Therapeutic Uses of Cassia Fistula: Review

Abstract

Cassia Fistula is a plant in the family fabaceae. It is commonly known as the Golden Shower, Indiana Laburnum, Raja vriksha. It is native to India, the Amazon and Sri lanka and diffused in various countries including Mexico, Chaina1. Mauritius, East Africa, South Africa and West Indies. Cassia fistula plants are used as ornamental and shade tree around the houses and also used in the event ‘Vishukkani’ on the day of vishu (First day of zodiac calendar) , which literally means that "the first thing seen on the day of Vishu after waking up". Medicinally it has been various pharmacological activities like antifungal, antioxidants, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti tumour , hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic activity.it is recommended for the treatment of Jaundice, Gout, Fatty Liver, Liver Disorder, Bronchitis, Skin disease and so on. In Ayurvedic medicine, Golden Shower Tree is known as "disease killer" and it pacifies the 3 doshas of vaat, pitta and kapha. It expels the pitta and kapha from the body. Its fruit pulp is used as mild laxative. as well as cardiac conditions and stomach problems such as acid reflux. Flowers used for fever, root as a diuretic. The bark and leaves are used for skin diseases. The seeds are recognised as antibilious, aperitif, carminative, and laxative while the root is used for curing adenopathy, burning sensations, leprosy, skin diseases, syphilis, and tubercular glands. The leaves of the tree is used for erysipelas, malaria, rheumatism, and ulcers, the buds are used for biliousness, constipation, fever, leprosy, and skin disease and the fruit for abdominal pain, constipation, fever, heart disease, and leprosy. Thus every part of this plant is recognized for its medicinal properties. Plant has rich source of tannins, flavanoids and glycosides present in Cassia fistula might be medicinally important and/or nutritionally valuable. The plant is rich in carbohydrates, Linoleic, Oleic, and Stearic. Flower pollen contains phenylalanine, methionine, glutamic acid and proline. Leaf of Cassia fistula mainly contains Oxalic Acids, Tannins, Oxyanthraquinones, Anthraquinones Derivatives. Fruit of Cassia fistula contains Rhein Glycosides Fistulic Acids, Sennosides A B, Anthraquinones, Flavanoid-3-ol-derivatives. Ceryl Alcohol, Kaempferol, Bianthraquinone Glycosides, Fistulin, Essential Oils, Volatile Components , Phytol (16.1%), 2-Hexadecanone (12%), Crystals, 4-Hydroxy Benzoic Acids Hydrate have been reported from the plant. The main aim of this article is to highlight the latest review of scientifically proved medicinal activity against various diseases.

Full text

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International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 3 I Issue 1 I Jan – Mar I 2017
______________________________________________________________Review Article
Therapeutic Uses of Cassia Fistula: Review
Ajay Kumar K1*, Satish S2, Ibrahhim Sayeed3 and Karunakara Hedge4
Department of Pharmacology, Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Valachil, Post farangipete,
Mangalore – 574143, Karnataka, India.
_________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Cassia Fistula is a plant in the family fabaceae. It is commonly known as the Golden Shower, Indiana Laburnum, Raja
vriksha. It is native to India, the Amazon and Sri lanka and diffused in various countries including Mexico, Chaina1.
Mauritius, East Africa, South Africa and West Indies. Cassia fistula plants are used as ornamental and shade tree around
the houses and also used in the event ‘Vishukkani
’
on the day of vishu (First day of zodiac calendar) , which literally
means that "the first thing seen on the day of Vishu after waking up". Medicinally it has been various pharmacological
activities like antifungal, antioxidants, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti tumour , hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic
activity.it is recommended for the treatment of Jaundice, Gout, Fatty Liver, Liver Disorder, Bronchitis, Skin disease and
so on. In Ayurvedic medicine, Golden Shower Tree is known as "disease killer" and it pacifies the 3 doshas of vaat, pitta
and kapha. It expels the pitta and kapha from the body. Its fruit pulp is used as mild laxative. as well as cardiac
conditions and stomach problems such as acid reflux. Flowers used for fever, root as a diuretic. The bark and leaves are
used for skin diseases. The seeds are recognised as antibilious, aperitif, carminative, and laxative while the root is used
for curing adenopathy, burning sensations, leprosy, skin diseases, syphilis, and tubercular glands. The leaves of the tree is
used for erysipelas, malaria, rheumatism, and ulcers, the buds are used for biliousness, constipation, fever, leprosy, and
skin disease and the fruit for abdominal pain, constipation, fever, heart disease, and leprosy. Thus every part of this plant
is recognized for its medicinal properties. Plant has rich source of tannins, flavanoids and glycosides present in Cassia
fistula might be medicinally important and/or nutritionally valuable. The plant is rich in carbohydrates, Linoleic, Oleic,
and Stearic. Flower pollen contains phenylalanine, methionine, glutamic acid and proline. Leaf of Cassia fistula mainly
contains Oxalic Acids, Tannins, Oxyanthraquinones, Anthraquinones Derivatives. Fruit of Cassia fistula contains Rhein
Glycosides Fistulic Acids, Sennosides A B, Anthraquinones, Flavanoid-3-ol-derivatives. Ceryl Alcohol, Kaempferol,
Bianthraquinone Glycosides, Fistulin, Essential Oils, Volatile Components , Phytol (16.1%), 2-Hexadecanone (12%),
Crystals, 4-Hydroxy Benzoic Acids Hydrate have been reported from the plant. The main aim of this article is to
highlight the latest review of scientifically proved medicinal activity against various diseases.
Keywords: Hepatoprotective, Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial, Antioxidants, Anticancer, cassia fistula.
INTRODUCTION
Cassia fistula (family: FABACEAE) is one of the
most widespread in the forests of India, usually
occurring in deciduous forests The whole plant
possesses medicinal properties2..
The golden shower plant is a medium-sized tree,
growing to 10–20 m (33–66 ft) tall with fast
growth. The flowers are bright yellow in colour,
widely spaced petals, about 2 inches wide with
10 stamens. The flowers are produced in
pendulous racemes 20–40 cm (7.9–15.7 in)
long, each flower 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 in) diameter
with five yellow petals of equal size and shape.
The leaves are deciduous, 15–60 cm (5.9–
23.6 in) long, and pinnate with three to eight
pairs of leaflets, each leaflet 7–21 cm (2.8–
8.3 in) long and 4–9 cm (1.6–3.5 in) broad.
The fruit is a legume, 30–60 cm (12–24 in) long
and 1.5–2.5 cm (0.59–0.98 in) broad, with a
pungent odor and containing several seeds.
BOTONICAL INFORMATION
 Kingdom: Plantae
 Subkingdom: Tracheobinota
 Super division: Spermatophyta
 Division: Magnoliophyta
 Class: Magnoliopsida
 Sub class: Rosidae
 Order: Fabales
 Family: Fabacae
 Genus: Cassia
 Species: Fistula.
SYNONYMS
Hindi : Amaltas
English : Golden flower

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International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 3 I Issue 1 I Jan – Mar I 2017
Gujarati : Garmaalo
Kannada : Heggake
Malayalam : Vishnu Konnai, Katkonna
Marathi : Bahava
Punjabi : Sumalu
Tamil : Komare, Konrai
Telugu : Railkayaa
Bengal : Sonali, Bandarlatti3, Amltas,
Rakhalnadi
Fig. 1.1
Fig:1.2
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF PLANT
Hepatoprotective activity: Cassia fistula
leaves are subjected for screening
hepatoprotective activity. It is found that n-
heptane extract of Cassia fistula leaves has
hepatoprotective activity4. The extract at a dose
of 400 mg/kg body weight exhibited significant
protective effect by lowering serum levels of
transaminase (serine glutamic-oxaloacetate
transaminase [aspartate aminotransferase] and
serine glutamicpyruvic transaminase [alanine
aminotransferase]), bilirubin and alkaline
phosphatase. The protective effect is
comparable to that of a standard
hepatoprotective agent. 5
Antipyretic activity: The Cassia fistula pod was
found to be devoid of antipyretic activity in
experimental models. The pods extracts showed
a marked antipyretic effect by causing a
reduction in yeast induced fever. The extract
showed significant activity in both the models at
doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. At a dose level of
200 the extract caused a better hypothermal
activity against yeast-induced pyrexia in rats.
Subcutaneous injection of yeast induces pyrexia
by increasing synthesis of prostaglandin and is
used to screen. In the model of yeast-provoked
elevation of body temperature, the extract
showed dose dependent lowering of body
temperature up to 4 h at both the dosage levels.6
Leukotriene inhibition activity:The methanol
extract of fruits of C. fistula inhibited the 5-
lipoxygenase catalysed formation of leukotriene
B4 in bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes
(IC50 value of 38 micro g/ml). Lipid peroxidation
in bovine brain phospholipid liposomes
dihydrochloride (AAPH) was inhibited (IC50 of

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International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 3 I Issue 1 I Jan – Mar I 2017
40 micro g/ml). A linear correlation was obtained
between the effects of the extract in the 2
assays suggesting a redox-based mechanism
for the inhibition of the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme.7
Antitussive activity: The methanol extract of
Cassia fistula was investigated for its effect on a
cough model induced by sulphur dioxide gas in
mice. The extract exhibited significant, dose-
dependent antitussive activity compared with the
control. The antitussive activity was comparable
with that of codeine phosphate, a prototypes
antitussive agent. C. fistula extract (400 and 600
mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited coughing by 44.44 and
51.85%, respectively, with respect to the control
group.8
Antioxidant activity: The antioxidant properties
of 90% ethanol extracts of leaves, and 90%
methanol extracts of stem bark, pulp and flowers
from Cassia fistula. The antioxidant activity
power was in the decreasing order of stem bark,
leaves, flowers and pulp and was well correlated
with the total polyphenolic content of the
extracts. Thus,. stem bark had more antioxidant
activity in terms of reducing power, inhibition of
peroxidation,9 O2 - and DPPH radical
scavenging ability
Anti-inflammatory activity: anti-inflammatory
and antioxidant activities of the aqueous (CFA)
and methanolic extracts (CFM) of the Cassia
fistula bark were assayed in Wistar albino rats.
The extracts were found to possess significant
anti-inflammatory effect in both acute and
chronic models. Cassia fistula bark extracts
showed significant radical scavenging by
inhibiting lipid peroxidation initiated by CCl4 and
FeSO4 in rat liver and kidney homogenates.
Both extracts exhibited significant antioxidant
activity in DPPH, Nitric oxide and Hydroxyl
radical induced in-vitro assay methods. Both
extracts showed Dose-Dependent protective
effect against lipid peroxidation and free radical
generation in liver and kidney homogenates10.
Wound Healing: Infection is the major problem
to treat the wound. Antibiotic resistance by the
pathogenic microorganism renders drug
ineffective. The alcohol extract of C. fistula
leaves was analyzed for antibacterial effect
against Staphylococcus aureus and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cassia fistula treated
rats showed, better wound closure, improved
tissue regeneration at the wound site, and
supporting histopathological parameters
pertaining to wound healing, and thus confirming
efficacy of Cassia fistula in the treatment of the
infected wound11.
Hypolipidemic activity: The effect of 50%
ethanolic extract of Cassia fistula legume on
serum lipid metabolism in cholesterol fed rats.
Oral feeding of cholesterol (500 mg/kg b.wt./day)
dissolved in coconut oil (0.5 ml/rat/day) for 90
days caused a significant Administration of C.
fistula legume extract at the doses 100, 250 and
500 mg/kg b.wt./day along with cholesterol
significantly prevented the rise in the serum total
and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and
phospholipid in a dose dependent manner12.
Anticancer activity: It has been found that
methanolic extract (ME) of Cassia fistula seed
on the growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma
(EAC) and on the life span of tumour bearing
mice.13 ME treatment showed an increase of life
span, and a decrease in the tumour volume and
viable tumour cell count in the EAC tumour
hosts 14.
Anti-diabetic activity: The hypoglycemic
effects of the hexane extract of stem bark of
Cassia fistula, in normal and streptozotocin
induced diabetic rats. Hexane extract of C.
fistula bark at doses 0.15, 0.30, 0.45 g kg-1
body weight for 30 days suppressed the
elevated blood glucose levels in diabetic rats 20.
Aqueous extract of Cassia fistula flowers (ACF)
locations was screened for its antioxidant effect
in alloxan induced diabetic rats. And seeds of
Cassia fistula were investigated for their
hypoglycemic activity. They were found to have
marked hypoglycemic activity on normal
members of albino rats 21 & 22 days. 15
Anti-leishmaniatic activity: The hexane
extract from the fruits showed significant
antileishmanial activity against the promastigote
form of Leishmania L. chagasi.16 The bioguided
fractionation resulted in the isolation of a sterol,
clerosterol, which was further analysed in
different models. Promastigotes presented an
inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of 10.03
micro g/mL and intracellular amastigotes
demonstrated high susceptibility, with an IC50 of
18.10 micro g/mL. Mammalian cytotoxicity was
evaluated and it was demonstrated that
clerosterol was 3.6- fold less toxic than the
standard drug pentamidine.
CNS activity: The methanol extract of the seeds
of cassia fistula was tested for different

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International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 3 I Issue 1 I Jan – Mar I 2017
pharmacological activities in mice. A depressant
activities of ME was also evident from the
behavioral studies on mice.17 The extract
significantly potentiated the sedative actions of
sodium pentobarbitone, diazepam,
meprobamate and chlorpromazine. It also
potentiated analgesia induced by morphine and
pethidine in a dose-dependent manner. The
extract also influenced behaviour in mice.18
Antiparasitic activity
The fraction through bioguided antileishmanial
activity of dichloromethane extract of cassia
fistula fruits(leguminosae). Led to the isolation of
the active isoflavoane iochain A, identified by
spectroscopic methods. 19 This compound
showed 50% effective concentration (EC50)
value of 18.96 micro g/mL against promastigotes
of Leishmania (L.) chagasi. The cytotoxicity of
this substance against peritoneal macrophages
resulted in an EC50 value of 42.58 micro g/mL.
Additionally, biochanin A presented an
antiTrypanosoma-cruzi activity, resulting in an
EC50 value of 18.32 micro g/mL and a 2.4-fold
more effectiveness than benznidazole .20
Anti-itching activity: Vicharchika is a chronic
skin disease with no permanent cure in modern
medicine. Raised serum IgE level is the
commonest immunological marker for eczema.
This study suggests of significant efficacy of
aragvadha on patients of eczema.21
Anti-ulcer activity:. The ethanol leaf extract
(ELE) of Cassia fistula was evaluated for
antiulcer activity against pylorus ligation-induced
gastric ulcer. Ranitidine (30 mg/kg b.w.) and
ELE at doses of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg b.w.
were administered orally in different groups of
rats (n = 6), 1 h prior to pyloric ligation. Four
hours after pyloric ligation, the gastric juice was
collected for evaluation of various parameters22
Protease inhibitory activity: The cassia fistula
seed PI is homologous to the family of plant
defensins (gama-thionin) which have four
disulfide linkages at highly conserved locations
.The cassia fistula PI inhibits trypsin and it is the
first known example of plant defensing with
protease inhibitory activity, suggesting a
possible additional functions for some members
of this class of plantdefensive protien23
Antifertility activity
The petroleum ether extract of seeds of Cassia
fistula was screened for the antifertility activity in
proven fertile female albino rats at the doses
100, 200 and 500 mg/kg b.wt./day. Oral
administration of the extract to mated female
rats on days 1-5 of pregnancy resulted in a
decline in the fertility index, numbers of uterine
implants and live foetuses in a dose dependent
manner as was confirmed by laparotomy on day
15 of pregnancy. The extract (100 mg/kg b.wt.)
exhibited weak estrogenic activity when given
alone and tested in immature bilaterally
ovariectomized female albino rats, but exhibited
slight antiestrogenic activity when administration
along with estradiol valerate (0.1 mg/kg b.wt.).
Blood sugar and haematological parameters
were within normal range. Thus, the results of
the present study indicate that the petroleum
ether extract of Cassia fistula seeds possesses
pregnancy terminating effect by virtue of anti-
implantation activity.24
Larvicidal and ovicidal activity: It is reported
that the ovicidal effect of leaf extracts of C.
fistula (at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%, topically applied)
was evaluated on the viability and hatching of
eggs (0, 1 and 3 days old) of D. koenigii.
Application of leaf extracts of the plant inhibited
hatching of the eggs, and increasing
concentration of the extract resulted in increased
non-viability of 3-day-old eggs.25The methanolic
leaf extract of Cassia fistula was tested for
larvicidal and ovicidal activity against Culex
quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi. The
extract was found to be more lethal to the larvae
of A. stephensi than C. quinquefasciatus with
LC50 values of 17.97 and 20.57 mg/l,
respectively Mean percent hatchability of the
ovicidal activity was observed 120 h after
treatment. The percent hatchability was
inversely proportional to the concentration of
extract and directly proportional to the eggs. The
egg raft of C. quinquefasciatus was found to be
more hatchable than A. stephensi. The results
show that the leaf extract of C. fistula is
promising as a larvicidal and ovicidal agent
against C. quinquefasciatus and A. stephensi.26
Laxative activity: The in-vitro effect of Cassia
fistula infusion on isolated guinea-pig ileum. The
acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the infusion of
C. fistula and Cassia acutifolia sp. Del. Pod-
(Senokot tablet) as the reference drug were also
determined. The results obtained for C. fistula
infusion when compared with senokot tablet
showed that the infusion of Cassia fistula pods
possessed very low levels of toxicity, having the
LD50 of 6600 mg/kg and also without any

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International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 3 I Issue 1 I Jan – Mar I 2017
pathological effects on the organs examined
microscopically. It is therefore concluded from
the study that C. fistula pod infusion could be
safely utilized as laxative drugs and as a
substitute for the official Senna. 27
Antiepileptic: To evaluate anticonvulsant
activity of methanolic extract of seeds of Cassia
Fistula against pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced
convulsions in mice. Here the animals were
divided into four groups of six mice each and
were injected PTZ (60mg/kg intraperitonially)
Group I was served as toxic control, Group II
was pretreated with Gabapentin (200mg/kg
P.O.). Group III was pretreated with methanolic
extract of seeds of Cassia Fistula (100 mg/kg
P.O.) for 7 days. Group IV was pretreated with
methanolic extract of seeds of Cassia Fistula
(200mg/kg P.O.) for 7 days.The result shows
that methanolic extract of seeds of Cassia
Fistula significantly reduced duration of clonic
convulsions and also delayed the onset of
convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazol. The
result was expressed as mean ± SEM and were
statistically analyzed by one way ANOVA. It is
concluded that methanolic extract of seeds of
Cassia Fistula can show anticonvulsant activity
against pentylenetetrazol induced convulsions in
mice.28
CONCLUSION
Many research studies it is concluded that
Cassia fistula is responsible for the various
therapeutic potentials like antidiabetic, hepato
protective, anticancer, antibacterial, wound
healing, laxative, larvicidal and ovicidal activity,
CNS activity, anti-itching, anti-ulcer, protease
inhibitor, leukotriene inhibitors, antipyretic, anti
tussive, anti inflammatory, antioxidant,
antiparacitic it is also useful herbal plant for
hepatic disorder & lipolipedic activity.
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