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Manual de claras para repoblaciones de Pinus pinea L
... As part of these activities, management trials have been carried out on pre-existing plantations, considering pruning and thinning, with interesting results (Loewe et al., 2011). The objectives of thinning P. pinea, as Montero and Candela (1998) state, correspond to control mass density in different stages of development in order to maximize production and profits, improving plant vigor and quality of the remaining trees, and to obtain secondary products that have a market value. ...
... This is coincident with what expressed by Mutke et al. (2003), who state that stone pine requires high amounts of light to increase fruit productivity, so when increasing the distance between trees they tend to grow in crown area to intercept more light. Montero and Candela (1998), conducted a literature review of thinning experiences in Spain, Italy and Portugal, finding great coincidence of several authors in recommending early thinning, between 12 and 15 years old. Following this criterion, interventions performed in both plantations were held at the optimal time limit (15 years in Casablanca and 16 years in Pencahue), so the trees had a rapid response. ...
In Chile stone pine was introduced more than a century ago, mainly by Italian and Spanish immigrants who brought it as part of their culture; interest for this nut in Chile is recent and has been gradually increasing. Crown development is one of the most important factors on pine nut production because it is influenced mainly by light. In winter 2009 two young P. pinea plantations, 15 and 16 years old, located in central Chile (Casablanca ñValparaÌso Regionñ and Pencahue ñMaule region), where thinned in order to evaluate the effect of this intervention. Variables evaluated were DBH, height and crown diameter. With the software ArcGIS 9.2, an analysis of crown area growth was made before and after thinning. Results showed a positive increase in dasometric variables one and two years after the intervention in both situations. A significant increase in tree crown area was found; crowns tend strategically to take advantage of light and space, taking a rounded form, change that would have a significant effect on pine nut production.
... -1 ) pour des pinèdes traitées dans le but d'une production sylvicole optimale(Freire et al., 2016). De plus,Montero et al. (1998) et Gordo et al. (2009 ont trouvé que la densité dans une pinède à objectif de production de pignes ne doit pas dépasser 200 tiges par hectare ce qui est une densité beaucoup plus faible que celle de nos peuplements. Ces fortes densités s'expliquent par l'absence d'éclaircies qui entraîne aussi un déficit de régénération naturelle.Finalement, des études ont montré que la croissance radiale du pin pignon dépend largement du climat (relation cerne-climat,Raventos et al., 2001;De Luis et al., 2007). ...
Pinus pinea L. is a species of great ecological and economic importance in the Mediterranean region and particularly in Lebanon where there is a lack of knowledge on the status of this species (spontaneous or introduced) and more broadly on the vegetation dynamics of pine stands and conditions for their natural regeneration. Our study aims to produce a first classification of pine forests according to their floristic composition and site factors in Mount Lebanon region, to analyze natural regeneration of pine and to specify stands dynamics. Based on stands map and main environmental factors, we sampled fifty plots distributed over ten sites. In each plot, the floristic composition, stand dendrometric characteristics and natural regeneration were described. The results showed that most of pine forests of Mount Lebanon were dense (849 stems.ha-1) and old (81 years) with a high basal area (49 m2.ha-1). Pine regeneration was particularly limited with a preferential installation of oaks (Q. calliprinos mainly and Q. infectoria secondarily) in the understory. We then tested influence of soil disturbances and litter (soil scarification and controlled burning) and predation on pine regeneration in an in situ experiment conducted in a closed pine stand. An additional experiment was conducted in laboratory to test the influence of the litter and a possible autotoxic effect (via macerate of green needles) on seed germination and growth of pine seedlings. The results of the field experiment have shown a very significant effect of soil disturbances, in particular soil scarification, that have favored seedlings emergence and early survival, while predation has played only a weak role. However, at the end of experiment after 6 months, a very high mortality rate in all treatments was observed certainly in connection with a poor light availability. The laboratory experiment has shown a negative effect of litter as well as an autotoxic effect of aqueous extract of green needles on seed germination and seedling growth. This allelopathic effect could be potentially linked to the presence of the quinic acid that has been measured as main metabolite detected in aqueous needle extracts.These studies allow us to conclude that pine is certainly not a "climacic" species in the trajectories of succession as it has been affirmed in previous phytosociological studies. Indeed, regeneration blocking factors are strong and we have underlined in particular the unfavourable role played by the litter. The pine stands naturally change towards oak formations. The renewal of old pine stands in Mount Lebanon region therefore requires an active management and we recommend thinning assisted by soil preparation treatments to ensure installation and development of natural regeneration on the long term.
... The maximum observed annual DBH growth (Slovenia: 1.0 cm; Meseta Castellana: 1.2 cm; Western Andalucia: 1.1 cm; Sierra Morena: 1.0 cm; Lombardy: 0.9 cm; Tuscany: 0.9 cm), were similar or even higher than that obtained in stone pine plantations in Morocco (1 cm year-1-FAO 2007), Spain (0.9 cm year-1 at age 40 in good fertile sites-Sánchez cited by Montero & Candela 1998) and Tunisia (0.8 cm year-1 on coastal dunes-Boutheina et al. 2013-Tab. 3). ...
Pinus pinea is characterized by phenotypic plasticity, tolerance to harsh soils and climates, but low differentiation in growth parameters and low genetic variability. Growth and cone production of six European stone pine provenances (two from Italy, three from Spain and one from Slovenia) were analyzed in a field trial experiment established in central Chile. The study evaluated height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and crown diameter growth of 147 nineteen-year-old trees per provenance, as well as fruiting variables (i.e., number of cones per tree and cone weight). Survival over the first 7 years was also evaluated. Provenances significantly differed in cone number per tree, cone weight, height and DBH growth, and crown diameter growth. Provenances were grouped according to growth and production variables: one group included the Italian and Slovenian provenances, the second group Andalucía and Sierra Morena (Spain), and the third included Meseta Castellana (Spain). Individual cone production was positively correlated with cone weight and other growth variables. Meseta Castellana provenance showed the highest growth and productivity. Our results provide useful information for the selection of P. pinea provenances to be used in new plantations in central Chile.
... Self-thinning model was used to simulate the evolution of stand density. The following model developed by Montero and Candela (1998) was used: ...
Pinus pinea is one of the most important tree species in the Mediterranean region due to the economic value of its edible seeds called “piñones”. Timber also represents an important source of income from this species. Generally, P. pinea stands have been managed to maximize either timber or seed production, optimization of the joint production of both products being rare. The difficulty in optimizing seed or joint production is the highly stochastic masting habit of P. pinea. The aim of the present study was to find the optimal management of P. pinea stands from the economic point of view when both seed and timber production are considered. A growth and yield model was employed to simulate the dynamics of P. pinea stands of the northern Iberian Peninsula. The novelty of the study is the implementation of a cone yield model that is able to predict expected cone harvests and seed yields when masting is stochastic. The model was linked with an optimization algorithm to obtain optimal schedules for two different stands. The results showed that seed production of P. pinea in the northern plateau of the Iberian Peninsula may increase the soil expectation value by more than 300 % in dense stands and 200 % in sparse stands. When seed yields were considered, rotation lengths were longer and thinnings were delayed. The results were highly sensitive to cone prices and discount rates.
... It includes a model (Calama and Montero 2005) to predict diameter increment as a function of current diameter, site index, stand density and a distance independent index (ratio between breast height diameter and stand mean diameter). Self-thinning mortality can be simulated by means of Reineke index, showing mortality on values over 600 (Montero and Candela 1998). However, natural stands hardly attain this high level of stocking, so only random mortality -assumed to occur at a rate of 1% every 5 years up to an age of 100 years, and at a rate of 3% over this ageis considered. 5. Management module: PINEA2 allows the simulation of different management approaches defined by (i) thinning: type (from below, high selective or systematic/random), intensity (number of stems/ha or basal area), instant and frequency for thinning application; (ii) rotation length. ...
http://star-tree.eu/images/deliverables/WP2/Deliverable2_1.pdf
... Regarding natural regeneration, based on field observation and simulations carried out using the model by Manso et al. (2014), we assumed that complete regeneration was achieved within a 20-year period. In the case of mortality, current stocking is so low that it prevents self-thinning mortality (Montero and Candela 1998), thus only random mortality -assumed to occur at a rate of 1% every five years up to an age of 100 years, and at a rate of 3% over this age -has been considered. These percentages are based on the continuous monitoring of the net of permanent plots of Pinus pinea within the region used to construct the model. ...
This work aimed to tackle a timber harvest scheduling problem by simultaneously integrating
into the analysis two forestry products derived from the same species: the timber and the pine nut.
For this purpose, three management scenarios were proposed: two in which each of the productions
is maximised separately, and a third mixed where, in each management unit, the product to
which the silvicultural effort should be devoted is decided. After defining a set of objectives, and
optimising the rotation length, a multi-criteria model based on goal programming was considered
since no feasible solutions have been obtained when employing linear programming. The results
in our case study show how the feasible solutions reached can be more attractive for the manager.
Specifically, the area to be devoted to timber and cone/pine-nut production was computed in a
scenario where the optimal silviculture (oriented towards timber or pine nuts) in each stand was
selected, and it was concluded that the area allocated to pine nuts should be notably greater. This
situation is the opposite of the current management.
... Una de las herramientas de apoyo a la gestión selvícola más comúnmente utilizadas son las normas de selvicultura, en las que se correlaciona la densidad con alguna variable dendrométrica, como la altura dominante o el diámetro medio cuadrático, prescindiéndose de la variable tiempo. El proceso de establecimiento de normas de selvicultura suele basarse en trabajos sincrónicos de campo (MONTERO Y CANDELA, 1988;REQUE, 2002). La inclusión en las normas de selvicultura de únicamente dos variables justifica el amplio uso de esta herramienta en trabajos de campo, como los señalamientos, y explica también su reducido uso en trabajos de planificación. ...
Se presentan las tablas estáticas de producción para Quercus petraea en la Cordillera Cantábrica. Siguiendo un esquema clásico, las relaciones fundamentales con las que se crearon las tablas de producción fueron calculadas a partir de la base de datos del Inventario Forestal Nacional en la zona de estudio. Se elaboraron las tablas de selvicultura media observada en densidad alta y baja aplicando directamente las relaciones dendrométricas. La tabla de selvicultura de referencia fue establecida a partir de la norma de selvicultura para la especie y la zona.
... Hence with this management approach, although the total timber production is lower, we obtain trees of greater size and higher value, for both timber and fruit production. Many authors have confirmed the positive relationship between the size of the trees and their timber value and fruit production (Montero and Candela, 1998;García Güemes, 1999;Cañadas, 2000;Calama and Montero, 2007). In addition, when other functions of the forest are considered, such as landscape, recreation, protection or prevention of forest fires, the Modelling silviculture alternatives for managing Pinus pinea L. in North-East Spain 17 «reference silviculture» also offers an improvement to stone pine forest through the constitution of welldeveloped, stable trees with large crowns and stems. ...
Se ha desarrollado un modelo de masa como base para orientar la gestion de Pinus pinea L. en el noreste de Espana (Cataluna). El modelo integra diferentes funciones que permiten evaluar las principales variables forestales a nivel de rodal, incluyendo un sistema de desagregacion para la estimacion de las distribuciones diametricas. A partir de los datos de una red de 75 parcelas temporales y diferenciando dos tipologias de masa en funcion de la densidad, masas claras y densas, se ajustaron simultaneamente sistemas de ecuaciones utilizando el metodo de estimacion de minimos cuadrados en tres etapas. Las funciones obtenidas predicen las principales variables de masa para las dos tipologias. Las distribuciones diametricas se obtuvieron a partir de la funcion de distribucion de Weibull, utilizando el metodo de recuperacion de parametros (PRM) y el metodo de los momentos. Finalmente, se simularon dos alternativas selvicolas para cada tipologia de masa (claras, densas) y calidad de estacion, resultando 16 escenarios selvicolas. El modelo de masa y las alternativas selvicolas obtenidas se presentan como una herramienta util para el gestor y una guia para la gestion sostenible de las masas de Pinus pinea en esta region.
... Hence with this management approach, although the total timber production is lower, we obtain trees of greater size and higher value, for both timber and fruit production. Many authors have confirmed the positive relationship between the size of the trees and their timber value and fruit production (Montero and Candela, 1998;García Güemes, 1999;Cañadas, 2000;Calama and Montero, 2007). In addition, when other functions of the forest are considered, such as landscape, recreation, protection or prevention of forest fires, the Modelling silviculture alternatives for managing Pinus pinea L. in North-East Spain 17 «reference silviculture» also offers an improvement to stone pine forest through the constitution of welldeveloped, stable trees with large crowns and stems. ...
A yield model was developed to simulate silviculture alternatives for Pinus pinea L. in north-east Spain (Catalonia). The model uses several functions to estimate the main silvicultural parameters at stand level and a disaggregation system to predict diameter distributions. From a network of 75 temporary plots a system of equations to predict stand variables was simultaneously fitted for two stand density types, namely low and high density stands, using the threestage least-squares method (3SLS). The diameter distributions were estimated by the Weibull distribution function using the parameter recovery method (PRM) and the method of moments. Based on this yield model, two silviculture alternatives were simulated for each stand density type and site class, resulting in 16 silviculture scenarios. The yield model and silviculture alternatives offer a management tool and a guide for the sustainable forest management of evenaged Pinus pinea forests in this region.
... Pinus halepensis became the most planted conifer in Spain under this framework [9]. Also, P. pinea plays an important ecological role in arid and semiarid zones by preventing erosion and is greatly valued for its edible nuts [26,27]. Fungal inoculations in the nursery were performed with two Rhizopogon species. ...
The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on field performance of Pinus pinea and P. halepensis seedlings, established in formerly arable land, was evaluated for up to 43 months after outplanting. Containerized seedlings of both tree species were produced in two different substrates, peat: bark and peat: vermiculite, and inoculated with spores of either Rhizopogon luteolus or R. roseolus. One month prior to outplanting, more than 50% of P. pinea short roots were colonized by either inoculated fungi, whereas a maximum of 32% of P. halepensis short roots were colonized by R. roseolus. Seedlings inoculated with R. roseolus were generally taller than non-inoculated ones at transplantation. However, significant differences disappeared or remained small in absolute values during the monitoring period ( less than 7 cm in the best case, 34 months after outplanting). Inoculation with R. roseolus increased in 20% the survival of P. pinea seedlings over noninoculated ones after 43 months in the field. Under the experimental conditions tested, these differences in survival were large enough to justify inoculation costs since spore inoculation with Rhizopogon species in the nursery is easy and inexpensive. Transplant Stress Indices allowed to detect overall post-transplantation stress and further recovery periods although no clear relationship between inoculation and planting check was detected.
(Silvicultural prescriptions for density management of even-aged stand of sessile oak (Quercus petraea Matts. Liebl.) in the Cantabrian range are presented. The methodology of the study was based on a synchronic approach. Even-aged stands of every stage of development of the species were analysed in order to reconstruct the chronological series of sessile oak. The field work methodology can be adapted to any forest species and allows a single person to cover a wide study area.The results of the present study are based on the analysis of 32 plots with dominant heights between eight and twenty-two meters. A silvicultural norm (regression line of density on dominant height) is obtained for even aged stands of oak as well as the recommended values of the Hart index for the species in a management model of multiple (productive and-protective) use. The mathematical expression of the norm is: 1n(N/ha) = 11,1347 –1,64823 * 1n(H0) or (N/ha = 69671,68061 * H0–1,64823). The recommended values of the Hart index for even aged stands of the species are situated in the interval S(%) _ [24,26].The results are a first approach to the density management of the species.
Models for predicting parameter behaviour in the 2-parameter Weibull function in even-aged Pinus pinea stands of Valladolid (Spain) have been adjusted. From data out of 131 plots (20 trees per plot), real distribution parameters have been adjusted, using the percentile method, as well as non-linear regression. Next, predictive models of calculated parameters were adjusted, using stand variables. Parameter «b» is deeply related to mean cuadratic diameter (dg), while parameter «c», which was more difficult to model, is related to dg and other variable (Age or Canopy cover).
Este manual describe, a partir de una extensa recopilación bibliográfica y de experiencias prácticas, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, información de interés para cultivar el pino piñonero (Pinus pinea) con el objetivo de producir piñones.
Presenta información sobre la especie, sobre su preciado fruto –los piñones, pine nuts o pinoli-, para posteriormente dar indicaciones sobre sus requerimientos de clima y suelo. Continúa señalando los diferentes tipos de plantación factibles con esta maravillosa especie, presentando elementos prácticos para que cada propietario tome las mejores decisiones en base a su realidad.
Finalmente se presentan recomendaciones técnicas sobre el establecimiento y manejo de plantaciones y huertos.
El manual está ilustrado con fotografías de calidad y se caracteriza por una excelente presentación, lo que junto a contenidos claros y completos, facilita la comprensión del tema.
Es lectura altamente recomendable para quienes desean dedicarse a la producción de piñones en Chile.
III. TRATAMIENTOS CULTURALES III.1. LIMPIAS III.2. CLAREOS III.3. ACTUACIONES SOBRE LA REGENERACIÓN ANTICIPADA III.4. CLARAS III.4.1. Programación de claras III.4.2. Tipos de claras III.4.3. Edad de iniciación de la clara III.4.4. Peso de la clara III.4.5. Número final de pies III.4.6. Rotación III.4.7. Número de claras III.4.8. Claras en masas naturales y repoblaciones densas III.5. PODAS III.5.1. Poda de fuste III.5.2. Poda de olivación III.5.3. Efecto de la posa en el crecimiento en altura y diámetro III.5.4. Efecto de la poda en la producción de piña III.6. FERTILIZACIÓN Y RIEGOS III.7. RECOLECCIÓN DE PIÑA
This text contains in 364 pages the main indications for those interested in planting and cultivating Mediterranean pine to produce pine nuts, known as pinoli, the most expensive nut in the world market.
It is divided into five chapters, with attractive illustrations.
The first chapter is devoted to the species description, including historical aspects, distribution, ecological requirements, reproductive and genetic aspects, and finally sanitary issues.
The second chapter is devoted to the pinion, detailing its characteristics, uses, preparation, performance, and national and international market.
The third chapter is devoted to wood, presenting information on its characteristics, uses and markets, and growth and productivity.
The fourth chapter focuses on plantations and orchards, and contains aspects related to the production of plants and clones (grafted plants), and presents in great detail how to establish and manage plantations and specialized orchards established with grafted plants, including the limited information available in the world.
Finally, the fifth chapter discusses in great detail the development potential of the crop in Chile, including potential areas in Chile, social impact analysis of its cultivation, and an economic analysis of the culture in Chile.
The book ends with conclusions, an extensive bibliography that can serve as a guide for those interested.
It is recommended for those interested in the species and in pine nut production, who can read Spanish!
Se han obtenido modelos explicativos de los parámetros de la función Weibull biparamétrica para modelizar las distribuciones diamétricas en masas regulares de Pinus pinea L. en la provincia de Valladolid (España). A partir de datos experimentales tomados en 131 parcelas (20 árboles parcelo), se han determinado inicialmente los parámetros de la distribución teórica ajustada a las distribuciones reales mediante el método de los percentiles y regresión no lineal. A continuación se han ajustado modelos lineales predictivos de los parámetros calculados, que incluyen variables de masa. El parámetro < > se asocia muy estrechamente con el diámetro medio cuadrático (d), mientras que el parámetro «c» presenta una mayor dificultad de ajuste, relacionándose con d0 y una segunda variable (edad o fracción de cabida cubierta).
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