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Disaster risk reduction and emergency management in prison: A scoping study from New Zealand
Abstract
This research note provides insights on disaster risk reduction (DRR) and emergency management in New Zealand prisons. It draws upon a scoping study that explores the exposure of prisons and identifies vulnerabilities and capacities of prisoners. This study also documents policies and practices for DRR and emergency management. It reveals that increasing awareness at the national level and improved DRR policies and emergency management initiatives may still prove insufficient to deal with increasing exposure and the particular vulnerability of a quickly growing number of inmates. The intrinsic capacities of these inmates also remain untapped. This research note further highlights the critical lack of collaboration between stakeholders of prison management, DRR and emergency management in New Zealand.
... Social vulnerability research of disaster risk reflects similar findings as research relating to risk of incarceration. Specifically, poor and minority populations are disproportionately represented among the incarcerated (Goodman, Page, & Phelps, 2017;Le Dé & Gaillard, 2017;Lynch, 2010;Wakefield & Uggen, 2010;Western & Wildeman, 2009) and are also described as "socially vulnerable" to disproportionate disaster impacts and slower recoveries (Dyson, 2006;Elliott & Pais, 2006;Fothergill, Maestas, & Darlington, 1999;Fothergill & Peek, 2004). African Americans and Hispanic, in particular comprise more than half (57 percent) of the U.S. prison population even though they represent 29 percent of the total U.S. population (Sentencing Project, 2018). ...
... Gaillard and Navizet (2012) noted that the social and geographic isolation associated with imprisonment in facilities hidden away from public scrutiny increases the vulnerability of prisoners to disaster impacts and potential mistreatment during disasters, as the broader public remains unaware of prisoner experiences. Additionally, prison populations do not garner a great deal of sympathy from the greater public (Le Dé & Gaillard, 2017;McCullough, 2006). Even in emergency management, there is a greater concern for protecting the public from inmates, than protecting inmates in an emergency or disaster (Purdum, 2019;Schwartz & Barry 2005). ...
... This discussion highlights that incarceration and social vulnerability to disaster similarly account for racial and economic stratification in society. Yet, the academic literature, beyond legal scholarship, has not fully interrogated the theoretical linkages between incarceration and disaster vulnerability (Le Dé & Gaillard, 2017;Purdum, 2019). While institutional planning for inmate safety in emergencies is crucially important, a broader theoretical focus on vulnerability of inmates-as both members of socially vulnerable populations prior to incarceration and the nature of incarceration itself-highlight other issues and research questions. ...
Disaster impacts are on the rise, along with the costs to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from these events. Inmates housed in prisons are a source of low‐cost labor for various tasks before, during, and after disasters. However, little is known about whether states plan to use inmate labor for emergency management needs. This paper responds to this gap through a content analysis of the inclusion of inmates as a labor resource in U.S. state‐level Emergency Operations Plans. Results show a majority of states include inmates in their plans and that inmates are a source of labor throughout the entire life cycle of a disaster. Further, planning documents include 34 different tasks that inmates may be assigned. States’ disaster experience, rates of incarceration, rates of minority incarceration, imprisonment costs, and region related to the inclusion of inmate labor in these plans. This research raises questions about how inmate labor may offset against the rising costs of disasters during a time when mass incarceration is under increased scrutiny. Furthermore, prisoners, who are disproportionately poor and minority, may be exposed to undue risks from this labor if the plans are implemented as written—increasing their social vulnerability to disasters.
... al., 2018;Sundar, Stratman, & Sundar, 2017;Surjan & Shaw, 2009;Sternberg & Batbuyan, 2013;van Laere, 2013;Van Vactor, 2012;Veeramany et. al., 2016;Wei et al., 2018 Assorted themes: aid work; mass death; humanitarian logistics; recovery and reconstruction; vulnerability; sanitation; poverty; health education; resilience; armed conflict; riots; extreme stress; elder abuse and neglect; prison crisis management; wildlife hazard; altitude illness; water distribution; drinking water; mass gatherings; health indicators; social determinants; external experts, learning Ahmad, Ahmad, Sadia & Ahmad, 2017;Aronsson-Storrier, 2017;Atallah, 2016;Atienza, 2015;Bates & Peacock, 1989;Bayer, 2017;Beerensa & Tehler, 2016;Benini, 1993;Boonmee, Arimura & Asada, 2017;Broekema, van Eijkb & Torenvlied, 2018;Broekema, van Kleef & Steen, 2017;Connolly, 2014;Coupet, Nassiri, Aliu & Coppola, 2013;Cuny & Tanner, 1995;Connolly, 2014;Crichton, Ramsay & Kelly, 2009;Darkow, 2018;Dobson, 2017;Fischer III, 1999;Fekete, 2018;Foxell, 1997;Gaillard & Navizet, 2012;Gaillard, van Niekerk, Shoroma, Coetzee & Amirapu, 2019;Gunderson, Crepeau-Hobson & Drennen, 2012;Gupta & Sharma, 2006;Gutman & Yon, 2014;Herrgard, Rabed, Loe, Ragazzonig, Frederick & Burkle Jr., 2017;Ibrion, Parsizadeh, Naeini, Mokhtari & Nadim, 2015;Idris & Soh, 2014;Illiyas, Mani, Pradeepkumar & Mohan, 2013;Kim & Park, 2018;Kim, Deshmukh & Hastak, 2018;Le Dé & Gaillard, 2017;Lefevre, Walter-Garcia, Hanson & Smith-Easley, 2018;Maikhuri et. al., 2017;Marktanner, Mienie & Noiset, 2015;McEntire, 2012;Mignan, Scolobig, & Sauron, 2016;Morotoa, Sakamotoa & Ahmed, 2018;Nazempour, Monfared & Zio, 2018;Nomura et. ...
Pandemics are now the focus of research attention in the fields of preparedness and crisis management.Since pandemics are some of the largest crises to occur, an important question becomes “what were thefield of crisis management thinking about pandemic management”. This paper investigates how the fieldof crisis management have incorporated the body of knowledge arising from pandemics into its science(from 1984 to 2019). We performed a scoping review of 4 journals on crisis management and what theyhave written about pandemics (230 papers). The findings are summarized in 8 different categories. Themain result is that the field of crisis management have shown sparse interest in pandemics. We attributethis to factors such as fragmentation of academic sciences when the problem-solving needs integration,perceived incommensurability and the organization of attention. We argue that the COVID-19 pandemiccan provide a basis for posing new questions in research on, and the political debate around, societalvulnerability at large, and not only restricted to recent experiences of particular crises. Finally, we arguethat this will need a stronger integration of research strands and communities, which in turn require theability to ‘connect the dots’ between different sources of knowledge.
... Incarceration can lead to temporary or permanent revocation of voting rights and thus, the privilege to influence policy outcomes [26]. In addition, the disaster risk reduction policies and plans often neglect to include incarcerated people, which can result in their greater vulnerability to disasters [55,72,73]. Surette [73] explains specifically that poor emergency planning in incarceration facilities includes lack of staff training, communication plans, and disaster drills. ...
This review evaluates the state of academic literature on disaster resilience and sustainability of incarceration infrastructures, focusing on engineering and architecture. The increasing frequency and intensity of climate crises, including global pandemics and ecological disasters, and the rise of mass incarceration around the world makes such a review timely. We conducted six targeted searches to identify relevant journal articles and two additional searches for literature on resilience and sustainability of schools for comparison. We present data on the results for all search categories, including search terms and qualitative interpretation of the literature. For three of our searches, we present metadata on the specific intersection with incarceration infrastructures investigated, type of facility, and location. We supplement our database search with governmental and nongovernmental agency publications. The results of our search demonstrate a dearth in academic research published at the intersection of incarceration, disaster resilience, and sustainability. This gap in the literature signals a lack of attention and knowledge about the ways researchers and practitioners as well as governmental agencies can predict and mitigate the impact of disasters on incarcerated people's lives. Overall, this paper offers an introduction on the topic of resilience and sustainability of engineering and architectural design for incarceration infrastructure, as well as future areas for additional research including how engineers and architects can engage with questions of prison abolition and justice.
... For example, Blacks account for 40% of the homeless population in the United States (HUD, 2020), and homeless populations may face increased exposure to COVID-19 in crowded shelters (Lima et al., 2020;Tobolowsky et al., 2020). Similarly, Blacks are over-represented in U.S. prison populations (Monk, 2019), and prison populations are particularly exposed to infectious diseases due to confined spaces, poor ventilation, and crowded facilities -threats that are present in prison populations worldwide (Gaillard and Navizet, 2012;Le Dé and Gaillard, 2017;Akiyama, Spaulding and Rich, 2020;Saloner et al., 2020). Prisons have been shown to be ill-prepared for multiple types of disasters, and COVID-19 does not appear to be an exception (Purdum and Meyer, 2020). ...
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the social equity concerns inherent in system-wide concepts of ‘community resilience.’ Resilience of the collective may overlook or even be achieved at the expense of the resilience of populations within the community. COVID-19 is inequitable with respect to exposure, severity, and response. It affects the ability of communities to respond to other challenges including natural hazards, mental health, and domestic violence. Resilience to the pandemic has proven to involve not only traditional metrics of public health and economic welfare but a wide range of concerns such as childcare and gender equity. The experiences of COVID-19, then, argue for a broad conceptualization of general resilience involving a wide range of issues but a narrow emphasis on individual experiences rather than community-level metrics. The pandemic could exacerbate inequalities if powerful or privileged groups leverage resources not available to all members of the community to maintain personal resilience. Pandemics and other slow-onset or aggregate hazards have historically had little influence on policy, but the global, long-term nature of COVID-19 and collective nature of responses such as lockdowns create potential for powerful individuals to pursue social reforms that will benefit all and lead to true community-wide resilience.
... A limited, yet growing field examines the impact of disasters on the carceral system. Natural hazards -such as hurricanes, earthquakes, fires, and floods -can damage or disrupt carceral facilities, necessitate evacuation, and pose unique hardships for recovery (Gaillard & Navizet, 2012;Le Dé & Gaillard, 2017;Omorogieva, 2018;Purdum, 2019;Savilonis, 2013). Incarcerated individuals may be viewed as a nuisance during disasters -requiring additional resources, a form of low-cost labor and support in such events, or as a population with unique vulnerabilities (Purdum, 2019). ...
We use an exploratory case study method and documentary analysis to review parole policies in Texas, Louisiana, and Florida. We find that parole policies in each state fail to address how parolees should respond during disasters and the implications for compliance failure. Conditions of parole, and parole policies and procedures (or lack thereof) can make it extremely difficult for individuals on parole to successfully and simultaneously navigate disasters. Without proper guidance from the agencies responsible for parole in each state, individuals may be caught further in the web of correctional control. Our findings lead us to make several recommendations for justice agencies, as well as state and local governments.
... Although it is common to find disaster researchers referring to interviews with key informants (Chang et al., 2014;Jones, Oven, Manyena, & Aryal, 2014;Le Dé & Gaillard, 2017;Murphy, 2007), it is more difficult to encounter a definition of what constitutes a key informant. However, Taylor, Bogdan, and DeVault (2015) describe key informants as being "respected and knowledgeable people" who are often the researcher's "primary sources of information" (p. ...
Bystanders are often the first to respond to disasters and, for this reason,
Community-Based Disaster Response Teams (CBDRTs) should be established
in vulnerable communities. The literature review examines Disaster Risk
Reduction initiatives and identifies that there is little information available
regarding strategies and training curriculum that could be used to establish and
maintain CBDRTs in developing nations and with vulnerable groups. The three
research questions for this investigation ask how CBDRT courses could be
adapted for these communities, what topics and activities would be most useful
for such training, and how the teams could be established and maintained. The
research objectives are to identify strategies that could be used to train CBDRT
groups in these contexts, to propose an outline for a basic training course, and
to describe techniques that could contribute to the sustainability of these teams.
Research was conducted with CBDRTs in developing nations using a mixed
methods methodology with the United States Federal Emergency Management
Agency’s (FEMA) Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) programme
being employed as a case study. Quantitative data was obtained from a
questionnaire completed by CERT course graduates, and qualitative
information was acquired from key informant interviews. After a review of the
CERT programme that discusses its history, curriculum, success stories, and
potential pitfalls, the data collected is presented through statistical analysis of
the questionnaire replies and thematic analysis of the interview transcripts.
Suggested CBDRT training strategies are creating courses for adolescents,
modifying the material for non-literate learners, and providing additional
practical activities. Recommendations for establishing programmes include
developing teams for young people, cooperating with Community-Based
Organisations to solve existing problems, and offering CBDRT training in the
post-disaster environment. Techniques for maintaining the teams involve
developing leadership, creating support networks, and cultivating partnerships
with local authorities. The final conclusion is that the CERT model could be
used as the basis for an international CBDRT training programme, although it
would require adaption of the course content and presentation style.
... Although it is common to find disaster researchers referring to interviews with key informants (Chang et al., 2014;Jones, Oven, Manyena, & Aryal, 2014;Le Dé & Gaillard, 2017;Murphy, 2007), it is more difficult to encounter a definition of what constitutes a key informant. However, Taylor, Bogdan, and DeVault (2015) describe key informants as being "respected and knowledgeable people" who are often the researcher's "primary sources of information" (p. ...
Bystanders are often the first to respond to disasters and, for this reason, Community-Based Disaster Response Teams (CBDRTs) should be established in vulnerable communities. The literature review examines Disaster Risk Reduction initiatives and identifies that there is little information available regarding strategies and training curriculum that could be used to establish and maintain CBDRTs in developing nations and with vulnerable groups. The three research questions for this investigation ask how CBDRT courses could be adapted for these communities, what topics and activities would be most useful for such training, and how the teams could be established and maintained. The research objectives are to identify strategies that could be used to train CBDRT groups in these contexts, to propose an outline for a basic training course, and to describe techniques that could contribute to the sustainability of these teams. Research was conducted with CBDRTs in developing nations using a mixed methods methodology with the United States Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) programme being employed as a case study. Quantitative data was obtained from a questionnaire completed by CERT course graduates, and qualitative information was acquired from key informant interviews. After a review of the CERT programme that discusses its history, curriculum, success stories, and potential pitfalls, the data collected is presented through statistical analysis of the questionnaire replies and thematic analysis of the interview transcripts. Suggested CBDRT training strategies are creating courses for adolescents, modifying the material for non-literate learners, and providing additional practical activities. Recommendations for establishing programmes include developing teams for young people, cooperating with Community-Based Organisations to solve existing problems, and offering CBDRT training in the post-disaster environment. Techniques for maintaining the teams involve developing leadership, creating support networks, and cultivating partnerships with local authorities. The final conclusion is that the CERT model could be used as the basis for an international CBDRT training programme, although it would require adaption of the course content and presentation style. i
Prisons are frequently excluded from hazard risk management, disaster mitigation planning particularly in the aftermath of climate disasters. People deprived of their liberty are wholly reliant on the State, and unable to protect themselves from climate related threats. This is especially the case in Africa where over one million people are incarcerated. We report from Malawi, a least developed country in sub-Saharan Africa, where the system is operating over 234 per cent capacity. With no climate change responsive prison policy, nor research on this topic despite evidence for disrupted agriculture and seasonal cyclone activity; we conducted a rapid situation assessment to evaluate the impact of climate change on the Malawi prison system operations. Interviews and small focus groups were conducted with professional stakeholders (n = 12), prison officers (n = 15), juvenile prisoners (n = 10), and former prisoners (n = 50). Reflexive thematic analysis revealed six themes: climate impacts and infrastructural challenges; extreme life-threatening events and (in)ability to evacuate; fluctuating temperatures, prison system congestion and ventilation; water crisis and environmental health; navigating crop failures, interrupted grain supply and food (in)security; and circulation of disease and amplified health vulnerability. Findings illustrate how climate change poses substantial challenges to congested prison operations in Malawi; infrastructure protection, sanitation and maintenance; (in)ability to safely evacuate; power, water and food shortages; and circulation of disease. Vulnerable prisoners include women, children and people with disabilities. The assessment evidence will inform the development of a climate responsive prison action plan for the Malawi Prison system and represent an exemplar for the Southern African region.
In prison, the health professional has to take the sanitary needs of a temporary of chronically vulnerable population. His practice has to meet laws and recommendations, as well as the field reality and its numerous constraints. This puts him in a "shared vulnerability and stigmatization". He attempts to maintain or restore a health status in a deteriorating environment, at least psychologically. He is in the penitentiary world's eye which he depends upon in many ways to achieve his mandate. His activity is scarcely known and recognised by his peers from whom he can be very out of touch. To ensure a humanistic, efficient and equivalent-of-care practice, the health professional must rely on sound knowledge of general healthcare, ethics, deontology and medical laws. Basic and continuous training is a mainspring, like networking and development of federal recommendations.
On Sunday 11th of December 2005, an explosion occurred at the Buncefield oil depot, Hertfordshire, resulting in a large fire that blazed for several days. Two Accident and Emergency (A&E) departments were placed on stand-by to receive casualties. A simple surveillance system was put in place during the acute phase of the incident, but this was not adequate to fully examine the health impact of the fire.
Retrospective study of A&E records at Hemel Hempstead and Watford A&E departments for the period that the fire burnt.
Two hundred and forty-four people attended A&E as a result of the fire: 187 were members of the emergency services; 17 were oil depot workers; and 40 were members of the public. The most common presenting complaints were respiratory symptoms (n = 66) and injuries (n = 38). Twenty-five (21%) individuals were referred for medical follow-up. There were no fatalities.
There was a significant impact on local health services, with many emergency service personnel attending A&E asymptomatically. Alternative health service provision for these individuals, possibly near to the scene of the incident, should be considered. This incident has also highlighted an urgent need to develop surveillance systems that enable real-time monitoring of the acute public health impact of major incidents.
This brief is designed to inform disaster risk reduction and management in Philippine jails and prisons. It draws upon research conducted in nine jails and prisons between July 2015 and January 2016. This research included 44 interviews with stakeholders, including inmates and prisoners, and nine focus groups with inmates and prisoners in different regions of the country. The research indicates that natural hazards are one amongst the many threats that inmates and prisoners face in their everyday life. Natural hazards are significant because inmates and prisoners are particularly vulnerable. Inmates' and prisoners' vulnerability stems from a thread of proximate and root causes that range from insalubrious and overcrowded facilities and limited resourcing from the government, to the neoliberal nature of the Philippine state. However, inmates and prisoners are not helpless “victims” in dealing with natural hazards. They display a wide range of skills, resources and knowledge (i.e. capacities) that are grounded in everyday practices and values reflective of the broader Philippine society. This policy brief finally makes some recommendations for strengthening hazard prevention, fostering vulnerability mitigation, enhancing preparedness, and reinforcing disaster management in Philippine jails and prisons. These recommendations emphasise the contributions of a number of stakeholders, including the active role of inmates and prisoners who are the first line of defence in facing disasters in jails and prisons.
For more than 100 years, New Zealand has struggled to find a formula for dealing with criminals in a humane and effective way. This book is a comprehensive review of the legislative and administrative efforts that have been taken in this objective and interweaves historical developments with the changing day-to-day realities of prison life.
To date, the fate of prisons and prisoners in disaster has stirred very limited attention from both scholars and policy makers. However, anecdotic evidences suggest that both prisons and prisoners are particularly affected by disastrous events associated with external natural and other hazards. In fact, the spatial, social and political forms of exclusion and marginalisation associated with imprisonment coincide with factors which make some places and people more vulnerable. This study explores those linkages between imprisonment, marginality and vulnerability to natural and other hazards around three axes: (1) a spatial form of marginalisation through the geographical, potentially hazardous, location of prisons and their secluded nature which isolates them from the outside world and assistance in facing hazards; (2) a social form of marginalisation which deprives already impoverished prisoners from further access to economic opportunities, health resources and interpersonal relationship which have all proved critical drivers of people's vulnerability; (3) a political form of marginalisation which includes limited resources made available by the state and its agencies leading to poor, potentially vulnerable, and overcrowded facilities, along with prison's lack of visibility in governmental disaster-related policies. This study draws upon a scoping study conducted in three prisons in France completed with sparse evidences available from the academic literature, government reports and media accounts. It further suggests ways forward for better integrating prisons and prisoners in disaster risk reduction policies.
The Ms 7.8 Hawke's Bay earthquake of 1931 February 3 (New Zealand local time) was felt throughout most of New Zealand andcaused extensive damage at Napier, Hastings, and throughout Hawke's Bay. Surface deformation accompanying the earthquake resulted in a >90 km long, 17 km wide asymmetric dome trending northeast and extending from southwest of Hastings to northeast of the Mohaka River mouth. Maximum uplift of 2.7 m occurred near the mouth of the Aropaoanui River close to the location of major aftershock activity, while maximum subsidence of 1 m was recorded at Hastings, to the southeast of the steeper, southeast-facing side of the dome. Observed surface faulting of about 15 km in length was confined to the southwestern end of the dome where near-surface rocks had sufficient strength and suitably oriented pre-existing fractures to accommodate slip. Elsewhere, the elastic nature of the rocks resulted in surface folding above a buried causative fault. Fault scarps with up to 4.6 m vertical separation and 1.8 m dextral strike slip were not well preserved in 1984; only about 3 km of fault trace could be confidently recognised. Present geological techniques for the recognition of past earthquakes would fail to determine the extent of surface deformation and the magnitude of the 1931 earthquake.Fault modelling from elevation changes and retriangulation data suggest that the 1931 earthquake was generated by slip at a reverse-dextral fault that dips steeply to the northwest beneath Hawke's Bay. Interpretation of seismic reflection data from Hawke's Bay and beneath Hawke Bay confirm the location of a major fault along the line of zero uplift in 1931. The 1931 earthquake deformation pattern is typical of imbricate faults within the coastal part of the accretionary wedge of the Australian plate. These faults propagate upward from the subduction zone of the Pacific plate and generate most of the large earthquakes in this part of New Zealand.
In Europe at any given time there are about 1,8 million people imprisoned in penal institutions. About 1 million personnel are working in prisons. With prisons, from the start there are fundamental problems in many parts of Europe. Poor housing conditions in prisons and a high proportion of prisoners who already suffer from severe health problems mean the chance of an outbreak in prison during a pandemic must be quite high. We expect it can be up to 90%. In this article we explain what the characteristics are of the prison population from a health point of view. A high rate of detainees suffers from mental health disorders and/or addiction. A high prevalence of communicable and infectious diseases is the rule, not an exception. According to the European Prison Rules and many other international rules, statements and documents prison health care should be an integral part of the public health system of any country. However, it has to be accepted that the prison population is the least popular in society and in politics. In reality in many countries in Europe the situation in prison cannot meet the level strived for by the European Prison Rules. We compare preparedness on pandemic flu in The Netherlands, Latvia and Romania. We explore the problems and ethical issues that may arise if a pandemic breaks out. There are three ethical dilemmas that require consideration: equivalence of care and prisoners' right to health care; prisoners' interests verses society's interests; countries in need and calls for bilateral help.
With the growing threat of a naturally occurring or man-made global pandemic, many public, private, federal, state, and local institutions have begun to develop some form of preparedness and response plans. Among those in the front lines of preparedness are hospitals and medical professionals who will be among the first responders in the event of such a disaster. At the other end of the spectrum of preparedness is the Corrections community who have been working in a relative vacuum, in part because of lack of funding, but also because they have been largely left out of state, federal local planning processes. This isolation and lack of support is compounded by negative public perceptions of correctional facilities and their inmates, and a failure to understand the serious impact a jail or prison facility would have on public health in the event of a disaster. This article examines the unique issues faced by correctional facilities responding to disease disasters and emphasizes the importance of assisting them to develop workable and effective preparedness and response plans that will prevent them from becoming disease repositories spreading illness and infection throughout our communities. To succeed in such planning, it is crucial that the public health and medical community be involved in correctional disaster planning and that they should integrate correctional disaster response with their own. Failure to do so endangers the health of the entire nation.
The paper describes the methodologies and results obtained on a large cohort of prison inmates in New Zealand who were screened for psychiatric disorder.
All women and remanded male inmates in New Zealand prisons, and a randomly selected cohort of 18% of sentenced male inmates were interviewed. Interviewers used the Composite International Diagnostic Interview - Automated to establish DSM-IV diagnoses, and the Personality Disorders Questionnaire to identify personality disorder. All prisons in New Zealand were visited.
The results indicate markedly elevated prevalence rates for major mental disorder in the prison population when compared with community samples. This is especially the case for substance misuse, psychotic disorders, major depression, bipolar disorder, obsessive- compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Of particular concern is not only the increased prevalence rates for schizophrenia and related disorders but also the high level of comorbidity with substance misuse disorders demonstrated by this group. While 80.8% of inmates diagnosed with bipolar disorder were receiving psychiatric treatment in the prison, only 46.4% of depressed inmates and 37% of those suffering from psychosis were receiving treatment. Maori inmates were grossly overrepresented in the remand, female and male sentenced inmate population compared with the general population.
A significant increase in provision of mental health services is required to cope with the high number of mentally ill inmates. The level of need demonstrated by this study requires a level of service provision that is quite beyond the capacity of current forensic psychiatry services, Department of Corrections Psychological Services or the prison nursing and medical officers. The elevated rates of common mental disorders argues for the use of improved psychiatric screening instruments, improved assessment and treatment capacities in the prison and an increased number of forensic psychiatric inpatient facilities to care for those psychotic inmates who are too unwell to be treated in the prison.
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