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Antibacterial activity of Punica granatum stem
... Punica granatum may be a ligneous plant or little tree, 5-10 m high, thought-about to be native of Asian country, Afghanistan and Baluchistan, found growing wild within the heat valleys and outer hills of Himalayas mountain chain between 900 and1, 800 m, and cultivated throughout Republic of India [7] . The bark is sleek, grey, thin, typically armed with little axillary or terminal thorns. ...
... It's somewhat rough outwardly, and of xanthous or reddish-brown colour; internally it's yellowness or chromatic, and marked with depression left by the seeds. It marked odour; however a really astringent and feebly bitter tastes one hundred ten [7] . Phytochemistry: [8] Biologically active principles isolated from different parts of the plant include: ...
Punica granatum Linn is a holy fruit belongs to Punicaceae family and its uses are mentioned in various ancient texts and religious books. (It was lauded within the Old Testament of the Bible, Qur’aan, the Judaic Torah, and also the Babylonian Talmud as a sacred fruit conferring powers of fertility, abundance, and sensible luck). Pomegranate is used in various systems of medicine. The biological properties of extracts (hypoglycaemic activity, immunomodulatory activity, analgesic activity, anticancer activity,etc.) obtained from many components of pomegranate is according within the gift work. Attributed to such properties, the extracts are used in medical specialty, like within the hindrance of infection, inflammation, cholera, impotence among different applications. Phytochemical screening of the Punica granatum exposed that it contain anthocynin, flavonoides, alkaloids, tannins, triterpenes and phytosterols. This text in short reviews the ethanobotanical properties furthermore as HEALTHFUL uses with plant description. This is a trial to compile and document data on totally different side and its potential use. A lot of studies are required before the pharmacologic properties of Punica granatum can be utilised in medical care.
... have been used traditionally used for their medicinal properties, [3][4][5] Its fruit is known for the presence of antioxidants [6] and potential cancer-preventive effects. [7] The leaf and stem have been reported to possess antibacterial and anticandidal activity, Anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer (Prostate), antidiabetic, Anti-lipidemic, Anti-hypertensive [5,[8][9][10][11] and also protect against UV radiation, [5] while the flowers are reported to be Hepatoprotective [12] and antidiabetic. Punica granatum Linn. is also used in the treatment of carotid artery stenosis, dental conditions and bacterial infections. ...
Background: The present study was conducted to lay down the microscopic examination of Punica granatum L. flower. This taxon's leaves, flowers, fruits and bark are known to possess medicinal properties. It is rich in vitamins C and K, potassium and dietary fiber and has antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer (Prostate), antidiabetic, anti-lipidemic, anti-hypertensive, heart-protective effects, Hepatoprotective and Immune system support properties. Results: The microscopy of the flower shows characteristic wing-like structures of the pedicel and its bicollateral vascular bundles, 5 locular ovary; each with more than 2 anatropous ovules, groups of sclereids forming the inner and outer bands in the receptacle that support ovary. Diagnostic features of powder microscopy include tricolpate pollen grains of 15.34 µm to 23.68 µm, tannin-filled cells, pitted sclereids of receptacle measuring 67.66 µm to 113.73 µm, rosette (17.51 µm-24.26 µm), prismatic (22.24 µm-103.52 µm) and rhomboidal (18.95 µm) crystal of calcium oxalate, presence of duct and glandular trichomes. Conclusion: The current microscopic study aids not only in the identification of crude drug material but also in establishing the standardization parameters. Further, the results of this study indicated its peculiar characteristics such as the bicollateral position of vascular cells, the presence of rosette crystals of calcium oxalate, the presence of ducts and glandular trichomes exhibiting the presence of secondary metabolites in the flower.
... Large amounts of polyphenols are found in pomegranate peel, for example, ellagic tannins, ellagic acid, and gallic acid. Because of polyphenols and flavanoids, its peel formulation exhibit good antioxidant, wound healing and antimicrobial activity 17 . ...
The objective of the study was to formulate and evaluate the antioxidant activity and the wound healing effect of the Punica granatum peel extracts formulation. Tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, proteins, and phenols were present in the ethanolic extract, which is further formulated in a gel formulation. Seven herbal gel formulations were prepared using 1.5% of the gelling agent's carbopol 940 (F1-F7). Formulations were evaluated for physical appearance, viscosity, extrudability, pH, and spreadability. The antioxidant study was evaluated in-vitro, using 2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and reducing power assays. It was found that all the gel formulation has good power to inhibit DPPH and good reducing power. The antimicrobial properties were evaluated by agar well diffusion method. The result indicated that F5 and F7 exhibited good antimicrobial properties. The highest potential was observed in the F7 against E. coli and B. subtilis. Wound healing was studied using excision wounds on rat models. Treatment of wound with a gel containing 2% and 10% (w/w) ethanolic extract exhibited better-wound healing activity than the positive control. This study illustrated an excellent potential of the Punica granatum peel extracts formulation therapy on dermal wound healing, with a tentative mechanism of action related to improved collagen deposition and reduced inflammatory reaction.
... In the laboratory, leaves of C. colocynthis had anti-inflammatory, [12] antidiabetic, [13] anti oxidant 14 and local anaesthetic activities. [14] Thus, there is an ever-increasing demand for more and more drugs from plant sources [15] and as Citrillus-colocynthis is commonly used in Asian and African countries to treat infections, the extent of this effect was investigated. ...
The rampant emergence of multi-drug and cross-resistant strains of pathogenic-microbes is rapidly limiting the effectiveness of anti-microbial agents. Plants with antimicrobial remedies are increasingly locally being used alone or as adjuncts. In-vivo and in-vitro antimicrobial activity of the aqueous leaf-extract of Citrillus-colocynthis were thus, investigated.For in-vitro agar-well diffusion assay, 6-clinical-isolates and 2-standards were used whereby the mean diameter of growth-inhibition zones (n = 3) were compared against controls.For in-vivo assay, the mid-dorsal skin of 30 rats wounded by shaving and infected by subcutaneous injection of Staphylococcus-aureus was used. The rats in 6-groups of 5 were then given immediate post-infection subcutaneous-treatment at the infected-sites with distilled-water (10ml/kg), extract-doses, 2mg/ml ciprofloxacin and 500mg/kg extract plus 2mg/ml ciprofloxacin respectively and checked 48hours later for visible inflammatory-signs. The infected skin-sites from 3 rats in every group were removed and homogenized in 2ml sterile-water from which a 1:10 diluted-sample for each-group was made, incubated for 24hours at 37⁰C, the numbers of viable-bacteria were counted. Ciprofloxacin inhibited growth of all other organisms (standards and isolates) except Escherichia-coli isolate, but, which was significantly(P≤0.001) susceptible only to the 100% extract-dose. The extract at 25%, 50% and 100% significantly and dose-dependently inhibited growth of one standard (Staphylococcus-aureus), two gram-positive and two gram-negative isolates.For in-vivo studies, the negative-control group had 6600±871.8 bacteria counts, while ciprofloxacin and the extract-doses had significantly highly-reduced dose-dependent bacteria counts with extract plus ciprofloxacin having the lowest count. Citrillus-colocynthis aqueous leaf-extract demonstrated a dose-dependent anti-microbial activity in both in-vitro and in-vivo models. The extract augmented the effect of ciprofloxacin in a synergistic manner.
Illness exists in situations of adverse health conditions disrupting the normal homeostasis often due to viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or compromised body immunity leading to clinically apparent disruption of normal operating procedure. A disease could be infectious or non‐infectious. An infectious disease may start through an interaction with pathogenic organisms, like bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, from infected persons or vectors, by ingesting contaminated consumables or exposure to a contaminated environment. Infectious diseases lead to a high mortality rate or substantial encumbrances of incapacitation on a population due to the rapid and unexpected nature of their spread with serious global impacts e.g. coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. They include diphtheria, influenza, Ebola virus disease (EVD), COVID‐19, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), etc. STDs are contracted through sexual interactions with an infected individual and include gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, trichomoniasis, chancroid, HIV/AIDS, and nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), like genital herpes, pubic lice, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), genital warts, etc. STDs could be diagnosed and treated with approved antibiotics or antiviral remedies. Owing to emerging strains of multidrug‐resistant (MDR) STDs due to antimicrobial‐resistant (AMR) bacteria, the phytochemicals and phytopharmaceuticals become considered as the source of bioactive ingredients to restore the purposes of synthetic antibiotics which became ineffective. Phytochemicals are chemical compounds of plant origin of primary or secondary metabolism retaining activities in biological systems and referred to as “bioactive phytochemicals”. They include carbohydrates, lipids, phenolics, terpenoids, alkaloids, and other nitrogen‐containing compounds. They constitute the antioxidants and free radical scavengers preventing oxidative damage. These activities abound in polyphenols. Since the key concern with synthetic drugs is their unwanted side effects, sometimes more harmful than the treated disease, phytopharmaceuticals emerged, addressing phytomedicines with efficacy derivable from plant bioactive ingredients in managing diseases within an indigenous healing practice. The approach of phytopharmaceutical therapy has numerous gains and drawbacks. The categories of antimicrobial compounds of plant origin considered as the sources of antimicrobial phytopharmaceuticals comprise the phenolics and polyphenols, quinones, flavones, flavonoids, flavonols, tannins, coumarins, terpenoids, essential oils, alkaloids, lecithins, polypeptides, etc. Several plants have been screened and could be potential sources of numerous antimicrobial agents, some being available commercially and gained ground globally and are depended upon by several economies.
The present study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial, radical scavenging and chemical composition of aerial parts of Cassia auriculata. Three hundred grams of powdered material of C. auriculata extracted with methanol (CAMEt), C-18 silica gel based column chromatography was used to purify CAMEt using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions. Antimicrobial, DPPH radical scavenging effect of all the three fractions was determined and active fraction was characterized by GC-MS. The yield and colour of each fractions collected from column chromatography viz., fraction 1-3 (n-hexane: yellow) was 2.45 mg, (ethyl acetate: light orange) 1.78 mg and (methanol: light green) 5.25 mg, respectively. Fraction 3 recorded maximum zone of inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. by fraction 3 antifungal and radical scavenging activity than compared to fractions. GC-MS results indicated 21 chemical constituents included alkanes, alcohol, esters and hydrocarbons. The major peak represented 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid and Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate at 11.42% referred to NIST library. Further studies will be found in the mechanism of potential methanol fraction.
The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub. Various parts of this plant are used in the treatment of dyspepsia, bronchitis, hypotensive, throat inflammation, etc. and its nutritional value has well been accepted. In the present study, antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy of different solvent fractions of P. granatum leaves was investigated. Fractionation was done sequentially in Soxhlet apparatus, using various solvents like petroleum ether, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetone, and water. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, superoxide anion radical scavenging assay, and reducing capacity assessment. Total phenol and flavonoid content was also measured. The antimicrobial activity was assessed by agar well diffusion method against some of the tested food borne, pathogenic, and skin disease causing microorganisms. Antiulcer activity of the P. granatum acetone fraction (PGA) was evaluated using ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. The PGA had maximum phenol content and had higher antioxidant activity. The PGA showed better DPPH free radical and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity than that of the standards. The results demonstrated that acetone fraction had potent gastroprotective and antisecretory effects. This study suggests that sequential fractionation technique is an excellent technique of extracting bioactive components of this plant at least. This study also demonstrated that PGA can serve as a potential natural source for use in food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industry.
Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) is a shrub, usually with multiple stems, that commonly grows 1.8-4.6m tall. The deciduous leaves are shiny and about 1-5 cm long. Almost all parts of this plant are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. Hence, the present work was undertaken to establish the requisite pharmacognostic standards for evaluating the plant material. The present study includes examination of macroscopic and microscopic characters, powder analysis and physiochemical properties of Punica granatum L. leaf. The macro and microscopical studies indicated presence of simple leaf, opposite arrangement and prism and cluster crystals of calcium oxalate present throughout the transverse section. Chemomicroscopic characters present included starch and calcium oxalate crystals. The results of the study could be useful in setting some diagnostic indices for the identification and preparation of a monograph of the plant.
The effect of commonly used techniques and solvents in the antioxidant activities of Pomegranate leaves and stems were studied.
The extraction techniques compared were successive, individual (cold percolation), and decoction methods in both parts using
solvents viz. petroleum ether, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetone, and water. The antioxidant activity of all the different solvent
extracts of leaves and stem was evaluated using antioxidant assays like 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl free radical scavenging
assay, superoxide anion radical scavenging assay and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. Total phenol and flavonoid content
was also measured. Successive extraction was a better technique to extract the antioxidants from pomegranate than other techniques
evaluated in the present study. For the aqueous extraction, decoction method was found to be the best method to extract the
antioxidants and it is the most convenient, exhaustive, and time-saving extraction technique for both parts of pomegranate.
The results showed that the extracting solvent significantly altered the antioxidant property estimations of pomegranate leaf
and stem. High correlations between phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities of pomegranate extracts were observed.
High levels of antioxidant activities were detected in pomegranate leaf as compared to stem indicating that the leaf may serve
as an excellent source of natural antioxidants.
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