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Mnajdra South Temple: A solar observatory and its implications.

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Mnajdra South Temple: A solar observatory and its implications.

 !" 
 #$%& '()!*+
, ",-
,!."-,/$0/- "
/ ,1! !,
!
 "-!2, /*+
3'-!/,-"
/13',1 4 /
+ !,/' / $"!
 //*+,""/!
3'5,!1!
 ,!/" 2 63'/
. ""-7/,  * 
12 ////
/ /  8%9 / //  3 /,
"!,!, ,// !
,18&+,+(9./ 8%9, 
-",1,/"
 :-!/.;, '/<6+1+51651.07
!!$7=6 !"!/6>!0
 4.?
 40
) !  /  /  /,
&(,"!"- ",
@!/ - &(& '(
 " 6  ' 8+2
96'/  ABC1*
 4??1
. -/ "* "* -.!  ! /5
3! -" /
0 / /* ' !-"-,/$/D
+,$,"-"!/,!//
" 2E! $D15!""! !1,
/ABC '
4 E /-" "! 8<9"
  /-" ,/
@ !,!6"!?-
"2///F 
"/ /- "/,!8%9 
/ /, 
", 6"!"/-+ 
-,"3/  /#$
//"-/
"@,! 
,,,-" , /
%,  -" -!
3',  ",-" ,
"!- ,/
",1/,2!-"/,!"//3'
6-!"  -!"//3'/
,  
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 6"!??0
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3'  /-"/ 
/
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, !3"' /
 3'
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?G@$,",?4G?0G
6$/G /)12,
H+ +8H++98%)96/ /+
' ,*$)
+-  -!//
 +2!-  ",2// '"!
 " " '8+2)9
 6   , /,&+( 
-/5,  /D !
 <?
) <"-/D8<)9"-/+

)
  89   ,
@!/"-,D" ,
/, ,+- "/ " 2 6
// ,",  ! "/
" 2 ! ,
 F-!/-!, 
,"/! ,+ !/
, "!,",' 
//,-/D6/3'
 "/, -!/
 "
'/ /  "'"
 5I??0)10
. <0
6,!  " !
, @.$/
,.G$,",.)G8.9.)G8
96%. "'!"/*
'/"/?!,-" 2
!1!06'!/-" /
'!" !
" -""!&  (  /
",/, " 28%094
0 @/ ""-2,"//-
"-/"  /2,/ 
, 
4 " 2-"!"/!
.
$/ /+1 /'!
".0G , 1" -
/++ +8+++9?8%49H
2!'!",// "
,  = // , 
? /&+++(8<9/ !
/ 
  ,/," !, / -!2!
0
Figure 7: Passage between the auxiliary
buildings (right) and megalithic blocks (left)
showing the opening between the vertical slabs
of the Mnajdra South Temple.
$/",)!8!9"/
/ @,,/ !
-" 2// , ))4!
  -//
+ !!/"!/,
6'/' /"% 
/!! 8/ ! -9,"

+"!J3/8%?9*/H
,  /6 !/
",ABC*/-!"' -!- 
-/1, %
,D15632,/ -
 00
  .0)
 $.
4
Figure 9: Magħlaq fault to the south of the Mnajdra complex.
 //*H++
 "+++&+,+(
-//"- '//
"$ $/
% "  -1  -/"!
$- / / "@/ / 
 1" --/- "
   /*+
Conclusion
 "//8&+,+(9!
3','  + !
 "/,2  
! /"!,1  '
 -3/-   
?
   -!
 " /  $"-!/ /*
+3 ,"! 
6 $/ / '1 "
/ /A+/!KJ 8#$9' /
 $/ '1  '
'  - / / $
"/ - 
+ $$/ ! 32, "
/ /-"
2,"!-$/ 
/ !/ 
H///2!/!
' / $ + !"
 ! -  
Acknowledgements
,22,- ",!
2,3,@" 7/6!/
#$<16 L><
2!M!+/%2I/H,
References
6"!!/D?&5' -?41I
 #$(Papers of the British School at Rome.171.
 +.& ',-- 
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Research
Full-text available
For the purpose of this paper we accept Sri Yukteswar Giri's short yuga cycle. It has astronomical consequences and implications on the level of consciousness and capabilities of individuals. This is applied to the Temple Period of Malta's prehistory (3800-2400 B.C.). We don't report new discoveries, but some of the enigma's, or those with a not so satisfactory explanation, can find an alternate interpretation if this theory is integrated in our belief system. Astronomical alignments, megalithic construction logistics and techniques, immigration and the absence of a writing system are discussed.
Research
Full-text available
This paper presents the observations and interpretations of various aspects of the winter solstice at Mnajdra (Qrendi, Malta) and the posthole commonly known as the “winter solstice sunrise posthole” close to the Tal-Ħamrija Coastal Tower. The observations were documented by photo and video showing the evolution of light and shadow combinations during sunrises in the days around the winter solstice. Archaeoastronomical calculations infer what the situation was during the Temple Period. All relevant core data and detailed calculations are presented in the annexes. The work results from observations since 2016 but the main activities were carried out in 2020.
Research
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This bibliography contains at this moment 547 references which is estimated at 20% of all the publications. The bibliography is on-going work of the Gaia-online project which is part of the Gaia project. The Gaia project is a innovative artificial intelligence initiative composed of an ecosystem of servers that should become a general artificial intelligence. The Gaia Online component is the story telling element that generates knowledge acquired by Gaia in the form of stories (See a beta version of Gaia-online at https://www.gaia-online.eu/). The very first stages of these story telling capabilities will be centered around the Temple Builder Period of Malta. The information about this period of Malta's prehistory will be extracted from all the available publications. This bibliography is made for the convenience of other researchers in two forms (bibtex and APA) and will be updated regularly.
Research
Full-text available
The observations around the period of the autumn equinox at Mnajdra South in 2020 clarified the role of light and shadow and its evolution during sunrise and over several days. The discovered holes in appropriate positions under the altar in the far end apse show that the altar was equipped with a screen underneath. During the sunrise the combination of light and shadow marks 9 events. Eight of them are determined by the altitude of the sun and one by the azimuth. The role of the shadow stone near Ħaġar Qim remains unclear. The temple builders had an easy way to predict the autumn equinox a couple of days ahead using the combination of light and shadow. A possible link with the tally stones of Mnajdra East is considered. This paper describes the observed events and the role of the various elements of the temple in the play of light and shadow.
Conference Paper
Full-text available
he geology of the Maltese islands is relatively young, with the oldest formations dating back only to the Tertiary period. The structural setting of the Islands is mainly influenced by two rift systems belonging to different ages and having different trends. The older rift generation creates a horst and graben structure in northern Malta. The second rift generation, in the south, including the Maghlaq Fault, is associated with the Pantelleria Rift. The Maghlaq Fault is a spectacular left-stepping normal fault running along the southern coastline of the Maltese islands, cutting the Oligo-Miocene pre to syn-rift carbonates. It is a NW – SE trending fault with a clear surface expression traceable along 4 km of the coastline, where vertical displacements of the island’s Tertiary stratigraphic sequence are clearly visible and exceed 210m. These displacements have given rise to sheer, slickensided fault scarps, as well as isolating the small island of Filfla 4km offshore the southern coast. Assessment of the seismic activity related with Maghlaq fault is performed, re-evaluating and redetermining the hypocentral locations and the source parameters of both recent and older events. The Maltese islands have been affected by a number of earthquakes in the historical past, with the majority of their hypocenters concentrating at the Sicily Channel (bordered by the Tunisian, Libyan and Sicilian coastlines), in eastern Sicily, and as far away as the Hellenic arc. Some of these earthquakes also have caused considerable damage to buildings. The Maghlaq fault is believed to be one of the master faults of the Sicily Channel Rift, being parallel to the Malta graben, which passes around 20km south of Malta and shows continuous seismic activity. Despite this relationship with the graben system, no seismic activity on the Maghlaq fault had been documented previous to 2015. On the July 30nth 2015, an earthquake was widely felt in the southern half of Malta and was approximately located just offshore the southern coast. Since then, a swarm of seismic events lasting several days, as well as other isolated events have occurred, indicating the fault to be seismically active. Investigation of the nature of the seismic events and other previous activity that may have been misclassified due to poor location capability, is performed. Such results are of utmost importance in order to reveal the implication of this newly-discovered activity on the seismic hazard to the Maltese islands and also to improve understanding of the local geodynamics, highlighting the mechanisms that contribute to both the crustal deformation and the tectonics of the upper crust. The investigation is carried out using the stations of the recently extended Malta Seismic Network and regional stations. The results are discussed in the context of the role of the Maghlaq fault in the extensional tectonics associated with the Sicily Channel Rift and the African continental margin.
Article
Full-text available
The accumulation of large boulders related to waves generated either by tsunamis or extreme storm events has been observed in different areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Along the NE and E low-lying rocky coasts of Malta tens of large boulder deposits have been surveyed, measured and mapped. These boulders have been detached and moved from the seafloor and lowest parts of the coast by the action of sea waves. In the Sicily–Malta channel, heavy storms are common and originate from the NE and NW winds. Conversely, few severe earthquakes and tsunamis are recorded in historical documents to have hit the Maltese archipelago, originated by seismicity activity related mainly to the Malta Escarpment, the Sicily Channel Rift Zone and the Hellenic Arc. We present a multi-disciplinary study, which aims to define the characteristics of the boulder accumulations along the eastern coast of Malta, in order to assess the coastal geo-hazard implications triggered by the sheer ability of extreme waves to detach and move large rocky blocks inland. The wave heights required to transport coastal boulders were calculated using various hydrodynamic equations. Particular attention was devoted to the quantification of the input parameters required in the workings of these equations. The axis sizes of blocks were measured with 3-D digital photogrammetric techniques and their densities were obtained throughout the use of a N-type Schmidt Hammer. Moreover, AMS ages were obtained from selected marine organisms encrusted on some of the boulders in various coastal sites. The combination of the results obtained by hydrodynamic equations and the radiocarbon dating suggests that the majority of the boulders has been detached and moved by intense storm waves. Nonetheless, it is possible that some of them may have been transported by tsunami.
Article
Full-text available
The Maghlaq Fault is a large, left-stepping normal fault (displacement >210 m) cutting the Oligo-Miocene pre- to syn-rift carbonates of SW Malta. Two principal slip zones separate the deformed rocks of the fault zone from the undeformed wall rocks. Fault rocks derived from fully lithified, pre- to early syn-rift sediments comprise relatively continuous fine-grained veneers of cataclasite and localised fault-bound lenses of wall rock, occurring over a range of scales, which are commonly brecciated. The lenses result from the linkage of slip surfaces, the inclusion of asperities and the formation of Riedel shears within the fault zone. In contrast, fault rock incorporated from unlithified syn-rift sediments comprise relatively continuous veils of rock that deformed in a ductile manner. Anomalously thick parts of the fault zone with highly complex structure and content are associated with breached relay zones, branch-lines and bends; these structures represent progressive stages of fault segment linkage. The progressive evolution and bypassing of fault zone complexities to form a smoother and more continuous active fault surface, results in complex fault rock distributions within the fault zone. Segment linkage structures have high fracture densities which combined with their significant vertical extents suggest they are potentially important up-fault fluid flow conduits.
Die vorgeschichtlichen Denkmaler von Malta
  • A Mayr
Mayr, A. 1901. "Die vorgeschichtlichen Denkmaler von Malta.", Abhandlungen der Königlich Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-Historische Klasse 3-1: 645-726.
Is there evidence of intentionality of sky involvement in the prehistoric megalithic sites of Mnajdra in Malta?
  • T Lomsdalen
Lomsdalen, T. 2013. "Is there evidence of intentionality of sky involvement in the prehistoric megalithic sites of Mnajdra in Malta?", University of Wales: 1-137.
An Archaeology of the Senses. Prehistoric Malta
  • R Skeates
Skeates, R. 2010. An Archaeology of the Senses. Prehistoric Malta. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Malta Prehistory and Temples
  • D Trump
  • D Cilia
Trump, D., Cilia, D. 2008. Malta Prehistory and Temples. 3 rd edition. Malta: Midsea Books Ltd.
First evidence of seismic activity on a near-shore fault south of Malta
  • G Bozionelos
  • P Galea
  • S D'amico
  • M Agius
Bozionelos, G., Galea, P., D'Amico, S., Agius, M. 2016. "First evidence of seismic activity on a near-shore fault south of Malta, Central Mediterranean", 35th General Assembly of the European Seismological Commission: ESC2016-633.