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Therapeutic Uses of Cassia Fistula: Review

Authors:
  • father muller college of pharmaceutical sciences

Abstract

Cassia Fistula is a plant in the family fabaceae. It is commonly known as the Golden Shower, Indiana Laburnum, Raja vriksha. It is native to India, the Amazon and Sri lanka and diffused in various countries including Mexico, Chaina1. Mauritius, East Africa, South Africa and West Indies. Cassia fistula plants are used as ornamental and shade tree around the houses and also used in the event ‘Vishukkani’ on the day of vishu (First day of zodiac calendar) , which literally means that "the first thing seen on the day of Vishu after waking up". Medicinally it has been various pharmacological activities like antifungal, antioxidants, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti tumour , hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic activity.it is recommended for the treatment of Jaundice, Gout, Fatty Liver, Liver Disorder, Bronchitis, Skin disease and so on. In Ayurvedic medicine, Golden Shower Tree is known as "disease killer" and it pacifies the 3 doshas of vaat, pitta and kapha. It expels the pitta and kapha from the body. Its fruit pulp is used as mild laxative. as well as cardiac conditions and stomach problems such as acid reflux. Flowers used for fever, root as a diuretic. The bark and leaves are used for skin diseases. The seeds are recognised as antibilious, aperitif, carminative, and laxative while the root is used for curing adenopathy, burning sensations, leprosy, skin diseases, syphilis, and tubercular glands. The leaves of the tree is used for erysipelas, malaria, rheumatism, and ulcers, the buds are used for biliousness, constipation, fever, leprosy, and skin disease and the fruit for abdominal pain, constipation, fever, heart disease, and leprosy. Thus every part of this plant is recognized for its medicinal properties. Plant has rich source of tannins, flavanoids and glycosides present in Cassia fistula might be medicinally important and/or nutritionally valuable. The plant is rich in carbohydrates, Linoleic, Oleic, and Stearic. Flower pollen contains phenylalanine, methionine, glutamic acid and proline. Leaf of Cassia fistula mainly contains Oxalic Acids, Tannins, Oxyanthraquinones, Anthraquinones Derivatives. Fruit of Cassia fistula contains Rhein Glycosides Fistulic Acids, Sennosides A B, Anthraquinones, Flavanoid-3-ol-derivatives. Ceryl Alcohol, Kaempferol, Bianthraquinone Glycosides, Fistulin, Essential Oils, Volatile Components , Phytol (16.1%), 2-Hexadecanone (12%), Crystals, 4-Hydroxy Benzoic Acids Hydrate have been reported from the plant. The main aim of this article is to highlight the latest review of scientifically proved medicinal activity against various diseases.
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International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 3 I Issue 1 I Jan Mar I 2017
______________________________________________________________Review Article
Therapeutic Uses of Cassia Fistula: Review
Ajay Kumar K1*, Satish S2, Ibrahhim Sayeed3 and Karunakara Hedge4
Department of Pharmacology, Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Valachil, Post farangipete,
Mangalore 574143, Karnataka, India.
_________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Cassia Fistula is a plant in the family fabaceae. It is commonly known as the Golden Shower, Indiana Laburnum, Raja
vriksha. It is native to India, the Amazon and Sri lanka and diffused in various countries including Mexico, Chaina1.
Mauritius, East Africa, South Africa and West Indies. Cassia fistula plants are used as ornamental and shade tree around
the houses and also used in the event Vishukkani
on the day of vishu (First day of zodiac calendar) , which literally
means that "the first thing seen on the day of Vishu after waking up". Medicinally it has been various pharmacological
activities like antifungal, antioxidants, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti tumour , hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic
activity.it is recommended for the treatment of Jaundice, Gout, Fatty Liver, Liver Disorder, Bronchitis, Skin disease and
so on. In Ayurvedic medicine, Golden Shower Tree is known as "disease killer" and it pacifies the 3 doshas of vaat, pitta
and kapha. It expels the pitta and kapha from the body. Its fruit pulp is used as mild laxative. as well as cardiac
conditions and stomach problems such as acid reflux. Flowers used for fever, root as a diuretic. The bark and leaves are
used for skin diseases. The seeds are recognised as antibilious, aperitif, carminative, and laxative while the root is used
for curing adenopathy, burning sensations, leprosy, skin diseases, syphilis, and tubercular glands. The leaves of the tree is
used for erysipelas, malaria, rheumatism, and ulcers, the buds are used for biliousness, constipation, fever, leprosy, and
skin disease and the fruit for abdominal pain, constipation, fever, heart disease, and leprosy. Thus every part of this plant
is recognized for its medicinal properties. Plant has rich source of tannins, flavanoids and glycosides present in Cassia
fistula might be medicinally important and/or nutritionally valuable. The plant is rich in carbohydrates, Linoleic, Oleic,
and Stearic. Flower pollen contains phenylalanine, methionine, glutamic acid and proline. Leaf of Cassia fistula mainly
contains Oxalic Acids, Tannins, Oxyanthraquinones, Anthraquinones Derivatives. Fruit of Cassia fistula contains Rhein
Glycosides Fistulic Acids, Sennosides A B, Anthraquinones, Flavanoid-3-ol-derivatives. Ceryl Alcohol, Kaempferol,
Bianthraquinone Glycosides, Fistulin, Essential Oils, Volatile Components , Phytol (16.1%), 2-Hexadecanone (12%),
Crystals, 4-Hydroxy Benzoic Acids Hydrate have been reported from the plant. The main aim of this article is to
highlight the latest review of scientifically proved medicinal activity against various diseases.
Keywords: Hepatoprotective, Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial, Antioxidants, Anticancer, cassia fistula.
INTRODUCTION
Cassia fistula (family: FABACEAE) is one of the
most widespread in the forests of India, usually
occurring in deciduous forests The whole plant
possesses medicinal properties2..
The golden shower plant is a medium-sized tree,
growing to 1020 m (3366 ft) tall with fast
growth. The flowers are bright yellow in colour,
widely spaced petals, about 2 inches wide with
10 stamens. The flowers are produced in
pendulous racemes 2040 cm (7.915.7 in)
long, each flower 47 cm (1.62.8 in) diameter
with five yellow petals of equal size and shape.
The leaves are deciduous, 1560 cm (5.9
23.6 in) long, and pinnate with three to eight
pairs of leaflets, each leaflet 721 cm (2.8
8.3 in) long and 49 cm (1.63.5 in) broad.
The fruit is a legume, 3060 cm (1224 in) long
and 1.52.5 cm (0.590.98 in) broad, with a
pungent odor and containing several seeds.
BOTONICAL INFORMATION
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Tracheobinota
Super division: Spermatophyta
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Sub class: Rosidae
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabacae
Genus: Cassia
Species: Fistula.
SYNONYMS
Hindi : Amaltas
English : Golden flower
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International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 3 I Issue 1 I Jan Mar I 2017
Gujarati : Garmaalo
Kannada : Heggake
Malayalam : Vishnu Konnai, Katkonna
Marathi : Bahava
Punjabi : Sumalu
Tamil : Komare, Konrai
Telugu : Railkayaa
Bengal : Sonali, Bandarlatti3, Amltas,
Rakhalnadi
Fig. 1.1
Fig:1.2
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF PLANT
Hepatoprotective activity: Cassia fistula
leaves are subjected for screening
hepatoprotective activity. It is found that n-
heptane extract of Cassia fistula leaves has
hepatoprotective activity4. The extract at a dose
of 400 mg/kg body weight exhibited significant
protective effect by lowering serum levels of
transaminase (serine glutamic-oxaloacetate
transaminase [aspartate aminotransferase] and
serine glutamicpyruvic transaminase [alanine
aminotransferase]), bilirubin and alkaline
phosphatase. The protective effect is
comparable to that of a standard
hepatoprotective agent. 5
Antipyretic activity: The Cassia fistula pod was
found to be devoid of antipyretic activity in
experimental models. The pods extracts showed
a marked antipyretic effect by causing a
reduction in yeast induced fever. The extract
showed significant activity in both the models at
doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. At a dose level of
200 the extract caused a better hypothermal
activity against yeast-induced pyrexia in rats.
Subcutaneous injection of yeast induces pyrexia
by increasing synthesis of prostaglandin and is
used to screen. In the model of yeast-provoked
elevation of body temperature, the extract
showed dose dependent lowering of body
temperature up to 4 h at both the dosage levels.6
Leukotriene inhibition activity:The methanol
extract of fruits of C. fistula inhibited the 5-
lipoxygenase catalysed formation of leukotriene
B4 in bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes
(IC50 value of 38 micro g/ml). Lipid peroxidation
in bovine brain phospholipid liposomes
dihydrochloride (AAPH) was inhibited (IC50 of
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International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 3 I Issue 1 I Jan Mar I 2017
40 micro g/ml). A linear correlation was obtained
between the effects of the extract in the 2
assays suggesting a redox-based mechanism
for the inhibition of the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme.7
Antitussive activity: The methanol extract of
Cassia fistula was investigated for its effect on a
cough model induced by sulphur dioxide gas in
mice. The extract exhibited significant, dose-
dependent antitussive activity compared with the
control. The antitussive activity was comparable
with that of codeine phosphate, a prototypes
antitussive agent. C. fistula extract (400 and 600
mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited coughing by 44.44 and
51.85%, respectively, with respect to the control
group.8
Antioxidant activity: The antioxidant properties
of 90% ethanol extracts of leaves, and 90%
methanol extracts of stem bark, pulp and flowers
from Cassia fistula. The antioxidant activity
power was in the decreasing order of stem bark,
leaves, flowers and pulp and was well correlated
with the total polyphenolic content of the
extracts. Thus,. stem bark had more antioxidant
activity in terms of reducing power, inhibition of
peroxidation,9 O2 - and DPPH radical
scavenging ability
Anti-inflammatory activity: anti-inflammatory
and antioxidant activities of the aqueous (CFA)
and methanolic extracts (CFM) of the Cassia
fistula bark were assayed in Wistar albino rats.
The extracts were found to possess significant
anti-inflammatory effect in both acute and
chronic models. Cassia fistula bark extracts
showed significant radical scavenging by
inhibiting lipid peroxidation initiated by CCl4 and
FeSO4 in rat liver and kidney homogenates.
Both extracts exhibited significant antioxidant
activity in DPPH, Nitric oxide and Hydroxyl
radical induced in-vitro assay methods. Both
extracts showed Dose-Dependent protective
effect against lipid peroxidation and free radical
generation in liver and kidney homogenates10.
Wound Healing: Infection is the major problem
to treat the wound. Antibiotic resistance by the
pathogenic microorganism renders drug
ineffective. The alcohol extract of C. fistula
leaves was analyzed for antibacterial effect
against Staphylococcus aureus and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cassia fistula treated
rats showed, better wound closure, improved
tissue regeneration at the wound site, and
supporting histopathological parameters
pertaining to wound healing, and thus confirming
efficacy of Cassia fistula in the treatment of the
infected wound11.
Hypolipidemic activity: The effect of 50%
ethanolic extract of Cassia fistula legume on
serum lipid metabolism in cholesterol fed rats.
Oral feeding of cholesterol (500 mg/kg b.wt./day)
dissolved in coconut oil (0.5 ml/rat/day) for 90
days caused a significant Administration of C.
fistula legume extract at the doses 100, 250 and
500 mg/kg b.wt./day along with cholesterol
significantly prevented the rise in the serum total
and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and
phospholipid in a dose dependent manner12.
Anticancer activity: It has been found that
methanolic extract (ME) of Cassia fistula seed
on the growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma
(EAC) and on the life span of tumour bearing
mice.13 ME treatment showed an increase of life
span, and a decrease in the tumour volume and
viable tumour cell count in the EAC tumour
hosts 14.
Anti-diabetic activity: The hypoglycemic
effects of the hexane extract of stem bark of
Cassia fistula, in normal and streptozotocin
induced diabetic rats. Hexane extract of C.
fistula bark at doses 0.15, 0.30, 0.45 g kg-1
body weight for 30 days suppressed the
elevated blood glucose levels in diabetic rats 20.
Aqueous extract of Cassia fistula flowers (ACF)
locations was screened for its antioxidant effect
in alloxan induced diabetic rats. And seeds of
Cassia fistula were investigated for their
hypoglycemic activity. They were found to have
marked hypoglycemic activity on normal
members of albino rats 21 & 22 days. 15
Anti-leishmaniatic activity: The hexane
extract from the fruits showed significant
antileishmanial activity against the promastigote
form of Leishmania L. chagasi.16 The bioguided
fractionation resulted in the isolation of a sterol,
clerosterol, which was further analysed in
different models. Promastigotes presented an
inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of 10.03
micro g/mL and intracellular amastigotes
demonstrated high susceptibility, with an IC50 of
18.10 micro g/mL. Mammalian cytotoxicity was
evaluated and it was demonstrated that
clerosterol was 3.6- fold less toxic than the
standard drug pentamidine.
CNS activity: The methanol extract of the seeds
of cassia fistula was tested for different
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International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 3 I Issue 1 I Jan Mar I 2017
pharmacological activities in mice. A depressant
activities of ME was also evident from the
behavioral studies on mice.17 The extract
significantly potentiated the sedative actions of
sodium pentobarbitone, diazepam,
meprobamate and chlorpromazine. It also
potentiated analgesia induced by morphine and
pethidine in a dose-dependent manner. The
extract also influenced behaviour in mice.18
Antiparasitic activity
The fraction through bioguided antileishmanial
activity of dichloromethane extract of cassia
fistula fruits(leguminosae). Led to the isolation of
the active isoflavoane iochain A, identified by
spectroscopic methods. 19 This compound
showed 50% effective concentration (EC50)
value of 18.96 micro g/mL against promastigotes
of Leishmania (L.) chagasi. The cytotoxicity of
this substance against peritoneal macrophages
resulted in an EC50 value of 42.58 micro g/mL.
Additionally, biochanin A presented an
antiTrypanosoma-cruzi activity, resulting in an
EC50 value of 18.32 micro g/mL and a 2.4-fold
more effectiveness than benznidazole .20
Anti-itching activity: Vicharchika is a chronic
skin disease with no permanent cure in modern
medicine. Raised serum IgE level is the
commonest immunological marker for eczema.
This study suggests of significant efficacy of
aragvadha on patients of eczema.21
Anti-ulcer activity:. The ethanol leaf extract
(ELE) of Cassia fistula was evaluated for
antiulcer activity against pylorus ligation-induced
gastric ulcer. Ranitidine (30 mg/kg b.w.) and
ELE at doses of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg b.w.
were administered orally in different groups of
rats (n = 6), 1 h prior to pyloric ligation. Four
hours after pyloric ligation, the gastric juice was
collected for evaluation of various parameters22
Protease inhibitory activity: The cassia fistula
seed PI is homologous to the family of plant
defensins (gama-thionin) which have four
disulfide linkages at highly conserved locations
.The cassia fistula PI inhibits trypsin and it is the
first known example of plant defensing with
protease inhibitory activity, suggesting a
possible additional functions for some members
of this class of plantdefensive protien23
Antifertility activity
The petroleum ether extract of seeds of Cassia
fistula was screened for the antifertility activity in
proven fertile female albino rats at the doses
100, 200 and 500 mg/kg b.wt./day. Oral
administration of the extract to mated female
rats on days 1-5 of pregnancy resulted in a
decline in the fertility index, numbers of uterine
implants and live foetuses in a dose dependent
manner as was confirmed by laparotomy on day
15 of pregnancy. The extract (100 mg/kg b.wt.)
exhibited weak estrogenic activity when given
alone and tested in immature bilaterally
ovariectomized female albino rats, but exhibited
slight antiestrogenic activity when administration
along with estradiol valerate (0.1 mg/kg b.wt.).
Blood sugar and haematological parameters
were within normal range. Thus, the results of
the present study indicate that the petroleum
ether extract of Cassia fistula seeds possesses
pregnancy terminating effect by virtue of anti-
implantation activity.24
Larvicidal and ovicidal activity: It is reported
that the ovicidal effect of leaf extracts of C.
fistula (at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%, topically applied)
was evaluated on the viability and hatching of
eggs (0, 1 and 3 days old) of D. koenigii.
Application of leaf extracts of the plant inhibited
hatching of the eggs, and increasing
concentration of the extract resulted in increased
non-viability of 3-day-old eggs.25The methanolic
leaf extract of Cassia fistula was tested for
larvicidal and ovicidal activity against Culex
quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi. The
extract was found to be more lethal to the larvae
of A. stephensi than C. quinquefasciatus with
LC50 values of 17.97 and 20.57 mg/l,
respectively Mean percent hatchability of the
ovicidal activity was observed 120 h after
treatment. The percent hatchability was
inversely proportional to the concentration of
extract and directly proportional to the eggs. The
egg raft of C. quinquefasciatus was found to be
more hatchable than A. stephensi. The results
show that the leaf extract of C. fistula is
promising as a larvicidal and ovicidal agent
against C. quinquefasciatus and A. stephensi.26
Laxative activity: The in-vitro effect of Cassia
fistula infusion on isolated guinea-pig ileum. The
acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the infusion of
C. fistula and Cassia acutifolia sp. Del. Pod-
(Senokot tablet) as the reference drug were also
determined. The results obtained for C. fistula
infusion when compared with senokot tablet
showed that the infusion of Cassia fistula pods
possessed very low levels of toxicity, having the
LD50 of 6600 mg/kg and also without any
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International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 3 I Issue 1 I Jan Mar I 2017
pathological effects on the organs examined
microscopically. It is therefore concluded from
the study that C. fistula pod infusion could be
safely utilized as laxative drugs and as a
substitute for the official Senna. 27
Antiepileptic: To evaluate anticonvulsant
activity of methanolic extract of seeds of Cassia
Fistula against pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced
convulsions in mice. Here the animals were
divided into four groups of six mice each and
were injected PTZ (60mg/kg intraperitonially)
Group I was served as toxic control, Group II
was pretreated with Gabapentin (200mg/kg
P.O.). Group III was pretreated with methanolic
extract of seeds of Cassia Fistula (100 mg/kg
P.O.) for 7 days. Group IV was pretreated with
methanolic extract of seeds of Cassia Fistula
(200mg/kg P.O.) for 7 days.The result shows
that methanolic extract of seeds of Cassia
Fistula significantly reduced duration of clonic
convulsions and also delayed the onset of
convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazol. The
result was expressed as mean ± SEM and were
statistically analyzed by one way ANOVA. It is
concluded that methanolic extract of seeds of
Cassia Fistula can show anticonvulsant activity
against pentylenetetrazol induced convulsions in
mice.28
CONCLUSION
Many research studies it is concluded that
Cassia fistula is responsible for the various
therapeutic potentials like antidiabetic, hepato
protective, anticancer, antibacterial, wound
healing, laxative, larvicidal and ovicidal activity,
CNS activity, anti-itching, anti-ulcer, protease
inhibitor, leukotriene inhibitors, antipyretic, anti
tussive, anti inflammatory, antioxidant,
antiparacitic it is also useful herbal plant for
hepatic disorder & lipolipedic activity.
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... It is an ornamental tree that grows well in many countries including India. It is known that every component of this plant has therapeutic properties [88]. But the seeds of this plant are not utilized and every year tons of dried seeds are remain unutilized. ...
... Oleo-chemical can be obtained from triglyceride vegetable oils by easy industrial reactions, which is utilized in the chemical industry [89][90][91]. 88 Terminal methyl groups (-CH 3 -(CH 2 ) n -CH = CH) 0. 97 Terminal methyl group (-CH 3 -CH 2 -CH = CH-) 1.2-1. 3 Methylene groups (-CH 2 -) 1. 60 Internal protons of -CH 2 -groups (-CH 2 -C = O) 2.0-2.05 ...
Article
Vegetable oils or fats are one of the most important renewable resources and mainly consist of triglyceride esters with different fatty acid chains. These components contain a number of highly functional sites in the form of unsaturated -C = C- bonds, triglyceride ester groups, and allylic reactive positions. Therefore, they present a possibility for multiple ranges of chemical transformations and also produce new and novel bio-based monomers for the synthesis of polymers with considerable bio-degradability. Vegetable oils and the chemicals derived thereof come from non-exhaustible and renewable resource. They are eco-friendly and emerging as sustainable alternates to the chemicals or monomers derived from limitedly available petroleum source, which are also known for their toxicity and environmental pollution. The present review discusses and analyses the possible application areas and summarise the diverse chemical modifications namely, hydrogenation, trans-esterification, epoxidation, along with various polymerization processes that have been reported in the literature. The case of very less explored non-edible oil derived from Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum), as a futuristic precursor especially in the polymer synthesis has been highlighted. We believe that the commercial potential and opportunities for such sustainable materials in general and bio-degradable polymers or plastics in particular will emerge on the global market in the near future.
... Amaltas  Leaves are used to worship Gods and Goddesses.  It is used for curing burning sensations, (Lal et al., 2014;Kumar et al., 2017; leprosy, skin diseases, syphilis, Chauhan and Chauhan, 2019) constipation, epilepsy, tubercular glands abdominal pain, constipation, fever and heart disease. (Kumar et al., 2017;Sharma, 2017) 20. ...
...  It is used for curing burning sensations, (Lal et al., 2014;Kumar et al., 2017; leprosy, skin diseases, syphilis, Chauhan and Chauhan, 2019) constipation, epilepsy, tubercular glands abdominal pain, constipation, fever and heart disease. (Kumar et al., 2017;Sharma, 2017) 20. ...
Article
According to Vedic Astrology, the status of the planets, their motion, and constellations associated with them have a great impact on the lives of individuals. There exists a co-relationship between celestial bodies and plants. Each of these grahas/rashis/nakshatras is associated with a specific plant that resonates with his/her birth chart. These sacred plants are used in curing any ill outcomes associated with astrology. Moreover, these plants are considered as sacred because of their medicinal, aesthetic, and natural traits. Since ancient times, our culture, food, folklore, and therapeutic practices are deeply connected and affected by the use of plants. That is why since our ancestry we revered plants like Gods and Goddesses and honored them as divine elements. These are powerful sources of many pharmacological activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancerous, etc. In Indian culture worshipping of plants, thus, form the basis for conserving many plant species. These days, there are numerous variables answerable for the depletion of biodiversity like deforestation, misuse, industrialization, unsustainable development, and so forth so, in this circumstance, the objective of this paper is to an all-encompassing perspective on the significance of plants in our day to day existence from the viewpoint of Vedic astrology, i.e., plants related with navgrah, rashi, and nakshatra alongside their cultural, socio-religious beliefs, mythological facts, and pharmacological properties. Planting and revering plants as indicated by one’s astrological chart is a significant strategy to ensure and conserve biodiversity, eventually benefiting individuals. The human relationship with flora might be useful in conserving plant species for their treasured characteristics.
... Fever can be treated with C. fistula flowers, and skin conditions, constipation, leprosy, and fever can be treated with the buds. [12]. The leaves of C. fistula are known for their laxative, antiperiodic, ulcer-healing, and anti-rheumatic properties. ...
... Cassia fistula L. (Golden Shower) is known as Āragvadha in Sanskrit text and its different parts show a rich pharmacological profile for potential use against several diseases [5][6][7][8] . It is considered as one of the important ingredients of Aragvadhadi Kvatha Ćurna in the classical text. ...
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Cassia fistula L. (Sanskrit: Aragvadha, family: Caesalpinaceae) is used as a mild laxative in traditional medicine. Ancient texts advocate specific storage of its matured and ripe fruits under a pit filled with sand or soil. The present study was designed to compare the physicochemical, organoleptic and other biochemical parameters of the fruit pulp, stored under usual and specific conditions as mentioned in ancient texts. The sample kept under a pit showed higher total phenolics, flavonoids and anthraquinone levels along with reduced total and reducing sugars. The increased antioxidant activity of the pit-stored sample due to higher total phenolics and flavonoids levels as revealed from the DPPH radical scavenging assay may enhance its medicinal attributes, justifying ancient claim of specific storage of the fruits.
... While figure 2 illustrate a 2D diagram for interaction between rhein and the main protease (7BUY), which showed one hydrogen interaction possible between carbon-17 in the ligand (Rhein) and receptor 5-ring histidine (41), H-pi interaction with distance 3.81 and energy -1.0 Kcal/mol. In figure 3, a 2D diagram illustrates the interaction between aloe-emodin and 7BUY protein, which showed two hydrogen interactions possible between oxygen-5 in the ligand (aloeemodin) and receptor amino acid histidin (163) found in leaves, pods and bark (Kumar et al. 2017). ...
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With the spreading of Covid-19 and seeking for a drug that helps people around the world to cure this disease.In this article, we used a plant(Cassia fistula) which is rich in anthraquinone glycosides to control the causative agent. Anthraquinone was extracted from Cassia fistula pods using alcohol method.Antioxidant activity of the extracted anthraquinone was analysed by using hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay.The best inhibition assay was 70% at100mg/mlconcentration. The docking study introduced atheoretical explanation for an interaction between two types of anthraquinone glycosides (rhein and aloe-emodin) in Cassia fistula against the main protease (7BZ5) in SARS-COV-2 virus, which gave a good binding energy score as -5.36491489 and -5.48040009 for rhein and aloe-emodin, respectively.
... It is reported that the aqueous (CFA)and methanolic extracts (CFM)of the Cassia fistula bark extracts showed significant radical scavenging by inhibiting lipid peroxidation; may be due to presence of polyphenolic content. [23] Post-e-Arjun (Terminalia arjuna bark) also possess antioxidant, antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. It is studied that aqueous extracts of T. arjuna showed significant inhibition activity of CYP3A4, CYP2D6 andCYP2C9 enzyme. ...
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Uterine fibroid is the commonest benign and solid tumor in female during reproductive life. Approximately 15-25 million of Indian women have affected from fibroid uterus. Histologically itis composed of smooth muscle and fibrous connective tissue of varying proportional. It is considered as Sul’ah (tumor) in Unani classic litretures, as Ali Ibn-e-Abbas Majusi (930-994 AD) defined it under the topic of Warm-e-Balghami; as it is a swelling filled with viscid phlegm (Balgham-e-Ghaleez).Present paper deals with a reports of a 30 years old female having uterine fibroids measuring 2.6 cm× 3.1 cm, 2.6 cm× 3.6 cm, with left ovarian cyst of 3.1 cm × 4 cm. Patient was treated with herbal formulations; Majun Dabeedul Ward ( 5 gm paste), Kanchanar Guggul (2 tablet) and Niswani (10 ml syrup) twice a day for 8 consecutive weeks as oral administration. The patient was clinically assessed fortnightly, and radiologically just after treatment. Patient has shown encouraging result in post treatment investigation of Ultrasonography and finally patients got free from uterine fibroids without operation. The drugs were found to be safe and effective in this case.
... It is reported that the aqueous (CFA)and methanolic extracts (CFM)of the Cassia fistula bark extracts showed significant radical scavenging by inhibiting lipid peroxidation; may be due to presence of polyphenolic content. [23] Post-e-Arjun (Terminalia arjuna bark) also possess antioxidant, antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. It is studied that aqueous extracts of T. arjuna showed significant inhibition activity of CYP3A4, CYP2D6 andCYP2C9 enzyme. ...
... It is reported that theaqueous (CFA)and methanolic extracts (CFM)of the Cassia fistula bark extracts showed significant radical scavenging byinhibiting lipid peroxidation; may be due to presence ofpolyphenolic content. 18 Post-e-Arjun (Terminaliaarjuna bark) also possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatoryactivities. It is studied that aqueous extracts of T. arjuna showedsignificant inhibition activity of CYP3A4, CYP2D6 andCYP2C9 enzyme. ...
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Ovarian cyst (Keesa-e-Khusyat-ur-Rehm) isa fluid-filled sac; develop on one of the ovaries. Many women will evolve at least one cyst during their lifetime. Ali Ibn-e-Abbas Majusi (930-994 AD), defined it under the topic of Warm-e-Balghami; as it is a swelling filled with viscoid phlegm (Balgham-e-Ghaleez).In modern medicine, ovarian cyst requiresremoval with operation, if it not resolved on its own over the course of days to months. Present paper deals with a case study in which a 32 years old female patient of left ovarian cyst of 4 centimeter and 8 millimeter in size was treated withunani drugs; Majun Dabeedulward, Arq Kasni, Niswani, as oral administration, with the aim to evaluate the efficacy of drugs and to avoid Surgery. Patient has shown excellent and admirable result in post treatment investigation and finally patient got free from cyst without operation.
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Herbs and horoscopes have played important roles in ancient human life. Vedic astrology describes nine grahas (planets), 12 rashis (zodiacs) and 27 nakshatras (stars/ constellations). It was believed that every person should plant and take care of the tree, animal or bird assigned to his/ her rashi/ nakshatra to please the ruling deity. The concept says that the position of these bodies at the time of birth or their movement in the celestial globe has influence on humans. Our ancestors established navagraha/ rashi/ nakshatra vatika or van near sacred places with representative plants to worship and ensure good health. Most of these representative plants are rare medicinal tree species, which emphasize our ancestors’ forevision to conserve these genetic resources ex situ to share its medicinal uses with the preceding generation. These tree species are rich in secondary metabolites such as antioxidants, alkaloids, saponins, flavanoids, terpenes, and tannins and are widely used in traditional treatment systems. It is proven that these plant species release more oxygen compared to other species and hence sitting near these trees generate positive energy. The phytochemistry and pharmacological significance of these species have been proven by scientific research by modern science. Therapeutic, industrial and cosmetic relevance of these trees are being exploited in various parts of the world. Conservation of these species in navagraha/ rashi/ nakshatra vatikas established in urban spaces can refresh the minds of city dwellers by ensuring greenery and enriching biodiversity.
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Cassia fistula has a wide array of biologically active and therapeutically important class of compounds. Leishmania donovani important drug targets, sterol 24-c methyltransferase (LdSMT), trypanothione reductase (LdTR), pteridine reductase (LdPTR1), and nucleoside hydrolase (LdNH), were modelled, and molecular docking was performed against the abundant phytochemicals of its leaf extract. Molecular docking results provided the significant prima facie evidence of the leaf extract to have antileishmanial potential. To confirm this, we performed in vitro antileishmanial and cytotoxicity assays. Methanolic extract of C. fistula leaves showed growth inhibition and proliferation of L. donovani promastigote with an IC50 value of 43.31 ± 4.202 μg/mL. It also inhibited the growth of intra-macrophagic amastigotes with an IC50 value of 80.76 ± 3.626 μg/mL. C. fistula extract was found cytotoxic at a very high concentration on human macrophages (CC50 = 626 ± 39 μg/mL). Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining assay suggested partial apoptosis induction in parasites by C. fistula to exert its antileishmanial activity. Here, for the first time, we have shown the antileishmanial potential of C. fistula leaves. Overall, our results could open new insight for an affordable and natural antileishmanial with high efficacy and less toxicity.
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The ethanol leaf extract (ELE) of Cassia fistula Linn. (Caesalpinaceae) was evaluated for antiulcer activity against pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer. Ranitidine (30 mg/kg b.w.) and ELE at doses of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg b.w. were administered orally in different groups of rats (n = 6), 1 h prior to pyloric ligation. Four hours after pyloric ligation, the gastric juice was collected for evaluation of various parameters. The antiulcer activity of ELE was evidenced by the significant attenuation of gastric volume, pH, free acidity, and total acidity in the gastric juice of pyloric-ligated rats in a dose-dependent manner, and this protective effect could be due to strengthening of the mucosal defense mechanism. ELE pre-treatment significantly attenuated the fall in status of sialic acid and fucose accompanied by an increase in hexose, hexosamine, total non-amino polysaccharide, total carbohydrate, and C:P ratio in the gastric juice of pylorus-ligated rats, and this effect could be due to protection of the mucosal barrier system. ELE pre-treatment significantly prevented the increase in LPO and SOD accompanied by a fall in CAT, in the gastric juice of pyloric-ligated rats. This protective ability of ELE against pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer could be attributed to its free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties. Higher doses of ELE (750 mg/kg b.w.) produced maximum antiulcer activity comparable to ranitidine treatment. In essence, the antiulcer activity of ELE could be attributed to (i) a decrease in gastric acid secretion, (ii) protection of the mucosal barrier and restoration of mucosal secretions, (iii) inhibition of free radical generation or prevention of lipid peroxidation, and (iv) free radical scavenging or antioxidant properties.
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The fractionation through bioguided antileishmanial activity of the dichloromethane extract of Cassia fistula fruits (Leguminosae) led to the isolation of the active isoflavone biochanin A, identified by spectroscopic methods. This compound showed 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) value of 18.96 microg/mL against promastigotes of Leishmania (L.) chagasi. The cytotoxicity of this substance against peritoneal macrophages resulted in an EC(50) value of 42.58 microg/mL. Additionally, biochanin A presented an anti-Trypanosoma-cruzi activity, resulting in an EC(50) value of 18.32 microg/mL and a 2.4-fold more effectiveness than benznidazole. These results contribute with novel antiprotozoal compounds for future drug design studies.
Article
The methanol extract of Cassia fistula was investigated for its effect on a cough model induced by sulphur dioxide gas in mice. It exuhibited significant antitussive activity when compared with control in a dose dependent manner. The antitussive activity of the extract was comparable to that of codeine phosphate, a prototypes antitussive agent. The C. fistula extract (400, 600 mg/kg, p.o.) showed maximum inhibition of cough by 44.44% and 51.85% with respect to control group.
Article
Hepatoprotective activity of the n-heptane extract of Cassia fistula leaves was investigated in rats by inducing hepatotoxicity with carbon tetrachloride:liquid paraffin (1:1). The extract has been shown to possess significant protective effect by lowering the serum levels of transminases (SGOT and SGPT), bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The extract of C. fistula at a dose of 400 mg/kg showed significant hepatoprotective activity which was comparable to that of a standard hepatoprotective agent.
Article
A novel trypsin inhibitor was extracted from the seeds of Cassia fistula by a process successively involving soaking seeds in water, extraction of the seeds in methanol, and extraction of the cell wall material at high ionic strength. The protease inhibitor (PI) was subsequently purified by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose, gel filtration and reversed phase HPLC (RP-HPLC). Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESMS) of the oxidized from of the PI yielded an average molecular mass of 5458.6±0.8 Da. Edman sequencing of the PI yielded a full-length 50 amino acid sequence inferred to contain eight cysteines and with a calculated average molecular mass (fully oxidized form) of 5459.3 Da, in agreement with the observed mass. The C. fistula seed PI is homologous to the family of plant defensins (γ-thionins), which have four disulfide linkages at highly conserved locations. The C. fistula PI inhibits trypsin (IC50 2 μM), and is the first known example of a plant defensin with protease inhibitory activity, suggesting a possible additional function for some members of this class of plant defensive proteins. C. fistula seeds also contain a 9378 Da lipid transfer protein (LTP) homologue, other LTPs, a 7117 Da protein copurifying with PI activity and a 5144 Da defensin which does not inhibit trypsin. The complete sequence of the 5144 Da defensin was determined by Edman sequencing, yielding a calculated average molecular mass (oxidized form) of 5144.1 Da, in agreement with the mass observed by ESMS. The likely trypsin inhibitory residue on the 5459 Da defensin is Lysine-25, the corresponding amino acid being Tyrosine-25 in the homologous 5144 Da defensin that is not a trypsin inhibitor.
Article
The antioxidant properties of 90% ethanol extracts of leaves, and 90% methanol extracts of stem bark, pulp and flowers from Indian Laburnum (Cassia fistula L.) were investigated. The antioxidant activity power was in the decreasing order of stem bark, leaves, flowers and pulp and was well correlated with the total polyphenolic content of the extracts. The reason for low antioxidant activity in the flower and pulp fractions could be the presence of some prooxidants, such as chrysophanol and reducing sugars which dominate the antioxidant compounds present in the extracts. Thus, the stem bark had more antioxidant activity in terms of reducing power, inhibition of peroxidation, O2−. and DPPH radical scavenging ability.
Article
Effects of methanolic extract (ME) of Cassia fistula seed on the growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and on the life span of tumor bearing mice were studied. ME treatment showed an increase of life span, and a decrease in the tumor volume and viable tumor cell count in the EAC tumor hosts. Cytological studies have revealed a reduction in the mitotic activity, and the appearance of membrane blebbing and intracytoplasmic vacuoles in the treated tumor cells. Improvement in the hematological parameters following ME treatment, like hemoglobin content, red blood cell count and bone marrow cell count of the tumor bearing mice have also been observed. The results of the present study suggest that ME of C. fistula seed has an antitumor activity.
Article
Hepatoprotective activity of the n-heptane extract of Cassia fistula leaves was investigated by inducing hepatotoxicity with paracetamol in rats. The extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg body wt. exhibited orally, significant protective effect by lowering the serum levels of transaminases (SGOT and SGPT), bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The effects produced were comparable to that of a standard hepatoprotective agent.
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