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A STUDY ON REINFORCED CONCRETE-MADE ELEMENTARY-SCHOOLS IN KYOTO-CITY : At the prewar period of Showa from 1934 to 1939
Abstract
Elementary schools in Kyoto city suffered serious damage on account of Tyhoon Muroto, but eighty schools were rebuilt of reinforced-concrete. The typhoon gave the architectural structure change from a wooden to reinforced-concrete. The buildings of schools was done under the school-district system. The financial resources of school reconstruction was from a low-interest loan by the government. The design of schools was in charge of the building and repairs section of Kyoto Municipal Office. The traits of design of school facade in Kyoto city lay in the use of tile.
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By the study some knowledge was acquired as follows. 1. Sixty-six municipal elementary schools were built of reinforced-concrete in Kobe between 1920 and 1939. At 1923, the Architectural Section was founded in Kobe Municipal Office and placed in charge of its design. 2. The building of those schools resulted from not only the abolition of school district system at 1919, but also a promotion of a memeber of municipal assembly. 3. In elementary schools in Kobe-city, the size of classrooms, the span of columns and the height of story were standardized. 4. Characteristics in Kobe schools were mentioned as follows, an auditorium on the 3rd floor, double-loaded corridor type under the 2nd floor. 5. At first the design was influenced under that of wooden schools but new patterns were created one after another and settled at last.
The result of this study is as follows, 1, In Kyoto-city 27 reinforced concrete-made elementary-schools had been built from 1923 to 1934, Kyoto municipal had a new department of the Architectural section in 1920, and since then they have been in charge of them, The period of their building was intensive till 1931, because it had the crisis of the abolition of the school district system. 2, The architectural section of Kyoto Municipal office had a standardization of the building structure, which is the span of columns and the size of the land. 3, There was the variety of the building design and the plans of the site as they were refrected by the school district system. 4, The characteristics kf the design in Kyoto schools was a great variety of the styles and motifs including Japanese-style.
The purpose of this study lies in making clear the reason why ferro-concreate schools became increased in number, with an eye on the fact that a lot of schools were rebuilt into ferro-concrete mainly during several years of the end of the Taisyo era in relation to abolition of the school district system with an accordance of abolition of school district system, the administration of Osaka-City gave financial aid to each school districts on a large scale. Representative of each community making good use of the financial aid, many well-equipped elementary-schools were brought into realization in a short period.
From the Taisho era to the beginning of Showa era reinforced-concrete school buildings gave variety to the design of elementary school buiIdings. Take Osaka city for instanse, the abolition of the school district system rapidly promoted the tendency of building reinforced-concrete school buiIdings. The design was not made by official architects in the city office, but by freelance architects. Designing individual freelance architects is reflected in school buildings, which is worthy of attention. The diversity and uniqueness in designing are characteristics of elementary school buildings before the abolition of school districts system. The study made it clear that the existence of freelance architects can never be ignored in describing the history of designing of school buildings.