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Dialectical behavior therapy for pervasive emotion dysregulation: Theoretical and practical underpinnings
... One assumption of the mindfulness treatment mechanism is emotional regulation as a mediator. Emotional dysregulation (ED) is defined as the inability to engage in appropriate and goal-directed behaviour under distressing emotions [21,22]. Some other behavioural features of BPD may be due to ED, such as self-harm, substance abuse, and interpersonal problems [22,23]. ...
Borderline personality disorder is characterized by generally unstable patterns in emotional regulation, impulse control, interpersonal relationships, and self-image. It is always accompanied by some associated disorders, such as problematic alcohol use and self-harm. The cause of borderline personality disorder is well understood, with genetic factors and childhood abuse both contributing, and it is more common in women than in men. In this study, we also investigated the neuroscientific aspect of changes in the brains of people with borderline personality disorder. We wanted to find out about the effectiveness of mindfulness in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Studies show that mindfulness practice affects psychological and neural processes and systems, leading to improved attentional capacity, body awareness and engagement in cognitive control processes, and recognising the therapy as a behavioural component to improve emotion regulation and reduce symptoms in people with borderline personality disorder. We proposed 3 hypotheses regarding the mechanism of mindfulness treatment in patients with borderline personality disorder. That is, mindfulness may affect borderline personality disorder by improving individuals' emotional regulation, reducing impulsivity, and inducing changes at the neurophysiological level.
... All three Decentering subfactors (Meta-Awareness, Disidentification, Nonreactivity) but only two of the four Reappraisal subfactors (Change Efficacy and Approach Positive) were found to significantly predict Wellbeing across the three measurement models. The retention of these indicators reinforces the theory that mindfulness can be beneficial by mitigating overidentification and reactivity to stress, thereby enabling individuals to perceive life events in positive and meaningful ways (Linehan et al., 2007). ...
Effective and efficient Wellbeing measurement is essential within the social sciences and public health. Wellbeing is described as a three-factor construct composed of Life Satisfaction, Positive Affect, and Negative Affect, yet there are few measurement models validated for the increasingly popular use of longitudinal, app-based assessment. We explored Wellbeing measurement in a postsecondary student sample, including two mechanistic indicators described in Mindfulness-to-Meaning Theory: Decentering and Positive Reappraisal. Across two studies, we compared and validated popular measurement models for each construct. The most parsimonious Wellbeing model indicated only a two-factor structure comprised of positive (e.g., happiness, life satisfaction, and flourishing) and negative dimensions (e.g., anger, sadness, and anxiety). A third study revealed that a three-factor structure for Wellbeing was only supported when sampling a greater diversity of positive emotions than the earlier studies. Furthermore, while the Mindfulness-to-Meaning pathway to Wellbeing was replicated, only some operationalizations of Decentering and Reappraisal accounted for variance in Wellbeing. Concrete recommendations for the longitudinal assessment are provided. This research contributes not only to our understanding of Wellbeing, but also informs its optimal assessment in longitudinal research such as clinical trials and experience sampling studies.
... MBT emphasizes teaching people to identify and understand the emotions they elicit in others, as well as the emotions they experience themselves, and assumes that disruption in this process is a central manifestation of identity diffusion (Allen and Fonagy, 2006). DBT focuses on teaching people to regulate themselves emotionally, to experience emotions without judgment, and to tolerate discomfort, this therapy assumes that most of the problems in BPD, including identity instability, are a consequence of emotional dysregulation (Linehan et al., 2007). TFP is centered on the integration of self-representations and their corresponding internalized object representations with the objective in establishing and consolidating healthy identity (Clarkin et al., 2006). ...
... In 2007, Linehan et al proposed a model of emotion emergence and regulation based on Gross' model, positing that emotions are comprised of 5 interconnected subsystems. 19 These subsystems encompass (1) emotional receptivity to cues, (2) internal and/or external events serving as emotional cues, including attention to and appraisal cues, (3) emotional responses involving physiological reactions, cognitive processing, experiential responses, and urges to act, (4) nonverbal and verbal expressions and actions, and (5) aftereffects following the initial emotional may include secondary emotions. 20 It is also hypothesized that emotion is an interactive event where a person's emotional response is not solely determined by the arousal cues in the situation but rather through their interaction. ...
Experiential avoidance refers to a phenomenon in which individuals exhibit an unwillingness to engage with certain personal experiences, including physical sensations, emotions, thoughts, memories, and behavioral tendencies. They employ cognition and emotions to avoid these experiences. Extensive research has linked experiential avoidance to various mental diseases, conduct disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. While the existing literature highlights the significance of understanding experiential avoidance as a central mechanism underlying psychological symptomatology development and maintenance, further investigation is required to comprehend its dimensions and mechanisms fully. Therefore, this article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current theories and empirical evidence on experiential avoidance while elucidating its association with psychopathology. We propose a model of experiential avoidance processes based on an extensive review and critical analysis of the previous emotion regulation model that integrates expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal during emotion regulation through experiential avoidance. This proposed model seeks to explain both the formation and maintenance aspects of experiential avoidance by offering valuable insights for future research. We also examined the association between experiential avoidance and various psychiatric disorders, including anxiety, depression, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Elaborating on these mechanisms provides a roadmap for future research endeavors and clinical interventions.
... Records were excluded if they were an undesired document type (such as conference proceedings, meeting abstracts, or dissertations); targeted athletes' exercise performance level, exercise capacity enhancement, pain management, or physical functioning after injury as this population and other high-level performers differ from the general population in their level of purposeful cardiovascular exercise (Driller et al., 2017;Murphy et al., 2021); studied the target behaviours in populations with severe mental health conditions (e.g., bipolar disorder, panic disorder), with a diagnosed eating disorder (e.g., bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder); or in patients in a care-related or clinical setting (e.g., among cancer, dementia, or stroke patients). As we were interested in mindfulness applied outside of standardised and therapeutic programmes, we excluded records that fully administered a comprehensive mindfulness-based or psychotherapy programme (Acceptance-and Commitment Therapy, ACT [Hayes et al., 1999], Cognitive Behavioral Therapy [Beck, 2011] or Dialectical Behavioral Therapy [Linehan et al., 2007]) as well as studies fully utilising MBSR due to its standardised curriculum developed in line with Kabat-Zinn's definition of mindfulness. ...
Children who are happy at school are expected to be successful and satisfied with their lives in adulthood. Many factors contribute to the development of subjective well-being, including having a family where the family members are connected; able to communicate; express themselves freely; and feel valued, loved, and supported. Being raised in such a family environment would positively shape their personalities, values, and perceptions of themselves and others. As a matter of fact, children who grow up in a healthy family can transfer the positive relationships and emotions that they experienced in their family of origin to the school setting. In this way, they can both have a successful and satisfying student life and develop healthy social relationships. In this chapter, we offer a family-focused positive psychology-based psychoeducation model to increase children’s subjective well-being by strengthening the family system for mental health providers working with families and children in a school setting. End of the program, it is hoped to increase school children’s well-being with the collaboration of their families.
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