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Examining perceived and actual diabetes knowledge among nurses working in a tertiary hospital
Abstract
Background:
With the worldwide increase in the incidence and prevalence of diabetes, there has been an increase in the scope and scale of nursing care and education required for patients with diabetes. The high prevalence of diabetes in Saudi Arabia makes this a particular priority for this country.
Aim:
The aim of this study was to examine nurses' perceived and actual knowledge of diabetes and its care and management in Saudi Arabia.
Methods:
A convenience sample of 423 nurses working in Prince Sultan Medical Military City in Saudi Arabia was surveyed in this descriptive, cross-sectional study. Perceived knowledge was assessed using the Diabetes Self-Report Tool, while the Diabetes Basic Knowledge Tool was used to assess the actual knowledge of participants.
Results:
The nurses generally had a positive view of their diabetes knowledge, with a mean score (SD) of 46.9 (6.1) (of maximum 60) for the Diabetes Self-Report Tool. Their actual knowledge scores ranged from 2 to 35 with a mean (SD) score of 25.4 (6.2) (of maximum of 49). Nurses' perceived and actual knowledge of diabetes varied according to their demographic and practice details. Perceived competency, current provision of diabetes care, education level and attendance at any diabetes education programs predicted perceived knowledge; these factors, with gender predicted, with actual diabetes knowledge scores.
Conclusion:
In this multi-ethnic workforce, findings indicated a significant gap between participants' perceived and actual knowledge. Factors predictive of high levels of knowledge provide pointers to ways to improve diabetes knowledge amongst nurses.
... The validities and reliabilities of the DSRT and DBKT were previously reported and found to be acceptable [13]. When used in Saudi Arabia, the entire questionnaire had a content validity of 0.98 and excellent stability reliability (DSRT: r = 0.835, p < 0.01; DBKT: r = 0.727, p < 0.01) [14]. In our sample, Cronbach's alpha was 0.688 for the DSRT. ...
... This investigation examined the self-reported and actual knowledge of diabetes and their predictors among Saudi undergraduate nursing students. The findings showed good perceived knowledge, as indicated by the mean score of 48.31 from a possible total score of 60. Surprisingly, the present finding is higher than the perceived diabetes knowledge of nurses in the same country [14]. According to Alotaibi et al. nurses' mean (SD) score in the same tool was 46.9 (6.1), or 78.2%. ...
... According to Alotaibi et al. nurses' mean (SD) score in the same tool was 46.9 (6.1), or 78.2%. The same study reported that nurses overrated their knowledge compared with their actual knowledge [14]. This may also hold true in the present sample. ...
... The validities and reliabilities of the DSRT and DBKT were previously reported and found to be acceptable [13]. When used in Saudi Arabia, the entire questionnaire had a content validity of 0.98 and excellent stability reliability (DSRT: r = 0.835, p < 0.01; DBKT: r = 0.727, p < 0.01) [14]. In our sample, Cronbach's alpha was 0.688 for the DSRT. ...
... This investigation examined the self-reported and actual knowledge of diabetes and their predictors among Saudi undergraduate nursing students. The findings showed good perceived knowledge, as indicated by the mean score of 48.31 from a possible total score of 60. Surprisingly, the present finding is higher than the perceived diabetes knowledge of nurses in the same country [14]. According to Alotaibi et al. nurses' mean (SD) score in the same tool was 46.9 (6.1), or 78.2%. ...
... According to Alotaibi et al. nurses' mean (SD) score in the same tool was 46.9 (6.1), or 78.2%. The same study reported that nurses overrated their knowledge compared with their actual knowledge [14]. This may also hold true in the present sample. ...
... In addition, and compounding the issue, providers do not universally address diabetic microvascular complications in patients [7,[39][40][41][42], even in patients clearly exhibiting symptoms e.g., neuropathy [7]. Since provider recommendations significantly influence patient care choices in diabetic microvascular complications [6,43], it is important to understand the level of provider knowledge of microvascular complications. ...
... We noted some surveys were pretested [39], were assessed for face validity by experts, and evaluated for internal consistency by Cronbach's alpha coefficients (0.72 for junior doctors, 0.81 for nurses) [127]. Additionally, studies used previously validated instruments about KAP towards diabetes more broadly, e.g., Diabetes Self-Report Tool, Diabetes Basic Knowledge Tool [42,128,129]. ...
... Conversely, a study of nurses in Saudi Arabia found neuropathy was recognized by 76% of participants, and most by nurses belonging to critical care units [42]. ...
Diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy occur in more than 50% of people with diabetes, contributing substantially to morbidity and mortality. Patient understanding of these microvascular complications is essential to ensure early recognition and treatment of these sequalae as well as associated symptoms, yet little is known about patient knowledge of microvascular sequalae. In this comprehensive literature review, we provide an overview of existing knowledge regarding patient knowledge of diabetes, retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. We also discuss health care provider’s knowledge of these sequalae given that patients and providers must work together to achieve optimal care. We evaluated 281 articles on patient and provider knowledge of diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy as well as predictors of improved knowledge and screening practices. Results demonstrated that patient and provider knowledge of microvascular sequalae varied widely between studies, which may reflect sociocultural or methodologic differences. Knowledge assessment instruments varied between studies with limited validation data and few studies controlled for confounding. Generally, improved patient knowledge was associated with greater formal education, longer diabetes duration, and higher socioeconomic status. Fewer studies examined provider knowledge of sequalae, yet these studies identified multiple misconceptions regarding appropriate screening practices for microvascular complications and the need to screen patients who are asymptomatic. Further investigations are needed that use well validated measures, control for confounding, and include diverse populations. Such studies will allow identification of patients and providers who would benefit from interventions to improve knowledge of microvascular complications and, ultimately, improve patient outcomes.
... There were four distractors for each question, including the "I don't know" response category, coded as an incorrect answer during analyses. Three levels of knowledge were defined for the purpose of analyses: poor (a score of 0-6), fair (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14), and good (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). STATISTICA 10.0 was used for statistical analysis. ...
... In the present study, significantly higher levels of knowledge of diabetic care recommendations were reported for specialised nurses and those participating in diabetes training courses. Other authors also showed that these factors were associated with better knowledge of diabetes [12,13,14,15]. ...
... Th e need for supplementary and knowledge-expanding courses was also postulated by Bronisz et al., who pointed out that additional qualifi cations are necessary for providing care for diabetic patients [21]. Signifi cant defi cits in this area have been found in many studies assessing knowledge of diabetes among nurses and other healthcare professionals [10,12,13,14,22]. ...
Aim. The aim of this study was to assess the need for updating nurses’ knowledge and skills in the field of diabetes care recommendations.
Material and methods. The study included 580 nurses who were master’s degree students. A knowledge test including 20 questions on 10 procedures mentioned in the recommendations was used to collect research data. A total of 93.3% of students in the study group were professionally active.
Results. A total of 11.9% of respondents had access to diabetes care recommendations. The largest knowledge deficits were found for: leaving an ‘old’ cannula for continuous insulin infusion using an insulin pump for 2-3 hours in place to allow for absorption of the accumulated insulin after inserting a new one; the time it takes to calibrate a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system by measuring capillary blood glucose after insertion of a CGM electrode; and indications for alternate site testing. Poor, fair, and good level of knowledge on recommendations was found in 12.8%, 84.3%, and 2.9% of respondents, respectively.
Conclusions. 1) The level of knowledge of studying nurses on diabetic care recommendations is unsatisfactory. 2) Specialised nurses, as well as those participating in in-house training courses on diabetes and those declaring the accessibility of recommendations at workplace show a higher level of knowledge. 3) In the light of the development of new medical technologies, periodic workshops focusing on practical skills should be organised for nurses in their workplace, enabling the use of equipment for insulin administration and glucose monitoring.
... Of the 700 original surveys, 500 were returned, with 77 incomplete and 423 completed. (Alotaibi et al, 2017). ...
... The maximum possible score was 60; response scores ranged from 30 to 60, with a mean (SD) score of 46.9. This represents an equivalent score of 78.2%, or 3 ('agree'), which indicated that the perceived knowledge scores were generally positive (Alotaibi et al, 2017). However, the diabetes basic knowledge test (DBKT) demonstrated a mean score of 52.3%, with 80.0% considered the minimum required score for acceptable knowledge levels (Alotaibi et al, 2017). ...
... This represents an equivalent score of 78.2%, or 3 ('agree'), which indicated that the perceived knowledge scores were generally positive (Alotaibi et al, 2017). However, the diabetes basic knowledge test (DBKT) demonstrated a mean score of 52.3%, with 80.0% considered the minimum required score for acceptable knowledge levels (Alotaibi et al, 2017). knowledge. ...
Diabetes mellitus continues to become more prevalent in the United States, with approximately 1.5 million new cases diagnosed each year (ADA, 2018). Nurses play a key role in providing education to diabetic patients on the management of this disease. This encompasses a multitude of topics such as diabetic medications, treatments, and lifestyle choices that ultimately may aid in decreased morbidity and mortality otherwise associated with the disease and its co-morbidities. However, nurses’ own perceived diabetes knowledge has been found to be overestimated when compared to actual nursing knowledge (Alotaibi, Ghlizadeh, Al-Ganmi&Perry, 2017; Wakefield&Wilson, 2014). Research also illustrates that the actual knowledge of diabetes care is suboptimal, and educational programs specifically tailored to diabetes management knowledge result in an improvement from pre-test scores with subsequent retention of the materials presented (Moattari, Moosavinasab, Dabaghmanesh,&SarifSanaiey, 2014; Sweeney, Kenny and Schubert, 2013). The following literature review appraises current practice in diabetes management and evaluates literature regarding actual knowledge of nurses caring for inpatient diabetics. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to determine whether the implementation of a diabetic education program improves nurses’ knowledge in the medical management, treatment, and care of the adult critical care patient with hyperglycemia. Results demonstrated variability in baseline knowledge and overall significant improvement in scores which validated the need for this program and may indicate a need to focus future educational programs on the care of the patient with diabetes.
... It may be difficult for medical staff to keep up with the constant progress regarding the methods of treating and monitoring patients with type 1 diabetes. Many studies assessing diabetes knowledge have found different deficits among nurses, medical students, and other medical staff (Drass et al., 1989;Mogre et al., 2015;Kamińska et al., 2013;Alotaibi et al., 2017;Dafogianni et al., 2016;Thomas, 2004;Tawalbeh and Gharaibeh, 2014;Abduelkarem and El-Shareif, 2013;Odili and Eke, 2010). To our knowledge, however, no study has assessed the knowledge of type 1 diabetes among school nurses, although such an assessment is recommended, for example, by the American Diabetes Association (Alotaibi et al., 2016;American Diabetes Association, 2018). ...
... Previous studies showed similar findings among pediatric nurses (Thomas, 2004), primary practice nurses (Kamińska et al., 2013), and hospital nurses (Gerard et al., 2010) [30%-49% of correct responses]. For instance, nurses have poor knowledge of carbohydrate food sources and diabetic diet (Alotaibi et al., 2017;Hollis et al., 2014;Oyetunde and Famakinwa, 2014). In one study, over one-third of hospital nurses did not know what nutritional measures to take in patients with hypoglycemia (Mogre et al., 2015). ...
... In previous studies, 17% of primary practice nurses had insufficient diabetes knowledge (Daly et al., 2014), and 26% of intensive care unit nurses did not know the genetic aspects of type 1 diabetes (Gerard et al., 2010). Among hospital nurses, less than a half had sufficient knowledge of the causes, symptoms, and management of diabetes, but over 70% of them knew how to monitor glycemia and diabetes complications (Alotaibi et al., 2017). In another study, nearly 90% of pediatric nurses knew the causes of type 1 diabetes (Thomas, 2004). ...
Background:
In general, school nurses are aware that it is important to have knowledge of type 1 diabetes to give adequate care to children with the disease. Many studies assessing diabetes knowledge have found different deficits among nurses. To our knowledge, however, no study has assessed the knowledge of type 1 diabetes among school nurses.
Objective:
To assess actual and perceived diabetes knowledge among school nurses.
Design:
Cross-sectional studies.
Settings:
Seventeen primary care facilities in Warsaw that employed school nurses.
Participants:
Two hundred and thirty school nurses.
Methods:
With the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ), we assessed actual diabetes knowledge. With the Self-Assessed Diabetes Knowledge (SADK), we assessed perceived diabetes knowledge. Both the DKQ and SADK assessed seven domains of diabetes knowledge: general diabetes knowledge; insulin and glucagon; insulin pumps; diabetes complications; nutrition; physical activity, stress, and comorbidities; and glycemia measurements. We related DKQ and SADK scores to each other and to sociodemographic and work-related factors.
Results:
The rate of correct responses in the DKQ was 46.7%, with the lowest rate regarding knowledge of insulin pumps (36.5%), nutrition (37.4%), and insulin and glucagon (37.9%). Actual and perceived diabetes knowledge were moderately positively correlated (rho = 0.18, p =.009). In six of the seven knowledge domains examined, school nurses perceived their diabetes knowledge better compared with their actual knowledge. DKQ scores were higher in nurses with higher education (p = .024), those who had relatives or friends with diabetes (p = .032), and those who had prior diabetes training (p = .050). Interestingly, DKQ scores were higher among nurses with fewer years of experience (rho = - 0.18, p = .011).
Conclusions:
There is a need for additional diabetes training among nursing students and practicing nurses to provide safe and effective care for children with type 1 diabetes.
... Only one third of healthcare staff with a DM diagnosis participated in retinopathy screening in the study by Al-Alawi et al 12 Among health professionals, nurses at Prince Sultan Medical Military City in Riyadh had low knowledge scores about DM (25.5/49), despite having positive views about their level of knowledge (46.9/60), highlighting a gap between their perceived and actual knowledge about DM. 13 Unexpectedly, in the Al Hasa district, physicians also had low knowledge scores (66.6/100), with the biggest weakness in physicians' knowledge being disease epidemiology. 14 Only one third of the physicians surveyed were aware of the correct angle at which to administer insulin injections, and only 28.3% of them were aware of the diagnostic criteria for DM. 14 Similarly, medical students had low scores regarding knowledge about DM, with the main weakness being epidemiology, and 90% of the students were not aware of the correct angle required for administering insulin injections. ...
... In addition, most researchers employed a convenience sampling method, rather than a random sampling method, which resulted in limited generalizability to the target population. 9,11,13,18,22,[24][25][26] Kamel et al, 21 Aljoudi et al, 19 and Alzarea 17 selected a random sampling of DM patients at their treatment centers. Alsaeedi et al 23 worked in multiple primary health care centers in Mecca; therefore, they employed a 2-stage stratified random sampling strategy. ...
Objectives:
To summarize available peer-reviewed publications about public knowledge and awareness of diabetes mellitus (DM) among the population of Saudi Arabia.
Methods:
We followed the standard reporting guidelines outlined in the PRISMA statement for the preparation of this systematic review. In February 2018 we conducted literature searches of PubMed, Scopus, BIOSIS Citation Index, and Web of Science using the following keywords: "Knowledge" OR "Awareness" AND "Diabetes Mellitus" AND "Saudi Arabia." Records were screened, and relevant studies were selected and synthesized narratively.
Results:
Nineteen articles are included in our systematic review. These studies included the following populations: DM patients (n=13), healthcare workers (n=3), medical students (n=1), secondary school students (n=1), and general population (n=1). Most studies found a lack of public awareness of the risk factors and complications of DM. Among medical students and healthcare workers, knowledge about the epidemiology of the disease and angle of insulin injection was deficient.
Conclusion:
This review highlights the need for increased knowledge and awareness of DM among the Saudi population. The means of improving knowledge and awareness of DM needs to be integrated into existing healthcare systems and processes to better inform patients, families and communities about this chronic disease.
... Internationally, nurses working in a variety of health care settings have been shown to have knowledge deficits in all aspects of diabetes care and its management (Alotaibi et al. 2017a, Gerard et al. 2010, Olsen et al. 2012, Yacoub et al. 2014. A study from Saudi Arabia found that nurses had low accuracy in relation to diet/nutrition, diabetes medications, diabetes pathology, symptoms and management (Alotaibi et al. 2017a). ...
... Internationally, nurses working in a variety of health care settings have been shown to have knowledge deficits in all aspects of diabetes care and its management (Alotaibi et al. 2017a, Gerard et al. 2010, Olsen et al. 2012, Yacoub et al. 2014. A study from Saudi Arabia found that nurses had low accuracy in relation to diet/nutrition, diabetes medications, diabetes pathology, symptoms and management (Alotaibi et al. 2017a). They are not unique in this: a Swedish study found that enrolled nurses could not distinguish the different types of diabetes or their symptoms (Olsen et al. 2012), and inadequate knowledge of diabetes medications was found among nurses in the United States and Jordan (Gerard et al. 2010, Yacoub et al. 2014. ...
Aim
The aim of this qualitative study was to identify and explore the factors nurses perceive as influencing their knowledge acquisition in relation to diabetes care and its management in Saudi Arabia.
Background
Diabetes continues to pose major healthcare challenges despite advances in diabetes management. Nurses have a crucial role in diabetes care but diabetes knowledge deficits deter effective collaboration with other healthcare providers in educating patients about diabetes self‐management.
Design
An exploratory descriptive qualitative design.
Method
This qualitative study recruited 16 nurses from different specialty areas at a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia. Data were obtained through semi‐structured interviews and analysed using thematic analysis.
Results
Three main themes emerged: (1) diabetes care and education (2) barriers affecting nurses’ acquisition of diabetes knowledge (3) factors to support nurses’ acquisition of diabetes knowledge.
Conclusion
To pursue the goal of continued improvement in diabetes management in the challenging settings of acute care there is a need to develop good practice in diabetes care amongst nursing professionals. Understanding of the complexity of factors that influence nurses’ knowledge acquisition in relation to diabetes care and its management provides clinical nurses and nursing mangers with directions for future education, policy development and research.
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... As a result, knowledge gaps were suggested to exist among the surveyed students because of the weak correlation between factual knowledge and perceived knowledge [41]. Several studies among nurses revealed that the correlation between their factual knowledge and perceived knowledge with regard to diabetes mellitus was not strong, raising concerns about their competence in caring for diabetic patients [42][43][44][45]. A recent study exhibited that public health clinicians tended to overestimate their knowledge of research ethics guidelines because there was a mismatch between their high perceived knowledge and low factual knowledge [46]. ...
Background:
The recent human monkeypox virus (HMPXV) outbreak in non-endemic countries that started in May 2022 has raised concerns among public health authorities worldwide. Healthcare workers (HCWs) play a decisive role during epidemics in transmitting accurate information to the public and motivating them to pursue protective behaviours, including immunisation.
Methods:
A cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted in the Czech Republic in September 2022 to evaluate HMPXV-related knowledge and vaccination perceptions among HCWs. The study utilised a digital self-administered questionnaire (SAQ) to collect data from the target population. The proposed SAQ inquired about participants' sociodemographic and anamnestic characteristics, perceived knowledge of HMPXV, factual knowledge, and vaccination perceptions according to the health belief model (HBM).
Results:
A total of 341 participants were included in this study; most of them were females (88.9%), allied HCWs (89.4%), heterosexuals (87.1%), married (61.9%), and vaccinated against COVID-19 (91.2%). Only 8.8% of the participants agreed to receive vaccination against HMPXV; 44.9% rejected it, while 46.3% were hesitant. While digital news portals (47.5%) and social media (25.8%) were among the most utilised sources of information about HMPXV, the scientific journals (5.6%), ECDC (5%), and the U.S. CDC (1.5%) were the least common sources. The participants demonstrated suboptimal levels of factual knowledge, especially regarding HMPXV vaccines (1.5 ± 1.2 (0-4)) and treatments (0.9 ± 0.9 (0-4)). Additionally, several misconceptions were detectable among the participants, regarding topics such as the availability of effective vaccines and antivirals against HMPXV, the risk of vertical transmission, and homosexual stigmatisation. The HBM indicated that the cues to action and perceived susceptibility were the most important constructs to predict HMPXV vaccine acceptance.
Conclusions:
the findings of this study call upon public health practitioners and health policymakers in the Czech Republic to act accordingly in order to determine the drivers of vaccine hesitancy among Czech HCWs. Dedicated educational campaigns should aim to counter the HCWs' misconceptions around HMPXV, and future studies should aim to explore the prevalence and drivers of HMPXV vaccine hesitancy among the general population.
... What is of great worry, throughout the world, is that nurses working in a variety of healthcare settings have been shown to have knowledge deficits in all aspects of diabetes care and its management (Alotaibi et al. 2017) while there are no agreed nurses' roles in diabetes care (Nikitara et al. 2020). The unpredictable environment of interprofessional role boundaries and the scope of practice of specialist diabetes educators and nurses may mean that the roles of different members of the healthcare team are not clearly understood, particularly in a multinational workforce (Alotaibi et al. 2018). ...
Aim: The aim of the study was to understand how non-specialized nurses and people with diabetes understand nurses’ roles in diabetes inpatient care. Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major public health issue that places a significant burden on patients and healthcare systems and world leaders have targeted it for priority action. Design: An interpretative phenomenology approach (IPA). Methods: A total of 24 non-specialized nurses working in medical, surgical and nephrology wards and 24 people with type 1 diabetes who use the services of the state hospitals in Cyprus. The data were collected in two phases: firstly, focus groups with nurses (n = 1) and people with diabetes (n = 2) were conducted and analysed and then individual semi-structured interviews with nurses (n = 18) and with people with diabetes (n = 12) were conducted. Findings: It is evident from the study findings that nurses experience several roles in diabetes inpatient care. Most of these roles have been identified by people with diabetes as well. These roles are summarized as follows: medication administration, patient education, screening of complications, diet and psychological support. However, most of the participants raised concerns about nurses’ ability to conduct such roles. Conclusion: Participants suggest that nurses experience several roles in caring for diabetes inpatients and this view was also shared by people with diabetes. However, it was obvious that these roles differ between specialities. The findings showed that even though participants recognized a number of roles in diabetes inpatient care, their description of how they perform these roles was vague, and they raised concerns about their readiness to take on some of these roles.
... The role of Nurses in caring for and educating patients with diabetes has dramatically changed in scope and scale with the worldwide increase in the incidence and prevalence of diabetes. 7 So it is a challenge for Nurses to cover the gap in Insulin treatment knowledge to achieve better patient care. Effective management of diabetes is essential to reduce the early and long-term complications of diabetes and inhibit the onset of associated chronic diseases. ...
Diabetes is the most widespread chronic disease with long-term complications in the world. Insulin therapy is a life-saving treatment for hyperglycemic patients, but if administered inappropriately, it can be fatal. The majority of nurses may lack adequate knowledge of Insulin, resulting in medication administration errors that affect the patients. So, this study aims to evaluate the knowledge and attitude among nursing staff about Insulin and its types. The objective of this study is to assess the Knowledge and Attitude of Insulin and its types in Nursing staff at Adichunchanagiri Hospital and Research Centre, B.G. Nagar. A prospective observational study was conducted using self-prepared questionnaires to assess the knowledge and attitude of the nursing staff. Microsoft Excel spreadsheets were used to enter the data. SPSS statistics software was used to conduct the statistical analysis. A total of 160 participants were enrolled in the study, out of which 28.1% were male and 79.1% were female. Out of 160 participants, 24(15%) had poor knowledge, 107(66.8%) participants had average knowledge and 29(18.1%) participants had good knowledge. In this study, it was found that out of 160 participants 28 (17.5%) had a poor attitude, 71(44.3%) had an average attitude and 61(38.1%) had a poor attitude towards Insulin and its types. Overall, the study tells that the majority of the Nursing staff have average knowledge and average attitude toward insulin and its types. According to our findings, there is a significant need for nursing professionals to be trained in the administration of insulin and its importance in diabetes management to provide better patient care. This study emphasizes the significance of workplace-based training in improving insulin injection-related Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice. The findings of this study can assist nurses in developing and implementing decisions to prevent insulin administration errors.
... They must also be able to demonstrate the correct techniques of foot care to patients and possess the skills and knowledge to conduct foot examinations in order to diagnose them based on their risk level of developing DFU. [20][21][22][23] Two studies showed nurses possess more practical knowledge on DFU that theoretical knowledge. 12 23 A few other studies however have also highlighted the gaps in the knowledge of HCWs and recommended ways of improving HCWs' level of knowledge. ...
Objectives
To explore the perception of healthcare workers (HCWs) on diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) and foot care in Rotuma, Fiji.
Design
Using a qualitative study design, two focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted among HCWs. A semistructured open-ended questionnaire was used to guide the discussion session. Each FGD was audiorecorded and was transcribed. The transcriptions were then manually analysed using thematic analysis.
Setting
Rotuma hospital, Fiji.
Participants
HCWs who were working in Rotuma hospital for at least a year and were involved in clinical foot care of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were included.
Results
There were five main themes, namely, depth of knowledge, quality of care in practice, factors of influence on practice, lack of resources and capacity building. Participants had superficial knowledge that showed lack of in-depth scientific knowledge. A lack of staffing in the clinics affected the delivery of service. Additionally, patients defaulting clinics, late presentations with DFU and traditional medicine also affected the quality of healthcare service in clinics. There was also a need for a multidisciplinary team to prevent and manage DFU. HCWs mostly advised on glycaemic control and ignored offering foot care advice in clinics due mainly to the lack of sound knowledge on foot care. There was also a lack of resources, infrastructure, space and professional development opportunities, which negatively impacted how HCWs deliver foot care services to patients.
Conclusion
HCWs lack significant in-depth knowledge on DFU and foot care. In addition, these are the availability of traditional medicine that delays presentations to hospital, further reducing the quality of services. HCWs need to keep their knowledge and skills updated through regular in-service training on foot care. Resources, infrastructure and supply chains need to be maintained by those in power to ensure HCWs deliver quality foot care services.
... A diagnostic tool like Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) questionnaire will help in understanding the beliefs, attitudes and behaviour of nurses towards diabetes. Study done among nurses in a tertiary hospital of Saudi Arabia found that there was significant gap between their perceived and actual knowledge [7]. An integrative review of 25 studies from developed and developing countries was done to synthesise nurses knowledge of diabetes and to identify factors that function as barriers and it demonstrated that there was a long standing knowledge deficit in many aspects of diabetes care [8]. ...
General awareness about diabetes among patients is important for its management and prevention of its complications. Imparting such information to the people is the responsibility of health care workers among which nursing staff has a pivotal role. Hence it becomes important that the knowledge, attitude and practice among nursing staff regarding diabetes is assessed so that they can provide optimum care to the community. Diabetes was India's seventh biggest cause of early death in 2016. Diabetes increases the susceptibility for many life threatening infections as well, that is why tuberculosis is becoming highly prevalent in this group of patients. As the incidence and prevalence of diabetes is increasing, more people will require care from health professionals. Thus health care professionals like nurses in this case have responsibility to generate basic awareness about diabetes. It is important that the nurses should have right knowledge, attitude and practice of diabetes. Diabetes involves maintaining a healthy diet, regular physical exercise, a normal body weight, and avoiding use of tobacco.Diabetes may be treated with medications such as insulin sensitizers with or without insulin. The blood pressure and maintaining proper foot and eye care are important for people with the disease.
... In the present study, the level of knowledge and awareness regarding diabetic emergencies among bus drivers who received DM-related training at health institutions were higher. A study of the relevant literature revealed that the levels of knowledge about DM among those who participated in diabetes education programs were significantly higher [28][29][30][31]; the main sources of information regarding DM were primarily health institutions and then, the Internet, media, and people in their environments [21,22,[32][33][34]. This is believed to be because education is one of the methods to raise the awareness of DM and the participants received the information from the right source. ...
The objective of this research was to determine the level of knowledge and awareness of diabetic emergencies among Turkish bus drivers.
Methods. The universe of this descriptive and cross-sectional study was all the individuals working as bus drivers in the Mediterranean Region between January-June 2019, and the study sample was 1292 drivers who met the inclusion criteria of the research. Data were collected by the Personal Information Form and the Diabetic Emergency Information and Awareness Survey Form. Descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used in data evaluation.
Results. The average age of bus drivers participating in the study was 38.29 ± 9.44 years, while their average work experience was 12.50 ± 8.92 years. Among them, 14.9% of bus drivers had a diabetic family member; 23.7% of bus drivers had a first aid certificate; 11.5% of bus drivers received diabetes-related training. The average score of drivers for the level of knowledge and awareness regarding diabetic emergencies was found to be 15.39 ± 4.72. There was a statistically significant difference between the drivers’ average scores for the level of knowledge and awareness and their age, education status, work experience, the presence of chronic disease, the presence of a diabetic family member, the presence of a first aid certificate, diabetes-related training, the place of receiving this training variables (p < 0.05).
Conclusions. Bus drivers were found to have above average levels of knowledge and awareness of diabetic emergencies. Bus drivers are recommended to be trained on diabetic emergencies and raising awareness of diabetes mellitus to ensure a proper intervention in case of emergencies in individuals with diabetes mellitus during travels.
... This article highlights the importance of updating the knowledge and developing the skills of all healthcare professional enrolled in the diabetes care management in order to provide a higher quality of patients care. More effective quality improvement initiatives will help with understanding the nature of the quality problem once having in mind the horrible increased incidence of DM in Saudi Arabia [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. However, governmental support is extremely needed and further development is required to assess Diabetes Quality Program Performance (DQPP) and self-management programs in Saudi Arabia. ...
Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a complex health problem. That there is an ongoing increase pattern of DM with a tenfold in the past three eras in Saudi Arabia. Reducing this rate, through assessing the quality of diabetes care, standardized and effective Quality Improvement (QI) performance measures are highly needed. Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare; JHAH revisits QI process yearly evaluating clinical needs on the key processes. It constructs a strategic plan that guarantees the desired patient outcomes and thus satisfaction. Herein, we want to describe the "Diabetes QI Practice and Performance; DQIPP" in JHAH, to share experience and quality of healthcare performance.
... Moreover, 58.5 % of the general population scored zero [24]. A lack of knowledge about certain aspects of diabetes were found among health care workers in Saudi Arabia including physicians and nurses [25,26]. Likewise, a recent study showed that university students in Jordan and Saudi Arabia had limited knowledge of diabetes mellitus control and associated complications [27]. ...
Background
Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem in Jordan. This study measured the knowledge, risk perception and practice of diabetes in a sample of Jordanian university students. It also explored predictors to the relationship between the KAP sections and each section with the associated characteristics.MethodA cross-sectional study was carried out in seven university campuses in South Jordan. A total of 3000 participants received and were asked to fill in a self- administered structured questionnaire about their diabetes knowledge, risk perception and practice.ResultsA total of 2158 respondents (1031 male and 1127 females) with ages ranging between 18 and 50 years (97.2% < 30 years) were included in the final analysis. Participants’ scoring was poor in diabetes knowledge (41.9%), moderate (52.5%) in risk perception of diabetes and slightly higher (61.9%) in practice. Prediction of diabetes knowledge included: age, studying health sciences, being in the first or fifth academic year, with a family history of diabetes, overweight and caring for a relative with diabetes. Without a family history of diabetes and caring for a relative with diabetes significantly predicted diabetes risk perception. Diabetes knowledge and caring for a relative with diabetes were the only predictors of diabetes practice.Conclusion
In spite of the educational status, university students’ level of DM- related knowledge and the perceived risks and practices toward the disease were not adequate. Programs aiming to increase awareness about diabetes for students in all levels and for the general public should be initiated in order to help prevent or delay the occurrence of the disease.
... Diabetes is one of the chronic diseases generally in uenced by complex physical, social, and environmental factors [7]. Perceived and actual diabetes knowledge among health professionals and nurses about diabetes is necessary for protocol development and patient care [8]. Because poorly informed and empowered individuals with diabetes are less likely to have better self-care behaviours [9]. ...
Introduction: This study aims to explore diabetes prevalence and to identify the associated health behaviors and accessibility factors. Despite increasing burden of diabetes in Turkey, there is a lack of information regarding associated factors with diabetes.
Methods: Data gathered from TurkStat-Health Survey for the year 2014. 1996 individuals who had reported diabetes were matched to similar non-diabetes participants in terms of socio-demographic characteristics and comorbidities by using 1:1 nearest matching based on estimated propensity scores.
Results: The weighted point prevalence of diabetes among adults was 8.98%. Compared with smokers, non-smokers were less likely to develop diabetes (OR:0.96; 95% CI:0.95–0.97). Individuals engaging in regular physical activity were less likely to have experienced diabetes than individuals not engaging in any physical activity (OR:0.51; 95% CI:0.41–0.52). Conclusions: Improving the health behaviors of individuals and promoting a culture of exercise and healthy food consumption are necessary strategies to fight against diabetes in Turkey. Collaborations between health professionals will provide many lights for effective clinical decision making and preparations of diabetes self-management programs. Crisper understanding of associated health behaviors and health services accessibility factors associated with diabetes is beneficial to develop better nursing plans for patients.
... Although several nurses received training on the D2Go-BHU program and DSSE content, only one trained facilitator on each unit conducted the group class, with no backup facilitator identified, which was challenging for continuity. In addition, despite the training provided, staff knowledge of what and how to teach DSSE content was limited, which is consistent with the literature (Alotaibi, Gholizadeh, Al-Ganmi, & Perry, 2017) and resulted in the nurses feeling most comfortable using the Diabetes to Go book as a guide to providing the education content. Finally, the concentration of persons with diabetes attending the group classes was only 20% which, while generally reflective of the prevalence of this diagnosis in the hospital BHUs, clearly limited our ability to engage persons with diabetes in the intervention. ...
OBJECTIVE: To adapt a diabetes survival skills education (DSSE) program for delivery on inpatient behavioral health units (BHUs) and to evaluate implementation feasibility within nursing unit workflow. METHODS: We employed mixed methods to codesign, implement, and evaluate a DSSE program for inpatient BHUs. The Diabetes to Go core program incorporates linking knowledge deficits to video education content, a companion book on diabetes survival skills, and education for nurses on delivery processes and teaching content. The Diabetes to Go adaptation for BHUs was codesigned in partnership with BHU staff and patients. Implementation evaluation included patient surveys and nursing staff feedback obtained during field observations. RESULTS: A total of 89 patients participated in nine group education sessions among whom 17 (20%) had diabetes. Nursing unit staff and patients expressed willingness to engage in program design. Barriers to implementation were encountered in both groups including lack of standardization of education content by nurse facilitators and difficulty engaging patients for the time required for completion of surveys plus group education. Preferred education media for both nurses and patients was a book. Diabetes knowledge deficits were identified among over two thirds of participants with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Group class may not be the optimal delivery model for specialized DSSE on BHUs. It remains to be determined if individual diabetes education alone or a model which combines individual and group sessions is preferable. Translation of standardized approaches for diabetes education on inpatient BHUs will require further redesign to meet the unique needs of this population.
... In other countries (e.g. those in the Middle East and South Asia), diabetes education responsibilities are commonly assigned to nurses, who are not accredited DEs [19,20]. Often, these countries do not have opportunities for the appropriate training and accreditation required to become a DE. ...
Aims: Diabetes educators (DEs) play a major role in diabetes education and management. The aims of this scoping review were to compile the currently identified core competencies for DEs and, to review the currently used criteria to assess DEs’ core competencies.
Methods: A scoping review was conducted using the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute. Five databases (Ovid, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed) were searched. Keywords as well as inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified as search strategies and study selection for this review.
Results: A total of (n ¼ 22) publications comprising sixteen peer-reviewed studies and six professionalorganisations (grey literature) were selected for review, as they listed the core competencies of DEs.
The most common core competencies were related to knowledge and skills in diabetes self-management education, knowledge of pathophysiology and epidemiology, teaching skills, clinical skills and cultural competency. Evidently, an appropriate tool for assessing DEs’ competencies is currently unavailable.
Conclusions: Given the importance of diabetes education in the care of people living with diabetes, it is imperative that DEs possess competencies in diabetes education and management. The review also identified the need to develop a globally applicable core competency assessment tool for DEs.
... In Saudi Arabia the nurses generally had a positive view of their diabetes knowledge, with a mean score of 46.9 (of maximum 60) for the Diabetes Self-Report Tool, but their actual knowledge scores ranged with a mean score of 25.4 (of maximum of 49). So, findings indicated a significant gap between participants' perceived and actual knowledge [16]. All in all, findings indicate widespread serious and persistent deficiencies in the knowledge of nurses in many aspects of diabetes care and about diabetes, and urgent strategies are needed to overcome identified obstacles to acquire knowledge [17]. ...
Background: Nurses have an important role in the treatment of people with diabetes. However, the information which is transmitted to patients greatly depends on their knowledge of the subject. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of knowledge about diabetes among professional nurses. Method: The survey was conducted as a cross-sectional study in which 80 nursing students participated from high school in Subotica. The level of knowledge was evaluated using the Diabetes Knowledge Test. For statistical analysis, we used SPSS statistical program, methods of descriptive statistics.
Results: Respondents have low skills (58.75%) in nutritional needs. Medium knowledge about controlling blood sugar (60%), and intermediate level of knowledge (63%) of chronic complications. The total knowledge about diabetes was 64.36%.
Conclusion: The intermediate level of knowledge of diabetes, and low nutrition knowledge, which is the main activity of patient education by nurses, alerts us to possible errors in health educational work.
... This article highlights the importance of updating the knowledge and developing the skills of all healthcare professional enrolled in the diabetes care management in order to provide a higher quality of patients care. More effective quality improvement initiatives will help with understanding the nature of the quality problem once having in mind the horrible increased incidence of DM in Saudi Arabia [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. However, governmental support is extremely needed and further development is required to assess Diabetes Quality Program Performance (DQPP) and self-management programs in Saudi Arabia. ...
... In other countries (e.g. those in the Middle East and South Asia), diabetes education responsibilities are commonly assigned to nurses, who are not accredited DEs [19,20]. Often, these countries do not have opportunities for the appropriate training and accreditation required to become a DE. ...
Review question/objective:
The purpose of the proposed review is, firstly, to map the core competencies for diabetes educators, as reported in the literature, and secondly, to review currently used criteria for core competencies in the assessment of diabetes educators.
... The findings of this review highlight the importance of introducing measures into the Saudi healthcare system to update the knowledge and skills of all healthcare professionals involved with diabetes management to provide high quality diabetes care [31]. This is particularly important given the knowledge deficits reported in the nursing workforce both internationally and in Saudi Arabia [35,36]. ...
Objective
This study aimed to report on the trends in incidence and prevalence rates of diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia over the last 25 years (1990–2015).
Design
A descriptive review.
Methods
A systematic search was conducted for English-language, peer reviewed publications of any research design via Medline, EBSCO, PubMed and Scopus from 1990 to 2015. Of 106 articles retrieved, after removal of duplicates and quality appraisal, 8 studies were included in the review and synthesised based on study characteristics, design and findings.
Findings
Studies originated from Saudi Arabia and applied a variety of research designs and tools to diagnosis diabetes. Of the 8 included studies; three reported type 1 diabetes and five on type 2 diabetes. Overall, findings indicated that the incidence and prevalence rate of diabetes is rising particularly among females, older children/adolescent and in urban areas.
Conclusion
Further development are required to assess the health intervention, polices, guidelines, self-management programs in Saudi Arabia.
... Several studies have been carried out in other countries aimed at ascertaining nurses' knowledge of diabetes and its complications (Scheiderich et al. 1983, Drass et al. 1989, Burden & Burden 1993, Livingston & Dunning 2010, Yacoub et al. 2014, Alotaibi et al. 2017. These studies were always carried out on selected groups and sometimes with only few respondents (137 nurses in the study by Scheiderich et al. 1983; 184 nurses in the study by Drass et al. 1989; 21 nurses in the study by Livingston& Dunning 2010, 277 registered nurses in the study Yacoub et al. 2014, 423 nurses in study Alotaibi et al. 2017 etc.). ...
Objetivo: realizar a tradução, adaptação cultural e validação do instrumento “Instrumento de Autoavaliação em Diabetes” para aplicação no contexto brasileiro. Métodos: estudo metodológico realizado com 132 profissionais, entre os anos de 2016 e 2018, em seis etapas: 1- Tradução inicial; 2- Síntese da tradução; 3- Retrotradução (back-translation); 4- Avaliação pelo comitê de juízes; 5- Adequação cultural (pré-teste); 6- Reprodutibilidade. Houve participação de profissionais de equipes multiprofissionais envolvidas no tratamento do diabetes, por meio da plataforma e-surv. Resultados: entre os participantes, predominaram o sexo feminino (73,5%), profissionais com especialização (pós-graduação Lato Sensu) (51,5%) e com experiência na assistência a pessoas com diabetes (84,4%). O Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC) foi satisfatório (média de 0,850). O instrumento apresentou boa consistência interna (Alfa de Cronbach=0,878). A análise de confiabilidade do instrumento, realizada pelo cálculo do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI), indicou concordância adequada em todas as medidas, 0,878 (IC 95%: 0,864 – 0,891), com Kappa Ponderado médio de 0,714 e índices acima de 0,60 em 85% os itens, mostrando boa concordância teste e reteste. Conclusão: a versão traduzida e adaptada culturalmente do Instrumento de Autoavaliação em Diabetes apresentou boa confiabilidade, aceitabilidade e estabilidade temporal satisfatórias conforme os parâmetros internacionais, podendo ser utilizada para autoavaliação em diabetes pelos profissionais da saúde.
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN RESOURCE-RICH COUNTRIES EFFECTS
ON ECONOMIC GROWTH
Ph.D., Associate Professor Farhad Gamboy oglu Mikayilov
UNEC, Scientific-Research Institute of Economic Studies,
Department of knowledge economy, senior research fellow
Nurana BABAYEVA
Ministry of Economy Economic Reforms Scientific Research Institute, PhD student
ABSTRACT
Currently, the reputation of companies worldwide is determined by the extent to which they adhere to corporate social responsibility. In international practice, corporate social responsibility measures play a greater role in the company's activities and increase the importance of this institution. Corporate social responsibility standards differ according to the legal framework, level of development and public attitudes of each country. Globally, all types of firms, especially large corporations and holdings, are increasingly encouraged to adopt corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices that aim to contribute
to the improvement of society due to the high expectations of their stakeholders (Mensah, Yensu, & Atuilik, 2017). ; Golob &). Podnar, 2019). While working relations in America are based on the principle of individuality, in Europe it is based on collective relations. While social programs implemented through aid programs are preferred in America, business projects and targeted programs are preferred in Europe. Although it has been widely used in Germany for a long time, the concept of corporate social responsibility is still onsidered a foreign term. Discussions on corporate social responsibility mainly focus on human rights, environmental issues and the fight against corruption. In Austria, special
attention is paid to cooperation in solving labor and social problems. The law, passed in 1966, emphasized the importance of the company's service not only for entrepreneurs and employees, but also for the common good. Although the government's interest in social and environmental issues has decreased due to the economic problems associated with the transition to a market economy in the post�communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Corporate Social Responsibility is currently being
implemented successfully. Looking at Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the CIS, it should be noted that from the 1990s, economic policy in the post-Soviet countries became more radical. Thus, unlike the Soviet era, companies' interest in CSR, especially in the metallurgical and oil and gas industries in Russia, has increased significantly in recent years. There is no specific law on CSR in Ukraine. Relevant recommendations are provided in the Azerbaijan Corporate Governance Standards to guide Azerbaijani companies in this area. For example, a company must respect the rights and interests
of all its stakeholders, including its creditors, employees, customers, suppliers, local communities and the general public. The company should consider the interests of employees, creditors, customers, suppliers and local communities when making decisions, make these decisions feasible and realistic, and consider how its decisions may affect stakeholders. Such problems are reflected in the report.
Keywords: corporate social responsibility, utilities, social practices, business projects
Background
Diabetes education provided by qualified and competent diabetes educators (DEs) is effective in reducing risks of diabetes complications. Globally, the DE workforce comprises a mixture of professions, with the majority being nurses. It is necessary to regularly assess DEs’ competence and knowledge to ensure that quality diabetes education is being delivered.
Objective
This study explored the self-perceived competence and the diabetes knowledge of DEs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).
Methods
This study explored the self-perceived competence and the diabetes knowledge of DEs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), using a quantitative, cross-sectional survey, administered at 20 diabetes centres. A total of 368 DEs were invited to participate in the study.
Results
Surveys were completed by 324 DEs (response rate = 88%), 84% (n=271) were nurses. From a possible overall range between 63-252, the mean (M) was 168.59 and standard deviation (SD) was (35.6) hence perceived competence of the DEs was low, Of a maximum possible score of 45 for the diabetes knowledge test, response scores ranged from 9 to 40, with M = 26.2 (6.0). Perceived competence and diabetes knowledge varied depending on age, nationality, educational qualification, primary profession, and whether or not the DE held a specialised diabetes qualification.
Conclusion
DEs in the KSA need to develop and enhance their competence and knowledge in order to provide quality diabetes care and education. The low perceived competence and scores in the knowledge test show that intervention measures are needed to regularly assess and improve the core competencies of DEs. Further research is required to identify DEs’ barriers to having sufficient competencies and knowledge.
Background: Despite the increasing burden of diabetes in Turkey, there is a lack of information regarding behaviors and accessibility factors associated with diabetes. This study aims to explore diabetes prevalence and to identify the associated health behaviors and accessibility factors.
Research design and methods: Data was gathered from TurkStat-Health Survey for the year 2014. 1996 individuals who had reported diabetes were matched to similar non-diabetes participants in terms of socio-demographic characteristics and comorbidities by using 1:1 nearest matching based on estimated propensity scores.
Results: The weighted point prevalence of diabetes among adults was 8.98%. Compared with smokers, non-smokers were less likely to develop diabetes (OR:0.96; 95% CI:0.95–0.97). Individuals engaging in regular physical activity were less likely to have experienced diabetes than individuals not engaging in any physical activity (OR:0.51; 95% CI:0.41–0.52).
Conclusions: Improving the health behaviors of individuals and promoting a culture of exercise, healthy food consumption and better planning of preventive services are necessary strategies to fight against diabetes in Turkey. Collaboration between health professionals will result in effective clinical decision making and the development of diabetes self-management programs.
Background:
Previous research has revealed nurses' knowledge gaps in venous leg ulcer (VLU) nursing care, and continuing education is needed. The closer nurses' perceived knowledge is to their evidence-based theoretical knowledge, the better possibilities they have to conduct evidence-based VLU nursing care.
Objectives:
To assess the congruence between nurses' perceived and theoretical knowledge about VLU nursing care before and after an internet-based education about VLU nursing care (eVLU).
Design:
Quasi-experimental study with intervention and comparison groups and pre- and post-measurements.
Setting:
Home health care in two Finnish municipalities.
Participants:
Nurses (n = 946) working in home health care were invited to participate. In the intervention group, 239 nurses and 229 nurses in the comparison group met the inclusion criteria, and they were all recruited to the study.
Method:
Nurses were divided into intervention and comparison groups with lottery between the municipalities. Nurses in both groups took care of patients with VLU according to their organizations' instructions. In addition to this, nurses in the intervention group received a 6-week eVLU while those in the comparison group did not. Data were collected with a questionnaire about perceived and theoretical knowledge before education, at six weeks, and at 10 weeks. The percentages of congruence were calculated at every measurement point, and the McNemar test was used to detect statistical significance of changes between measurements.
Results:
The increase of congruence was more often statistically significant in the intervention group than in the comparison group.
Conclusion:
The results support the hypothesis that the congruence between perceived and theoretical knowledge will be higher among nurses receiving eVLU. Because of the low participation and drop-outs, the results should be interpreted with caution.
Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate perceptions regarding current practices in the care of diabetic inpatients as well as the knowledge and attitudes of nursing and medical caregivers at a large secondary hospital.Design and methods. Doctors and nurses taking care of diabetic inpatients were surveyed to assess their knowledge of diabetes inpatient management and their attitudes towards diabetic patients. The survey made use of the diabetes knowledge questionnaire (O'Brien) and the DAS3 scale.Results. The survey group comprised 115 health care providers, of whom 54 were doctors and 61 were nurses. The response rate was 82%. The doctors achieved a mean score of 68.3% (standard deviation (SD) 11.5%) and the nurses 53.9% (SD 16.3%) for the diabetes knowledge questionnaire. The DAS3 questionnaire indicated that 80.9% of health care personnel strongly agree that special training for managing diabetic patients is necessary, 90.5% agree or strongly agree that type 2 diabetes is a serious condition, 92.2% agree or strongly agree that tight glycaemic control is valuable, 85.2% agree or strongly agree that diabetes has a significant psychosocial impact on patients, and 88.7% agree or strongly agree that patients should have autonomy regarding their treatment.Conclusions. Health care workers (doctors and nurses) in a large secondary hospital have average to poor knowledge about the care of diabetic inpatients. The DAS3 questionnaire, however, indicates that health care workers have a good attitude towards diabetic patients and realise that special training is necessary.
This research assessed gender differences in the accuracy of self-perceptions. Do males and females with equal ability have similar self-perceptions of their ability? Three measures of accuracy were used: accuracy of self-evaluations, calibration for individual questions, and response bias. As hypothesized, for a masculine task, significant gender differences were found for all three measures: Females' self-evaluations of performance were inaccurately low, their confidence statements for individual questions were less wel calibrated than males; and their response bias was more conservative than males'. None of these gender differences were found for feminine and neutral tasks. As hypothesized, strong self-consistency tendencies were found. Expectancies emerged as an important predictor of self-evaluations of performance for both genders and could account for females' inaccurately low self-evaluations on the masculine task. How females' inaccurate self-perceptions might negatively affect achievement behavior and curtail their participation in masculine domains is discussed.
Background
Assessment of knowledge among resident trainees and nurses is very important since majority of patients admitted in hospital have underlying diabetes which could lead to adverse clinical outcomes if not managed efficiently. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the knowledge related to the management of diabetes among registered nurses (RN) and trainee residents of internal medicine (IMR), family medicine (FMR) and surgery (SR) at tertiary care hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan.
Methods
A validated questionnaire consisting of 21 open ended questions related to diabetes awareness was acquired through a study done at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia with the permission of primary author.
Results
169 IMR, 27 FMR, 86 SR and 99 RN completed a questionnaire that assessed the knowledge related to different aspects of management of diabetes. The results were further stratified by participant's specialty and level of training. The percentage of knowledge based questions answered correctly was found to be low. The overall mean correct percentage among all the participants was 50% +/- 21. There was no statistical difference in terms of knowledge between IMR & FMR residents (64% +/- 14 vs. 60% +/- 16, p = 0.47) respectively. The total scores of SR and RN were quite low (40% +/- 16 & 31% +/- 15 respectively).SR and RN were found to have profound deficit in both inpatient and outpatient knowledge of diabetes. We did not observe any improvement in level of knowledge of FMR & SR with increase in duration of their training (p = 0.47 & 0.80 respectively). In contrast, improvement in the level of knowledge of IMR was observed from first to second year of their training (p = 0.03) with no further improvement thereafter. RN's didn't respond correctly on most of the items related to in-patient management of diabetes (Mean score 40% +/- 20).
Conclusion
As there are no prior studies in our setting evaluating knowledge related to diabetes management among residents and nurses, this study is of paramount importance. Based on these results, considerable knowledge gaps were found among trainee residents and nurses pointing towards need of providing additional education to improve the delivery of diabetes care.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to identify, critically appraise and synthesise evidence of nurses' knowledge of diabetes and identify factors that function as barriers to nurses' acquisition of diabetes knowledge.
Design:
An integrative review
Methods:
A systematic search was conducted for English-language, peer reviewed publications of any research design via CINAHL, Medline, EMBASE, and Education Research Complete databases from 2004 to 2014. Of 374 articles retrieved, after removal of duplicates and quality appraisal, 25 studies were included in the review and synthesised based on study characteristics, design and findings.
Findings:
Studies originated from developed and developing countries and applied a variety of research designs and tools to assess nurses' knowledge of diabetes. Assessed aspects of diabetes care included knowledge of diabetes medications (12 studies), nutrition (7), blood glucose monitoring (7), diabetes complications (6), and pathology, symptoms and diabetes management (9). Factors/barriers affecting nurses' acquisition of diabetes knowledge were identified (11). Overall, findings indicated wide-spread serious and sustained deficiencies in nurses' knowledge of diabetes and diabetes care.
Conclusion:
With nurses demonstrating significant and long-standing knowledge deficits in many aspects of diabetes care, strategies are urgently required to overcome the identified barriers to knowledge acquisition.
During the last decade, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has achieved remarkable success with regards to its healthcare development. Knowing that understanding the economic progress and the health of the nation generally comes hand in hand, the Saudi Government has showered the health care system with serious considerable attention such as increasing the health care budget. To meet the objective, the present study was conducted among nurses of public hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The reason for the examination of the nurses' performance working specifically in Saudi Arabia lies in the fact that nurses comprise the largest human resource element in healthcare organizations, and thus they have a huge impact on the quality of care and patient outcomes. Despite the efforts being carried out by the Saudi government in developing and enhancing the health sector, there are performance issues particularly with respect to efficient and effective services that are still plaguing the nursing sector specifically and the healthcare industry generally. There is particularly a growing concern about the poor performance of nursing services in Saudi Arabia's public health sector. In terms of theory, the study contributes to the body of knowledge through the examination of the determinants of hospital nurses' performance based on an individual's perspective, and the influence of both the mediation of job stress, and the moderation effect of organizational support in mitigating job stress.
Background: Diabetes patient education is central to achieving active participation in management of diabetes. This participation is critical to quality and quantity of life among diabetic patients. However, observations show uncontrolled and complicated diabetes; noncompliance with the treatment regimen traceable to poor transfer of knowledge. The study was designed to assess nurses’ knowledge of diabetes patient education in government hospitals in Ondo State.
Method: The survey consisted of Four hundred and one registered randomly selected nurses working in various units of the selected hospitals. The instrument was a validated, self administered 44 – item questionnaire developed by the researchers using the professional prompter worksheet for diabetes education and content areas of diabetes education. The questionnaire focused on four content areas of diabetes education- nutrition, exercise and activity, glucose monitoring, and foot and skin care.
Result: The result showed that the respondents were majorly females (82.3%). Seventy two percent of the respondents had between 1year and 5years of work experience. Only 8.2% had 1st degree. Respondents demonstrated poor know-
ledge in the specified content areas of diabetes patients’ education. Good knowledge of nutrition was only 29.2% while that of exercise/activity was 24.9% of respondents. For glucose monitoring, only 24.9% had good knowledge while that of hygiene/foot care was 34.4% of the respondents. The mean scores for the content areas were nutrition: 5115; exercise/activity: 5014; glucose monitoring: 5014 and foot and skin care: 5316 respectively. Respondents with one to five years work experience performed better than those with longer years of experience in the selected content areas.
Conclusion: In view of this result, it is recommended that definitive modules for educating diabetes patient be deve-
loped for each health institution and more emphasis placed on continuing education of nurses to update their knowledge about current Diabetes management.
The aim of this study was to explore the perceived knowledge of diabetes among personnel practising in municipal care.
The study was conducted using a qualitative approach through focus group interviews. The study included focus group interviews on three occasions, with a total of 22 enrolled nurses (ENs).
The results showed that the ENs' perceived knowledge of diabetes was not optimal. However, the study findings demonstrated that the ENs felt they had sufficient knowledge of nursing interventions, especially in the prevention of foot complications. Nevertheless, they expressed feelings of insecurity about assessing symptoms, treatment, and interventions to be taken with high or low blood glucose levels.
When providing opportunities for educating ENs prior to delegating to them the task of insulin administration, the training sessions should be structured and led by a diabetes nurse with pedagogical skills. It is important that the registered nurses who teach have up-to-date knowledge concerning developments and research in diabetes care.
The results of the study show that ENs employed within municipal health care lack knowledge regarding the care of older people with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is essential that ENs receive structured education and training in diabetes in order to ensure good and safe diabetes care. Copyright © 2012 FEND. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nurses play a vital role in caring for people with diabetes where knowledge constitutes the cornerstone of this care.
This study assessed the level of Jordanian nurses' perceived and actual knowledge of diabetes and examined the relationship between nurses' actual knowledge of diabetes and their different characteristics.
A cross-sectional descriptive design was used to report knowledge regarding diabetes. Registered nurses were asked to complete self-administered questionnaires. The Diabetes Self-Report Tool and the Modified Diabetes Basic Knowledge Test were used to assess nurses' perceived and actual knowledge of diabetes.
A total of 277 out of the 450 eligible registered nurses accepted to participate and returned questionnaires from seven hospitals in Jordan. Nurses in this study mostly demonstrated a knowledge deficit in clinical and theoretical-based topics, such as initial treatment of hypoglycaemia, insulin storage and preparation; meal planning and duration of action with hypoglycaemic agents. Nurses' actual knowledge of diabetes was positively correlated with their perceived knowledge, perceived competence and level of education.
Study participants were selected using convenience sampling. The length of time needed for nurses exceeded 50 min to complete study questionnaires.
This study examined current knowledge among Jordanian registered nurses regarding diabetes. A knowledge deficit regarding diabetes was demonstrated by the nurses who participated in this study. The role of continuing education is essential to supporting nurses' knowledge of complex clinical conditions, such as diabetes. Adequate implementation and dissemination of evidence-based guidelines on caring for people with diabetes is a prerequisite to improve the nurses' knowledge.
Promoting continuing education in diabetes for nurses requires continuous effort and creativity. Healthcare system administrators must acknowledge and prioritize the need for this education.
Aims
To quantify and compare knowledge of diabetes including risk factors for diabetes-related complications among the three main groups of primary health care nurses.
Methods
In a cross-sectional survey of practice, district and specialist nurses (n = 1091) in Auckland, New Zealand, 31% were randomly sampled to complete a self-administered questionnaire and telephone interview, designed to ascertain nurses’ knowledge of diabetes and best practice, in 2006–2008.
Results
All 287 nurses (response rate 86%) completed the telephone interview and 284 the self-administered questionnaire. Major risk factors identified by nurses were excess body weight for type 2 diabetes (96%) and elevated plasma glucose levels or glycosylated haemoglobin (86%) for diabetes-related complications. In contrast, major cardiovascular risk factors were less well identified, particularly smoking, although by more specialist nurses (43%) than practice (14%) and district (12%) nurses (p = 0.0005). Cardiovascular complications, particularly stroke, were less well known than microvascular complications, and by significantly fewer practice (13%) and district (8%) nurses than specialist nurses (36%, p = 0.002).
Conclusions
In general, nurses had better knowledge of overweight as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus and elevated plasma glucose levels as a risk factor for diabetes-related complications compared with knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors, particularly smoking.
Background: The increasing prevalence of diabetes and obesity represents a significant disease burden in Australia. Practice nurses (PNs) play an important role in diabetes education and management.Aim: To explore PNs' roles, knowledge and beliefs about diabetes education and management in rural and remote general practice in Australia.Method: Exploratory study undertaken in three phases: 1) Pilot study to test the performance of the questionnaire; 2) One-shot cross-sectional survey using self-complete questionnaires; 3) Individual interviews.Results: Ten PNs completed the pilot test; the draft questionnaire was deemed appropriate to the study purpose. Then, 65 questionnaires were distributed to PNs and 21 responded. Fourteen respondents had worked in the role <5 years, and most PNs attended diabetes education programmes in their workplace. A minority (40%) used diabetes management guidelines regularly. Most knew obesity to be the most common risk factor for diabetes but only 50% knew that glycosylated haemoglobin indicates blood glucose levels over the preceding three months. Self-reported competency to assess patients' self-care practices and medication management practices varied.Conclusion: PNs' diabetes management was self-reported; their knowledge varied and their perceived benefits of diabetes education differed from those of patients. Copyright © 2010 FEND
Aim: This paper reviews healthcare provision in Saudi Arabia and the development of nursing together with its current challenges.
Background: Health care in Saudi Arabia is developing fast with multiple governmental and independent service providers. Economic growth has impacted upon health needs through population and health behaviour change. The development of the indigenous nursing workforce has been slow resulting in much nursing care being delivered by migrant nurses.
Conclusion: There is a need to increase the proportion of indigenous nurses so that culturally appropriate holistic care can be delivered. Without shared culture and language, it will be difficult to deliver effective health education within nursing care to Saudis.
Metabolic diseases and cardiovascular disease (CVD), the incidence of which is currently increasing in Korea, can be managed well with dietary education and modification. However, it has yet to be established whether nurses have sufficient knowledge to impart appropriate nutritional counseling to patients with these diseases. Our study involved 506 nurses working at Asan Medical Center, Samsung Medical Center, and Seoul National University Hospital between March and May, 2006. The questionnaire was comprised of 42 diet-related questions pertaining to diabetes, obesity, and CVD. Nurses' correct-response rate for overall nutritional knowledge was worse than reported in Western countries (58.4%), and particularly so with regard to obesity and CVD. Although many nurses were aware of the therapeutic aspects of nutrients in relation to CVD, most of them had limited knowledge about low-cholesterol diets and sources of water-soluble fiber, fatty acids and the specific food items that prevent CVD. Our results suggest that there is an urgent need to update the contents of nutrition education for nurses to reflect the current changes in the Korean diet and the increasing incidence of metabolic diseases and CVD.
Patients with type 2 diabetes crowd emergency rooms; fill medical, surgical, and cardiac beds; and now appear in maternal health and pediatric units. Education is critical in hospital care of diabetes; however, what level of knowledge exists among acute care nurses? A systematic approach was used to examine levels of nursing knowledge about diabetes. An innovative and cost-effective structure was created to improve the quality of patient care through supporting diabetes education.
Patient throughput and casemix changes on nursing wards are little understood aspects of nursing's responsibility for nursing wards/units as hospital operations. In this study, the movement of patients on and off wards in 27 Australian public hospitals (286 wards) were analyzed over a 5-year period. Casemix change at the nursing unit level was also examined. In the data here, medical/surgical patients moved on average more than twice in an average hospital stay of only about 4 days. The absence of ward-level metrics compromises the ability of nursing unit/ward managers to meet their own efficiency and quality standards. Measurements of churn would give nurses another way to talk about the work of nursing to senior management and would give nurse executives a way to describe hospital operations and throughput and the impact on staff, patients, and resource allocation.
This article explores mental health nurses' diabetes training needs. A survey of inpatient and community mental health nurses was undertaken using a 16-item self-reporting questionnaire. Two hundred and twenty questionnaires were sent out and 138 returned, providing a response rate of 63%. Analysis shows that mental health nurses are currently involved in a range of diabetes care activities, however, their knowledge and skills may not be up to date. Mental health nurses also report the growing impact of diabetes care on their workload. Areas of identified training needs include taking blood glucose readings, giving dietary advice, liaison with diabetes nurse specialists and weight management. Mental health services and education providers need to consider developing specific training courses for mental health nurses.
The purpose of this study was to survey staff nurses on their perceived and actual level of knowledge of diabetes mellitus. A convenience sample of 184 professional staff nurses from both inpatient and outpatient settings of a large research-teaching hospital was surveyed. The Diabetes Self-Report Tool (Cronbach's alpha = .91) was used to assess staff nurses' perceptions of knowledge of diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes: Basic Knowledge Test (DBKT; Cronbach's alpha = .79) was used to measure the actual level of knowledge of diabetes mellitus. The data were analyzed with Pearson's correlation coefficients. A moderately low negative correlation (r = -.36, P less than .001) indicated that the staff nurses' perceived knowledge of diabetes mellitus was inversely related to actual knowledge. Subjects were found to have a mean score of 64% on the DBKT. Study findings raise questions as to the adequacy of staff nurse knowledge of diabetes and the ability of staff nurses to assess themselves for knowledge deficits.
Staff nurses were surveyed on their perceived and actual level of knowledge of diabetes mellitus. Staff nurses (n = 32) employed at a rural 62-bed acute care hospital in the southeastern United States constituted a convenience sample. The Diabetes Self-Report Tool was used to assess staff nurses' perceptions of knowledge of diabetes mellitus. Using a Likert-type scale a mean score of 88% was obtained concerning perceived knowledge. The Diabetes Basic Knowledge Test was used to measure the actual level of knowledge of diabetes mellitus. A mean score of 75% was obtained on the Diabetes Basic Knowledge Test. Nurses' perception of knowledge was not related to actual knowledge scores. Study findings raise questions for the nurse involved in staff development concerning the adequacy of nursing competency validation in the area of diabetes management.
People with diabetes may be hospitalised for the condition or another reason. Either way, they need special care to avoid diabetes-related complications. General ward nurses and trainee doctors were tested on their knowledge of diabetes, with poor results in some areas. The questionnaire used could prove a useful tool for identifying and addressing these problems.
This study assessed nurses' actual and perceived knowledge of diabetes. These nurses were employed in a community hospital and home healthcare agency. The Diabetes Basic Knowledge Test (DBKT) and the Diabetes Self-Report Tool (DSRT) were used to assess actual and perceived knowledge. Nurses actual and perceived knowledge were positively correlated (r = 0.402, p < 0.0001). A mean score of 72.2% was obtained on the DBKT. The study findings raise questions about how competent nurses are in caring for patients with diabetes.
Nurses' perceived and actual diabetes knowledge was explored by identifying profiles of nurses working in two hospitals in Hong Kong. Relationships between nurses' perceived and actual diabetes knowledge are explored.
In non-specialist clinical settings in Hong Kong, nurses provide diabetes self-management education to patients, therefore, nurse's knowledge and skill in giving diabetes care is very important. Though patients' perceptions are important, if patients solely select and set their own priorities for learning about and managing diabetes, their care could be compromised by knowledge deficits.
A descriptive correlational survey was conducted during the period September 2004 to July 2005 in two local hospitals in Hong Kong. 245 nurses completed a structured questionnaire. Nurses' demographic data, competence, perceived and actual diabetes mellitus knowledge were collected.
Two-step cluster analysis yielded three clusters: Cluster 1 nurses were characterized by relatively good competence and high diabetes knowledge than nurses in Clusters 2 and 3. Cluster 3 nurses reported low competence and diabetes knowledge than nurses in Clusters 1 and 2. Cluster 2 was a large group of nurses holding both positive and moderate competence and diabetes knowledge. Statistically significant differences were found between clusters. Overall, nurses' perceived diabetes knowledge was statistically significant correlated with actual knowledge (r(s) = 0.32).
Nurses have the responsibility to educate patients with correct and updated information, therefore, knowledge should be provided and maintained to a certain standard.
Lack of knowledge among nursing staff has contributed to diabetes patients receiving inadequate health care instruction. As indicated by the results of this study, 'tailor-made' educational programmes should be designed to meet the learning needs of each subgroup. Expertise and nurse education should be recognized when such educational programmes are designed.
This paper reviews healthcare provision in Saudi Arabia and the development of nursing together with its current challenges.
Health care in Saudi Arabia is developing fast with multiple governmental and independent service providers. Economic growth has impacted upon health needs through population and health behaviour change. The development of the indigenous nursing workforce has been slow resulting in much nursing care being delivered by migrant nurses.
There is a need to increase the proportion of indigenous nurses so that culturally appropriate holistic care can be delivered. Without shared culture and language, it will be difficult to deliver effective health education within nursing care to Saudis.
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