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Gratitude pays: A weekly gratitude intervention influences monetary decisions, physiological responses, and emotional experiences during a trust-related social interaction
Abstract
Gratitude interventions assist individuals in the pursuit of greater personal and social well-being. Yet, little is known about whether these interventions increase interpersonal trust. In the current study, we tested whether a weekly gratitude-promoting intervention enhances the decision to trust a stranger in a monetary game several days later. Furthermore, we tested whether this intervention influences emotional and physiological reactions during the trust-making decision. After completing a gratitude journaling intervention or a control condition, participants engaged in a laboratory-based trust game. Continuous self-reports of emotional valence and physiological reactivity were recorded throughout the game. Compared with the control group, participants completing the gratitude intervention experienced more positive emotions and this mediated their greater willingness to entrust more money to a stranger. Participants who received the gratitude intervention experienced higher respiration rates and systolic blood pressure responses during trust making decisions – indicative of greater motivational intensity.
... While individuals regard themselves to be reasonable, Park et al. (2016) demonstrate that they tend to depend more on emotions while making crucial judgments. According to Drążkowski et al., (2017), appreciation increases client trust in a company. In a series of laboratory tests, researchers discovered, for example, that weekly interactions between customers and service providers generated thankfulness and boosted interpersonal trust. ...
... These results indicate that the higher the customer's gratitude, the higher the trust in a product. This finding is in line with research conducted by Drążkowski et al., (2017) and Chou & Chen (2018) which also showed a significant positive relationship between customer gratitude and trust. This follows the explanation of the customer gratitude variable: when a product provides essential benefits to customers, it can make customers feel that this product is reliable in terms of quality and service. ...
Objectives: This study aims to determine the effect of perceived relationship marketing investments, self-image congruency, and customer gratitude on satisfaction, trust, and affective commitment perceived by-product customers who are associated with local brands. Methodology: This study uses a quantitative approach by distributing questionnaires. Hypothesis testing was carried out using SEM (Structural Equation Model) analysis technique on AMOS 24.0 software. The object used is the brand of consumer goods products. This research was conducted by surveying 305 Y and Z generation customers who have used or are currently using the product.Finding: The results of this study indicate that gratitude has a positive and significant effect on trust and affective commitment, and also has a negative and significant effect on overall satisfaction.Conclusion: This research shows that when the customer has felt the relationship marketing investment that a product or organization has made then from then positive feelings and a greater sense of gratitude will arise for the product or organization. Keywords: Affective Commitment; Customer Gratitude; Perceived Relationship Marketing Investment; Satisfaction; Self-Image Congruence; Trust.
... But, not only that, we found another critical reason for a significantly low correlation is the mismatch between the object of trust in the survey and the object in the Trust Game (Etang et al., 2012;Johansson-Stenman et al., 2013;McEvily et al., 2012). The problem is that some researchers do not specify the trusted object (i.e., 'the trustee') when using the Trust Game (Corgnet et al., 2016;Drążkowski et al., 2017;Levine & Schweitzer, 2015). In the following sections, the Trust Game refers to that of the unspecified trustee. ...
... From one point of view, researchers believe that the inherent type represented by the Trust Game is out-group trust (especially stranger trust) (Dunning et al., 2014;Naef & Schupp, 2009). In the laboratory situation, whether the trustee is real or virtual, most of the trustee's information is not made known (Bauer & Freitag, 2018;Drążkowski et al., 2017;Wang & Murnighan, 2017), which defaults to the trustee being a 'stranger' of the trustor. Therefore, when the object of trust is not specified, individuals may tend to interpret the Trust Game as a game with strangers, resulting in a closer relationship between the Trust Game and the stranger trust survey. ...
Trust Game and survey trust are the two most popular measurements in the field of trust research, but most studies conducted in developing countries have found low or even insignificant correlations between them, we therefore validated this phenomenon in the cultural context of the largest developing country, China. Within-country differences can be of the same magnitude as the between country differences, especially in a culturally diverse China. Thus, we focus on comparing the characteristics of trust in the South and North regions of China. Through zero-order correlation and hierarchical regression analysis, our findings are consistent with those of numerous developing countries: Trust Game is lowly correlated with in-group trust survey and not with out-group trust survey. On the other hand, we found that Chinese individuals exhibit a distinct pattern of in-group trust, and there is no fundamental difference in the characteristics of trust between the South and the North.
... Numerous other studies have also discussed the physical, psychological, social, and organizational benefits of gratitude practices and interventions. For example, individuals showing high levels of gratitude also report higher levels of life satisfaction (McCullough et al., 2002;Wood et al., 2008aWood et al., , 2008b, happiness (Morgan et al., 2017;Watkins et al., 2003), optimism and hope (McCullough et al., 2002), vitality and resilience (Garg & Sarkar, 2020), positive affect (Hill & Allemand, 2011), pleasure and self-realization (Nezlek et al., 2016), trust (Drążkowski et al., 2017), self-esteem (Lin, 2015), empathy ((Krumrei-Mancuso, 2016), prosocial behavior (Bono et al., 2017), and patience (Dickens & DeSteno, 2016). Gratitude helps fulfill three basic psychological needs, namely relatedness, autonomy, and competence. ...
... Therefore, this paper aims to examine the adaptability of the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6) scale in India. The scale has been extensively used by previous researchers (Wood et al., 2008a(Wood et al., , 2008bFroh et al., 2009;Hill & Allemand, 2011;Sun & Kong, 2013;Kong et al., 2017;Hill & Allemand, 2011;Nezlek et al., 2016;Drążkowski et al., 2017). The GQ-6 is a six-item scale that measures one's proneness to gratitude in everyday life. ...
Due to culture-based differences in conceptualization, expression, and gratitude experience, the GQ-6 scale has been validated in different countries. The present study examines the adaptability of the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6) scale in India. Two studies are conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of GQ-6 for Indian college students. The first study explores factorial validity, reliability, and measurement invariance of the scale. Appropriate factor loading in exploratory factor analysis and model fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) provides empirical evidence of the scale’s factorial validity. The second study investigates the convergent and criterion validity of the scale. A positive correlation with positive affect (PANAS scale) and life satisfaction (Wheel of Life Scale) and a negative association with negative affect (PANAS scale) establish criterion validity of GQ-6. The results conclude adequate suitability of the GQ-6 scale for Indian college students.
... Enfin, subordonnée à la gratitude-trait et à l'humeur, l'émotion de gratitude est plus aigüe, intense et temporaire, et survient en réponse à un stimulus externe . L'émotion de gratitude n'engendre ni expression faciale spécifique et/ou reconnaissable (Ekman, 1992), ni patterns physiologiques propres (Drążkowski, Kaczmarek, & Kashdan, 2017). Ainsi, la mesure du ressenti de gratitude repose principalement sur des mesures basées sur des auto-évaluations de ressenti selon une liste d'adjectifs affectifs (e.g., Algoe & Haidt, 2009;Desteno, Li, Dickens, & Lerner, 2014). ...
... L'individu à l'origine du ressenti de gratitude est évalué positivement (Algoe & Haidt, 2009, étude 1) et digne de confiance (Gino & Schweitzer, 2008), comparativement à d'autres émotions morales (i.e., fierté, colère, culpabilité ; Dunn & Schweitzer, 2005). Ce sentiment de confiance est notamment observé lorsque le bienfaiteur est parfaitement étranger à la cible plutôt que lorsque la relation interindividuelle est déjà établie (Drążkowski et al., 2017;Dunn & Schweitzer, 2005). Cette augmentation du sentiment de confiance chez la cible reconnaissante envers la source s'explique par une évaluation positive de l'intention de la personne source (Dunn & Schweitzer, 2005 (Stell & Farsides, 2016). ...
La littérature montre clairement le rôle des émotions collectives (i.e., répondant à des évènements impliquant le groupe d'appartenance) sur les relations intergroupes. Les études existantes ont majoritairement examiné les effets bénéfiques des émotions morales négatives (e.g., culpabilité ; Wohl & Branscombe, 2005) ou des émotions suscitées par des événements négatifs (e.g., sympathie ; Iyer. Leach, & Crosby, 2003), sur les relations intergroupes. Dans cette lignée, nous souhaitions examiner l'effet d'une émotion morale et positive : la gratitude, une émotion générée par la perception d'avoir été la cible de la bienveillance d'autrui (McCullough, Kilpatrick, Emmons, & Larson, 2001). Au delà de ses bénéfices intra-individuels, la gratitude favorise les tendances pro-sociales, renforce les relations (Bartlett & DeSteno, 2006) et diminue l'usage des stéréotypes (Jackson, Lewandowski, Fleury, & Chin, 2001). Si les bénéfices de cette émotion ont été largement examinés dans un contexte interpersonnel (Bartlett & DeSteno, 2006), aucune étude, à notre connaissance, ne s'est intéressée à son impact en tant qu'émotion collective au niveau des rapports intergroupes. Ce travail de thèse a ainsi pour objectif d'identifier les conditions d'apparition de la gratitude collective et les effets de celle-ci sur la perception et les attitudes à l'égard des immigrés. Nous prédisions que (a) la saillance des contributions positives de l'immigration susciterait de la gratitude collective chez les membres de l'endogroupe. En retour, (b) la gratitude collective engendrerait moins de préjugés et plus de comportements positifs envers les immigrés. A cette fin, nous avons mené deux études corrélationnelles (une transversale et une longitudinale) et six études expérimentales, impliquant un total de 1913 participants. Dans ces dernières, les émotions étaient induites en manipulant plusieurs méthodes distinctes : lecture de textes, visionnage de supports vidéo, rappel d'événements historiques. Les résultats montrent que la connaissance des contributions des immigrés s'accompagne de niveaux plus élevés de gratitude collective envers les immigrés, comparée à une condition contrôle ou une autre émotion positive (e.g., joie). En retour, le ressenti de gratitude collective est associé à une réduction des préjugés, une augmentation des attitudes positives envers les immigrés et une plus forte perception de coopération entre les groupes, comparativement aux autres conditions. Les résultats mettent également en lumière le rôle modérateur de l'orientation politique sur la propension à ressentir de la gratitude collective. L'ensemble de nos résultats suggère ainsi que la gratitude collective a un effet bénéfique dans l'amélioration des relations intergroupes.
... Physiological responses to gratitude were researched in previous studies. For instance, a recent study indicated that a gratitude intervention produced more trustful behavior at the expense of stronger physiological reactivity reflected in increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure and respiratory rate (Drążkowski et al. 2017). In another study, a gratitude diary intervention performed regularly for two weeks resulted in decreased diastolic blood pressure that was correlated with changes in well-being (Jackowska et al. 2016). ...
... These psychophysiological studies have established a link between practicing gratitude and health outcomes that have, however, several limitations. First, these findings indicate that despite a general soothing effect of gratitude on physiological processes (Jackowska et al. 2016;Redwine et al. 2016;vanOyen Witvliet et al. 2010), gratitude produces unfavorable effects (e.g., increased arousal) in more specific social situations (Drążkowski et al. 2017). Second, none of these studies accounted for a person-activity fit that might provide further insight into whether there are groups that respond with health-protective and groups that respond with risk-related cardiovascular patterns to gratitude expression. ...
Gratitude-based interventions are effective in facilitating positive relationships and increasing life satisfaction. However, for some individuals (e.g., with high levels of depression and low trait-gratitude) gratitude expression is threatening and rarely undertaken spontaneously. In this study, we expected to replicate this gratitude expression threat effect. Moreover, we aimed to understand psychophysiological mechanisms of this effect by accounting for cognitive, motivational, and physiological responses to gratitude expression in line with the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat. One hundred ninety-six students (51% women) between the ages of 18 and 31 years old (M = 21.20, SD = 2.08) reported personality measures and completed a laboratory session where they expressed gratitude via text messages after reporting evaluation and motivation towards the task. Their cardiovascular reactivity was monitored continuously. After the session, participants were invited to continue a gratitude intervention for the next three weeks. We found that individuals with higher depression and lower trait-gratitude were less likely to initiate gratitude intervention. This effect was mediated by a cardiovascular marker of threat (total peripheral resistance) that inhibited motivation and behavior. In summary, we replicated and provided further evidence for the role of personality traits in predicting aversive responses to gratitude expression via interventions. These findings contribute to the person-activity fit recommendations.
... Given the critical role of general trust, it can be used as a protective factor against cyberbullying by establishing optimal offline social relationships (among students, between students and teachers). Interventions related to the rebuilding of trust have been validated (Drążkowski et al., 2017;Kong et al., 2023). Therefore, one direction for future research is to incorporate the element of trust into cyberbullying intervention strategies and test their effectiveness and convenience. ...
Based on previous empirical studies of cyberbullying and loneliness, this study explored the dynamic relationship between cyberbullying (perpetration and victimization) and loneliness among university stu- dents, as well as the underlying mechanism. We found that there was a co-developmental pattern of cyberbullying (perpetration and victimi- zation) and loneliness, and general trust mediated the relationship be- tween cyberbullying and loneliness in a bidirectional manner. This shows that trust plays a crucial role to reduce the association of cyber- bullying and loneliness, providing research evidence for designing intervention and prevention strategies for cyberbullying.
... This improvement in positive emotions is consistent with other studies that have shown an association between savoring and decreases in negative affect and self-reported depressive symptoms [40], and between savoring and increased happiness and satisfaction [41,44]. Previous studies have also found that gratitude has positive effects in non-clinical populations by reducing repetitive negative thinking [37], increasing positive emotions [22], and potentially even direct reducing suicidal ideation [48]. Interestingly, practicing these positive skills not only had a beneficial effect on the participants' emotions and self-awareness, but they also had a positive influence on interpersonal relationships. ...
Background
Long-term follow-up studies in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) consistently show persistent impairment in psychosocial adjustment, although symptoms tend to decrease over time. Consequently, it might be better to deemphasize symptom-oriented interventions and instead promote interventions that incorporate patient perspectives on recovery. In this study we aimed to examine the feasibility and acceptability of a novel intervention (dialectical behavioral therapy combined with positive psychology and contextual-based skills) in the clinical treatment of long-lasting BPD difficulties.
Methods
This was a qualitative study. We developed an initial 8-week group intervention for long-lasting BPD. Upon completion of the 8-week program, the participants were asked to participate in a group discussion to provide feedback. Based on that feedback, the intervention protocol was modified and then offered to a second group of patients, who also provided feedback. The protocol was revised again and administered to a third group. A total of 32 patients participated in the group interventions; of these, 20 provided feedback in the qualitative study. The main outcome measure was acceptability.
Results
The following overarching themes emerged from the group interviews: helpful, unhelpful and neutral practices; internal/external barriers; facilitators; and effects. Participants reported difficulties in imagining an optimal future and self-compassion. By contrast, positive skills were associated with an increase in positive emotions. The main internal barrier was facing difficult emotions. The main external barriers were language-related issues. The group format was perceived as a facilitator to success. Dropout rates, which were assessed as an additional measure of acceptability, decreased substantially in each successive group, from 60 to 40% and finally 20%.
Conclusions
The intervention was feasible to implement in the clinical setting and participants rated the final set of skills highly. Most of the skills were considered useful. Participant feedback was invaluable to improve the intervention, as evidenced by the large increase in the retention rate from 40 to 80%. Randomized clinical trials are needed to test the efficacy of this intervention in promoting well-being in participants with long-lasting BPD.
... Experiencing the emotion of gratitude during an intervention might broaden participants' thoughts concerning the means through which and people from whom they can seek social support, as well as reasons why they can trust others for support. Some indirect evidence for this perspective was found in a study in which gratitude journaling enhanced participants' trust of other people during social interactions, which was mediated by the experience of more positive emotions (Drążkowski et al., 2017). ...
How can gratitude interventions be designed to produce meaningful and enduring effects on people’s well-being? To address this question, the author proposes the Catalyst Model of Change—this novel, practical, and empirically testable model posits five socially oriented behavioral pathways that channel the long-term effects of gratitude interventions as well as how to augment gratitude experiences in interventions to boost treatment effects and catalyze these behavioral pathways. Specifically, interventions that enhance the frequency, skills, intensity, temporal span, and variety of gratitude experiences are likely to catalyze the following post-intervention socially oriented behaviors: (a) social support–seeking behaviors, (b) prosocial behaviors, (c) relationship initiation and enhancement behaviors, (d) participation in mastery-oriented social activities, and (e) reduced maladaptive interpersonal behaviors, which, in turn, produce long-term psychological well-being. A unique feature of the Catalyst Model of Change is that gratitude experiences are broadly conceptualized to include not just gratitude emotions, cognitions, and disclosures, but also expressing, receiving, witnessing, and responding to interpersonal gratitude. To this end, gratitude interventions that provide multiple opportunities for social experiences of gratitude (e.g., members expressing gratitude to each other in a group) might offer the greatest promise for fostering durable, positive effects on people’s psychological well-being.
... One possible solution is an emotion of gratitude, thankfulness, counting blessings, and appreciating what you have, which improves satisfaction with life and the self-esteem of a person. Gratitude relieves and lessens the level of depression and increases the positivity in people who are in depressive conditions, enhances happiness, and reduces dissatisfaction (Drążkowski et al., 2017;Homan et al., 2014). Gratitude facilitates change in cognition, motivation, and the building of strong relationships. ...
The purpose of the study was to quantify the impact of gratitude on subjective well-being and moderating role of materialism among Pakistani youth. For this purpose, the sample of 550 participants (aged 15-29) were selected through a multistage random sampling technique from five metropolitan cities of Pakistan. The measurement tools employed for the data collection were the Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky & Lepper 1999), Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1998) Gratitude Questionnaire GQ-6 (McCullough et al., 2002), and Material Values Scale (Richines & Dawson., 1992). The collected data were analyzed through Smart PLS (3.0). The results showed a significant positive relationship between gratitude and subjective well-being (happiness and satisfaction with life) and a negative relationship with materialism. Whereas, materialism played a significant moderating role between gratitude and subjective well-being. Significant gender differences were also exhibited in this study. This study also provides guidelines and strategies for youth and parents, to educational professionals, new researchers, society, and government agencies.
... Gratitude is strongly related to numerous positive outcomes such as superior life satisfaction and relationship satisfaction. Gratitude interventions enhance positive emotions and interpersonal trust (Drążkowski et al. 2017). Fostering gratitude reduces materialism in children and adolescents (Chaplin et al. 2019). ...
One of the key issues of the learning experience is students’ performance during the course, as this is pointed to as one of the main indicators for boosting competences’ development and skills’ improvement. This study explores the roles of spirituality, forgiveness, and gratitude on students’ academic performance, proposing a model of analysis revealing a first-order moderation effect of spirituality in the mediation effect of happiness, on the relation between gratitude and forgiveness with students’ academic performance. Two hundred twenty management students from various Indian universities voluntarily participated in the study. To avoid common method-bias issues, data concerning the study variables were obtained in two distinct moments. To test for the moderated-mediation model of analysis, we have followed the PROCESS analytical procedure. Results showed that forgiveness and gratitude were positively and significantly related to happiness and academic performance. It was also possible to see that spirituality moderates the relationship between forgiveness for self and student happiness. Finally, the moderated-mediating impact of spirituality and happiness on the relationship between gratitude and academic performance was also supported. The present study has taken the lead from positive psychology to assess the students’ character strengths related to their well-being and success. It proposes an innovative model of analysis, supported by theoretical reasoning, pointing to the existence of a moderated-mediation relation predicting students’ academic performance.
... Researchers refer to it as "booster shots" for maintaining long-run associations. It promotes prosocial behaviour (Michie, 2009), trust (Drążkowski et al., 2017), mutual understanding, and respect (Algoe & Zhaoyang, 2015), and affection among people. In a nutshell, researchers recommend that gratitude enhances people's well-being. ...
GRAT-16 is one of the most commonly used scales that measure gratitude. This scale was designed and majorly used in the western context. The present paper examined the factorial solution, reliability, and validity of the scale in Indian settings. For psychometric analysis of GRAT-16, two studies were conducted. The first study examined the factorial validity of the three-dimensional scale of gratitude (GRAT-16) in the Indian context. The first study was based on a sample of 530 students that consisted of 51.32% male and 48.68% female respondents. These students were enrolled in commerce (68.11%), science (20.57%), and humanities (11.32%) courses and have a mean age of 21.19 years. Study 1 had two sub-samples. The first subsample (n = 260) was used for exploratory factor analysis using varimax rotation. The factorial solution reported three factors that explain a 54% variance. The second subsample (n = 270) was used for confirmatory factor analysis to substantiate a three-factor scale. Here, one statement was deleted for low regression weight. It reduced GRAT-16 to GRAT-15 for Indian respondents with appreciable goodness of fit indices. The second study examined the reliability and validity of the Indian GRAT-15. Study 2 was based on a sample of 519 students, with a mean age of 21.65 years. This sample had 288 (53.56%) male participants and 241 (53.56%) female respondents. Also, 63.2%, 26.37%, and 10.31% of the participants belonged to commerce, science, and humanities streams. This second study concluded good internal consistency reliability with acceptable values of Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability. The appropriate values of Average Variance Explained (AVE) confirmed convergent and discriminant validity of Indian GRAT-15. The criterion validity of the Indian GRAT-15 was also assessed. A significant positive correlation with the Satisfaction with Life Scale and a negative association with Kessler Psychological Distress Scale concluded that GRAT-15 might be a valuable tool to measure gratitude for the Indian respondents.
... Our intervention was inspired by positive psychology interventions, defined as "treatment methods or intentional activities that aim to cultivate positive feelings, behaviors, or cognitions" (Sin and Lyubomirsky, 2009, p. 468). They may also influence social functioning, for example increasing trust in social relations (Drazkowski et al., 2017). One of them, wellvalidated, is the "three good things" intervention (Seligman et al., 2005). ...
The aim of our study was to test the effectiveness of the “three good things for others” intervention. We used the randomized controlled trial method, with four measurements (pretest, posttest, follow-up after 2 weeks, follow-up after 4 weeks) and with random assignment of participants to experimental and placebo control groups. We investigated the effects of the intervention on prosocial behavior, and in addition on positive and negative affect, and positive orientation (a general tendency to approach reality in a positive way). The results showed an increase in positive affect and a decrease in negative affect in the experimental group a day after the intervention. These effects, however, did not endure over the next 2 or 4 weeks. We also observed a statistically significant increase in prosocial behavior in the placebo control group, in which participants were engaged in a task of recalling childhood memories. The results are discussed and recommendations for future studies are proposed.
... Finally, there are benefits of interpreting self-reports, physiology, and behavior together. For instance, similar behavioral responses might be interpreted as trust or risk-taking depending on whether the same behavior (e.g., entrusting money to other individuals) is accompanied by parasympathetic (tend-and-befriend) or sympathetic (flight-or-flight) activation (Drążkowski et al., 2017). Consequently, if physiological responses were not engaged and did not mediate the relationship between the provision of affective stimuli and responding to partner's success, we might interpret that the process is guided by reflective rather than an impulsive system which dominates when homeostasis is disturbed (Strack & Deutsch, 2004). ...
When individuals communicate enthusiasm for good events in their partners' lives, they contribute to a high-quality relationship; a phenomenon termed interpersonal capitalization. However, little is known when individuals are more ready to react enthusiastically to the partner's success. To address this gap, we examined whether positive and negative emotions boost or inhibit enthusiastic responses to partner's capitalization attempts (RCA). Participants ( N = 224 individuals) responded to their partner's success. Before each capitalization attempt (operationalized as responses following the news that their partner won money in a game), we used video clips to elicit positive (primarily amusement) or negative (primarily anger) or neutral emotions in the responder. We recorded emotional valence, smiling intensity, verbal RCA, and physiological reactivity. We found indirect (but not direct) effects such that eliciting positive emotions boosted and negative emotions inhibited enthusiastic RCA (smiling intensity and enthusiastic verbal RCA). These effects were relatively small and mediated by emotional valence and smiling intensity but not physiological reactivity. The results offer novel evidence that positive emotions fuel the capitalization process.
... 31 Dunn et al (2005) studied the relationship among positive emotion, gratitude and trust. 32 Qiu et al (2008) 33 revised the PANAS(Positive Emotion and Negative Emotion Scale) compiled 34 , based on the theory of two-dimensional structure of emotion, using the method of expert evaluation and questionnaire survey, during the research, 218 valid questionnaires were collected, and the items were analyzed and screened by exploratory factors, and 33 words describing positive and negative emotions were obtained at the same time, descriptors (17) describing positive emotional experience include active, alert, dedicated, firm, enthusiastic, excited, encouraged, interested, proud, powerful, cheerful, energetic, delighted, surprised, cheerful, happy and grateful, descriptors (16) describing negative emotional experience include fear, panic, tension, jittery, irritability, hostility, guilt, shame, sadness, distress, fear, contempt, anger, frustration, anger and anxiety. Generally, after experiencing positive emotions, individuals are more likely to trust others. ...
Introduction
Nowadays, more and more people choose to rent houses in first-tier cities together with other people, which can alleviate certain economic pressure. Therefore co-tenancy has become an important field of academic research in recent years and a number of previous studies have discussed the phenomenon. However, fewer studies explore the influence of different variables on the willingness of co-tenancy behavior through quantitative methods.
Methods
This study conceptualizes and implements concepts such as trust, positive emotion, relationship strength, satisfaction, income, duration of co-tenancy required and the willingness of co-tenancy behavior(WOCB). We designed and collected a questionnaire and finally a questionnaire survey of users (n=525) was conducted, and a basic description and comparison of research objects’ willingness of co-tenancy behavior were made in terms of trust, and positive emotion, relationship strength and monthly income also affect the willingness of co-tenancy behavior.
Results
The trust effects have a positive impact on the WOCB, Trust effect will affect Relationship Strength and Positive Emotion, and will further affect the WOCB. However, this influence is negative when people are in high Monthly Income and negative when people are in low Monthly Income.
Discussion
Trust, relationship strength and positive emotion are key factors for people to rent houses with others. That is to say, the intensity of people’s willingness to rent houses with others depends on the degree of trust in others, the relationship strength and positive emotion. When the post-90s drifters in Shenzhen do not believe others, they will tend to live alone rather than the new model of co-tenancy. We also suspect that a person with negative emotion far greater than positive emotion prefers to live alone, rather than living in the same place with his roommates. It provided certain group implications for their willingness of co-tenancy behavior.
... The signal was sampled at 1000 Hz by Powerlab 16/35 (ADInstruments, New Zealand) and further reduced using LabChart 8.19 software (ADInstruments, New Zealand). The validity of Response Meter for capturing valenced emotion dimensionally has been documented in previous studies (Drążkowski et al., 2017;Kaczmarek et al., 2019). ...
A person can reap psychological benefits when sharing their accomplishments or capitalizing with a partner. These benefits often depend on whether a partner responds with enthusiasm; however, it is unknown what prompts enthusiastic responses. In two experiments, we aimed to examine whether partners reciprocate enthusiastic responses to capitalization attempts. In Study 1, participants (N = 394) who recalled their partner’s past enthusiastic feedback to capitalization attempts endorsed stronger intentions to respond enthusiastically to their partner’s capitalization attempts (relative to a comparison group recalling their partner’s prior demeaning feedback). In Study 2 (N = 326), we found that enthusiastic responses to capitalization attempts were reciprocated among romantic couples but reciprocation was not mediated by subjective emotion, emotional expressiveness, nor physiological responses. In conclusion, our findings support reciprocity in capitalization, i.e. romantic partners are more motivated and more likely to respond enthusiastically to capitalization attempts depending on their partner’s previous behavior.
... Specific negative emotions, such as anger and fear, and positive emotions, such as gratitude, will result in different cognitive appraisals (Clore and Schnall, 2005). The reason for the differences in negative and positive emotions on judgments is that they provide different information to individuals, such that negative emotions like anger and fear signal harm (Lebel, 2017), whereas positive emotions like gratitude signal safety and prosocial motives (Drążkowski et al., 2017). ...
During a crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, what managers communicate to their employees can greatly impact important organizational attitudes, such as organizational trust. There is, however, very little research focusing on the mechanisms explaining how managers' messages during a crisis can influence employees' organizational trust. To address this gap, the current study examined the role that emotions play in developing organizational trust using a 2 (following CDC norms vs. ignoring CDC norms) by 2 (employee focus vs. bottom-line focus) between-subjects factorial experiment, with COVID-19 as the context. The results showed that a manager's communication that followed the CDC social norms made employees feel grateful, whereas communication that ignored CDC social norms enhanced fear and anger toward the organization. The feelings of gratefulness and fear influenced organizational trust. These results provide important theoretical and practical implications for understanding organizational trust during a crisis.
Trust and emotion have been among the most influential and frequently studied constructs in organizational behavior over the last two decades. Although emotion would seem to be integral to interpersonal trust, it has played a minor part in the literature. This article is intended to advance understanding of emotion’s role in shaping trust judgments to help bring this concept into the central conversation on trust within organizations. Our paper begins with a review of existing research to help understand how emotion fits within the nomological network of trust and to identify some of the key insights from empirical research. The review suggests emotion impacts trust in two fundamentally different ways, based on independent streams of research, by how it is experienced as a trustor and expressed by the trustee. We provide a conceptual model that integrates these different perspectives as well as brings in key ideas which are absent from research on organizational trust: (a) using a validated and more sophisticated model of trust and trustworthiness will add greater insight into how emotion impacts trust, (b) experienced and expressed emotions jointly and interactively affect trust, (c) trust and emotion operate at multiple levels of analysis, including dyadic and network, and (d) trust and emotion change over time as a function of each other. We conclude that there is much opportunity for future research on trust and emotion, and suggest future directions.
Gratitude expressions play a key role in strengthening relationships, suggesting gratitude might promote adaptive responses during teamwork. However, little research has examined gratitude’s impact on loose tie relationships (like coworkers), and similarly little research has examined how gratitude impacts physiological stress responding or biological responses more generally. The present research uses an ecologically valid, dyadic teamwork paradigm to test how gratitude expressions impact in vivo physiological challenge and threat stress responding, assessed via a challenge–threat index composed of cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. Compared with a control condition, teammates (n = 190) who were randomly assigned to a gratitude expression manipulation showed improved biological challenge–threat responses while jointly completing an acutely stressful collaborative work task (developing a product pitch), and later while completing an individual performance task (pitching the product). During the collaborative task, gratitude expressions buffered against threat responses; during the individual task, gratitude expressions amplified challenge responses. Analyses of cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) aided in determining how cardiac outflow versus vascular constriction/dilation contributed to these effects. The finding that gratitude expressions promote adaptive biological responding at the dyadic level contributes to a growing literature on the social functions of positive emotions and gratitude, specifically. The present results also have wider implications for physiological stress in performance tasks and suggest that workplace gratitude interventions can promote adaptive stress responding in teams
This study aims to adapt the Existential Gratitude Scale (Jens-Beken & Wong, 2019) to Turkish culture and to examine the scale’s psychometric properties in this respect. The study uses the convenience sampling method, and the sample consists of 286 participants between the ages of 18 to 53, of whom 212 (74.1%) are female and 74 (25.9%) are male. The structural validity of the scale has been examined using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The CFA results confirm the original EGS’ one-dimensional structure over a Turkish sample, and the scale has good fit indices (χ2=94.655, df=34, χ2/df =2.784, GFI=0.936, NFI=0.930, CFI=0.954, SRMR=0.0420, and RMSEA=0.079). The factor loadings range from .46 to .77. For the criterion validity, Pearson correlations were calculated for the EGS with the Short Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation Scale and Transpersonal Gratitude Scales, which resulted in significant positive correlations (respectively r=0.476 and r=0.579 at p= 05). The item-total correlation and comparison of the upper 27% and lower 27% groups were examined for the item analysis of the scale; these have revealed the EGS to possess satisfactory discriminating power. As a result of the reliability analysis, Cronbach’s alpha of internal consistency was calculated as .893. This study shows the EGS to be a valid and reliable tool useable in the context of Turkey for measuring individuals’ existential gratitude levels. The EGS can be a valuable tool for practitioners in mental health settings in developing appropriate interventions for individuals’ coping skills in celebrating adversity.
Though gratitude research in organizational behavior (OB) is nascent, this emotion has a rich history in the social sciences. Research has shown gratitude to promote prosocial behaviors, encourage personal well-being, and foster interpersonal relationships. However, gratitude research has been siloed among these three outcomes of gratitude (moral, wellness, and relational). Similarly, past reviews of gratitude have focused on only one group of outcomes, one of its forms (trait, state, or expressed), or empirical findings without emphasis on the theoretical underpinnings. In contrast, this review recognizes that each type of gratitude, its functions, and outcomes are part of a single process model of gratitude. As such, in the current review we provide a comprehensive assessment of gratitude in the social sciences by distilling and organizing the literature per our process model of episodic gratitude. Then, we translate the insights for management scholars, highlighting possible differences and synergies between extant research and workplace gratitude thereby helping advance “gratitude science” in the workplace. In all, this review (a) examines definitions and operationalizations of gratitude and provides recommendations for organizational research; (b) proposes a process model of episodic workplace gratitude as a conceptual map to guide future OB research on gratitude; (c) reviews empirical gratitude research through the lens of our process model; and (d) discusses the current state of the literature, important differences for workplace gratitude, and future directions for organizational scholars.
We explored competing models using bifactor item response theory (IRT) analyses to determine the relationship between trait measures of trust, distrust, and suspicion. The model with a general factor for all three scales fits the data best. We explored the relationship of the emergent general factor by correlating it with two latent traits: Agreeableness and the Trust facet of Agreeableness. The exploratory findings showed evidence that the general factor from the best-fitting model was practically identical to the Trust facet of Agreeableness. We concluded that trait trust, distrust, and suspicion reside on a continuum represented by the general factor, which is dispositional trust.
In capitalist societies, workers feel, or feel obliged to feel grateful for having a job. In a world marked by global inequality, migrants from the global South to the North are expected to feel gratitude for their opportunity to move to and live in a first world country. In the case of temporary foreign workers, both these sorts of gratitude come together. The political economy regime governing the conditions of work and cross‐border movement for temporary foreign workers employed in health care in Canada engenders feelings of gratefulness from workers towards their employers. Contextualized within a cross‐disciplinary study of gratitude as a social construct, this article uses the case of this particular sort of work and migration gratitude to develop knowledge on the nuanced and complex ways in which structures of feeling lead from and loop back into capitalist political economies.
Purpose
Relationship marketing is about developing, maintaining and sustaining mutually beneficial customer–organisation relationships as measured by economic gains. Yet, a purely economic focus does not fully offer a psychological explanation of relationship marketing outcomes. In this regard, this paper has considered gratitude as a significant component of personal relationships, which offers insights into a customer–organisation relationships. Accordingly, this study aims to examine gratitude as a mechanism to predict relationship marketing outcomes, such as overall satisfaction, trust and commitment.
Design/methodology/approach
Data were collected from 1,093 millennial consumers across three university campuses.
Findings
Results indicate that gratitude is a mediating mechanism that can explain the relationship between young consumers’ perceptions of relationship marketing investments and overall satisfaction, trust and commitment. Perceived benevolence strengthens the relationship between perceived relationship marketing investments and customer gratitude.
Originality/value
The gratitude model contributes an alternative understanding of how young consumers’ perceptions of an organisation’s marketing investments are important in achieving a high degree of relationship marketing outcomes. This paper further incorporates the moderating roles of customer cynicism and perceptions of benevolence, key individual and relational characteristics, that influence the level of gratitude individuals to experience in response to the investments made by organisations.
Trust plays an essential role in all human relationships. However, measuring trust remains a challenge for researchers exploring psychophysiological signals. Therefore, this article aims to systematically map the approaches used in studies assessing trust with psychophysiological signals. In particular, we examine the numbers and frequency of combined psychophysiological signals, the primary outcomes of previous studies, and the types and most commonly used data analysis techniques for analyzing psychophysiological data to infer a trust state. For this purpose, we employ a systematic mapping review method, through which we analyze 51 carefully selected articles (studies focused on trust using psychophysiology). Two significant findings are as follows: (1) Psychophysiological signals from EEG(electroencephalogram) and ECG(electrocardiogram) for monitoring peripheral and central nervous systems are the most frequently used to measure trust, while audio and EOG(electro-oculography) psychophysiological signals are the least commonly used. Moreover, the maximum number of psychophysiological signals ever combined so far is three (3). Most of which are peripheral nervous system monitoring psychophysiological signals that are low in spatial resolution. (2) Regarding outcomes: there is only one tool proposed for assessing trust in an interpersonal context, excluding trust in a technology context. Moreover, there are no stable and accurate ensemble models that have been developed to assess trust; all prior attempts led to unstable but fairly accurate models or did not satisfy the conditions for combining several algorithms (ensemble). In conclusion, the extent to which trust can be assessed using psychophysiological measures during user interactions (real-time) remains unknown, as there several issues, such as the lack of a stable and accurate ensemble trust classifier model, among others, that require urgent research attention. Although this topic is relatively new, much work has been done. However, more remains to be done to provide clarity on this topic.
Decades of research document individual differences in prosocial behavior using controlled experiments that model social interactions in situations of interdependence. However, theoretical and empirical integration of the vast literature on the predictive validity of personality traits to account for these individual differences is missing. Here, we present a theoretical framework that identifies four broad situational affordances across interdependent situations (i.e., exploitation, reciprocity, temporal conflict, and dependence under uncertainty) and more specific sub-affordances within certain types of interdependent situations (e.g., possibility to increase equality in outcomes) that can determine when, which, and how personality traits should be expressed in prosocial behavior. To test this framework, we meta-analyzed 770 studies reporting on 3,523 effects of 8 broad and 43 narrow personality traits on prosocial behavior in interdependent situations modelled in six commonly studied economic games (Dictator Game, Ultimatum Game, Trust Game, Prisoner’s Dilemma, Public Goods Game, and Commons Dilemma). Overall, meta-analytic correlations ranged between -.18 ≤ r ≤ .26 and most traits yielding a significant relation to prosocial behavior had conceptual links to the affordances provided in interdependent situations, most prominently the possibility for exploitation. Moreover, for several traits, correlations within games followed the predicted pattern derived from a theoretical analysis of affordances. On the level of traits, we found that narrow and broad traits alike can account for prosocial behavior, informing the bandwidth-fidelity problem. In sum, the meta-analysis provides a theoretical foundation that can guide future research on prosocial behavior and advance our understanding of individual differences in human prosociality.
Across two studies, we explored the relationship of propensity to trust – a general willingness to trust others ( Mayer, Davis, & Schoorman, 1995 ) – and suspicion propensity – a disposition toward being suspicious ( Calhoun et al., 2017 ) – to determine if the constructs are distinct and account for unique variance in relevant outcomes. We used exploratory structural equation modeling to investigate whether propensity to trust and suspicion propensity are separate constructs. Then, we investigated the unique predictive validity of each trait on criteria of interest. We found some evidence that propensity to trust and suspicion propensity are unique, yet related, constructs with unique predictive validity. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as limitations, of this research are discussed.
From football to the ultimatum game to chess to World of Warcraft, games have been used in social and personality psychology research for decades. Games are a unique and powerful method: They are engaging and have the potential to both manipulate and measure psychological constructs. In fact, researchers have used physical games, board games, behavioral economics games, and digital games to study a range of individual differences, interpersonal processes, and social cognitive processes. Furthermore, researchers have the opportunity to create their own games that can be targeted directly toward their topic of interest. Our review provides a primer for social and personality psychologists interested in using existing games or creating new games for their research as a method for understanding attitudes, behaviors, emotions, cognitions, and perceptions.
Jest to zbiór zawierający dane o psychometrycznych właściwościach i instrukcje do następujących 17 narzędzi. Prezentowane w zbiorze narzędzia dotyczą czterech kategorii konstruktów wyznaczających zachowania związanie ze zdrowiem:
A - predyspozycji indywidualnych: zachowań typu A/B, ekspresji gniewu, kontroli emocji, dyspozycyjnego optymizmu;
B – przekonań i oczekiwań: umiejscowienia kontroli zdrowia, poczucia własnej skuteczności;
C – zachowań zdrowotnych i wartościowania zdrowia;
D – zmagania się z chorobą: oczekiwań pacjenta, przekonań na temat kontroli bólu, strategii radzenia sobie z bólem, akceptacji choroby, przystosowania się do choroby nowotworowej.
Opis:
Wszystkie narzędzia należą do typu "papier-ołówek" i oparte są na samoopisie. Są to krótkie i łatwe w stosowaniu skale i kwestionariusze. Badani udzielają odpowiedzi na arkuszach testowych..
Rzetelność: W większości przypadków oceniano zgodność wewnętrzną wykorzystując współczynnik alfa Cronbacha. W sporadycznych wypadkach zdodność oceniano metodą połówkową (pozycje parzyste-nieparzyste). W uzasadnionych przypadkach określano także stałość wyników metodą test-retest. Powtórne badanie było z reguły przeprowadzane po upływie sześciu tygodni.
Trafność: Trafność diagnostyczną ustalano korelując wyniki danego narzędzia z kryterium zewnętrznym (najczęściej innym testem), mierzącym podobne właściwości, zastosowanym w tym samym czasie co narzędzie ze zbioru NPPPZ. Z kolei korelacja wyników danego narzędzia z kryterium zewnętrznym zastosowanym po upływie pewnego czasu (np. z oceną lekarską), stanowiła miarę trafności prognostycznej.
Normy:
Normy stenowe dla prób ogólnych; średnie arytmetyczne dla różnych grup klinicznych.
Zastosowanie:
Kwestionariusze i skale można stosować do celów naukowych (badawczych) oraz diagnostycznych (praktycznych). Niektóre z narzędzi mogą służyć do badań przesiewowych. Mogą być stosowane nie tylko przez psychologów; szczególnie przydatne mogą być dla lekarzy, socjologów, pedagogów oraz innych specjalistów zajmujących się promocją zdrowia, edukacją zdrowotną, profilaktyką i terapią.
Narzędzia wchodzące w skład zbioru NPPPZ:
AIS - Skala Akceptacji Choroby
BPCQ - Kwestionariusz Przekonań na Temat Kontroli Bólu
CECS - Skala Kontroli Emocji
CSQ - Kwestionariusz Strategii Radzenia Sobie z Bólem
GSES - Skala Uogólnionej Własnej Skuteczności
IZZ - Inwentarz Zachowań Zdrowotnych
KompOs - Skala Kompetencji Osobistej
LKZ - Lista Kryteriów Zdrowia
LOT-R - Test Orientacji Życiowej
LWO - Lista Wartości Osobistych
MHLC - Wielowymiarowa Skala Umiejscowienia Kontroli Zdrowia
Mini-MAC - Skala Przystosowania Psychicznego do Choroby Nowotworowej
PRF - Lista Oczekiwań Pacjenta
SEG - Skala Ekspresji Gniewu
SWLS - Skala Satysfakcji z Życia
TAB - Skala Typu A/B - wersja DM
TYP-A - Skala Typu A-Framingham
We argue that sociological explanations proposed within the social capital framework to explain individual well-being are incomplete because they do not differentiate between interpersonal influence and selection mechanisms, on the one hand, and cognitive intra-personal processes on the other. To this end, three theoretical models of the dynamic interaction between interpersonal trust and job satisfaction will be used to derive and empirically test six hypotheses. First, according to influence mechanisms, an individual's job satisfaction can be the result of the number of sociometric trust choices he or she receives (popularity effect) or the level of job satisfaction of those actors he/she trusts (contagion effect). Second, selection mechanisms postulate that a focal actor will be more likely to develop interpersonal trust in colleagues with a high job satisfaction (attractiveness effect) or with similar levels of job satisfaction as the focal actor (homophily effect). Third, according to intrapersonal spillover mechanisms, a high level of job satisfaction can either facilitate the creation of interpersonal trust relationships (satisfaction spillover effect), or individuals initiating a high number of interpersonal trust relationships can exhibit higher levels of satisfaction (trust spillover effect). To simultaneously test these six hypotheses, longitudinal intra-organizational social network data from a Dutch housing company (n = 57) were used. We found a significant contagion effect, but no support for a popularity effect or either selection effect. Moreover, contrary to what we expected, employees with a low level of job satisfaction were significantly more likely to develop trust relationships with others.
Ophrys | Revue française de sociologie 2008/3 -Vol. 49 pages 613 à 637 ISSN 0035-2969 Article disponible en ligne à l'adresse:://www.cairn.info/revue-francaise-de-sociologie-2008-3-page-613.htm
This study presents the Polish version of the GQ-6 (Gratitude Questionnaire) to measure the level of gratitude (McCullough, Emmons, Tsang, 2002). The psychometric parameters of the Polish version of the GQ-6 questionnaire were examined: reliability, validity and preliminary norms for the Polish population. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFI) performed on the responses of 511 individuals confirms the goodness-of-fit with the original one-factor solution of GQ-6 questionnaire structure but the item number 6 is still discussed. The psychometric parameters were demonstrated to be relatively good, internal consistency reliability alpha Cronbach’s coefficient is .72.
A cornerstone for research into the link between stress and health has been the reactivity hypothesis; cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stressors, if prolonged or exaggerated, can promote the development of cardiovascular disease. However, it has recently been argued that low or blunted reactivity is also associated with negative health outcomes. As such, in this special issue we present further evidence implicating that cardiovascular and stress hormone responses to acute stress at the other end of the response spectrum can also be considered a pathway to ill health. In this introductory article, we explore and review the origins of and potential mechanisms underlying blunted responses to acute stress. In so doing, we aim to highlight: what is currently known regarding this new conceptualization of the reactivity hypothesis; the potential explanations for blunted reactivity; the pathways underlying associations with health outcomes; and where this field is headed in terms of developing our understanding of the link between reactivity and health.
Background: Theory and research have shown that gratitude interventions have
positive outcomes on measures of well-being. Gratitude listing, behavioral
expressions, and grateful contemplation are methods of inducing gratitude.
While research has examined gratitude listing and behavioral expressions, no
study has tested the long-term effects of a gratitude contemplation intervention
on well-being. Methods: The present experiment examined the efficacy of a
4-week gratitude contemplation intervention program in improving well-being
relative to a memorable events control condition. Pre-test measures of cardiac
coherence, trait gratitude, and positive and negative affect were collected. Preand
post-test measures assessing satisfaction with life and self-esteem were also
collected. Daily positive and negative affect were completed twice a week
throughout the intervention period. Results: Compared to those in the memorable
events condition, participants in the gratitude condition reported higher
satisfaction with life and self-esteem. Trait gratitude was found to moderate the
effects of the gratitude intervention on satisfaction with life. Conclusion: Grateful
contemplation can be used to enhance long-term well-being.
Discusses what people infer from their feelings and presents an overview of feelings-as-information theory based on work conducted up to the end of 1987. For more recent reviews see Schwarz & Clore 1996, 2007 in Higgins & Kruglanski's "Social psychology" (1st and 2nd edition) and Schwarz 2012 in "Handbook of theories in social psychology" --all available on ResearchGate.
A distinction is proposed betweentrust as a cognitive bias in the evaluation of incomplete information about the (potential) interaction partner andassurance as a perception of the incentive structure that leads the interaction partner to act cooperatively. It is hypothesized that trust in this sense helps people to move out of mutually committed relations where the partner's cooperation is assured. Although commitment formation is a rather standard solution to the problems caused by social uncertainty, commitment becomes a liability rather than an asset as opportunity costs increase. Facing increasing opportunity costs, trust provides a springboard in the attempt to break psychological inertia that has been mobilized to maintain committed relations. In conjunction with an assumption that networks of mutually committed relations play a more prominent role in Japanese society than in American society, this hypothesis has been applied to predict a set of cross-national differences between the United States and Japan in the levels of trust and related factors. The results of a cross-national questionnaire survey (with 1,136 Japanese and 501 American respondents) support most of the predictions, and indicate that, in comparison to Japanese respondents, American respondents are more trusting of other people in general, consider reputation more important, and consider themselves more honest and fair. In contrast, Japanese respondents see more utility in dealing with others through personal relations.
Although dozens of studies have examined the autonomic nervous system (ANS) aspects of negative emotions, less is known about ANS responding in positive emotion. An evolutionary framework was used to define five positive emotions in terms of fitness-enhancing function, and to guide hypotheses regarding autonomic responding. In a repeated measures design, participants viewed sets of visual images eliciting these positive emotions (anticipatory enthusiasm, attachment love, nurturant love, amusement, and awe) plus an emotionally neutral state. Peripheral measures of sympathetic and vagal parasympathetic activation were assessed. Results indicated that the emotion conditions were characterized by qualitatively distinct profiles of autonomic activation, suggesting the existence of multiple, physiologically distinct positive emotions.
Economic exchange often pits options for selfish and cooperative benefit against one another. Decisions favoring communal profit at the expense of self-interest have traditionally been thought to stem from strategic control aimed at tamping down emotional responses centered on immediate resource acquisition. In the present article, evidence is provided to argue against this limited view of the role played by emotion in shaping prosociality. Findings demonstrate that the social emotion gratitude functions to engender cooperative economic exchange even at the expense of greater individual financial gains. Using real-time inductions, increased gratitude is shown to directly mediate increased monetary giving within the context of an economic game, even where such giving increases communal profit at the expense of individual gains. Moreover, increased giving occurred regardless of whether the beneficiary was a known individual or complete stranger, thereby removing the possibility that it stemmed from simple awareness of reciprocity constraints.
G*Power is a free power analysis program for a variety of statistical tests. We present extensions and improvements of the version introduced by Faul, Erdfelder, Lang, and Buchner (2007) in the domain of correlation and regression analyses. In the new version, we have added procedures to analyze the power of tests based on (1) single-sample tetrachoric correlations, (2) comparisons of dependent correlations, (3) bivariate linear regression, (4) multiple linear regression based on the random predictor model, (5) logistic regression, and (6) Poisson regression. We describe these new features and provide a brief introduction to their scope and handling.
B. L. Fredrickson's (1998, 2001) broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions asserts that people's daily experiences of positive emotions compound over time to build a variety of consequential personal resources. The authors tested this build hypothesis in a field experiment with working adults (n = 139), half of whom were randomly-assigned to begin a practice of loving-kindness meditation. Results showed that this meditation practice produced increases over time in daily experiences of positive emotions, which, in turn, produced increases in a wide range of personal resources (e.g., increased mindfulness, purpose in life, social support, decreased illness symptoms). In turn, these increments in personal resources predicted increased life satisfaction and reduced depressive symptoms. Discussion centers on how positive emotions are the mechanism of change for the type of mind-training practice studied here and how loving-kindness meditation is an intervention strategy that produces positive emotions in a way that outpaces the hedonic treadmill effect.
In four studies, the authors examined the correlates of the disposition toward gratitude. Study I revealed that self-ratings and observer ratings of the grateful disposition are associated with positive affect and well-being, prosocial behaviors and traits, and religiousness/spirituality. Study 2 replicated these findings in a large nonstudent sample. Study 3 yielded similar results to Studies I and 2 and provided evidence that gratitude is negatively associated with envy and materialistic attitudes. Study 4 yielded evidence that these associations persist after controlling for Extraversion/positive affectivity. Neuroticism/negative affectivity, and Agreeableness. The development of the Gratitude Questionnaire, a unidimensional measure with good psychometric properties, is also described.
The effect of a grateful outlook on psychological and physical well-being was examined. In Studies 1 and 2, participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental conditions (hassles, gratitude listing, and either neutral life events or social comparison); they then kept weekly (Study 1) or daily (Study 2) records of their moods, coping behaviors, health behaviors, physical symptoms, and overall life appraisals. In a 3rd study, persons with neuromuscular disease were randomly assigned to either the gratitude condition or to a control condition. The gratitude-outlook groups exhibited heightened well-being across several, though not all, of the outcome measures across the 3 studies, relative to the comparison groups. The effect on positive affect appeared to be the most robust finding. Results suggest that a conscious focus on blessings may have emotional and interpersonal benefits.
The authors report results from 5 experiments that describe the influence of emotional states on trust. They found that incidental emotions significantly influence trust in unrelated settings. Happiness and gratitude--emotions with positive valence--increase trust, and anger--an emotion with negative valence--decreases trust. Specifically, they found that emotions characterized by other-person control (anger and gratitude) and weak control appraisals (happiness) influence trust significantly more than emotions characterized by personal control (pride and guilt) or situational control (sadness). These findings suggest that emotions are more likely to be misattributed when the appraisals of the emotion are consistent with the judgment task than when the appraisals of the emotion are inconsistent with the judgment task. Emotions do not influence trust when individuals are aware of the source of their emotions or when individuals are very familiar with the trustee.
• The level of documentation of vital signs in many hospitals is extremely poor, and respiratory rate, in particular, is often not recorded.
• There is substantial evidence that an abnormal respiratory rate is a predictor of potentially serious clinical events.
• Nurses and doctors need to be more aware of the importance of an abnormal respiratory rate as a marker of serious illness.
• Hospital systems that encourage appropriate responses to an elevated respiratory rate and other abnormal vital signs can be rapidly implemented. Such systems help to raise and sustain awareness of the importance of vital signs.
Emotion research has become a mature branch of psychology, with its own standardized measures, induction procedures, data-analysis challenges, and sub-disciplines. During the last decade, a number of books addressing major questions in the study of emotion have been published in response to a rapidly increasing demand that has been fuelled by an increasing number of psychologists whose research either focus on or involve the study of emotion. Very few of these books, however, have presented an explicit discussion of the tools for conducting research, despite the facts that the study of emotion frequently requires highly specialized procedures, instruments, and coding strategies, and that the field has reached a place where a large number of excellent elicitation procedures and assessment instruments have been developed and validated. The Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment corrects this oversight in the literature by organizing and detailing all the major approaches and instruments for the study of emotion. It is the most complete reference for methods and resources in the field, and will serve as a pragmatic resource for emotion researchers by providing easy access to a host of scales, stimuli, coding systems, assessment tools, and innovative methodologies. This handbook will help to advance research in emotion by encouraging researchers to take greater advantage of standard and well-researched approaches, which will increase both the productivity in the field and the speed and accuracy with which research can be communicated.
We demonstrate that incidental emotions (e.g. anger stemming from an argument with your spouse) influence trust in unrelated settings (e.g. the likelihood of trusting a co-worker). Incidental happiness and gratitude increase trust, and incidental anger decreases trust. Other-person control appraisals mediate this relationship, and trustee familiarity moderates this relationship.
This article reports the development and validation of a scale to measure global life satisfaction, the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Among the various components of subjective well-being, the SWLS is narrowly focused to assess global life satisfaction and does not tap related constructs such as positive affect or loneliness. The SWLS is shown to have favorable psychometric properties, including high internal consistency and high temporal reliability. Scores on the SWLS correlate moderately to highly with other measures of subjective well-being, and correlate predictably with specific personality characteristics. It is noted that the SWLS is suited for use with different age groups, and other potential uses of the scale are discussed.
Symptoms of depression are related to blunted cardiovascular reactions to acute stress tasks. However, it is unclear what factors might mediate this association and whether blunted responses are specific to mental stress tasks or are also evident with other forms of stress. The present study assessed cardiovascular reactivity to both mental and postural stress and the role of background stress exposure and stress perception. Undergraduate students (N = 119, 81 females) were screened for depressive symptoms using the Beck Depression Inventory. Twenty-six participants with probable depression and 26 non-depressed controls underwent cardiovascular stress testing. Heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were measured at rest and in response to a 5-minute orthostatic challenge and an 8-minute mental arithmetic task. Stress exposure was measured using the Undergraduate Stress Questionnaire. Perceptions of general life stress were assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and perceptions of the stress task impact were measured using Threat Appraisal (TA). Symptoms of depression were associated with blunted HR, F(2,98) = 5.26, p =.010, η(2) = .097, and SBP, F(2,98) = 6.47, p =.008, η(2) = .117, reactions to the mental stress but not to postural challenge. HR reactions were mediated by PSS score, while both PSS score and TA emerged independently as mediators of SBP reactions. These results confirm a negative relationship between depressive symptoms and cardiovascular reactions to acute stress, suggest that this association may be stress task-specific, and may be mediated by perceptions of stress.
People feel grateful when they have benefited from someone's costly, intentional, voluntary effort on their behalf. Experiencing gratitude motivates beneficiaries to repay their benefactors and to extend generosity to third parties. Expressions of gratitude also reinforce benefactors for their generosity. These social features distinguish gratitude from related emotions such as happiness and feelings of indebtedness. Evolutionary theories propose that gratitude is an adaptation for reciprocal altruism (the sequential exchange of costly benefits between nonrelatives) and, perhaps, upstream reciprocity (a pay-it-forward style distribution of an unearned benefit to a third party after one has received a benefit from another benefactor). Gratitude therefore may have played a unique role in human social evolution.
The current study examined whether dispositional gratitude predicts physical health among adults, and if so, whether this relationship occurs because grateful individuals lead healthier lives, either psychologically or physically. Specifically, we examined whether psychological health, healthy activities, and willingness to seek help for health concerns mediated the link between gratitude and self-reported physical health, as well as if these mediational pathways are moderated by age, in a broad sample of Swiss adults (N = 962, M(age) = 52 years, age range: 19 to 84). Dispositional gratitude correlated positively with self-reported physical health, and this link was mediated by psychological health, healthy activities, and willingness to seek help for health concerns. However, the indirect effects for psychological health and healthy activities were stronger for older than younger adults. In other words, the mechanisms explaining why gratitude predicts health appear to differ across adulthood.
A 4-week experimental study (N = 67) examined the motivational predictors and positive emotion outcomes of regularly practicing two mental exercises: counting one's blessings (“gratitude”) and visualizing best possible selves (“BPS”). In a control exercise, participants attended to the details of their day. Undergraduates performed one of the three exercises during Session I and were asked to continue performing it at home until Session II (in 2 weeks) and again until Session III (in a further 2 weeks). Following previous theory and research, the practices of gratitude and BPS were expected to boost immediate positive affect, relative to the control condition. In addition, we hypothesized that continuing effortful performance of these exercises would be necessary to maintain the boosts (Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005a22.
Lyubomirsky , S ,
Sheldon , KM and
Schkade , D . 2005a. Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9: 111–131. [CrossRef], [Web of Science ®]View all references). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111–131). Finally, initial self-concordant motivation to perform the exercise was expected to predict actual performance and to moderate the effects of performance on increased mood. Results generally supported these hypotheses, and suggested that the BPS exercise may be most beneficial for raising and maintaining positive mood. Implications of the results for understanding the critical factors involved in increasing and sustaining positive affect are discussed.
We collect data from 162 replications of the Berg, Dickhaut, and McCabe Investment game (the trust game) involving more than 23,000 participants. We conduct a meta-analysis of these games in order to identify the effect of experimental protocols and geographic variation on this popular behavioral measure of trust and trustworthiness. Our findings indicate that the amount sent in the game is significantly affected by whether payment is random, and whether play is with a simulated counterpart. Trustworthiness is significantly affected by the amount by which the experimenter multiplies the amount sent, whether subjects play both roles in the experiment, and whether the subjects are students. We find robust evidence that subjects send less in trust games conducted in Africa than those in North America.
We designed an experiment to study trust and reciprocity in an investment setting. This design controls for alternative explanations of behavior including repeat game reputation effects, contractual precommitments, and punishment threats. Observed decisions suggest that reciprocity exists as a basic element of human behavior and that this is accounted for in the trust extended to an anonymous counterpart. A second treatment, social history, identifies conditions which strengthen the relationship between trust and reciprocity.
Zaufanie, i więzi społeczne i poczucie skuteczności a życie w demokracji [Trust, and social ties, and self-efficacy beliefs and living in democracy
- K Skarżyńska
Skarżyńska, K. (2002). Zaufanie, i więzi społeczne i poczucie skuteczności a życie w
demokracji [Trust, and social ties, and self-efficacy beliefs and living in democracy].
The effect of gratitude intervention on respiration rate. This figures depicts mean levels in respiration rate in five 1-min periods. Error bars represent standard errors
- Fig
Fig. 5. The effect of gratitude intervention on respiration rate. This figures depicts mean levels in respiration rate in five 1-min periods. Error bars represent standard errors. *p b 0.05.