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Nereis boreali-americana. Part II. Rhodospermeae
... Yuzurua poiteaui var. gemmifera was initially proposed as Laurencia gemmifera by Harvey (1853). Yamada (1931) reduced it to a variety of L. poiteaui (as L. poitei) proposing the new combination L. poiteaui ('poitei') var. ...
... The branchlets are extremely short, with bud-like, truncate apices, and scattered throughout the thalli. This species was collected at Key West, Florida, USA, growing in shallow water between tide marks on the north side of the town (Harvey, 1853). Our specimens from Bahamas and Florida had smaller thallus length than the topotypes (Figs S2, S3) but were similar in overall morphoanatomical features, including the typical apiculate cortical cells in longitudinal section (Fig. S4). ...
... gemmifera) available in database for comparison. Moreover, the morphology and habitat of the type localities of these varieties are distinct (Harvey, 1853;Lamouroux, 1805). According to Guiry & Guiry (2024), Y. poiteaui (and its variety) has a wide distribution, occurring in South America, the Caribbean, Atlantic Islands, Africa, South Asia and Oceania. ...
The rhodomelacean Laurencia complex (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) encompasses eight genera, including Yuzurua, which is one of the least speciose of the complex, with only two species recognized:
Y. iridescens and Y. poiteaui (generitype). During seaweed
biodiversity studies on the Brazilian coast, unknown specimens belonging to this Laurencia complex were found in the southern region of Bahia state, which possesses tropical affinities. In this study, we assessed the phylogenetic relationships and
taxonomic affinities of these specimens, using morphology and DNA sequence data from rbcL and COI5P. The molecular results placed the specimens as a distinct evolutionary lineage within Yuzurua, genetically distinct from its congeners. This new species, Yuzurua nunesii sp. nov. exhibited the typical vegetative morphological features of the genus, such as two pericentral cells in each vegetative axial segment, secondary pit connections between cortical cells and absence of corps en cerise. This species can be morphologically distinguished from other Yuzurua species by a combination of characters, including their habitat (subtidal for Y. nunesii) and morphoanatomy regarding cortical cell projection, palisade arrangement of outermost cortical cells and presence/absence of iridescence. The occurrence of Yuzurua is confirmed for the first time on the Brazilian coast by molecular data, and its distribution expanded southward in the western Atlantic Ocean.
... (e.g., Wynne 1998). Early reports of Polysiphonia s.l. by Harvey (1853) and Børgesen (1918), described several species from Florida, USA and the West Indies, respectively. More recent reports are the result of floristic assessments made throughout the Caribbean (e.g., Taylor 1929, 1941, 1945, 1960, 1969, Almodovar and Ballantine 1983, Ballantine and Aponte 1997, Littler and Littler 2000, Mateo-Cid et al. 2006. ...
... A report and description of P. breviarticulata (C. Agardh) Zanardini were also included among these original species descriptions (Harvey 1853). These species all have erect thalli with four pericentral cells, segment length-width ratios generally F1, and numerous adventitious laterals that often give the plants a coarse appearance. ...
... These specimens showed longer adventitious laterals that gave the specimens a more lax and less coarse habit than N. echinata and P. fracta, allowing these species to be distinguished. Harvey (1853) indicated that, while Neosiphonia echinata closely resembled Polysiphonia fracta, a more robust habit and adventitious laterals that were shorter, more abundant, and ''more equally inserted on all sides of the branches'' could distinguish N. echinata. Examination of type material for N. echinata and P. fracta suggests that these two names represent one morphological species as no satisfactory difference was observed. ...
... Jania capillacea Harvey, 1853:84.-Taylor, 1960 (Taylor, 1960); Puerto Rico (Diaz-Piferrer, 1963); Grand Cayman, St. Kitts, Antigua, Dominica, St. Lucia, Grenada (Taylor, 1969); Curagao (Diaz-Piferrer, 1964b); Venezuela (Diaz-Piferrer, 1970b). ...
... Champia parvula (C. Agardh) Harvey, 1853:76.-Taylor, 1960 (Taylor, 1960); Cuba (Suarez, 1973); Nevis, Antigua (Taylor, 1969); Belize (Tsuda and Dawes, 1974); Costa Rica (Wellington, 1973). ...
... Bostrychia montagnei Harvey, 1853:55.-Taylor, 1960 (Taylor, 1960). ...
The results of the first series of multidisciplinary investigations of the Caribbean barrier reef complex near Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, are reported in 34 papers in this volume, which begins with a summary of past work on the Belizean reefs and cays. The first section treats the structure of barrier reef habitats in the vicinity of Carrie Bow Cay, influential physical parameters such as tides and currents, geological and sedimentological history of lagoon, reef, and island substrates, and the island's environment, including its climate and the effects of hurricanes. Subsequent papers analyze the distribution of endolithic microorganisms in carbonate substrates, and the diversity, standing crop, and production in selected lagoon and back-reef habitats. Related contributions report on the benthos of an unusual submarine cave and on the surface zooplankton over reef and lagoon bottoms. One section is devoted to the systematics and local distribution of flora and fauna. Marine plants covered are plankton diatoms, benthic algae--including a detailed study of the red alga Polysiphonia--and sea grasses. Faunistic studies focus on hydroids, medusae, stony corals, octocorals, sipunculans, anthurid isopods, pycnogonids, a marine chironomid, ophiuroids, and crinoids. In the papers on Polysiphonia, hydroids, stony corals, and anthurids, all species are illustrated for identification by nonspecialists; figures of important or unusual examples are shown in the other systematic contributions. New species are described among anthurids, pycnogonids, and ophiuroids. A section on ecological responses discusses the reaction of algae to grazing pressure, the life history of an ichthyo-parasitic hydroid, the growth response of the reef coral Montastrea annularis to a light gradient, and associations between zoanthids and their sponge hosts. Included in this section are discussions of the ecology of the zoanthid Isaurus duchassaingi, settlement behavior and development of the bivalve Malleus candeanus, and behavioral ecology of two closely related reef fishes, genus Acanthemblemaria. The volume concludes with two general surveys of the barrier reef and cays, which discuss the Carrie Bow reef section and cay in relation to the overall barrier reef complex.
... The red alga Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey (Callithamniaceae, Ceramiales), based on Fucus filamentosus Wulfen (1803), was described early in the phycological literature from its type locality in the Adriatic Sea and since then has been reported with a broad distribution in the world's oceans from temperate to tropical seas (Guiry and Guiry 2020;Harvey 1853). This near cosmopolitan distribution was based upon the morphological similarity of specimens from distant locations. ...
... The vegetative and reproductive morphology of S. filamentosa was described in detail by Hommersand (1963); however, given that the material studied was taken from La Jolla, California, and specimens from there have yet to be sequenced, we cannot know for certain whether the Pacific material that Hommersand utilized actually represented S. filamentosa. Based upon the genetic studies cited above, other descriptions and reports of this species from the world's temperate to tropical seas (e.g., Børgesen 1917Børgesen , 1930Børgesen , 1945Collins and Hervey 1917;Farlow 1881;Harvey 1853;Taylor 1928Taylor , 1930Taylor , 1942Womersley and Cartledge 1975;Zheng et al. 2001) likewise may not represent true S. filamentosa. This uncertainty will remain until a sampling of isolates from throughout the world is molecularly compared against material from the type locality. ...
Southern New England and New York specimens of Spyridia ‘ filamentosa ’ were sequenced for the mitochondrial COI-5P and chloroplastic rbc L genes and determined to be distinct from Mediterranean (type locality) specimens of the same taxon. A little-known species name, Spyridia americana Durant, is applied to specimens collected from the northeastern coast of the United States.
... What is presently known as Champia parvula and C. parvula var. prostrata L.G. Williams from Cape Hatteras, N.C. to the greater Caribbean Sea and Brazil (Harvey 1853, Schneider & Searles 1991, Lozada-Troche & Ballantine 2010) needs molecular investigation. Whether these warm temperate populations are C. parvula, C. farlowii or other entities in this complex of species remains to be determined. ...
... Champia farlowii was previously known in New England as C. parvula (Harvey 1853, Taylor 1957, Sears 2002, a species with an Atlantic European type locality (Agardh 1824). Some species with presumed amphi-Atlantic distributions, in many cases since the 1800s, have already been shown to represent distinct entities in eastern and western warm temperate environments (Schneider & Lane 2005;Schneider et al. 2010Schneider et al. , 2011Popolizio et al. 2013), and further samplings of genetic isolates will decide whether true C. parvula is found in the western Atlantic Ocean south of New York. ...
Using mitochondrial COI-5P and plastid rbcL genetic markers, the red algal species historically known in southern New England, USA, as Champia parvula is found to be genetically distinct from the species to which it has historically been aligned. This necessitates the description of a new species, C. farlowii, for plants from Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Connecticut and New York, USA. The new species is morphologically compared with true European C. parvula and congeners, especially those with similar features previously aligned under the same species name. Champia farlowii is a morphologically cryptic species, the sixth in the expanding C. parvula complex, with overlapping characteristic measurements despite differences at the range extremes, when compared to C. parvula.
... Of them, N. ferulacea, N. sertularioides, P. infestans, P. flexicaulis, P. mollis, P. pulvinata var. parvula, and P. tenerrima are characterized by having four pericentral cells (Harvey 1847, 1853, 1855, Kützing 1863, Womersley 2003, Afonso-Carrillo and Rojas-González 2004, Guimarães et al. 2004). The remaining species, P. curta, P. howei, and Vertebrata lanosa are characterized by having 9-24 pericentral cells (Montagne 1843, Taylor 1945, Maggs and Hommersand 1993; however, these have not been studied recently with molecular methods. ...
... parvula, and P. tenerrima (Table 1). However, N. ferulacea can be distinguished from N. silvae by the discoid base and with some branches becoming decumbent (Mamoozadeh and Freshwater 2012); N. sertulariodes and P. infestans by the dichotomous and fastigiated branching, respectively (Womersley 2003, Nam andKang 2012); P. flexicaulis and P. mollis by the presence of cortication (Harvey 1853, Womersley 1979; and P. pulvinata var. parvula by the high frequency of dichotomous branches (Heydrich 1892). ...
Neosiphonia echinata, a well-known western Atlantic species, is here reported for the first time from Indonesia and this extends its distribution into Southeast Asia. Neosiphonia echinata was collected from Sulawesi, Indonesia as an epiphyte on Kappaphycus alvarezii and growing on ropes in a culture farm. We also collected this species from Florida, USA, and then compared their morphology and molecular data. Neosiphonia echinata is identified by having erect main filaments arising from prostrate filaments, numerous rhizoids cutting off from the proximal end of pericentral cells by a cross wall, four pericentral cells throughout the thallus, ecorticate axes, very long and abundant trichoblasts more than twice forked, abundant adventitious laterals, procarps with four-celled carpogonial branches, and a spiral arrangement of tetrasporangia. Our phylogenetic analyses of rbcL and cox1 indicate that N. echinata found in Indonesia was very closely related to material from the Western Atlantic Ocean. Neosiphonia echinata may be added as an introduced species to the Indonesian marine flora. The shipping routes western Atlantic-Mediterranean-Indonesia and western Atlantic-Pacific Ocean-Indonesia might be considered as possible pathways of introduction as a consequence of ballast water and hull fouling.
... Of them, N. ferulacea, N. sertularioides, P. infestans, P. flexicaulis, P. mollis, P. pulvinata var. parvula, and P. tenerrima are characterized by having four pericentral cells (Harvey 1847, 1853, 1855, Kützing 1863, Womersley 2003, Afonso-Carrillo and Rojas-González 2004, Guimarães et al. 2004). The remaining species, P. curta, P. howei, and Vertebrata lanosa are characterized by having 9-24 pericentral cells (Montagne 1843, Taylor 1945, Maggs and Hommersand 1993; however, these have not been studied recently with molecular methods. ...
... parvula, and P. tenerrima (Table 1). However, N. ferulacea can be distinguished from N. silvae by the discoid base and with some branches becoming decumbent (Mamoozadeh and Freshwater 2012); N. sertulariodes and P. infestans by the dichotomous and fastigiated branching, respectively (Womersley 2003, Nam andKang 2012); P. flexicaulis and P. mollis by the presence of cortication (Harvey 1853, Womersley 1979; and P. pulvinata var. parvula by the high frequency of dichotomous branches (Heydrich 1892). ...
Worldwide, 32 species have been recognized in the genus Neosiphonia. We describe two new species of the genus from Bali, Indonesia, based on morphological and molecular data. Neosiphonia baliana sp. nov. is recognized by having rhizoids cut off from the proximal end of pericentral cells, axes with five pericentral cells, axes ecorticate throughout, the absence of trichoblasts and scar cells, the straight arrangement of tetrasporangia, and spermatangia arising from a basal cell without the production of trichoblasts. Neosiphonia silvae sp. nov. is characterized by having rhizoids cut off from the proximal end of pericentral cells, axes with four pericentral cells, axes ecorticate throughout, production of abundant trichoblasts near the apices, prominent scar cells, an exceedingly prominent apical cell at axis tips, and one or two tetrasporangia per branch. Phylogenetic analyses of rbcL indicated that our N. baliana sp. nov. and N. silvae sp. nov. fall in the genus Neosiphonia, and we distinguish them on the basis of morphological features from other congeneric species.
... nov. resembles the other 14 worldwide Neosiphonia species (Harvey 1853, Kützing 1863, Hollenberg 1942, 1961, 1968, Kapraun 1977, Maggs and Hommersand 1993, Womersley 2003, Guiry and Guiry 2013 by having 4 pericentral cells, ecorticate axes, exogenous lateral branches, procarps with three-celled carpogonial branches, spermatangia developed from the basal cell of a forked trichoblast, and spirally arranged tetrasporangia (Table 1). However, the species (symbol a) labeled in Table 1 are distinguished from N. ramirezii by the presence of a discoidal base or rhizoidal cluster (Harvey 1853, Segi 1951, Hollenberg 1968, Kapraun 1979, Yoon 1986, Kim and Lee 1999, Guimarães et al. 2004, Kim and Abbott 2006, Kim et al. 2008, Mamoozadeh and Freshwater 2012. ...
... resembles the other 14 worldwide Neosiphonia species (Harvey 1853, Kützing 1863, Hollenberg 1942, 1961, 1968, Kapraun 1977, Maggs and Hommersand 1993, Womersley 2003, Guiry and Guiry 2013 by having 4 pericentral cells, ecorticate axes, exogenous lateral branches, procarps with three-celled carpogonial branches, spermatangia developed from the basal cell of a forked trichoblast, and spirally arranged tetrasporangia (Table 1). However, the species (symbol a) labeled in Table 1 are distinguished from N. ramirezii by the presence of a discoidal base or rhizoidal cluster (Harvey 1853, Segi 1951, Hollenberg 1968, Kapraun 1979, Yoon 1986, Kim and Lee 1999, Guimarães et al. 2004, Kim and Abbott 2006, Kim et al. 2008, Mamoozadeh and Freshwater 2012. Furthermore, the species (symbol b) labeled in Table 1 are distinct from N. ramirezii by having creeping filaments or extended prostrate filaments (Agardh 1863, Hollenberg 1942, 1968, Segi 1951, Kim and Lee 1996, 1999, Abbott et al. 2002, Womersley 2003, Kim and Abbott 2006, Kim et al. 2008, Lee 2008, Creed et al. 2010, Nam and Kang 2012. ...
The genus Neosiphonia Kim and Lee 1999 contains approximately 30 species worldwide. Unidentified samples from Peru are here described as a new species, Neosiphonia ramirezii sp. nov., on the basis of morphological and molecular data. N. ramirezii sp. nov. is characterized by the presence of a limited prostrate system, well-developed erect filaments, rhizoids cut off from pericentral cells by cross walls, four pericentral cells that are completely ecorticate, scarce trichoblasts, inconspicuous scar cells, procarps with three-celled carpogonial branches, spermatangial branches developed from basal cells of forked trichoblasts, and spirally arranged tetrasporangia. Our new species is distinct from N. flaccidissima (Hollenberg) Kim et Lee, N. sphaerocarpa (Borgesen) Kim et Lee, and N. savatieri (Hariot) Kim et Lee from the Pacific temperate coast of South America and from 14 Neosiphonia species reported worldwide by having limited prostrate filaments attached by numerous rhizoids, dichotomous ("Y" shaped) branches in the main axes, and scarce trichoblasts. Phylogenetic rbcL analyses confirm the placement of the new taxon as a distinct species in the genus Neosiphonia.
... Remarks: Melanothanmus gorgoniae was originally described as Polysiphonia gorgoniae (Harvey, 1853), with a type locality of Key West, Florida (USA). It was later transferred to Neosiphonia by Guimarães and Fujii (in Guimarães et al. 2004 Epiphytic plant, pinkish-red, spreading, with prostrate axes attached to the substrate by short unicellular rhizoids, with digitate ends, 20 µm long (Fig. 5a) placed distally in the cells of prostrate exes. ...
Se presentan diez nuevos reportes de especies de macroalgas rojas para la Reserva Internacional de la Biosfera Seaflower en el Mar Caribe. Cuatro taxones fueron previamente citados para el Caribe colombiano: Dohrniella antillarum, Halydictyon mirabile, Taenioma nanum y Aglaothamnion cordatum. Las restantes seis especies son nuevos registros para el país: Callithamniella tingitana, Frikkiella searlesii, Lejolisia exposita, Melanothamnus gorgoniae, Monosporus indicus y Wrangelia gordoniae. Todas las algas fueron colectadas en hábitat de arrecife coralino (9–17 m de profundidad), y todas las especies menos una son algas de tamaño diminuto, creciendo principalmente sobre coral muerto o como epifitas de algas más grandes. Se discuten las características morfológicas y reproductivas de cada especie, así como las novedades de su distribución.
... Remarks: Melanothanmus gorgoniae was originally described as Polysiphonia gorgoniae (Harvey, 1853), with a type locality of Key West, Florida (USA). It was later transferred to Neosiphonia by Guimarães and Fujii (in Guimarães et al. 2004 Epiphytic plant, pinkish-red, spreading, with prostrate axes attached to the substrate by short unicellular rhizoids, with digitate ends, 20 µm long (Fig. 5a) placed distally in the cells of prostrate exes. ...
Ten species of red macroalgae are newly reported for the Seaflower International Biosphere Reserve in the Caribbean Sea. Of these taxa, four have been previously reported for the Colombian Caribbean: Dohrniella antillarum, Halydictyon mirabile, Taenioma nanum, and Aglaothamnion cordatum. The remaining six species are new records for the country: Callithamniella tingitana, Frikkiella searlesii, Lejolisia exposita, Melanothamnus gorgoniae, Monosporus indicus, and Wrangelia gordoniae. The algal material was collected in coral reef habitats (9-17 m depth), and all species but one are diminutive algae growing mostly on coral rubble or as epiphytes on larger algae. Their morphological features are discussed.
... Agardh (1885) described a third species from southern Australia, S. leptophyllum J.Agardh. However, Harvey merged S. californicum into S. interruptum in his subsequent papers on the basis of their morphological similarity (Harvey 1849(Harvey , 1853(Harvey , 1862. Subsequently, S. interruptum became one of the most widespread species of red algae, found in Oceania, the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, the Pacific Ocean, and the southwest Atlantic Ocean (Dawson 1961;Mikami 1965;Kang 1966;Abbott & Hollenberg 1976;Dixon & Irvine 1977;Millar 1990;Ramírez & Santelices 1991;Lewis & Womersley 1994;Yoneshigue-Valentin & Gestinari 2000;Wynne 2011 Gall et al. 2015). ...
Despite the recent description of Stenogramma guleopoense in Korea, the issue of S. interruptum in the northwestern Pacific is still a matter of debate. We analyzed 24 rbcL sequences from specimens collected in Korea, including a longer fragment of rbcL (949 base pairs from the type of S. guleopoense, in addition to morphological observations. Phylogenetic analysis of rbcL sequence revealed a new distinct clade that differed from S. guleopoense from Korea and other species of Stenogramma. The morphology and anatomy of the Korean clade supported its distinct position in the genus Stenogramma. On the basis of these results, we describe S. coreanum sp. nov. from Korea. Stenogramma coreanum is distinguished by a combination of its large size (up to 24 cm) of dichotomous to subdichotomous branches divided up to nine times, wider blades with laciniate segments, one to two layers of cortical cells, two to three layers of medullary cells, a gradient of one to two layers of smaller cells between the cortex and medulla, and discontinuous cystocarps on the centre of the frond. Stenogramma coreanum occurs mostly along the south coast of Korea, whereas S. guleopoense occurs along the west coast. The biogeographic implications of the global diversification in Stenogramma are discussed.
... y Herdon, 1964.); el género Toumeya se localiza en el nor· oeste de América (Harvey, 1858;Smith, op. cit.;Prescott, op. ...
Se citan 5 géneros de Rodofíceas dulceacuícolas para México; dos corresponden a la subclase Bangiophycidae: Asterocytis (A. omata) y Compsopogon (C. caeruleus); los otros tres géneros pertenecen a la clase Floridiophycidae: Audoniella (A. violacea), Batrachospermum (B. vagum y B. moniliforme) y Lemanea (L. feldmannii). Los 5 géneros mencionados son de distrilbución cosmopolita, las especies de Batrachospermum y la especie de Lemanea han sido citados anteriormente.
... Ongoing biodiversity assessment of the Caulerpaceae from the western Atlantic triggered an investigation of the enigmatic taxon known as C. floridana W.R. Taylor (1960) from the Dry Tortugas (Monroe County, Florida). In the summers of 1924, 1925and 1926, Taylor (1928 dredged from depths of 18-109 m a set of specimens resembling C. ashmeadii Harvey (1858), an endemic species commonly found in the region, which at the time he considered as representing a 'perfect and elegant form' of that species (Taylor, 1960). Later, following the opinion of M.A. Howe, who had borrowed Taylor's collections and indicated his intention to publish the specimens as a new species (C. ...
Morphological and molecular evidence is provided to further document the status of the enigmatic taxon known as Caulerpa floridana W.R. Taylor from White Shoal, Dry Tortugas, Florida. DNA sequencing of three historical herbarium specimens (WRT329, WRT345 and WRT349) housed at the University of Michigan Herbarium (MICH) demonstrated the molecular separation of this species based on the reconstruction of 931 nucleotides of the chloroplast gene tufA. Caulerpa floridana is sister to the western Atlantic endemic C. ashmeadii Harvey and an unknown Caulerpa taxon from the Florida Middle Grounds. Caulerpa floridana most reliably differs from C. ashmeadii by the presence of a sharp, unequivocal apiculus at the tip of each pinnule. A morphological review of southwestern Atlantic records of C. floridana from Brazil excludes these reports as representative of the species.
Four species of the genus Wrangelia are presently known from the western Atlantic Ocean: W. argus , W. bicuspidata , W. penicillata, and W. gordoniae , with the first three historically being reported from Bermuda. Morphological and molecular barcode (COI‐5P) and phylogenetic analyses used in this study (SSU, LSU, rbc L) indicated eight species groupings of Wrangelia in Bermuda, excluding two of the historically recognized species, retaining only W. argus while adding seven new species, of which six are formally described. What had been historically reported as W. penicillata from Bermuda was shown to be distinct from Mediterranean Sea specimens (type locality) and was shown to be a mixture of W. hesperia sp. nov. and W. incrassata sp. nov. Along with these two, three other new species ( W. laxa sp. nov., W. ryancraigii sp. nov., and W. secundiramea sp. nov.) have complete rhizoidal cortication tightly covering axial cells of indeterminate axes below the apices, distinguishing them from the two local incompletely corticated congeners W. argus and W. abscondita sp. nov., the latter a morphologically cryptic sister species with W. bicuspidata from the Caribbean Sea. Only one of the new species, W. ryancraigii , has thus far been observed in the mesophotic zone off the Bermuda platform, and it is morphologically cryptic with the euphotic zone's W. laxa .
During a genetic analysis of western Atlantic Wrangeliaceae J.Agardh, specimens closely related to the generitype of Lophothamnion J.Agardh fell into a clade including the generitype of the earlier described Pleonosporium Nägeli, causing us to subsume the former genus. Two new species are described, P. novae-angliae G.W.Saunders & C.W.Schneider, sp. nov. for specimens from southern New England and New York, United States, formerly identified there as P. borreri (Smith) Nägeli, and P. ricksearlesii C.W.Schneider & G.W.Saunders, sp. nov. from Bermuda. The relationship of Pleonosporium with its sister genus Spongoclonium Sonder is discussed with the transfer of Spongoclonium australicum Womersley to Pleonosporium.
Le genre australasien Lophothamnion J.Agardh se révèle génétiquement aligné avec Pleonosporium Nägeli (Wrangeliaceae, Spongoclonieae): nouvelles espèces de l'Atlantique occidental.
Au cours d'une analyse génétique des Wrangeliaceae J.Agardh de l'Atlantique occidental, des spécimens étroitement liés au généritype de Lophothamnion J.Agardh sont tombés dans un clade comprenant le généritype de Pleonosporium Nägeli décrit précédemment, nous obligeant à englober le premier genre. Deux nouvelles espèces sont décrites, P. novae-angliae G.W.Saunders & C.W.Schneider, sp. nov. pour les spécimens du sud de la Nouvelle-Angleterre et de New York, États-Unis, anciennement identifiés là-bas sous le nom de P. borreri (Smith) Nägeli, et P. ricksearlesii C.W.Schneider & G.W.Saunders, sp. nov. des Bermudes. La relation entre Pleonosporium et son genre frère Spongoclonium Sonder est discutée avec le transfert de Spongoclonium australicum Womersley dans Pleonosporium.
This chapter covers one family Solieriaceae belonging to order Gigartinales. Seventeen species subordinating to genera Tenaciphyllum, Eucheuma, Kappaphycus, Betaphycus, Meristotheca, Meristiella, Solieria, Sarconema, and Wurdemannia were recorded. These species were described in detail based on Chinese specimens and accompanied line drawings clearly illustrating inner tissue and reproductive structures. The species’ habitat and distribution were also documented.Keywords
Betaphycus
China
Eucheuma
Gigartinales
Kappaphycus
This chapter covers two families, Champiaceae and Lomentariaceae belonging to order Rhodymeniales. Ten species subordinating to genera Champia, Gastroclonium, Coelothrix, Ceratodictyon, Binghamia, Fushitsunagia, and Lomentaria were recorded. These species were described in detail based on Chinese specimens and accompanied line drawings clearly illustrating inner tissue and reproductive structures. The species’ habitat and distribution were also documented.KeywordsChinaChampiaceaeLomentariaceaeRhodymeniales
This chapter covers one order Gracilariales and one family Gracilariaceae. Thirty-three species and five varieties subordinating to genera Gracilariocolax, Gracilaria, and Gracilariopsis were recorded. These species were described in detail based on Chinese specimens and accompanied line drawings clearly illustrating inner tissue and reproductive structures. The species’ habitat and distribution were also documented.KeywordsChina
Gracilaria
Gracilariales
Gracilariocolax
Gracilariopsis
Continuing molecular studies of the red algal genus Dasya collected off the coast of Bermuda have revealed two new species in the developing D. cryptica species complex – one from each the euphotic and mesophotic zones, D. orae sp. nov. and D. bathypelagica sp. nov., respectively. Furthermore, what was known as D. baillouviana in Bermuda is shown to represent D. hibernae sp. nov., a sibling of D. pedicellata from New England and New York, USA. Despite morphological similarities to the recently described shallow subtidal species from the islands, D. cryptica, molecular sequencing and morphological comparisons demonstrated that a new set of inshore specimens represented D. orae. The larger, new deep‐water species, D. bathypelagica, was genetically compared with recent Bermuda collections of D. baillouviana and others worldwide morphologically falling under this epithet and represented a new species also grouping in the D. cryptica complex. The specimens of D. hibernae from Bermuda were shown to be genetically distinct from specimens of D. pedicellata from southern New England and New York. Molecular analyses necessitated the resurrection of D. pedicellata and uncovered undescribed species in the D. baillouviana complex in the western Atlantic. Based upon genetic evidence provided here, the generitype of Rhodoptilum nested among species in the D. baillouviana complex including the generitype. This finding required the synonymy of the genus Rhodoptilum with Dasya and allowed for the reinstatement of D. plumosa. Furthermore, Dasya collinsiana resolved in the lineage including a closely related species to the generitype of Dasysiphonia, necessitating the transfer of this Bermudian species and others worldwide from the genus Dasya to Dasysiphonia.
Subphylum Eurhodophytina is classified into two classes: Bangiophyceae and Florideophyceae. Class Bangiophyceae has a single order Bangiales, which is divided into two families: Bangiaceae with the type genus, Bangia, and a single species Bangia atropurpurea as the only occurring in freshwaters; and Granufilaceae with the monospecific type genus, Granufilum rivularis exclusively of freshwaters. Class Florideophyceae has several subclasses and those treated in this chapter are: Corallinophycidae, Hildenbrandiophycidae, and Rhodymeniophycidae. Corallinophycidae has only one species in freshwaters (Pneophyllum cetinaensis). Hildenbrandiophycidae has marine and freshwater members, and three species have been recognized in freshwater (Hildenbrandia angolensis, H. jigongshanensis, and H. rivularis). Rhodymeniophycidae has freshwater representatives in two orders: Ceramiales with three genera: Bostrychia (seven species), Caloglossa (six species), and Polysiphonia (one species); Gigartinales with the single genus Sterrocladia (two species).
In the last decade, molecular tools have revealed a significant number of previously unrecognized taxa in Bermuda's marine flora, especially among the Rhodophyta. A number of species have been persistently misidentified based on morphological similarities to species described from other localities. Some have been assigned to existing taxa not previously reported for the islands, and many have been determined to be novel species. Of late, researchers have substantially modified the Laurencia complex in several regions around the globe. Herein, we confirm the presence in Bermuda of five of the eight genera recognized in this complex Laurencia J.V.Lamouroux, Chondrophycus (J.Tokida & Y.Saito) Garbary & J.T.Harper, Palisada (Yamada) K.W.Nam, Yuzurua (K.W.Nam) Martin-Lescanne and Laurenciella Cassano, Gil-Rodrguez, Senties, Daz-Larrea, M.C.Oliveira & M.T.Fujii, and discuss the species historically and presently known in the islands. Both rbcL chloroplast sequences and COI-5P mitochondrial sequences support the recognition of at least two species for what has historically been labeled L. obtusa in Bermuda, these assigned to L. dendroidea J.Agardh and L. catarinensis Cordeiro-Marino & M.T.Fujii in molecular analyses. We present two new species, Chondrophycus planiparvus Popolizio, C.W.Schneider & C.E.Lane, sp. nov. and Laurenciella namii Popolizio, C.W.Schneider & C.E.Lane, sp. nov., the latter genetically distinct from L. marilzae (Gil-Rodriguez, Sentes, Diaz-Larrea, Cassano & M.T.Fujii) Gil-Rodriguez, Sentes, Diaz-Larrea, Cassano & M.T.Fujii, L. mayaimii Collado-Vides, Cassano & M.T.Fujii and an undescribed species from Brazil. We also used ITS (rRNA) sequences to explore species limits for Laurencia catarinensis, L. dendroidea and L. microcladia Ktzing. A full description of Laurencia microcladia, based on recent collections from Bermuda and the Caribbean Sea, is also included in this study.
The Western Ghats are among the biodiversity hot spots of India, in which certain regions have been earlier studied for red algal
diversity. Keeping this in mind, the Western Ghats and its associated areas were surveyed, which revealed the presence of many fresh
water red algae species, including Kumanoa zeylanica from Coorg District of Karnataka State. The alga identified in the present study
was earlier reported from the same state but 350 km (north) towards Belagavi, Karnataka. Morphological data of the current specimen
showed more than 95% similarity with the species K. zeylanica in cluster analysis. Morphological characters like a distinct centrally
inserted carposporophyte and contorted carpogonial branches allowed to categorize the alga under the genus Kumnaoa. Morphological
and morphometric data on the carposporophyte, carposporangium, trichogyne, spermatia, and fascicle cells are very similar to that of
the K. zeylanica reported by Balakrishnan and Chaugule in 1980.
The genus Jania J.V.Lamour. (Corallinaceae, Corallinophycidae, Rhodophyta) is represented by five species (one with two varieties) in south-eastern Australia. Descriptions and detailed morphoanatomical accounts of these taxa are provided, along with keys, information on distribution, nomenclature and habitat, and brief biogeographic comparisons within Australia. Relevant type material is illustrated in detail. A list of 79 morphoanatomical characters and character states used by previous authors (since 1928) to delimit or identify species of Jania was compiled. Of these, nine were useful for delimiting species occurring in south-eastern Australia. Most can be delimited using a single diagnostic character, but Jania pedunculata J.V.Lamour. is highly variable and is distinguished from J. crassa J.V.Lamour. by using several overlapping characters. Twelve additional names have been recorded for south-eastern Australia. The types of seven of these were examined during the present study or in recent publications. Types of five entities could not be examined, because type material had not been designated or was not available for examination or the name was not validly published. Information on misidentified specimens, heterotypic synonyms, rejected names and unverified records for the region is also provided.
Material of Jania J.V.Lamour. with a different morphology from the typical one attributed to J. longifurca Zanardini and J. rubens (L.) J.V.Lamour.—the only species in this habitat in Galicia—has been detected in the maerl beds of Galicia. This morphology consists on: thin intergenicula, an irregular pattern of dichotomies and secondary attachment discs that facilitate the refixation to the substrate, all of them similar to those of other southern species of Jania. Nevertheless, the integrative taxonomic study of this material and other collections from rocky habitat confirmed its identification as J. longifurca. Thereby, the atypical morphology with thin intergenicula and secondary attachment disc is dominant in samples of J. longifurca from maerl beds, while the samples from rocky environments showed the typical robust intergenicula. Moreover, molecular analysis resolved some phylogenetic affinities with samples from New Zealand, where this species is not recorded. It is concluded therefore the morphological variation related to the environment and it is evident the need of molecular studies to clarify this genus taxonomy, which is based fundamentally on morphological characters.
Using mitochondrial COI-5P as a barcode marker, the red algal species previously identified as Digenea simplex in Bermuda is shown to be distinct from this species found in the Adriatic (type locality) and Mediterranean Seas, as well as other tropical locations worldwide. This finding led to a comparative study of the morphology of Bermuda specimens and D. simplex from the type locality, as well as other congeners. Our data show the Bermuda specimens to be morphologically, as well as genetically, distinct from D. simplex necessitating the description of D. arenahauriens sp. nov. for plants found in the islands and a single collection from the Caribbean Sea. It represents the first species partitioned from the “pantropical” D. simplex and we present genetic evidence of additional undescribed isolates in the species complex requiring further study.
Genera in the Rhodymeniaceae Harvey that have a hollow thallus lacking diaphragms have been placed in Chrysymenia J. Agardh 1842 (including Gloiosaccion Harvey 1859), Botryocladia (J. Agardh) Kylin 1931, Irvinea Guiry in Saunders et al. 1999, and Cresia C. Lozada-Troche, D.L. Ballantine & H. Ruíz 2010. Chrysymenia has traditionally been defined by a lack of internal rhizoids and with the only solid portion of the thallus limited to the stipe. Botryocladia has been differentiated from Chrysymenia by the presence of larger, solid axes. Our results suggest that on the basis of vegetative characters alone, the true Chrysymenia clade contains specimens that exclusively produce gland cells directly on unmodified medullary cells, whereas Botryocladia and Cresia may or may not cut off gland cells from modified gland-supporting medullary cells. On the basis of comparative rbcL and SSU sequence analyses and morphological data, the hollow, gelatinous species Chrysymenia enteromorpha Harvey from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, and Chrysymenia wrightii Harvey described from the northwest Pacific Ocean are newly transferred to the genus Botryocladia as Botryocladia enteromorpha (Harvey) comb. nov. and B. wrightii (Harvey) comb. nov., respectively.
Margaret Gatty was a skilled seaweed collector. Her large worldwide collection currently housed at St.Andrews University Herbarium and another significant collection (of both seaweeds and marine invertebrates) held at Museums Sheffield are evaluated for the first time. These collections have remained largely un-curated, but assessment and data capture of their holdings is currently under way. Mrs Gatty acquired great skill and expertise as a collector and student of seashore flora and fauna, so much so that a number of taxa were named after her. Her daughter, Horatia, followed her mother but specialised in marine invertebrates, amassing a large collection, the bulk of which is divided between Sheffield and the Natural History Museum, London. An appendix of taxa associated with Mrs Gatty is included.
Rapid assessment surveys (RASs) of fouling and introduced seaweeds were conducted during late July, 2010 and early August, 2013 at multiple marina/harbor sites ranging from southern Maine to Rhode Island. Twenty sites were evaluated during 2010, and 19 in 2013 including 13 of the 2010 sites resurveyed. Based upon a composite of 19 study sites, 99 benthic algal taxa were recorded, including 24 Chlorophyceae, 23 Phaeophyceae, 45 Rhodophyceae, four macroscopic colonial diatoms (Bacillariophyceae), one Xanthophyceae, and two Cyanophyceae or Cyanobacteria. Twenty-seven species (27.3%) were limited to a single site, whereas only three taxa occurred at > 70% of the sites, including Ulva lactuca, Ceramium virgatum, and "Neosiphonia japonica." Twelve introduced seaweeds were recorded, including one green, two brown, and nine red algae; their probable origins were the Australasia area, Europe, and the northwest and northeast Pacific. "Neosiphonia japonica," which has recently been delineated within the NW Atlantic, was the most widely distributed adventive taxon, occurring at 100% of the combined nineteen sites, whereas Colpomenia peregrina and Melanosiphon intestinalis were only found at single sites (5.3%). A comparison of the species composition and distributional patterns of introduced seaweed taxa is made between the combined RASs of 2010 and 2013, and the findings of a similar RAS in southern England during 2005. The numbers of total taxa/site recorded at the 19 composite sites varied from 12-31 (mean = 22.0 ± 5.49 SD), with sites north of Cape Cod having slightly higher diversity patterns (i.e., 23.3 ± 5.2 SD) than those to the south (20.8 ± 5.6 SD). An assessment of Cheney's floristic ratios confirmed a wide range of cold-to warm-temperate taxa, as well as reduced numbers of brown algae at some sites, and an overall dominance of red algae. Several opportunistic and fast-growing native species (e.g., Ulva spp.) were also present in many of these highly disturbed habitats.
We here report a new Dasya species found in a landlocked fjord or poll in southwestern Norway; Dasya adela sp. nov. The thallus of this species is small (1-3cm), normally sparsely branched, and its axes are completely covered with cortex cells. The species is set with long (3-4mm) and flaccid monosiphonous pseudolaterals, and during autumn it showed high growth of adventitious monosiphonous branches. Only a few individuals with tetrasporangia have been recorded, and no sexual reproductive structures have been observed in field collections. In culture stichidia readily developed on the pseudolaterals, with four tetrasporangia per section. The spores showed high mortality. A few sporelings survived in culture, and developed into small and loosely organized filaments with no upright axes. After 2years in culture a few plants bearing spermatangial branches were observed, but no individuals with carpogonia. The monosiphonous branches are readily shed in culture, attach themselves by rhizoids and rapidly develop into new thalli, some of which have produced tetrasporangial stichidia. Sequences analyses of partial COI and the rbc L gene showed that the new taxon belongs within Dasyoideae. However, no close relationship was found with other European species of Dasya. The new taxon was compared to other Dasya taxa with which it shared a number of selected characters, but none of these taxa shared all characters of the new Dasya.
The morphological variations of Chondrophycus papillosus (C.Agardh) Garbary et Harper, Digenea simplex
(Wulfen) C.Agardh y Caulerpa fastigiata Montagne are studied; the presence of reproductive structure in
Hincksia mitchelliae (Harvey) P.C Silva is registred. Location of biological material of species Gelidium floridanum Taylor, Dasya spinuligera Collins & Hervey and Chondria collinsiana M Howe is recorded.
Four species have been described in the genus Pikea (Dumontiaceae, Gigartinales): Three species from North America and one species from Japan. However, the phylogeny and species delimitation in Pikea remain poorly resolved. Here we provide both rbcL and cox1 sequences for all species of Pikea, including the type of P. pinnata and a paratype of P. robusta. Our data reveal that P. californica, P. pinnata and P. yoshizakii are distinct in both data sets, but P. robusta is synonymous with the earlier-described P. pinnata. Morphological and molecular data show that Pikea from Korea is identical to P. yoshizakii and that the previous report of P. californica in Korea is a misidentification. The genus Pikea is well resolved in the main clade of the Dumontiaceae. This is the first study on the phylogeny of Pikea using rbcL and cox1 sequence data.
Gloiosaccion Harvey, with type G. brownii (Rhodymeniaceae, Rhodymeniales), is a red algal genus characterized by the presence of large, hollow and saccate vesicle-shaped thalli arising from small solid axes. Whereas Gloiosaccion has traditionally been viewed as being closely related to Botryocladia (Agardh) Kylin, a multi-marker phylogenetic analysis based on chloroplast-encoded rbcL and UPA and nuclear LSU rDNA sequences instead places Gloiosaccion brownii and G. pumila in the Chrysymenia clade that includes the generitype C. ventricosa (Lamouroux) J. Agardh. Gloiosaccion is reduced to synonymy with Chrysymenia J. Agardh, a taxonomic move first advocated by De Toni in 1900. In addition to C. brownie (Harvey) De Toni, “Gloiosaccion” brownii var. firmum Harvey and “G.” pumilum J. Agardh are recognized as the distinct species Chrysymenia coriacea comb. et stat. nov. and C. pumila (J. Agardh) Weber-van Bosse, respectively. A new species,C. pseudoventricosa sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate specimens going under the name C. ventricosa (J.V. Lamouroux) J. Agardh from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea
The name Palisada, which recently was proposed but not validly published for a new genus in the Laurencia complex,is validated by the provision of a Latin diagnosis. Relevant omenclatural changes for several species of Chondrophycus are included.
This paper provides the first critical revision of the articulated coralline algae Amphiroa and Jania along the Atlantic coast of Mexico and Mexican Caribbean, based on morphological and anatomical characters of numerous specimens both genera. We found six species of Amphiroa, including one new record for this region: Amphiroa valonioides. In the other hand, Amphiroa fragilissima and A. rigida have the wider distribution along the Atlantic coast of Mexico. Jania to encompass six species, J. capillacea and J. cubensis are the best represented along the Atlantic coast of Mexico. Male and female reproductive structures of several species are recorded for first time in the study area. The distribution of A. valonioides and A. vanbosseae seems to be the warm temperate and tropical coast of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. Macro and microscopic characteristics and relevant photographs and descriptions are provided for each species. Data on the distribution of taxa along the Atlantic and Caribbean coast of Mexico are included.
The occurrence of Stenogramma interruptum in northeast Asian waters is a matter of debate. We analyzed rbcL from Korean specimens filed under the species name S. interruptum in combination with morphological observations. A partial rbcL sequence revealed that the Korean specimens were clearly distinct from other species of Stenogramma as well as S. interruptum from Europe. The morphology and anatomy of the Korean specimens were consistent with the rbcL data. Based on these results, we herein describe the new species Stenogramma guleopensis from Korea. Stenogramma guleopensis is distinguished mostly by its small size (up to 8 cm), slender thallus with narrow and parallel-sided segments, terminal branches basally constricted, two layers of cortical cells, two to three layers of medullary cells, and a gradient of two layers of smaller cells between the cortex and medulla. - Further - collections and careful examinations in the field will probably reveal extension of the distribution of S. guleopensis to the waters surrounding Korea.
We have undertaken a comprehensive, molecular-assisted alpha-taxonomic (MAAT) examination of the rhodophyte family Liagoraceae sensu lato, a group that has not previously been targeted for molecular studies in the western Atlantic. Sequence data from three molecular markers indicate that in Bermuda alone there are 10 species in nine different genera. These include the addition of three genera to the flora — Hommersandiophycus, Trichogloeopsis and Yamadaella. Liagora pectinata, a species with a type locality in Bermuda, is phylogenetically allied with Indo-Pacific species of Hommersandiophycus, and the species historically reported as L. ceranoides for the islands is morphologically and genetically distinct from that taxon, and is herein described as L. nesophila sp. nov. Molecular sequence data has also uncovered the Indo-Pacific L. mannarensis in Bermuda, a long-distance new western Atlantic record. DNA sequences of Trichogloeopsis pedicellata from the type locality (Bahamas) match with local specimens demonstrating its presence in Bermuda. We describe Yamadaella grassyi sp. nov. from Bermuda, a species phylogenetically and morphologically distinct from the generitype, Y. caenomyce of the Indo-Pacific. Our data also indicate a single species each of Ganonema, Gloiocallis, Helminthocladia, Titanophycus and Trichogloea in the flora.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
This is the first description of macroalgae documented from a stromatolite reef complex. Because of the sediment stress conditions that promote the development of stromatolites in this open marine environment, macroalgae are generally limited in species diversity and are sparse except for the crustose coralline alga Neogoniolithon strictum, which forms the elevated reef crest behind which the sediments and stromatolites accumulate. At the 10 sites sampled, a total of 22 species were encountered, 10 Rhodophyta, 9 Chlorophyta, 2 Phaeophyta and 1 Cyanobacteria.
Since the initial western Atlantic collections in the Florida Keys and Bermuda during the mid-1800s, Helminthocladia calvadosii sensu auct. (type locality: Calvados, France) has also been identified from the Caribbean Sea and as far south as northern Brazil. Prior to this study, collections from the eastern and western Atlantic had not been compared using molecular-assisted alpha taxonomy. Recent winter-spring collections of H. calvadosii from Bermuda display an overall habit that is distinct from eastern Atlantic plants of the same species, appearing more similar to H. reyesii (type locality: Canary Islands). Utilizing markers for the mitochondrial COI-5P, we have elucidated the relationships between Bermudian isolates and H. calvadosii from near the type locality, verifying their generic placement within the Liagoraceae and demonstrating their distinctiveness. Using vegetative and reproductive characteristics, we conclude that specimens historically identified as H. calvadosii from Bermuda represent a novel species, and propose Helminthocladia kempii Popolizio, C. W. Schneid. et Chengsupanimit sp. nov. for them.
This paper provides the first critical revision of the articulated coralline algae Amphiroa and Jania along the Atlantic coast of Mexico and Mexican Caribbean, based on morphological and anatomical characters of numerous specimens both genera. We found six species of Amphiroa, including one new record for this region: Amphiroa valonioides. In the other hand, Amphiroa fragilissima and A. rigida have the wider distribution along the Atlantic coast of Mexico. Jania to
encompass six species, J. capillacea and J. cubensis are the best represented along the Atlantic coast of Mexico. Male
and female reproductive structures of several species are recorded for first time in the study area. The distribution of A. valonioides and A. vanbosseae seems to be the warm temperate and tropical coast of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. Macro and microscopic characteristics and relevant photographs and descriptions are provided for each species. Data on the distribution of taxa along the Atlantic and Caribbean coast of Mexico are included.
An updated checklist of the benthic marine algae (seaweeds) of Barbados, Lesser Antilles, is presented, with a total of 308 taxa, consisting of 168 taxa of red algae (Rhodophyta), 49 taxa of brown algae (Ochrophyta), and 91 taxa of green algae (Chlorophyta). Current nomenclature is provided. Obsolete names and taxonomic synonyms are indicated in brackets. The classification is based on contemporary systems increasingly derived from the results of molecular phylogenies. The following eight taxa are newly reported for Barbados: Polysiphonia foetidissima, Hypnea valentiae, Gracilaria cylindrica, Gracilaria intermedia, Sargassum buxifolium, Cladophora laetevirens, Avrainvillea mazei, and Avrainvillea nigricans f. spongiosa.
Only two species of Polysiphonia sensu lato (predominately species of Polysiphonia and Neosiphonia) have been reported from Caribbean Panama. In contrast, 16 species are documented from the neighboring countries of Costa Rica and Colombia. Molecular-assisted identification using plastid-encoded ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit gene (rbcL) and mitochondria-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) loci identified 14 species from 38 samples collected along the Caribbean coast of Panama. Morphological character states were examined and used to identify each sample, and phylogenetic relationships among these species were estimated through maximum likelihood analyses of rbcL and nuclear-encoded SSU sequence data. Neosiphonia ferulaceae, N. tongatensis, Polysiphonia binneyi, P. havanensis, P. macrocarpa, P. pseudovillum, P. schneideri, P. subtilissima, and two species that could only be identified as P. cf. sertularioides are reported for the first time from Panama. Polysiphonia pentamera, a species only known from the eastern Pacific is reported for the first time in the Caribbean, and two new species, P. lobophoralis and P. nuda are described. A key to Caribbean Panama species, descriptions of species morphology and remarks on taxonomy and relationships are provided. These findings demonstrate that previous limited reports of Polysiphonia sensu lato species from Panama resulted from a lack of study, rather than a lack of diversity, within the region.
A new name, Gracilaria tikvahiae, is given to the taxon previously known as Gracilaria sp. and G. foliifera var. angustissima which is distinct from G. faliifera var. faliifera. In the past specimens sometimes have been referred to as G. verrucasa, but there is no evidence for the occurrence of this taxon in the flora of the northwestern Atlantic. Thus, G. tikvahiae is the only species of Gracilaria recognizable in this area.
Introduction of species is a common problem in marine environments; marine macroalgae in particular have been reported to be introduced in all oceans, mainly through transport in ballast water, ship fouling and aquarium trade. The majority of the reported alien seaweeds belong to the Rhodophyta. Recently several species of the Laurencia complex have been reported, contributing to an increase of the number of red algae being successfully introduced. Since its description as a new species from Vietnam in 1997, Laurencia caduciramulosa has been spreading steadily with disjunct reports consistently finding specimens close to harbors or major ports. Biscayne Bay, Florida, home to one of the largest ports in USA, and surrounded by the Miami metropolis, is prone to receiving introduced species. This study reports the first introduction of L. caduciramulosa in Biscayne Bay, and its spread to the NW Atlantic. Morphological analysis demonstrated that the specimens collected in Crandon Park, Biscayne Bay, are similar to other specimens of the same species described for Vietnam (original description), Brazil, the Canary Islands and Cuba. Furthermore, molecular analysis using chloroplast-encoded rbcL DNA sequences corroborated the morphological identification. The phylogenetic results suggested that populations in Brazil, Canary Islands and Cuba are recent introductions, while the position of the Florida clade can be interpreted as a distinct and earlier introduction. Due to the level of expertise and knowledge of the Laurencia complex available, we suggest that in the future this group can be used as a model to conduct population genetics analysis of all described introductions in relation to native populations in order to describe patterns of expansion and provide an insight of marine invasions processes.
Hypnea platyclada sp. nov.is described in detail from plants collected in northeastern Brazil and compared with closely related species such as Hypnea volubilis. The new species is characterized by a cylindrical estolon and stipe, flattened upper portions, flattened fusiform branches, evident axial filament with aspect of midrib, tetrasporangia and spermatangia forming sori on one side of the branchlets, cortical cells of unequal size and lenticular thickening restricted to the extremities of the cells of the axial filament.
Taylor's (1960) floristic treatment of the benthic marine algae of the tropical and subtropical western Atlantic and Wynne's (2011) "checklist: third revision" serve as benchmarks in a review of changes made in the past half-century period. There has been a great increase in the number of recognized taxa of red, brown and green algae at all taxonomic ranks: from 758 to 1,393 species, an increase of 84%; from 231 to 406 genera, an increase of 75%; and from 63 to 106 families, an increase of 68%. In regard to recognized infraspecific taxa, the increase was less dramatic, from 140 to 185, thus a 32% change in the 50-year period. This review addresses the question: What factors were responsible for this proliferation of taxa that are now recognized in this domain of the tropical and subtropical western Atlantic? The answer is that many reasons contributed to these changes. Foremost among these causes have been the advances in gene-sequencing technologies. Revised phylogenetic relationships have led to many genera being divided into more than one genus, as well as new families and orders being delineated. Numerous examples of cryptic species have been discovered by gene-sequence and DNA-bar coding studies. This trend is depicted by case studies. Examples of genera being divided are Galaxaura, Liagora and Laurencia. Tricleocarpa and Dichotomaria have been segregated from Galaxaura. Trichogloeopsis, Ganonema, Izziella, Yamadaella, and Titanophycus have been segregated from Liagora. Chondrophycus, Osmundea, Palisada, and Yuzurura have been segregated from Laurencia. Examples are given of other genera present in this region of the western Atlantic that have been split up. Many genera have increased in terms of the number of species now assigned to them. Taylor's (1960) treatment recognized only two species in Hypoglossum, whereas Wynne's (2011) checklist contained a total of 9 species of Hypoglossum. Taylor's account included only two species of Botryocladia, but this number had grown to 15 in Wynne's checklist. Examples of new genera and species occurring in the region of the western Atlantic are given, and examples of taxa being newly reported for this domain are provided. An increase in the number of phycologists in Latin and South America, exploration of previously unexplored regions, and the increasing use of SCUBA for collecting and at greater depths have all contributed to the increase in the number of algal taxa that are now recognized as occurring in the tropical and subtropical western Atlantic.
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