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DISTANCE AWARE RELAYING ENERGY EFFICIENT: (DARE) TO MONITOR PATIENTS IN MULTI-HOP BODY AREA SENSOR NETWORKS
... We assume the sink hole attack scenario illustrated in section 3. We assume energy efficient multi hop data aggregation technique such as DARE [17] in place. It uses the concept of relay nodes (a multihop scenario) to efficiently utilize the energy of the nodes in the network. ...
Wireless Body Area Sensors Networks (BAN) have
emerged as new applied wireless networking technology
with the development of wearable and implanted sensors.
BAN has novel application in healthcare, sports, human
activity monitoring, disability assistance and entertain-
ment. BAN is now using for real time monitoring and as-
sistance of the patients. BAN operations are vulnerable to
various security attacks, including basic and advance at-
tacks. In this paper, we introduce and illustrate the sink-
hole attack in a BAN. Then we propose our sinkhole de-
tection algorithm that utilizes the information from data
aggregation algorithm to detect a sink hole attacker. Fi-
nally, we analyze the performance of the BAN in terms of
throughput, latency and packet breakdown and the per-
formance of our detection algorithm. Simulation results
show that this attack could severely degrade (up to 40 %)
the overall performance of the network. The propose de-
tection algorithm has good performance in terms of high
success (85% on average) and low (6% on average) false
alarm rates.
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) is a specialized field with applications both in medical and non-medical domains. In WBAN, nodes' (both wearable and implanted) may vary in capabilities , hence, carrying data at various rates. Propagating such data reliably and efficiently is challenging and results in increased delay and poor service. In sensitive healthcare monitoring applications, communicating sensitive data reliably with less delay is highly desirable. In WBANs, unwanted traffic is often generated, which wastes network bandwidth and causes delay. To address this issue, in this paper, we have proposed an efficient QoS-based Multi-Path Routing (MPR) scheme for WBAN. In MPR, the incoming traffic is categorized into normal and emergency. Emergency traffic has been given high priority and routed on the best path within the network that improves the reliability and throughput of a WBAN. The proposed scheme out-performs state-of-the-art approaches in terms of energy efficiency, network throughput, packet drop ratio, packet delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay. For 1000 data packets, collecting eight bio-sensor nodes yields a maximum throughput of 11,000 packets transmitted, and successively, in 10000 data collecting, with less packet drop ratio to the MS (Medical Server). Lastly, a fuzzy logic-based evaluation of the proposed scheme further testifies that the proposed work out-performs state-of-the-art approaches.
Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) technologies are emerging
with extensive applications in several domains. Health is a fascinating domain
of WBAN for smart monitoring of a patient’s condition. An important factor
to consider in WBAN is a node’s lifetime. Improving the lifetime of nodes is
critical to address many issues, such as utility and reliability. Existing routing
protocols have addressed the energy conservation problem but considered
only a few parameters, thus affecting their performance. Moreover, most of
the existing schemes did not consider traffic prioritization which is critical in
WBANs. In this paper, an adaptive multi-cost routing protocol is proposed
with a multi-objective cost function considering minimum distance from sink,
temperature of sensor nodes, priority of sensed data, and maximum residual
energy on sensor nodes. The performance of the proposed protocol is compared with the existing schemes for the parameters: network lifetime, stability
period, throughput, energy consumption, and path loss. It is evident from
the obtained results that the proposed protocol improves network lifetime
and stability period by 30% and 15%, respectively, as well as outperforms the
existing protocols in terms of throughput, energy consumption, and path loss.
In this book, the authors describe the fundamental concepts and practical aspects of wireless sensor networks. The book provides a comprehensive view to this rapidly evolving field, including its many novel applications, ranging from protecting civil infrastructure to pervasive health monitoring. Using detailed examples and illustrations, this book provides an inside track on the current state of the technology. The book is divided into three parts. In Part I, several node architectures, applications and operating systems are discussed. In Part II, the basic architectural frameworks, including the key building blocks required for constructing large-scale, energy-efficient sensor networks are presented. In Part III, the challenges and approaches pertaining to local and global management strategies are presented - this includes topics on power management, sensor node localization, time synchronization, and security. At the end of each chapter, the authors provide practical exercises to help students strengthen their grip on the subject. There are more than 200 exercises altogether. Key Features: Offers a comprehensive introduction to the theoretical and practical concepts pertaining to wireless sensor networks Explains the constraints and challenges of wireless sensor network design; and discusses the most promising solutions Provides an in-depth treatment of the most critical technologies for sensor network communications, power management, security, and programming Reviews the latest research results in sensor network design, and demonstrates how the individual components fit together to build complex sensing systems for a variety of application scenarios Includes an accompanying website containing solutions to exercises (http://www.wiley.com/go/dargie_fundamentals) This book serves as an introductory text to the field of wireless sensor networks at both graduate and advanced undergraduate level, but it will also appeal to researchers and practitioners wishing to learn about sensor network technologies and their application areas, including environmental monitoring, protection of civil infrastructure, health care, precision agriculture, traffic control, and homeland security.
This paper describes design principles to design and develop a transcutaneous link for medical implants using inductively coupled coils. Parameters which optimize link efficiency have been discussed in the light of previous studies and a simple design methodology to find optimized parameters for Class E amplifier and inductive coils is outlined. Paper also describes design of an indigenously developed transcutaneous link from commercial off-the-shelf components to demonstrate the design process. Simulation and practical results of the link developed at 2.5 MHz for 100 mW output power are provided. We were able to achieve 40% link efficiency with data rate of 128 kbps from laboratory-based discrete electronic components.
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) represent one of the most promising approaches for improving the quality of life, allowing remote patient monitoring and other healthcare applications. In such networks, traffic routing plays an important role together with the positioning of relay nodes, which collect the information from biosensors and send it towards the sinks. This work investigates the optimal design of wireless body area networks by studying the joint data routing and relay positioning problem in a WBAN, in order to increase the network lifetime. To this end, we propose an integer linear programming model which optimizes the number and location of relays to be deployed and the data routing towards the sinks, minimizing both the network installation cost and the energy consumed by wireless sensors and relays. We solve the proposed model in realistic WBAN scenarios, and discuss the effect of different parameters on the characteristics of the planned networks. Numerical results demonstrate that our model can design energy-efficient and cost-effective wireless body area networks in a very short computing time, thus representing an interesting framework for the WBAN planning problem.
In recent years, we have witnessed a rapid surge in assisted living technologies due to a rapidly aging society. The aging population, the increasing cost of formal health care, the caregiver burden, and the importance that the individuals place on living independently, all motivate development of innovative-assisted living technologies for safe and independent aging. In this survey, we will summarize the emergence of 'ambient-assisted living" (AAL) tools for older adults based on ambient intelligence paradigm. We will summarize the state-of-the-art AAL technologies, tools, and techniques, and we will look at current and future challenges.
Modern health care system is one of the most popular Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBASN) applications and a hot area of research subject to present work. In this paper, we present Reliability Enhanced-Adaptive Threshold based Thermal-unaware Energy-efficient Multi-hop ProTocol (RE-ATTEMPT) for WBASNs. The proposed routing protocol uses fixed deployment of wireless sensors (nodes) such that these are placed according to energy levels. Moreover, we use direct communication for the delivery of emergency data and multihop communication for the delivery of normal data. RE-ATTEMPT selects route with minimum hop count to deliver data which downplays the delay factor. Furthermore, we conduct a comprehensive analysis supported by MATLAB simulations to provide an estimation of path loss, and problem formulation with its solution via linear programming model for network lifetime maximization is also provided. In simulations, we analyze our protocol in terms of network lifetime, packet drops, and throughput. Results show better performance for the proposed protocol as compared to the existing one.
In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol for heterogeneous Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (WBASNs); Mobility-supporting Adaptive Threshold-based Thermal-aware Energy-efficient Multi-hop ProTocol (M-ATTEMPT). A prototype is defined for employing heterogeneous sensors on human body. Direct communication is used for real-time traffic (critical data) or on-demand data while Multi-hop communication is used for normal data delivery. One of the prime challenges in WBASNs is sensing of the heat generated by the implanted sensor nodes. The proposed routing algorithm is thermal-aware which senses the link Hot-spot and routes the data away from these links. Continuous mobility of human body causes disconnection between previous established links. So, mobility support and energy-management is introduced to overcome the problem. Linear Programming (LP) model for maximum information extraction and minimum energy consumption is presented in this study. MATLAB simulations of proposed routing algorithm are performed for lifetime and successful packet delivery in comparison with Multi-hop communication. The results show that the proposed routing algorithm has less energy consumption and more reliable as compared to Multi-hop communication.
The emerging of wireless body area network has profound impacts on our daily life, such as pervasive medical supervision and outdoor exercises, and the large scale application of wireless body area network can effectively reduce higher cost burden owing to the aging society and long term healthcare for the chronic illness. It can also enhance the quality of life for elderly people and chronic patients, and decrease the harm of the sudden diseases. The paper presents a distributed wireless body area network for medical supervision. The system contains three layers: sensor network tier, mobile computing network tier, and remote monitoring network tier. It provides collection, demonstration, and storage of the vital information such as ECG, blood oxygen, body temperature, respiration rate. Furthermore, it also provides medical service management and disease warning. The system has many advantages such as comfort, low-cost, low-power, easy configuration, convenient carrying, easy transplantation, real-time reliable data, and friendly human-machine interaction. And then the design and implementation issues of the system composition are discussed in this paper.
Moving Sink (MS) in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has appeared as a
blessing because it collects data directly from the nodes where the concept of
relay nodes is becomes obsolete. There are, however, a few challenges to be
taken care of, like data delay tolerance and trajectory of MS which is NP-hard.
In our proposed scheme, we divide the square field in small squares. Middle
point of the partitioned area is the sojourn location of the sink, and nodes
around MS are in its transmission range, which send directly the sensed data in
a delay-tolerant fashion. Two sinks are moving simultaneously; one inside and
having four sojourn locations and other in outer trajectory having twelve
sojourn locations. Introduction of the joint mobility enhances network life and
ultimately throughput. As the MS comes under the NP-hard problem, we convert it
into a geometric problem and define it as, Geometric Sink Movement (GSM). A set
of linear programming equations has also been given in support of GSM which
prolongs network life time.
Advances in wireless communication, system on chip and low power sensor nodes
allowed realization of Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). WBAN comprised of
tiny sensors, which collect information of patient's vital signs and provide a
real time feedback. In addition, WBAN also supports many applications including
Ubiquitous HealthCare (UHC), entertainment, gaming, military, etc. UHC is
required by elderly people to facilitate them with instant monitoring anywhere
they move around. In this paper, different standards used in WBAN were also
discussed briefly. Path loss in WBAN and its impact on communication was
presented with the help of simulations, which were performed for different
models of In-Body communication and different factors (such as, attenuation,
frequency, distance etc) influencing path loss in On-Body communications.
communication in small-scale sensor networks experiencing high path loss. In particular, a sensor network on the human body or BASN is considered. The energy consumption or network lifetime of a single-hop network and a multi-hop network are compared. We derive a propagation model and a radio model for communication along the human body. Using these models, energy efficiency was studied analytically for a line and a tree topology. Calculations show that single-hop communication is inefficient, especially for nodes far away from the sink. There however, multi-hop proves to be more efficient but closer to the sink hotspots arise. Based on these findings, we propose to exploit the performance difference by either introducing extra nodes in the network, i.e. dedicated relay devices, or by using a cooperative approach or by a combination of both. We show that these solutions increase the network lifetime significantly.
A Hospital Information Systems (HIS) have turned a hospital into a gigantic computer with huge computational power, huge storage and wired/wireless local area network. On the other hand, a modern medical device, such as echograph, is a computer system with several functional units connected by an internal network named a bus. Therefore, we can embed such a medical device into the HIS by simply replacing the bus with the local area network. This paper designed and developed two embedded systems, a ubiquitous echograph system and a networked digital camera. Evaluations of the developed systems clearly show that the proposed approach, embedding existing clinical systems into HIS, drastically changes productivity in the clinical field. Once a clinical system becomes a pluggable unit for a gigantic computer system, HIS, the combination of multiple embedded systems with application software designed under deep consideration about clinical processes may lead to the emergence of disruptive innovation in the clinical field.
In this paper, a framework for experimental parameters in which Packet
Delivery Ratio (PDR), effect of link duration over End-to-End Delay (E2ED) and
Normalized Routing Overhead (NRO) in terms of control packets is analyzed and
modeled for Mobile Ad-Hoc NETworks (MANETs) and Vehicular Ad-Hoc NETworks
(VANETs) with the assumption that nodes (vehicles) are sparsely moving in two
different road. Moreover, this paper contributes the performance comparison of
one Proactive Routing Protocol; Destination Sequenced Distance vector (DSDV)
and two reactive protocols; DYnamic Source Routing (DSR) and DYnamic MANET
On-Demand (DYMO). A novel contribution of this work is enhancements in default
versions of selected routing protocols. Three performance parameters; PDR, E2ED
and NRO with varying scalabilities are measured to analyze the performance of
selected routing protocols with their original and enhanced versions. From
extensive simulations, it is observed that DSR outperforms among all three
protocols at the cost of delay. NS-2 simulator is used for simulation with
TwoRayGround propagation model to evaluate analytical results.
Self-organization for wireless multi-hop systems can be di- vided into two categories: proactive cluster-based solutions and reactive on-demand solutions. Whereas the former have been studied for ad-hoc networks, the latter seem more adap- ted to low-energy low-trac wireless sensor networks. We show that, despite the relative high cost to build and main- tain a topology, a cluster-based approach is particularly suited for Body Area Networks. We present AnyBody, a self- organization protocol in which sensors attached to a person are grouped into clusters.
This paper describes a prototype system for continual health monitoring at home. The system consists of an unobtrusive wireless body area network (WBAN) and a home health server. The WBAN sensors monitor user's heart rate and locomotive activity and periodically upload time-stamped information to the home server. The home server may integrate this information into a local database for user's inspection or it may forward the information further to a medical server. The prototype may be used for ambulatory monitoring of patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation or for monitoring of elderly at home by informal caregivers.
This paper presents one of the most suitable technologies for self-powered body area networks in terms of magneto-inductive nodes and channels. Although a number of studies have been done on the traditional Radio Frequency (RF) terrestrial communication system, the potential applications and the advantages of Near-Field magnetically coupled antennas in wireless short range communications has not been fairly explored. This paper investigates the impacts of magnetically coupled transceiver antenna coil features on the received signal power and the communication link capacity, based on the equivalent circuit model in free space, theoretical information and the observed simulation results. The simulation result benefits the antenna designers and the network planning engineers to estimate the power at the receiver and a near field magnetic communication system capacity for different antenna coil characteristics and different communication ranges.
Today hospitals are equipped with many electronic transmitting devices, which results in electromagnetic interference that may impair wireless transmissions between medical devices. On the other hand, reliable and continuous collection via wireless communications of patient vital signs such as blood pressure and flow, core temperature, ECG, carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) concentration is crucial for making real-time triage decisions. Hence, a novel wireless communication solution that seamlessly supports patient mobility and that prioritizes vital signs transmission using Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) is developed, implemented in TinyOS, and tested on Shimmer biomedical wireless sensor motes.
Design of an optimized RF transcutaneous link through inductive coils is an arduous design process which involves complex mathematical modeling to search for optimized design parameters. This paper presents a generalized model which encompasses all possible voltage driven circuit realizations of an inductive link and presents a comparison on the bases of link efficiency and voltage gain. Mathematical expressions for the generalized voltage driven model as well as for the equivalent circuit topologies are derived. Moreover effect of different parameters such as resonating impedances on the final relationships is exhaustively analyzed. Optimization is a critical aspect in designing inductive links for medical implants since the link virtually acts as an air-core transformer with relatively low mutual coupling. Therefore, in order to maximize the gain and improve the link efficiency it is very necessary to design the link on optimized parameters. Aim of the analysis is to facilitate the designers in their design process as mathematical relationships for different models and their comparison has never been reported earlier in literature.
Wireless body area networks (WBANs) offer many promising new applications in the area of remote health monitoring. An important element in the development of a WBAN is the characterization of the physical layer of the network, including an estimation of the delay spread and the path loss between two nodes on the body. This paper discusses the propagation channel between two half-wavelength dipoles at 2.45 GHz, placed near a human body and presents an application for cross-layer design in order to optimize the energy consumption of different topologies. Propagation measurements are performed on real humans in a multipath environment, considering different parts of the body separately. In addition, path loss has been numerically investigated with an anatomically correct model of the human body in free space using a 3-D electromagnetic solver. Path loss parameters and time-domain channel characteristics are extracted from the measurement and simulation data. A semi-empirical path loss model is presented for an antenna height above the body of 5 mm and antenna separations from 5 cm up to 40 cm. A time-domain analysis is performed and models are presented for the mean excess delay and the delay spread. As a cross-layer application, the proposed path loss models are used to evaluate the energy efficiency of single-hop and multihop network topologies.
This study describes the design of an inductive powering system that combines power transfer with data transmission for implantable biomicrosystem. The implant receives power from an external transmitter through an inductive link between an external power transmission coil and the implanted receiving coil. We designed a transmitter with class E power amplifier to provide maximum power with high-efficiency. It is possible to obtain about 136 mW of power in the secondary system with an efficiency of about 50%. A bit rate of 1 Mbps is achieved for sending command data to the implant. We propose a communication system for the medical implants which uses inductive link. This system is consisted of a class E power amplifier, an ASK modulator, an inductive link and an ASK demodulator.
We present in this paper a new topology of inductively-coupled links based on a monolithic multi-coils receiver. A model is built to characterize the proposed structure using Matlab and is verified employing simulation tools under ADS electromagnetic environment. This topology accounts for the losses associated with the receiver micro-coil including substrate and oxide layers. The geometry of micro-coils significantly desensitizes the link to both angular and side misalignments. A custom fabrication process using 1 micron metal thickness is also presented by which two sets of micro-coils varying in the number of coils are realized. The first set possesses one coil 4 mm of diameter and represents a power efficiency close to 4% while the second set possesses multi-coils with an efficiency of 18%. The resulting optimized link can deliver up to 50 mW of power to power up an implantable device either sensor or stimulator. The experimental results for the prototypes are remarkably in agreement with those obtained from simulated models and circuits.
This paper presents a new approach for transmitting RF power and signal via an inductive link. Such an approach optimizes the power efficiency of the overall transmission scheme comprising the power amplifier plus the inductive link. Power amplification is based on the single ended class E concept. The power amplification stage is self oscillating, the oscillation frequency thus being influenced by the coupling of the coils. The resulting operating frequency offset yields an improved power transmission performance of the circuit since the oscillation frequency tracks the absolute transmission efficiency maximum. A detailed analysis is given. Realization of the described approach requires a minimal number of circuit components. Experimental and theoretical results are in good agreement.
Extensive clinical experience has been built up using orthopaedic implants instrumented with strain gauges connected to a Wheatstone bridge by means of percutaneous leads. This research showed the medical relevance of the monitoring of the deformation of implants as a powerful tool to evaluate nursing and rehabilitation exercises, for tracing dangerous overloads and anticipating implant failure and also to observe the healing process. The IMPACT 3500 project focuses on the instrumentation of femoral implants with on board sensors: regular Benoist-Girard implants have been modified, to contain a 'sensing cell', and thoroughly tested in vitro and in vivo. The implant deformations are measured with resistive strain gauges, and the signal is transferred to a personal computer for processing and display, via a hard wired connection, or via a telemetry system. Two fully implantable wireless designs, called Linkstrain and Sealstrain, are powered from the outside by magnetic induction. As Sealstrain contains the whole telemetric system in its cavity, the highest miniaturization was required; this seriously deteriorates the efficiency of the inductive power link.
The advancement in wireless communications and electronics has enabled the development of low-cost sensor networks. The sensor networks can be used for various application areas (e.g., health, military, home). For different application areas, there are different technical issues that researchers are currently resolving. The current state of the art of sensor networks is captured in this article, where solutions are discussed under their related protocol stack layer sections. This article also points out the open research issues and intends to spark new interests and developments in this field.
This paper describes the ac power dissipation of coils as well as their self-capacitance, self-resonant frequency, and quality factor Q. In the past, self-resonant frequency was rarely calculated during design because of the lack of suitable closed-form design equations. However, coils are widely used in biomedical applications as inductive links for both power and data, and the power transfer capacity and the data rate of inductive links are determined by the operating frequency of the coils. The maximum operating frequency is limited by the self-resonant frequency of the coil. We present here an analytical express for the optimal frequency of a coil in terms of the design parameters. By varying the design parameters, we can move the optimal frequency close to the operating frequency, thereby boosting the efficiency of the inductive link. We have verified the derivation experimentally and shown it to be useful in optimizing coil Index performance.
A body sensor network (BSN) is a wireless network of biosensors and a local processing unit, which is commonly referred to as the personal wireless hub (PWH). Personal health information (PHI) is collected by biosensors and delivered to the PWH before it is forwarded to the remote healthcare center for further processing. In a BSN, it is critical to only admit eligible biosensors and PWH into the network. Also, securing the transmission from each biosensor to PWH is essential not only for ensuring safety of PHI delivery, but also for preserving the privacy of PHI. In this paper, we present the design, implementation, and evaluation of a secure network admission and transmission subsystem based on a polynomial-based authentication scheme. The procedures in this subsystem to establish keys for each biosensor are communication efficient and energy efficient. Moreover, based on the observation that an adversary eavesdropping in a BSN faces inevitable channel errors, we propose to exploit the adversary's uncertainty regarding the PHI transmission to update the individual key dynamically and improve key secrecy. In addition to the theoretical analysis that demonstrates the security properties of our system, this paper also reports the experimental results of the proposed protocol on resource-limited sensor platforms, which show the efficiency of our system in practice.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of large number of randomly
deployed energy constrained sensor nodes. Sensor nodes have ability to
sense and send sensed data to Base Station (BS). Sensing as well as
transmitting data towards BS require high energy. In WSNs, saving energy
and extending network lifetime are great challenges. Clustering is a key
technique used to optimize energy consumption in WSNs. In this paper, we
propose a novel clustering based routing technique: Enhanced Developed
Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering scheme (EDDEEC) for
heterogeneous WSNs. Our technique is based on changing dynamically and
with more efficiency the Cluster Head (CH) election probability.
Simulation results show that our proposed protocol achieves longer
lifetime, stability period and more effective messages to BS than
Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering (DEEC), Developed DEEC (DDEEC)
and Enhanced DEEC (EDEEC) in heterogeneous environments.
Inductive coupling is considered as one of the main stream techniques in wireless power transmission for implantable devices. In this paper, we present a generic analysis of the different topologies for wireless power transfer and arrive at boundary frequencies that separate various topologies, thereby allowing users to identify the topology that best suits the application requirements. In the meantime, we present a method of how to characterize and optimize rectangular coils used in inductive links for more general applications. Finally, preliminary results for retinal prosthesis applications are presented. In this work, we present a generic analysis of the different topologies for wireless power transfer and arrive at boundary frequencies that separate various topologies, thereby allowing the user to identify the topology that best suits the application requirements. In the meantime, we present a method of how to characterize and optimize rectangular coils used in inductive links for more general applications. Finally, we present our preliminary results for retinal prosthesis applications.
In this paper, a heuristic adaptive routing algorithm for an energy-efficient configuration management has been suggested which can reduce energy consumption while guaranteeing QoS for the emergency data in wireless body area networks (WBANs). The priority and vicinity of the nodes are taken into account for the selection of reachable parent nodes, when the nodes are disconnected due to the mobile nature of human body. We derive a mathematical model and presented algorithm for maintaining balanced power consumption with guaranteed QoS. A simulation has been performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed heuristic algorithm.
Sink Mobility is becoming popular due to excellent load balancing
between nodes and ultimately resulting in prolonged network lifetime and
throughput. A major challenge is to provide reliable and
energy-efficient operations are to be taken into consideration for
differentmobility patterns of sink. Aim of this paper is lifetime
maximization of Delay TolerantWireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) through
the manipulation of Mobile Sink (MS) on different trajectories. We
propose Square Routing Protocol with MS (SRP-MS) based on existing SEP
(Stable Election Protocol) by making it Cluster Less (CL) and
introducing sink mobility.
Wearable sensors inWireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) provide health and
physical activity monitoring. Modern communication systems have extended this
monitoring remotely. In this survey, various types of wearable sensors
discussed, their medical applications like ECG, EEG, blood pressure, detection
of blood glucose level, pulse rate, respiration rate and non medical
applications like daily exercise monitoring and motion detection of different
body parts. Different types of noise removing filters also discussed at the end
that are helpful in to remove noise from ECG signals. Main purpose of this
survey is to provide a platform for researchers in wearable sensors for WBANs.
To monitor health information using wireless sensors on body is a promising
new application. Human body acts as a transmission channel in wearable wireless
devices, so electromagnetic propagation modeling is well thought-out for
transmission channel in Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBASN). In this
paper we have presented the wave propagation in WBASN which is modeled as point
source (Antenna), close to the arm of the human body. Four possible cases are
presented, where transmitter and receiver are inside or outside of the body.
Dyadic Green's function is specifically used to propose a channel model for arm
motion of human body model. This function is expanded in terms of vector wave
function and scattering superposition principle. This paper describes the
analytical derivation of the spherical electric field distribution model and
the simulation of those derivations.
Wireless body area sensor networks will revolutionize health care services by remote, continuous and non-invasive monitoring. Body area sensor networks (BASN) should monitor various physiological parameters of a person for a long period of time. Thus, efficient energy usage in sensor nodes is essential in order to provide a long life time for the network. This paper investigates the effect of adding a relay network to the network of body sensors to reduce energy consumption of sensor nodes when transmitting data to the sink.
Integration of portable, energy efficient computing devices with clothing results in possibilities of wear-ware. Wearable network is composed of all these tiny interactive devices, which is highly appealing now a day's. A wearable body area network (WBAN) is the emerging technology that is developed for wearable monitoring application. WBAN revolutionized wearable computers communication with their users and I/O devices. They are based on body area networks (BAN) which operates on limited energy storage. WBAN is playing an important role to get the real time and accurate data with limited energy consumption. WBAN is created by applying a number of tiny wireless sensors strategically placed on the human body, which provides the real time data to user by monitoring the various vital signs. In this paper we present WBAN architecture, design issues and will mainly focus how this technology could help military and aerospace. Like in aerospace that integrated system in flying coverall can synergize the information from multiple sensors, warn the pilot and other users in the case of emergencies, and provide feedback during supervised recovery or normal activity. These systems consists of multiple sensor nodes that monitor body motion and heart activity, a network coordinator, and a personal server running on a personal digital assistant or a personal computer.
Being most popular and IETF standard metric, minimum hop count is appropriately used by ad hoc networks, as new paths must rapidly be found in the situations where quality paths could not be found in due time due to high node mobility. There always has been a tradeoff between throughput and energy consumption, but stationary topology of WMNs and high node density of WSN's benefit the algorithms to consider quality-aware routing to choose the best routes. In this paper, we analytically review ongoing research on wireless routing metrics which are based on ETX (expected transmission count) as it performs better than minimum hop count under link availability. Performances over ETX, target platforms and design requirements of these ETX based metrics are high-lighted. Consequences of the criteria being adopted (in addition to expected link layer transmissions & retransmissions) in the form of incremental: (1) performance overheads and computational complexity causing inefficient use of network resources and instability of the routing algorithm, (2) throughput gains achieved with better utilization of wireless medium resources have been elaborated.
Patient monitoring systems are gaining their importance as the fast-growing global elderly population increases demands for caretaking. These systems use wireless technologies to transmit vital signs for medical evaluation. In a multi-hop ZigBee network, the existing systems usually use broadcast or multicast schemes to increase the reliability of signals transmission; however, both schemes lead to significantly higher network traffic and end-to-end transmission delay. In this work, we present a reliable transmission protocol based on anycast routing for wireless patient monitoring. Our scheme automatically selects the closest data receiver in an anycast group as a destination to reduce the transmission latency as well as the control overhead. The new protocol also shortens the latency of path recovery by initiating route recovery from the intermediate routers of the original path. On the basis of a reliable transmission scheme, we implement a ZigBee device for fall monitoring, which integrates fall detection, indoor positioning and ECG monitoring. When the tri-axial accelerometer of the device detects a fall, the current position of the patient is transmitted to an emergency center through a ZigBee network. In order to clarify the situation of the fallen patient, four-second ECG signals are also transmitted. Our transmission scheme ensures the successful transmission of these critical messages. The experimental results show that our scheme is fast and reliable. We also demonstrate that our devices can seamlessly integrate with the next generation technology of wireless wide area network, WiMAX, to achieve real-time patient monitoring.
The past few years have witnessed increased interest in the potential use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in applications such as disaster management, combat field reconnaissance, border protection and security surveillance. Sensors in these applications are expected to be remotely deployed in large numbers and to operate autonomously in unattended environments. To support scalability, nodes are often grouped into disjoint and mostly non-overlapping clusters. In this paper, we present a taxonomy and general classification of published clustering schemes. We survey different clustering algorithms for WSNs; highlighting their objectives, features, complexity, etc. We also compare of these clustering algorithms based on metrics such as convergence rate, cluster stability, cluster overlapping, location-awareness and support for node mobility.
This paper presents an innovative modeling method for the mutual inductance of two magnetically coupled coils in an inductive link, ensuring efficient energy and data transmission in implantable electronic devices. An electrical model, which can be used within a circuit simulator, directly takes into account the lateral and longitudinal displacements between the external coil (transmitter) and the internal coil (receiver), thus enabling to optimize the voltage gain of the link, and opening to the design of inductive links with high power transfer capabilities and high overall efficiency.
Energy efficient mac protocols in wireless body area sensor networks
- S Hayat
- N Javaid
- Z Khan
- A Shareef
- A Mahmood
- S Bouk
S. Hayat, N. Javaid, Z. Khan, A. Shareef, A. Mahmood, and S. Bouk, " Energy efficient
mac protocols in wireless body area sensor networks, " in 5th International Symposium