 and beyond for overall sustainable development. The results from this analysis provides important directions in polishing the country's future energy plan to combat climate change.
Bangladesh has endured a significant power crisis as its economy grows. Hence, it is crucial to investigate the 40% expansion of renewable energy to attain the 2041 renewable energy goal as delineated by the government of Bangladesh. The study explores the current agricultural waste situation in rural areas of the Dinajpur District to propose a feasible alternative and integrated waste management system to meet the energy policy targets for animal waste and crop residues. It analyzed the spatial distribution of feedstocks, identified the optimal sites for the locations of biogas plants based on socioeconomic and environmental criteria and geographic information, and evaluated biogas production to satisfy electricity demand using geographic information system (GIS) suitability analysis and hotspot analysis by proposing six different scenarios. The results show that 2.81 million tons of total agricultural residues are sufficient to produce 11.31 million m³ per year of biogas in the study area. Furthermore, it is found that 21 biogas-based power plants using cattle manure and rice straw are spatially and technically feasible to produce 6389.14 kW of electrical energy per year, which meets 5.73% of the demand of the district in 2019. From the 6 proposed scenarios, number 4 can produce the maximum electricity, 3047.41 kW/year. The findings support the target of achieving a clean, green, sustainable energy system in Bangladesh while improving agricultural residue management. Estimating substrate availability and location is one of the first steps in promoting biogas-based energy from cattle manure and rice straw, which demands comprehensive technical, economic, and social policy reforms. Moreover, bioenergy expansion in Dinajpur District via biogasification represents a commitment to long-term investments in rural areas of Bangladesh.
该报告由世界资源研究所（WRI）和服装影响力研究所（Aii）编写，并得到了Laudes基金会（Laudes Foundation）的慷慨支持。报告采用了来自Higg、可持续服装联盟 （Sustainable Apparel Coalition, SAC）和可持续纺织促进会 （Textile Exchange）的数据，估算了服装行业的排放量，并且预测了在趋势照旧的增长情景下服装行业2030年的排放量。报告还强调了该行业降低排放的主要影响领域。
Bangladesh has among the lowest per capita energy (240 kg oil equivalents) consumption in the world and is severely dependent on additional environmentally friendly renewable energy resources in the future. Among the possible energy resources that could be explored is the potential geothermal energy in regions of higher geothermal gradients with favorable geo-tectonic setting and ideal petro-physical properties. A preliminary examination of bottom hole temperatures of a large number of on-shore wells spread over a vast area in the eastern part of the country, especially in Thakurgaon-Mymensingh-Sunamgonj-Sylhet through in the Bengal fore deep, strongly suggests that several other areas are of great interest for further studies in order to determine their geothermal energy potential. Bangladesh has witnessed a high demand for uninterrupted electricity due to rapid civilization in the last few years. Bangladesh needs now a reliable green energy sources as its power sector beset by many infrastructural problems (inefficient transmission system, very old power stations and cumbersome decision making process). Bangladesh has taken initiative to generate 25000MW electricity within 2021. In this regard, geothermal energy can be a viable and useful alternative and this paper proposes the prospects of its introduction to the power sector of Bangladesh. In this paper, a study is presented that shows the suitable locations in Bangladesh where geothermal power plants can be set up easily. Recently, the Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources has approved the establishment of the first ever geothermal power plant (200MW) in the country. A total of approximately 1000 MW can be added into the energy grid of Bangladesh through geothermal power systems. The geothermal energy is green, indigenous, locally occurring and continuously available independent of climatic changes. It will help to reduce the huge oil bill that the country is facing now, provided the national planners give adequate attention and support for the development of geothermal energy at a rapid pace to reduce the severe electricity crisis in Bangladesh as other energy resources like peat, hydropower, nuclear, wind, tidal / waves are not significant at present.
Renewable energy offers convenient energy solution to the population living in isolated areas. The residents can utilize the locally available energy resources for fulfilling their need for electricity. The availability of electricity in the darkness of night facilitates higher productivity. In this paper, design of a solar PV-diesel mini-grid system has been presented for a locality in Char Parbotipur (25.75°N 89.66°E). This island is situated 20 km north-east from Kurigram district, Bangladesh and surrounded by Brahmaputra river and Dudhkumar river, far from the national grid. Very few residents use stand-alone Solar Home Systems (SHS) and diesel generators. Diesel generators have environmental concern which can be minimized by using hybrid renewable energy systems. This paper aims at designing an optimal energy system consisting solar PV having diesel generator for fulfilling the load demand. The proposed energy system can generate electricity at a cost of $0.461/kWh for a load of 115 kWh/day. Sensitivity analysis is presented to understand the effect of diesel price and solar irradiation on the cost of electricity and net present cost of the system. Comparison between the proposed hybrid renewable energy system and an energy system comprising diesel generator only are also presented to understand the effect of solar PV integration with diesel generators for environmental benefits. The solar PV-diesel energy system emits 53.68% lower CO2 as compared to diesel generator.
Bangladesh has among the lowest per capita energy (240 kg oil equivalents) consumption in the world and is
severely dependent on additional environmentally friendly renewable energy resources in the future. Among the possible
energy resources that could be explored is the potential geothermal energy in regions of higher geothermal gradients with
favorable geo-tectonic setting and ideal petro-physical properties. A preliminary examination of bottom hole temperatures of
a large number of on-shore wells spread over a vast area in the eastern part of the country, especially in
Thakurgaon-Mymensingh-Sunamgonj-Sylhet through in the Bengal fore deep, strongly suggests that several other areas are
of great interest for further studies in order to determine their geothermal energy potential. Bangladesh has witnessed a high
demand for uninterrupted electricity due to rapid civilization in the last few years. Bangladesh needs now a reliable green
energy sources as its power sector beset by many infrastructural problems (inefficient transmission system, very old power
stations and cumbersome decision making process). Bangladesh has taken initiative to generate 25000MW electricity within
2021. In this regard, geothermal energy can be a viable and useful alternative and this paper proposes the prospects of its
introduction to the power sector of Bangladesh. In this paper, a study is presented that shows the suitable locations in
Bangladesh where geothermal power plants can be set up easily. Recently, the Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral
Resources has approved the establishment of the first ever geothermal power plant (200MW) in the country. A total of
approximately 1000 MW can be added into the energy grid of Bangladesh through geothermal power systems. The
geothermal energy is green, indigenous, locally occurring and continuously available independent of climatic changes. It will
help to reduce the huge oil bill that the country is facing now, provided the national planners give adequate attention and
support for the development of geothermal energy at a rapid pace to reduce the severe electricity crisis in Bangladesh as other
energy resources like peat, hydropower, nuclear, wind, tidal / waves are not significant at present
This study was conducted to justify the sustainability of use of densified biofuel in Bangladesh. This research was carried out as a case study in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh during Oct'05 to Mar'06. The densification technology was introduced first in 1992 in the region. Till December 2005, a total of 86 number of densification machine (33.55% growth rate) was found. This indicates the very high acceptability of the technology in the region. The restaurants, tea stalls, street food stalls and households are the users of this fuel.
The households, who could not avail the natural gas were found using densified biofuel whose daily income was below 1 US dollar. The consumers of densified biofuel reported that on an average 1 kg densified biofuel could provide an equivalent amount of energy of 1.63 kg of wood fuel. There is a complex market channel developed for trading the densified fuel. The employment generated was 3.73 man-day for each ton of densified biofuel use. Due to the intervention of the densified biofuel people are getting advantage form time saving for fuel collection, better service from the fuel, employment generation, income generation and the most important benefits from the reduction of C02 for developing stable climate for future earth. The
densified biofuel option was found to be the most environment friendly in the study area compared to wood fuel, natural gas and kerosene stove options. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of densified biofuel is sustainable
Power generation from rice husk is modern use of this waste material. The study results
conclude that there is a potential to produce electricity from rice husk in selected rice proc‐
essing zones of Bangladesh. It is estimated that 29 to 41 MW capacity generation plant can be
installed in the selected areas based on the available surplus husk after their own consumption.
In national context maximum 7682 GWh electricity can be generated from rice husk with a
power capacity of 1066 MW in 2030. The amount of electricity generated from rice husk is
sufficient to meet the electricity needed for rice processing purposes. Moreover, surplus
amount of electricity could be served to national grid.
Energy is one of the indispensable inputs for the survival of human being in the earth. Bangladesh has the very inadequate amount of indigenous non-renewable energy resources even which is being diminished rapidly to increase the electricity generation. Although the installed electricity generation capacity has been increased to 10,709 MW, still the amount is insufficient to meet the demand of the country. In addition to this, the insufficient power generation hinders the socio-economic and industrial development. This current problem in power generation of Bangladesh can be removed by incorporating renewable energy into electricity generation. Recently, utilization of renewable energy and Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) is getting momentum in the country to achieve not only energy security but also to reduce environmental pollution and to limit the imminent depletion of the non-renewable energy resources. Overall, Bangladesh has the vast potential of biomass, solar, hydro, wind, and tidal powers. This paper outlines the present energy scenario of the country. Following this, the potential of available renewable energy resources is also reviewed and presented in this paper
For sustainable development of a country access to electricity in every moment is now the basic need for the current civilization. Power crisis is one of the major barriers for economic development of Bangladesh. Bangladesh lacks in fossil fuel reservation. Abundance of renewable energy sources in the form of solar energy, wind energy provides opportunities of renewable energy based hybrid energy system in the coastal areas of Bnagladesh. Energy generation by hybrid system reduces the generation cost and will help in balancing the cost of energy. Again a standalone renewable enegy incorporated hybrid energy system will reduce load demand from the grid and will be an eco-friendly energy system. This paper proposed a cost effective design of standalone solar-wind-diesel hybrid power system in a coastal area of Bangladesh. Considering different conditions for a coastal area design and simulation of the hybrid power system was performed.
Detailed economic analysis and comparison with solar based and diesel based energy system clearly reveals that proposed hybrid power system was found a cost effective solution for coastal areas of Bangladesh.
Energy is the basic requirement for the existence of human being in today’s digital world. Indigenous energy of Bangladesh (especially natural gas and diesel) is basically used in power generation and depleting hastily to meet the increasing power demand. Therefore, especial emphasis has been given to produce alternative liquid fuel worldwide to overcome the crisis of diesel. Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) may be an emerging option for providing bio-oil for bio-diesel production. Although, karanja bio-oil has been used as a source of traditional medicines in Bangladesh, it can also be used for rural illumination. This paper outlines the medical and energy aspects of Pongamia pinnata. It has been assessed that, Bangladesh can utilize about 128.95 PJ through Pongamia cultivation in unused lands. The paper reviews the potentiality of Pongamia pinnata as a source of bio-diesel and its benefits in Bangladesh. The paper also revives that, about 0.52 million ton biodiesel can be produced only utilizing the unused lands per year in sustainable basis as it reduces CO2, CO, HC and NOx emission compared to pure diesel.
St. Martin's island is a small island in the Bay of Bengal about 9 km south of the main land of Bangladesh. Nearly 6000 inhabitants live there and fishing is their primary livelihood. Since the island is far away from the main land grid connection is almost impossible in terms of cost and geographic location. However, the electricity demand is partly fulfilled by stand alone diesel generators. In this study, an attempt has been made to model a hybrid electricity generation system for a small community of the island. This system incorporates a combination of solar PV, wind turbine, battery and diesel generator. HOMER software is used to analyze and find out the optimum configuration among a set of systems for electricity requirement for 100 households and 10 shops. The system must satisfy the requirements of 78 kWh/day primary load with 20 kW peak load. Sensitivity analysis is also done to see the impact of solar insolation, PV investment cost, wind speed and diesel fuel price on the optimum result. Solar PV (8 kWp), 2 wind turbines (3 kW) each, diesel generator (15 kW) and 25 batteries (800Ah each) hybrid system is found to be the best among all the configuration in terms of cost of electricity (COE).This configuration gives lowest COE Tk 26.54 / kWh (US 137,927) with a renewable fraction of 31%. This system can reduce CO2 emission by about14 tons per year compared to diesel generator only.
Malaysia and Indonesia are the largest producers of palm oil product. The palm oil industry has contributed the biggest income to the countries for many years. Moreover, palm oils has emerged as one of the most important oils in the world’s oils and the market of fats. About 90% of palm oil is used as food related products worldwide, and the other 10% is used for basic raw material for soap. There are more than a hundred palm oil processing mills in the two countries. As such, a lot of savings can be done by using the fiber and shell from the processing wastes as an alternative fuel for electricity generation for this industry. This paper deals with energy conversion from the fiber and shell of the industry wastes as an alternative energy source for the palm oil mill industry in the two countries mentioned. The study concentrates on using the fiber and shell obtained from the processing of palm oil as fuels for the boiler instead of fossil fuel. In addition, the possibility of excess air and fuel air ratio for the fiber and shell combustion process is also discussed. Furthermore, it has been found that the shell and fiber alone can supply more steam and electricity than is required. Some palm oil mills in Malaysia and Indonesia have applied this strategy successfully. The FELDA palm oil mill, with the capacity 30–60 tons FFB/h, in Sungai Tengi, Selangor, Malaysia has been selected for this research.
A reliable, affordable and secure supply of energy is important for economic development. This has been true for the past and present and will remain valid for the future. However, over time, changes have taken and will take place with regard to energy use, both with regard to the amount as well as with regard to the type of energy used. Many factors have played a role in bringing these changes. Availability, security of supplies, price, ease of handling and use, external factors like technological development, introduction of subsidies, environmental constraints and legislation are some of these factors. The following research paper is an in-depth scenario and analysis of the micro hydro energy in Bangladesh. We represent a look into a time tested, yet underused technology driven by water. Included within this document is an introduction to micro hydro system and how they apply specifically to power generation. Yet the source of micro hydro energy (lakes, rivers, and streams) remains untapped. The exploitable hydro capability in Bangladesh is one of the foremost primary energy resources but the current utilization of this potential is very low. The overall energy scenario will be ameliorated, if this exploitable source of energy could be harnessed using sustainable technology.
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) is a promising technology for power generation in which the solar radiation is concentrated to generate high temperature for producing steam in a solar thermal power plant. No fossil fuel is used in this technology; therefore no greenhouse gases are emitted. With an average annual Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) of 2,000 kWh/m2 the area required to generate 100 MWe of electricity is about 2 km2. Bangladesh receives an average annual DNI of nearly 1,900 kWh/m2 which is sufficient to operate a CSP plant. By the year 2015 the capital cost of CSP plant will become $3,800/kWe. As there is no fuel cost in CSP, this can be an attractive choice to mitigate the power crisis of Bangladesh. In this paper the prospect of utilizing CSP in Bangladesh has been focused.
Energy Security and Global Warming are analysed as 21st century sustainability threats.Best estimates of future energy availability are derived as an Energy Reference Case (ERC). An explicit economic growth model is used to interpret the impact of the ERC on economic growth. The model predicts a divergence from 20th century equilibrium conditions in economic growth and socio-economic welfare is only stabilised under optimistic assumptions that demands a paradigm shift in contemporary economic thought and focused attention from policy makers.Fossil fuel depletion also constrains the maximum extent of Global Warming. Carbon emissions from the ERC comply nominally with the B1 scenario, which is the lowest emissions case considered by the IPCC. The IPCC predicts a temperature response within acceptance limits of the Global Warming debate for the B1 scenario. The carbon feedback cycle, used in the IPCC models, is shown as invalid for low-emissions scenarios and an alternative carbon cycle reduces the temperature response for the ERC considerably compared to the IPCC predictions.Our analysis proposes that the extent of Global Warming may be acceptable and preferable compared to the socio-economic consequences of not exploiting fossil fuel reserves to their full technical potential.
The economics of stand-alone photovoltaic power system is studied to test its feasibility in remote and rural areas of Bangladesh and to compare renewable generators with non-renewable generators. The life cycle cost of these generators are determined using the method of net present value analysis. It is found that the life cycle cost of this experimental PV system is Tk. 43.40/kWh for one family (US $1.00 = Bangladeshi taka Tk.50.00). The life cycle cost for grid electricity is Tk. 20.00/kWh and Tk. 7.75/kWh for generation of fuel costs of Tk. 6.80/kWh and Tk. 0.47/kWh respectively. For a village 1 km away from the distribution line, this cost becomes Tk. 125.00/kWh for a family. For petrol generator life cycle cost is Tk. 50.00/kWh at fuel price of Tk. 22.00 per litre. For diesel generator life cycle cost is found to be Tk. 46.10/kWh at fuel cost of Tk. 15.00 per litre. It is observed that the life cycle cost of one unit of energy from grids that are 1 km away from a village is much higher than the cost of energy from a PV system. Thus, the use of PV system is economically feasible in rural villages and remote areas of Bangladesh, where grid electricity is not available.
Renewable energy sources and technologies have potential to provide solutions to the long-standing energy problems being faced by the developing countries. The renewable energy sources like wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy, biomass energy and fuel cell technology can be used to overcome energy shortage in India. To meet the energy requirement for such a fast growing economy, India will require an assured supply of 3–4 times more energy than the total energy consumed today. The renewable energy is one of the options to meet this requirement. Today, renewable account for about 33% of India's primary energy consumptions. India is increasingly adopting responsible renewable energy techniques and taking positive steps towards carbon emissions, cleaning the air and ensuring a more sustainable future. In India, from the last two and half decades there has been a vigorous pursuit of activities relating to research, development, demonstration, production and application of a variety of renewable energy technologies for use in different sectors. In this paper, efforts have been made to summarize the availability, current status, major achievements and future potentials of renewable energy options in India. This paper also assesses specific policy interventions for overcoming the barriers and enhancing deployment of renewables for the future.
Following the global trend of industrial growth, Bangladesh aims towards significant industrial expansion, which is associated with increased energy consumption. Current energy generation in Bangladesh is highly dependent on fossil fuels. However, increasing energy demands, stringent regulations on fossil fuel-based emissions, and concerns related to national energy-security make it imperative to search for alternative energy sources. Biomass-based renewable sources, such as wood, agricultural residues, municipal solid wastes are attractive alternatives to petroleum-based feedstocks for energy and chemicals. Although biomass shows great potential, limited systematic studies exist on biomass as a feedstock in Bangladesh. In this work, we present an overall assessment of the availability and utilization potentials of different biomass resources. A novel feature is the quantitative assessment of major biomass resources, which are unconventional and were previously ignored. It is estimated that the total available biomass from agriculture, waste, industries, animals and other sources could generate more than 3447 petajoules (> 950 TWh) of energy, which is three times of the current fossils fuel based-energy consumption in Bangladesh. This means that even if only one-third of the overall biomass is utilized for energy generation, it would meet the total energy demand in Bangladesh without utilizing fossil fuels and other sources. A systematic pathway from utilizable biomass to useful chemicals is also presented towards industrial utilization of biomass. This study presents a realistic assessment of available biomass as a prominent source of useful energy and chemicals, and insinuates the potential to be the sustainable source of primary energy that can eventually replace the fossil fuels in the long term.
Solar home systems (SHSs) are the real hope for electrifi cation of the off-grid areas in Bangladesh by
utilizing the solar energy in renewable and sustainable basis. This paper demonstrates the solar energy
prospect, the present status and dissemination schemes of SHSs in off-grid and coastal areas of Bangladesh by several government and Non-government organizations (NGOs). The country has an average
daily solar radiation ranges between 4–6.5 kWh/m2. Currently, more than 3.8 million SHSs of capacity
range 10–135 Wp (watt peak) with a total capacity of 150 MW have been disseminated in rural and
isolated areas in Bangladesh. In this paper, ten case studies of capacity 20 Wp, 30 Wp and 42 Wp were
investigated to evaluate economic viability at two randomly selected villages in Sirajgonj district and
Jessore district, Bangladesh. The analysis showed that the SHSs for small business enterprise and
household with small income generation are economically viable rather than only household lighting.
Bangladesh has been facing severe energy crises (lack of electricity and gas supply network) during the last three decades, especially in rural areas. These areas are characterized by their often inefficient use of woody biomass, mainly for cooking purposes. To avoid the resulting environmental degradation and achieve sustainable development, access to clean and affordable energy is essential. Upgrading existing biomass resources (i.e., animal manure, crop residues, kitchen waste and green wastes) to biogas shows significant promise in this respect. This article presents a review of the current status of biogas digester technology in Bangladesh with focus on households in rural areas, covering 75% of the total population. Currently there exists a substantial gap between technical and cost-effective potential and the achievable potential due to lack of technical knowledge, high installation and operation costs, feedstock availability and limited end user applications. As a result only one percent of the overall biogas potential, estimated at 14.5 million m3/yr, has been achieved despite government programs for promoting digester installation. Via in-field surveys this review has identified problems in the construction, maintenance and operation of biogas digesters, particularly in overall performance of household digesters. Based on these results a number of operational and technology improvements are suggested. Three digester implementation scenarios are introduced, and performance and cost estimates are projected to 2040. The most ambitious scenario leads to a five-fold increase in biogas output as compared to today׳s levels; levelized energy costs can be halved with proper choice of digester technology.
Bangladesh is energy starve country facing a severe power crisis for the last few decades because of inadequate power generation capacity compared with demand. The power generation of the country largely depends on the non-renewable (fossil fuel) energy sources, mainly on the natural gas as accounts 64.5% of recent installed capacity. This trend causes rapid depletion of non-renewable energy sources. Thus, it is necessary to trim down the dependency on non-renewable energy sources and utilize the available renewable resources to meet the huge energy demand facing the country. Most of the people living in rural, remote, coastal and isolated areas in Bangladesh have no electricity access yet. However, renewable energy resources, especially biomass can play a pivotal role to electrify those rural, remote, coastal and isolated areas in the country. Humankind has been using biomass as an energy source for thousands of years. This study assesses the bio-energy potential, utilization and related Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) practice in Bangladesh. Improved cooking stove, biogas plant and biomass briquetting are the major RETs commonly practiced in Bangladesh. The assessment includes the potential of agricultural residue, forest residue, animal manure and municipal solid waste. The estimated total amount of biomass resource available for energy in Bangladesh in 2012-2013 is 90.21 million tons with the annual energy potential of 45.91 million tons of coal equivalent. The recoverable amount of biomass (90.21 million tons) in 2012-2013 has an energy potential of 1344.99 Peta Joules (PJ) which is equivalent to 373.71 TWh of electricity.
The demand for energy is growing worldwide and this has to be met with various options in an environmentally friendly manner. Biomass based energy systems are receiving a great deal of attention to meet part of the growing energy demand with reduced global warming. Cogeneration is also receiving a great deal of attention worldwide to meet part of the energy demand due to high overall energy utilization efficiency and reduced pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. In the present paper the role of biomass energy systems and future scope for various cogeneration systems are discussed. Given the growing energy demand, biomass based energy systems and cogeneration systems will receive a great deal of attention in the coming years to generate power and process heat from various energy sources to meet part of the global energy demand with high energy conversion efficiencies. Also the exergy analysis is receiving attention to analyse various energy systems to identify the sources of irreversibilities and also aids to improve the performance of the systems. The generalized methodology of exergy evaluation has been reported for energy systems.
Biomass, most of which is presently in the form of lignocellulose, is an important source of energy in many developing countries, particularly those in sub-Sahara Africa. The intensity of sourcing and use of these renewable natural resources in these countries are increasing owing to multifarious reasons. Series of reported studies and experiences have shown that this trend is not likely to reverse in the nearest future in these countries and that there is also very likely to be an upward global surge in this regard perhaps because of the expected positive responses to the increasing campaign for gradual energy switch to biofuels partly in order to contribute to the series of efforts at controlling the presently experienced global climate change as a result of fossil fuel combustion on one hand and finiteness of this non-renewable resource (fossil fuel) on the other. In line with these concerns, some developed countries are already increasing biofuels in their energy supplies, main source of which are expected to likely be from less developed tropical countries in future with series of projections concerning this. Therefore, there is the need for sustainable means of producing biomass for this purpose in these developing countries coupled with strategies that will capture future possibilities of supplying this resource to other parts of the world when the demand arise. However, literature showed that irrespective of the increasing importance of biofuels, the present awareness levels concerning this and investment in renewable energy technologies are still low, noting that most of the efforts in these regard appear to be more in the developed countries. Increased awareness and investments in bioenergy is therefore also imperative in developing countries bearing in mind this region's importance in its future sourcing and supply. The concept behind this article is to highlight the growing global importance and usage of biomass energy and their influence on both formal and informal global energy schemes, hoping this will be valuable to the various stakeholders that influence growth and development in this sector, particularly in the developing countries.
Bangladesh is a potential site of implementing renewable energy system to reduce the severe power crisis throughout the year. According to this, Chittagong is the southeastern part of Bangladesh is also a potential site for implementing renewable energy system such as grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system. Financial viability and green-house gas emission reduction of solar PV as an electricity generation source are assessed for 500 kW grid connected solar PV system at University of Chittagong, Chittagong. Homer simulation software and monthly average solar radiation data from NASA is used for this task. In the proposed system monthly electricity generation varies between 82.65 MW h and 60.3 MW h throughout the year with a mean value of 68.25 MW h depending on the monthly highest and lowest solar radiation data. It is found that per unit electricity production cost is US$ 0.20 based on project lifetime 25 years. The IRR, equity payback and benefit-cost ratio shows favorable condition for development of the proposed solar PV system in this site. A minimum 664 tones of green-house gas emissions can be reduced annually utilizing the proposed system.
Bangladesh is an energy starving country. The country will be on one of the fast growing power markets with its population and growing energy demand per person, its fast growing urbanization, and its socio-economic development. At present the potential demand of power is 5569 MW and the supply is below 4000 MW. The country is dependent on the imported petroleum that is big burden on the economy. The per capita emission is only 0.2667 tonne per person still much below the world leading countries (19.8 tonne per person for USA). However, Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable to climate change effect in the world. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solution for clean and sustainable energy development in Bangladesh. Biomass is the dominating source of energy in Bangladesh. Biomass energy is used in a very traditional way. Biomass conversion to energy in the form of liquid, gaseous and solid pellet or briquette could be a viable option to reduce the pressure on the conventional fossil fuel. The geographical location of Bangladesh has several advantages for extensive use of grid connected solar electricity and stand alone solar PV system. This article presents a review of the potential and utilization of the renewable energy sources in Bangladesh.
A great fraction of the world’s energy requirements are presently met through the unfettered use of fossil-derived fuels. However, due to the anticipated demise of these energy sources and the environmental and socioeconomic concerns associated with their use, a recent paradigm shift is to displace conventional fuels with renewable energy sources. Among various alternatives, biomasses have garnered tremendous interests as potential feedstock for clean energy production. While numerous biorefinery schemes and conversion technologies exist for the transformation of biomass into usable energy forms, they are not cost-efficient and economically viable to compete with the existing petroleum-refinery technologies. In particular, the recalcitrant nature of several feedstock presents a major technological obstacle for their processing and transformation. Providentially, the synergistic integration of various biochemical and bioprocessing technologies is aiding in the establishment of future biomass energy programs. This article reviews the state of the art and future challenges in the recent development of biomass and associated transformation technologies for clean production of biofuels.
The world today is faced with serious global warming and environmental pollution. Besides, fossil fuel will become rare and faces serious shortage in the near future. This has triggered the awareness to find alternative energy as their sustainable energy sources. Biodiesel as a cleaner renewable fuel has been considered as the best substitution for diesel fuel due to it being used in any compression ignition engine without any modification. The main advantages of using biodiesel are its renewability and better quality of exhaust gas emissions. This paper reviews the production, performance and emission of palm oil, Jatropha curcas and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel. Palm oil is one of the most efficient oil bearing crops in terms of oil yield, land utilization, efficiency and productivity. However, competition between edible oil sources as food with fuel makes edible oil not an ideal feedstock for biodiesel production. Therefore, attention is shifted to non-edible oil like Jatropha curcas and Calophyllum inophyllum. Calophyllum inophyllum oil can be transesterified and being considered as a potential biodiesel fuel. Compared to Palm oil and Jatropha biodiesel industry, biodiesel from Calophyllum inophyllum is still in a nascent state. Therefore, long term endurance research and tribological studies need to be carried out before Calophyllum inophyllum oil base biodiesel can become an alternative fuel in future.
Transportation has dominated global fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions have risen in an alarming rate. Gasoline and diesel consumption for road transport have a faster growing rate than other sector and the trend appeared to be rapidly moving upwards in the near future. This has caused much concern in many countries including Malaysia to improve the sustainable energy of this sector. The focus of this paper is to analyze the trends of energy pattern and emission of road transport in Malaysia. On top of that, the review of prospective policies such as fuel economy standards and fuel switching to natural gas as well as biodiesel are summarized in this study. The study found that there is an urgent need to adopt suitable energy policy to balance the energy demand and reduce emission in this sector. This study serves as a guideline for further investigation and research in order to implement and improve the transportation sector.
South Asia accounts for 42% of the global population without access to electricity. Such a situation continues to exist despite several initiatives and policies to support electrification efforts by the respective country governments. The challenges to enhance electricity access are manifold including technical, financial, institutional and governance barriers. This paper makes a modest attempt, based on extensive literature review, to highlight the rural electrification situation at the regional and country level in South Asia. The paper also does a comparative analysis to exploit cross learning potential and suggest specific boosters that could serve as input for policy evaluation, review and improvements to assist future electrification efforts in the region. We focussed on renewable energy based mini-grids and stand-alone systems and also covered conventional grid extension. The paper raised some pertinent issues and attempted to find solutions to these issues. The household connection needs to be improved considerably through a targeted approach and innovative micro-lending model. At the same time the electricity supply also needs to be enhanced, such as through distributed power projects utilizing locally available renewable resources, to ensure that connected households continue to receive electricity and that supply constraints do not inhibit extending electrification to new areas. Developing a regulatory mechanism to extend the tariff fixation for mini-grid projects and providing cross-subsidies to ensure long term sustainability of such projects are highlighted. Finally, economic linkages, access to credit and institutional arrangements also need to be organized appropriately, especially for off-grid RE to facilitate successful outcomes.
The assessment of the diffusion potential of renewable energy technologies is complex and difficult. It is dependent on the availability of renewable energy, remoteness and isolation of rural households where grid electricity will not be available in the near future, socio-economic conditions, affordability and willingness to pay. Policy supportiveness and institutional capacity are equally important for wider diffusion. The potential of expansion of renewable energy to provide electricity and other energy services in Bangladesh is supported by the fact that less than 30 % of all households are connected to grid electricity. In addition, the country is endowed with a plentiful supply of renewable energy. Among various forms of renewable energy, solar, biomass, wind, and hydropower are being used in Bangladesh. The contribution of biomass energy is two-thirds of the total energy consumption of Bangladesh. It is mainly used for cooking by the rural households and for process heat in small rural industries such as rice and sugar mills.
In the last few decades both public and private sectors have carried out a number of projects for promoting renewable energy technologies. From both public and private initiatives it is clear that there has been a general acceptance of solar photovoltaic technology by the users. One of the main barriers to wider diffusion is initial cost of the technology. The general opinion of various stakeholders is that rapid and greater diffusion of solar home systems is possible through reduction of the initial capital cost and monthly repayment instalments, taking into consideration the capacity of rural households to pay. Saving fuel or achieving a cleaner environment by using improved stoves does not have much appeal to those poor families who find it difficult to make ends meet. This means supply should be demand-based. Improved stoves are readily acceptable by those who buy biomass fuels for cooking and other purposes.
This article provides a brief summary of the diffusion potential of renewable energy technologies in Bangladesh, various initiatives and learning processes, and how renewables could be promoted for achieving sustainable development.
Bangladesh is encountering difficulties in supplying energy to maintain its economic growth. The gap between demand and supply is gradually increasing. Although it has some reserves of commercial energy resources (e.g., natural gas and coal), because of economic and technical constraints it is unable to supply sufficient energy. The dependence on imported fuel (oil and coal) is gradually increasing, and the rural population, which uses a fair amount of imported fuel (kerosene and diesel), is largely disadvantaged because of its low purchasing power. Most of the commercial energy used is derived from natural gas and imported oil, while the main consumers are power generation, transport and industry. The major share of the total energy consumption in Bangladesh is from biomass fuels comprising agricultural wastes, animal wastes and fuelwood. The biomass is mainly used in the rural households. Because of shortage of land there are limited prospects of increasing the supply from biomass sources. The emphasis is usually on commercial energy, which plays a decisive role in such aspects of development as industrialization, agricultural mechanization and urbanization. Efficiency of energy production and its utilization in Bangladesh is generally poor. The demand for energy exceeds the available resources and this gap is projected to increase significantly in the near future. There are significant opportunities for increasing energy efficiency and conservation by end-users in all sectors - domestic, industrial, commercial, transport and agriculture. The extent of energy conservation initiatives in the country has been limited. The Energy Monitoring and Conservation Centre of the government has almost no regulation-enforcing authority, and the National Energy Conservation Act is still under consideration by the legislators. Significant and concerted attempts to increase energy efficiency and conservation measures in the various sectors have not been widely applied in the country. Efforts have been made to increase energy efficiency and implement conservation measures in some industries such as sugar mills, spinning mills and fertilizer factories, and also in the rural domestic sector by the expansion of the use of improved cookers. The use of energy-efficient lighting and power-consuming devices can play a role in controlling the increasing demand. Among potential renewable resources solar and biomass have good prospects. Hydropower has already been utilized to a significant extent while the potential of wind energy is limited to coastal zones. In actual practice only a small number of solar photovoltaic devices are currently being used. In the existing scenario energy efficiency and renewable energy can play a more significant role in the energy sector of Bangladesh. This will require a proper and supportive government policy. Action plans to enhance commercialization of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies have been suggested.
When renewable energy technologies are used in decentralized and remote areas, they can be coupled with diesel generators to improve the total system reliability. In this paper, wind–diesel generator–battery, wind–photovoltaic (PV)–diesel generator–battery, PV–diesel generator–battery hybrid and diesel generator systems for generating electricity in the rural areas of Bangladesh are analyzed. The main objective of the present study is to determine the optimum size of systems able to fulfill the requirements of 50kWh/day primary load with 11kW peak load for 50 households for three remote sites located at Cox's Bazar, Sylhet and Dinajpur. The methodology applied provides a useful and simple approach for sizing and analyzing the hybrid systems using HOMER, an optimization model for renewable energies. The aim is to identify a configuration among a set of systems that meets the desired system reliability requirements with the lowest electricity unit cost. The result of the analysis is a list of feasible power supply systems, sorted according to their net present cost. Furthermore, sensitivity diagrams, showing the influence of solar radiation, wind speed and diesel prices on the optimum solutions are also presented. The analysis results show that PV (6kW)–diesel generator (10kW)–battery hybrid system is most economically feasible and least cost of energy is about 25.4Tk/kWh (1 USD=68.5Taka). The result also indicates that the decrease in CO2 emissions by using the feasible hybrid system with 40% renewable fraction is about 38% as compared to the diesel-only system.
It is not cost effective or feasible to extend a centralized power grid to islands and other isolated communities. Decentralized renewable energy sources are alternatives. Among these alternatives are hybrid photovoltaic systems which combine solar photovoltaic energy with other renewable energy sources like wind. A diesel backup system can be used when PV system fails to satisfy the load and when the battery storage is depleted. If the hybrid systems are optimized, these would be cost effective and more reliable.
A scientific debate is in progress about the intersection of climate change with the new field of fossil fuels depletion geology. Here, new projections of atmospheric CO2 concentration and global-mean temperature change are presented, should fossil fuels be exploited at a rate limited by geological availability only. The present work starts from the projections of fossil energy use, as obtained from ten independent sources. From such projections an upper bound, a lower bound and an ensemble mean profile for fossil CO2 emissions until 2200 are derived. Using the coupled gas-cycle/climate model MAGICC, the corresponding climatic projections out to 2200 are obtained. We find that CO2 concentration might increase up to about 480 ppm (445-540 ppm), while the global-mean temperature increase w.r.t. 2000 might reach 1.2 °C (0.9-1.6 °C). However, future improvements of fossil fuels recovery and discoveries of new resources might lead to higher emissions; hence our climatic projections are likely to be underestimated. In the absence of actions of emissions reduction, a level of dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system might be already experienced toward the middle of the 21st century, despite the constraints imposed by the exhaustion of fossil fuels.
Bangladesh has good potential for harnessing renewable energy sources such as solar, biomass, wind, and mini-hydropower. The country has been experiencing a gradual shift towards exploring renewable energy resources as a driving force for rural development. A few public sector and non-government organizations have started to develop renewable energy technology (RET) projects in rural areas. The lessons learnt from different demonstrations of RET projects reveal that with careful forward planning renewable energy can provide far-reaching economic, environmental, and social benefits to people living in remote rural areas in Bangladesh. This paper identifies some of the barriers that need to be overcome for the successful development of renewable energy technology sector and betterment of rural livelihoods. It does so through a critical review of policy and institutional settings, as well as present status and lessons learnt from pilot demonstration of a number of RET projects undertaken by different organizations. The study highlights policy implications of the review with the aim of supporting decision makers in formulating renewable energy policies and future plans for Bangladesh.
Bangladesh has been facing a power crisis for about a decade, mainly because of inadequate power generation capacity compared with demand and the ageing infrastructure of many existing power generation facilities. Only 20% of the total population are connected to grid electricity—25% in urban areas and a mere 10% in rural areas where 80% of the total population resides. Currently, most power plants in Bangladesh (representing 84.5% of the total installed capacity) use natural gas—the main commercial primary energy source, with limited national reserves—as a fuel. Electricity supply to low-load rural and remote areas is characterised by high transmission and distribution costs and transmission losses, and heavily subsidised pricing.Renewable energy sources in Bangladesh, particularly biomass, can play a major role to meet electricity demands in the rural and remote areas of the country. The current study indicates that in 2003, the national total generation and recovery rates of biomass in Bangladesh were 148.983 and 86.276 Mtonne, respectively. In energy term, the national annual amount of the recoverable biomass is equivalent to 312.613 TWh. Considering the present national consumption of biomass, total available biomass resources potential for electricity generation vary from 183.865 to 223.794 TWh. Biomass energy potential in the individual districts of the country has been estimated for the planning small- to medium-scale biomass-to-electricity plants.
This paper combines the theory of optimal extraction of exhaustible resources with the theory of greenhouse externalities, to analyze problems of global warming when the supply side is considered. The optimal carbon tax will initially rise but eventually fall when the externality is positively related to the stock of carbon in the atmosphere. It is shown that the tax will start falling before the stock of carbon in the atmosphere reaches its maximum. If there exists a non-polluting backstop technology, it will be optimal to extract and consume fossil fuels even when the price of fossil fuels is equal to the price of the backstop. The total extraction is the same as when the externality is ignored, but in the presence of the greenhouse effect, it will be optimal to slow the extraction and spread it over a longer period. If, on the other hand, the greenhouse externality depends on the rate of change in the atmospheric stock of carbon, the evolution of the optimal carbon tax is more complex. It can even be optimal to subsidize carbon emissions to avoid future rapid changes in the stock of carbon, and therefore future damages.
Energy efficiency is one of the most potent and cost effective ways of meeting the demands of sustainable development. It has in fact been referred to as the best energy resource. Way back in 2005 the South African Department of Minerals and Energy (DME) published its Energy Efficiency Strategy in support of some of the objectives enlisted in the 1998 White Paper on Energy Policy. The Strategy set a national target for energy efficiency improvement of 12% by 2015 against the baseline year 2000. The document further predicted that, with a business as usual model of energy usage, at the projected rate of national economic development, there would be a need to invest in new power generating capacity by around 2007. Despite the policy foresight and seemingly enthusiastic efforts, though, the dawn of 2008 saw the country gripped in an electric power crisis, with a capacity shortfall of over 10%. This paper looks at what could have gone wrong, examines energy efficiency policies and measures in other countries and how these lessons could be adopted to the South African context.
This paper presents production of biodiesel (BD) from non-edible renewable karanja (Pongamia Pinnata) oil, determination of BD properties and influence of BD on engine performance and emissions. Bangladesh imports 2.4 million metric ton (MT) DF each year [M.N. Nabi, M.S. Akhter, K.M.F. Islam, Prospect of biodiesel production from jatropha curcas, a promising non edible oil seed in Bangladesh, International Conference on Mechanical Engineering (ICME, Dhaka, Bangladesh) Proceedings 2007, paper no. ICME07-TH-06. [1]]. It has 0.32 million hectare of unused land [M.N. Nabi, S.M.N. Hoque, M.S. Uddin, Prospect of Jatropha curcas and pithraj cultivation in Bangladesh, Journal of Engineering and Technology, IUT, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 7 (1) (2009) 41–54. [2]]. It has been found that cultivating of karanja plant in such unused land; Bangladesh can reduce DF import by 28%. Karanja methyl ester (KME), which is termed as BD, has been produced by well-known transesterification process. The properties of B100 (B100) and its blends were determined mainly according to ASTM standard and some of them were as per EN14214 standard. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that the DF fuel contained mainly alkanes and alkens, while the B100 contained mainly esters. The gas chromatography (GC) of B100 revealed that a maximum of 97% methyl ester was produced from karanja oil. Engine experiment result showed that all BD blends reduced engine emissions including carbon monoxide (CO), smoke and engine noise, but increased oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Compared to DF, B100 reduced CO, and smoke emissions by 50 and 43%, while a 15% increase in NOx emission was observed with the B100. Compared to DF, engine noise with B100 was reduced by 2.5 dB.
Bangladesh has very limited nonrenewable energy resources of its own. She is facing energy crisis and serious desertification problem in rural areas. These issues could be removed if renewable energy is used as a primary source of energy in rural areas. It is essential for scientists and researchers to find out the renewable energy resources and effective technologies. Bangladesh is endowed with vast renewable energy resources such as biomass and solar insolation. Besides, hydro and wind power can be considered as potential renewable energy resources. Harnessing these resources appears to be a promising solution for improving the quality of life of rural villagers. The government and many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have tried to comprehend and have strived to address the problem of energy. This paper reviews the renewable energy resources and renewable energy technologies (RETs) practicing in Bangladesh in terms of its implementation, research and development activities. The development and trial of systems are mostly funded so far by donor agencies in collaboration with government and NGOs.
This paper proposes an integrated ecological, economic and social model to assist sustainable rural development in villages in Bangladesh. In the model, renewable energy technologies (RETs) create income-generating activities for male landless and marginal farmers and for women from such households, while reducing environmental problems, like deforestation and indoor air pollution from cooking with poor-quality fuels. Because of the high capital costs of RETs, the model proposes an extension of the well-known micro-credit approach developed by such NGOs as the Grameen Bank and BRAC. With the assistance of an External Agency composed of NGO, business, government and university representatives, such groups of villagers would form Village Organizations, comprising cooperatives or other forms of business, borrow money from a bank or large NGO, and purchase a RET based on biogas, solar or wind, depending upon location. By selling energy to wealthier members of the village, the Village Organizations would repay their loans, thus gaining direct ownership and control over the technology and its applications.
This paper presents the findings of gross carbon dioxide and methane emissions measurements in several Brazilian hydro-reservoirs, compared to thermo power generation.The term ‘gross emissions’ means gas flux measurements from the reservoir surface without natural pre-impoundment emissions by natural bodies such as the river channel, seasonal flooding and terrestrial ecosystems. The net emissions result from deducting pre-existing emissions by the reservoir.A power dam emits biogenic gases such as CO2 and CH4. However, studies comparing gas emissions (gross emissions) from the reservoir surface with emissions by thermo-power generation technologies show that the hydro-based option presents better results in most cases analyzed.In this study, measurements were carried in the Miranda, Barra Bonita, Segredo, Três Marias, Xingó, and Samuel and Tucuruí reservoirs, located in two different climatological regimes. Additional data were used here from measurements taken at the Itaipu and Serra da Mesa reservoirs.Comparisons were also made between emissions from hydro-power plants and their thermo-based equivalents. Bearing in mind that the estimated values for hydro-power plants include emissions that are not totally anthropogenic, the hydro-power plants studied generally posted lower emissions than their equivalent thermo-based counterparts.Hydro-power complexes with greater power densities (capacity/area flooded—W/m2), such as Itaipu, Xingó, Segredo and Miranda, have the best performance, well above thermo-power plants using state-of-the-art technology: combined cycle fueled by natural gas, with 50% efficiency.On the other hand, some hydro-power complexes with low-power density perform only slightly better or even worse than their thermo-power counterparts.
Petro diplomacy has played its role in last few decades and that makes energy security a major concern worldwide. Rapid climate change and environmental protection is another vital issue to be addressed in recent energy policies. So an alternative carbon neutral transport fuel is a must in new sustainable energy mix. Biodiesel has immense potentiality to be a part of a sustainable energy mix. In this energy scenario, Brazil's success is a role model in utilizing its agro-industry for reducing poverty, greenhouse gas emission and petro-dependency simultaneously. Brazil commercialized bioethanol in mass scale by introducing flexible fuel vehicles in market. This dedicated engine idea moralizes a new concept of dedicated biodiesel engine vehicles for Malaysia and Indonesia. Southeast Asian countries, i.e. Malaysia and Indonesia is the largest producer as well as exporter of palm oil. Growing at highest yield rate among other biodiesel feedstock, palm based biodiesel is a top exported product for this region. This paper will quantify the prospects of a dedicated biodiesel engine vehicle for Malaysia and Indonesia that will initiate palm based biodiesel in fuel supply chain by leapfrogging the barriers of biodiesel utilization by boosting local automobile industry simultaneously. This article will also review on energy scenario of Malaysia and Indonesia and their renewable energy policies and challenges for coming decades.
Reimpresión en el año 1995 Incluye bibliografía e índice