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Patterns and functions of self-disclosure during childhood and adolescence

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... During adolescence, self-disclosure significantly increases [6]. Mitchell pointed out that selfdisclosure works as a catharsis for adolescents' positive and negative emotions [7]. ...
... Mitchell pointed out that selfdisclosure works as a catharsis for adolescents' positive and negative emotions [7]. As Bubrmester and Prager said, adolescents rely more heavily on self-disclosure to cope with their stress than young children [6]. Because girls experience more stress in puberty, they disclose to others more than boys [6]. ...
... As Bubrmester and Prager said, adolescents rely more heavily on self-disclosure to cope with their stress than young children [6]. Because girls experience more stress in puberty, they disclose to others more than boys [6]. The nature of puberty-related concerns also leads to girls' tendency to disclose to their same-sex friends [8]. ...
Article
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The Self-disclosure for adolescents is important for their interpersonal relationships as well as future social development. Adolescents tend to increase their self-disclosure when they communicate with their peers. Associative cards serve as a tool that closes the distance between people and builds an emotional connection with others during communication. Previous research has showed that associative cards could facilitate the self-disclosure of patients with psychological problems. This study aims to test the effectiveness of associative cards on adolescents self-disclosure in school settings. This study adopted a quasi-experimental design with non-randomized samples, 14 volunteer students were invited to join in the associative cards activity. The Self-Disclosure Inventory was used to measure participants self-disclosure. Participants finished the same inventory before and after the activity. The results showed that score differences between the pretest and posttest indicated a significant difference, which suggested that using associative cards can promote adolescents self-disclosure in the school environment. The conclusion provided a novel way to facilitate peer relationships in school. Educators can use associative cards more in the future to promote adolescents self-disclosure to peers. The associative cards activity in this research can be improved and extended to study whether the promotion of adolescents self-disclosure can last long term.
... For this development, two communication skills are necessary: self-disclosure and self-presentation [29]. Self-disclosure can be understood as disclosing intimate aspects of the self with the goal of receiving information, feedback, and interaction [30]. Self-presentation entails selectively presenting the self to others [31]. ...
... Self-presentation entails selectively presenting the self to others [31]. By disclosing aspects of themselves, and presenting themselves in certain ways, adolescents practice with ideas of who they are, and retrieve social input to help deal with their thoughts [30,31]. ...
... This can eventually diminish the need to hold strictly onto that label, which can generate a freeing feeling. The influence of input through information, representation, and connections is supported by theories on developing self-concept clarity and positive self-esteem [16,30,31]. ...
Chapter
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Sexual and Gender Minority Youth (SGMY) often undergo a period of identity concealment before first coming out, in which access to social and emotional support is limited. Simultaneously, SGMY are at risk for rejection and victimization because of this identity, requiring resilience. This study, therefore, focused on how social media can offer SGMY opportunities for the development of a resilient SGM-identity during this period of identity concealment. In-depth interviews were held with 12 Dutch SGMY, who had not yet come out, or had done this recently. Interviews were individually open coded, and then analyzed collectively, to identify commonalities and differences. Five themes emerged, capturing the online experiences contributing to a resilient SGM-identity: (1) realization of SGM-identity, (2) gathering information, (3) finding SGM-representation, (4) finding SGM-connections, and (5) social media as an SGM-positive bubble. The results showed that social media can serve as a bridge during the period of identity concealment, in which SGMY can rely on a supportive community online and develop a positive SGM-identity before coming out offline. These online experiences, which often transcend the borders of countries and jurisdictions, can further help SGMY cope with the risk of adversity offline, and with that promote a resilient SGM-identity.
... Telling someone at home (34.0%) and a friend (32.3%) about the victimization were the most frequently endorsed targets of disclosure with telling a teacher (20.6%), some other adult (12.7%), or a sibling (12.0%) less likely disclosure targets. Complementing the recent evidence from Blomqvist et al. (2020), Buhrmester and Prager (1995) maintain it is important to consider the target of disclosures and their perceived helpfulness for three reasons. First, the level of social support and provisions that can be offered may vary according to target and, as such, this may influence judgements about who may best provide support. ...
... Drawing from research on disclosing experiences of face-to-face bullying, Blomqvist et al. (2020) argue that older adolescents may be less likely to disclose victimization compared to younger adolescents because of their need for increased autonomy. Further, differences in developmental trajectories of self-disclosure exist (Buhrmester & Prager, 1995), providing additional justification to explore the role of age and gender in adolescents' disclosure of cybervictimization: It was predicted that: H1: Girls and younger adolescents will be more likely to disclosure cybervictimization Perceptions of helpfulness following a disclosure of cybervictimization may vary according to the target of disclosure because during adolescence friends and peers become more important sources of support (Nickerson & Nagle, 2005) but peers are not always regarded as effective sources of support to manage cyberbullying (Holfeld & Grabe, 2012). Therefore, exploratory analysis was undertaken to explore the relationships between gender, age, and perceptions of helpfulness following disclosure of cybervictimization according to target, without direct predictions made: ...
... However, in the current study we asked participants whether they would disclose cybervictimization without specifying the target of the disclosure whereas Juvonen and Gross asked about disclosure to adults. Therefore, the current study's findings could reflect adolescents' propensity to disclose to their peers (Buhrmester & Prager, 1995). However, disclosure is not equivalent to seeking help, as some adolescents may disclose experiences but may not seek help. ...
Article
Disclosing experiences of cybervictimization is an important first step in many anti-bullying interventions. Gender, age, cybervictimization experiences, cyberbullying behaviors, and time spent online were examined as factors that describe: (a) disclosing cybervictimization and (b) perceptions of helpfulness following disclosure. The sample comprised 750 (384 boys and 365 girls, Mage = 12.57 years, SDage = 1.25 years) 11- to 15-year-olds recruited from two schools. Participants completed self-report measures of cybervictimization experiences, cyberbullying behaviors, intent to disclose cybervictimization, who they thought would be helpful following disclosing cybervictimization, and technology use. Over 88% of the sample reported that they would disclose cybervictimization. Girls and those experiencing low levels of cybervictimization reported they would disclose cybervictimization. Those who were older, and girls reported that they thought friends would be helpful following a disclosure of cybervictimization, whereas those who were younger reported that parents and the police would be helpful. A Gaussian graphical model was used to further explore perceptions of helpfulness following disclosure of cybervictimization and highlighted a complex pattern between targets. The findings add to the growing evidence of the complexity around adolescents’ propensity to disclose experiences of cybervictimization which has implications for anti-bullying interventions.
... Esta participação das tecnologias nas práticas cotidianas, em diferentes momentos da história, dispara importantes transformações nos relacionamentos interpessoais e na constituição das identidades (Castells, 1999;Crary, 2012;Elias, Jungmann, & Ribeiro, 1994;Giddens, 2002;Novais & Sevcenko, 1998;Sennet, 1999). Se novos regimes de visibilidade se instauram e se cristalizam com a massificação das tecnologias de comunicação (Cardon, 2012;Crary, 2012;Gergen, 2000;Meyrowitz, 1985;Thompson, 2011;Sennett, 1999), nos interessa retomar questões conceituais sobre a exposição de si (Altman, 1975;Altman & Taylor, 1973;Altman, Vinsel, & Brown, 1981;Buhrmester & Prager, 1995;Derlega, & Grzelak, 1979;Jourard, 1966Jourard, , 1971a para indagarmos sobre as implicações dos contextos digitais nas formas como os adolescentes compartilham informações privadas e como definem os limites de acesso ao self nos relacionamentos interpessoais mediados por essas tecnologias. ...
... No complexo processo de desenvolvimento da identidade na adolescência (Kroger, 2006), entendemos que as experimentações nos ambientes digitais integram-se ao conjunto de vivências significativas para esse desenvolvimento (Buckingham, 2008;Moshman, 2005;Steijn, 2014;Subrahmanyam & Šmahel, 2011;Waterman, 1985), defendendo que a exposição de si ganha ainda mais importância no desenvolvimento individual e nas relações interpessoais (Altman & Taylor, 1973;Buhrmester & Prager 1995;Rotenberg, 1995;West & Zingle, 1969) ao se dar cada vez mais em novos contextos mediados pelas tecnologias. Neste sentido, entendemos a Internet como um exemplo atual de tecnologia de comunicação que, como outras mídias, muda a forma como os sujeitos se relacionam com os outros e consigo mesmo (Thompson, 2011;Meyrowitz, 1985), amplificando a saturação social (Gergen, 2000) ao permitir que diferentes temporalidades, discursos e referências coexistam e povoem as identidades simultaneamente, questões que desenvolveremos nesta tese ao tratar das exposições de si e das reconfigurações dos limites da privacidade nos contextos digitais. ...
... Estamos considerando a exposição de si ao mesmo tempo como produto e processo das interações, participando no desenvolvimento de relações interpessoais (Altman, & Taylor, 1973;Buhrmester & Prager, 1995), na delimitação dos limites do self e da privacidade (Altman & Taylor, 1973;Derlega et al, 1993;Jourard, 1966Jourard, , 1971aPetronio, 2002), como sendo ou não apropriadas para cada contexto no qual ocorrem. destacando que a privacidade tem relação direta com o senso de individualidade (Cozby, 1973;Derlega, Winstead, & Greene, 2008;Greene, et al., 2006) e com o desenvolvimento da autonomia (Altman, 1975;Westin, 1967). ...
Thesis
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O uso da Internet por adolescentes cresce gradativamente no Brasil. Neste cenário de uso de múltiplas mídias, as relações afetivas, de trabalho, os estudos e o lazer passam a ter dispositivos tecnológicos como mediadores em situações e contextos variados. Considerando a singularidade das plataformas digitais como dispositivos complexos e híbridos que configuram práticas sociais ao mesmo tempo em que são configurados por elas, realizamos uma análise qualitativa sobre a exposição de si (self-disclosure) de adolescentes nos contextos digitais, atentando para as estratégias utilizadas para gerenciar a privacidade enquanto regulação dos acessos ao self nas interações mediadas. Realizamos entrevistas individuais sobre as exposições nos aplicativos e redes sociais Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp e Snapchat, e observamos publicações nos perfis do Facebook e Instagram. Reconhecendo os adolescentes como protagonistas de suas experiências, destacamos as regras e limites que criam para gerenciar o fluxo das suas informações privadas nestas quatro plataformas. Verificamos que compartilhar informações privadas nos contextos digitais não significa o abandono da preocupação com a privacidade, mas sim novos limites, com regras definidas individual e coletivamente, negociadas para cada plataforma e para cada grupo de alvos das exposições. Apesar do uso diário, intenso e privativo pelos celulares, com uma grande quantidade de amigos no Facebook, seguidores no Instagram e contatos no WhatsApp e Snapchat, os relacionamentos interpessoais e as exposições ocorrem prioritariamente com as mesmas pessoas que conhecem de encontros em copresença física, uma proporção muito pequena das listas de contatos. Regular os conteúdos, as audiências e a própria copresença são formas de regular a privacidade enquanto regulação dos acessos ao self. Esta regulação mostrou-se associada às estratégias de apresentação de si, sendo o gerenciamento das impressões uma das formas mais explícitas de gerenciar o fluxo das informações em copropriedade com os pares sociais. A escolha de cada plataforma, a seleção dos conteúdos e dos alvos das exposições são ações realizadas com base em regras, expectativas e convenções sobre o que é considerado apropriado em cada situação social. Na tentativa de ampliar o controle sobre as situações, estas escolhas indicam estratégias criativas para descolapsar os contextos digitais e para lidar com a potencial sobreposição de audiências. Concluímos que ao gerenciar os limites e regras das exposições voluntárias, os adolescentes buscam regular os graus de envolvimento e de acesso ao self em cada relacionamento mediado. Por sua vez, o mesmo gerenciamento não ocorre com relação aos rastros digitais e às informações privadas expostas e registradas involuntariamente nas plataformas. Este acúmulo de tantos aspectos do self e o processamento pelos algoritmos traz à tona novos desafios para a regulação da privacidade, exigindo também o gerenciamento dos limites de acesso ao que chamamos de meta-self. https://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/bitstream/ri/20994/1/Tese_Rodrigo%20Nejm_RI.pdf
... Of the several factors, the stage of development is the most crucial factor. Because according to Buhrmester and Prager (1995), differences in biological to cognitive aspects that shape developmental tasks at each stage will influence individual relational needs, including how individuals express themselves. ...
... The developmental stage is one of the main factors of online self-disclosure. According to Buhrmester and Prager (1995), differences in biological to cognitive aspects that shape developmental tasks at each stage will influence individual relational needs, including how individuals express themselves. Adolescents with the development task of identity versus role confusion focus on developing peer relationships and exploring roles (Erikson, 1968;Santrock, 2017). ...
Article
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Tingginya penggunaan media sosial mendorong pergeseran aktivitas pengungkapan diri dari offline ke online. Padahal, perilaku pengungkapan diri online memiliki beragam risiko yang rentan dialami pengguna yang mayoritas berada di tahap perkembangan remaja dan dewasa awal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ada perbedaan tingkat pengungkapan diri online di media sosial antara pengguna remaja dengan dewasa awal. Desain penelitian survei kuantitatif digunakan dengan convenience sampling sebagai teknik pengambilan sampel. Sebanyak 532 pengguna media sosial remaja dan dewasa awal, baik dari Pulau Jawa maupun dari luar Pulau Jawa terlibat dalam penelitian ini. Hasil analisis independent t-test menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan pada pengungkapan diri online remaja dan dewasa awal. Akan tetapi, ditemukan perbedaan pengungkapan diri online ditinjau dari wilayah domisili dan durasi akses media sosial. Pengguna dari Pulau Jawa dan pengguna yang mengakses media sosial selama 6-8 jam perhari memiliki tingkat pengungkapan diri online yang lebih tinggi. Temuan ini memperkaya pemahaman mengenai perilaku pengguna media sosial di Indonesia. Masyarakat perlu berkolaborasi untuk mengelola perilaku bermedia sosial guna menghindari risiko penggunaan media sosial yang tidak terkontrol. The high use of social media encourages a shift in offline and online self-disclosure activities. Whereas online self-disclosure behavior has various risks that are prone to be experienced by users, most of whom are in the developmental stages of adolescence and early adulthood. This study aims to determine whether there is a difference in the level of online self-disclosure on social media between adolescent and early adult users. The quantitative survey research design was used with convenience sampling as the sampling technique. This research has 532 adolescent and early adult social media users, both from Java and outside Java, who were involved in this study. The results of the independent t-test analysis showed that there was no significant difference in online self-disclosure of adolescents and early adults. However, differences in online self-disclosure were found regarding the domicile area and duration of social media access. Users from Java and users accessing social media for 6-8 hours daily have higher online self-disclosure levels. These findings enrich the understanding of the behavior of social media users in Indonesia. Communities need to collaborate to manage social media behavior to avoid the risks of uncontrolled use of social media.
... Researchers have not examined, for the most part, how children and adolescents make meaning of and experience trust with their parents. Some studies, however, have focused on adolescents' willingness to depend on and/or share confidences with their parents (Buhrmester & Prager, 1995;Hestenes & Berndt, 1997a;Rice & Mulkeen, 1995;Youniss & Smollar, 1985). For example, Hestenes and Berndt (1997a) found in their primarily White, middle-class sample that boys were willing to depend on their parents from early to middle adolescence, and they were also equally likely to share their private thoughts and feelings with their mothers and fathers. ...
... The second pattern that I noted in the interviews related to sharing confidences. As expected based on theoretical and research literature on trust (Buhrmester & Prager, 1995;Hestenes, 1997;Hestenes & Berndt, 1997a, 1997bPrager, 1995;Rotenberg, 1991), a core element of trust for many of the African American and Latino boys in this study was their ability to disclose their "business," personal information, secrets, thoughts, and feelings to their parents. Their willingness to share their secrets with their parents appeared to depend upon a felt sense of security in the relationship. ...
... This was because online interactions lacked facial expressions and body gestures important to the reflection process [22]. Additionally, the reflection of emotions gave students a cathartic release of pent-up feelings [23]. This process helped students cope with conflicts by allowing them to think through the issue, see it from another perspective and calm down as they wrote the post and rethought their actions and emotions. ...
... As they disclose their opinions, students were continually prompted to reformulate their thoughts more clearly. A study by [23] verified that this process of selfclarification encouraged them to explore their beliefs, values, character, self-perceptions and new things that they have learnt about themselves. Also, the reflecting and thinking process helped the students in forming their opinions on particular issues, learn from their experiences and make personal improvements in various areas of their lives. ...
Conference Paper
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This case study investigates the areas of self-reflection through the written content of four university students' blogs. The study was undertaken to explore the categories of self-reflection in relation to the use of blogs. Data collection methods included downloading students' blog entries and recording individual interviews to further support the data. Data was analyzed using computer assisted qualitative data analysis software, Nvivo, to categories and code the data. The categories of self-reflection revealed in the findings showed that university students used blogs to reflect on (1) life in varsity, (2) emotions and feelings, (3) various relationships, (4) personal growth, (5) spirituality, (6) health conditions, (7) busyness with daily chores, (8) gifts for people and themselves and (9) personal interests. Overall, all four of the students had positive experiences and felt satisfied using blogs for self-reflection.
... For both genders, attachment figures (father and mother) are the almost unique sharing targets in childhood. During adolescence, the best friend becomes an additional intimate partner, providing closeness, emotional support and self-validation (Booth-LaForce, & Kerns, 2009;Buhrmester & Prager, 1995). Mother, father and best friend could thus be potential targets with whom adolescents share a significant vocational event. ...
... Therefore, the opportunity to talk openly and freely may account for the high proportion of adolescents who shared the vocational event with their best friend, the latter being especially able to understand the worries and hopes elicited by such kind of vocational event. This finding is in line with the wellknown function of close friendship as an optimal way for self-clarifying disclosure during adolescence (Buhrmester & Prager, 1995). ...
Article
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Adolescents (N = 359) completed a self-report questionnaire assessing the emotional impact of an anticipated transition, their social-sharing modes, the motives and benefits of sharing, and their relationship intimacy with significant others. Partners and motives of vocational sharing depended on the transition’s valence. The intensity of negative emotions and perceived intimacy were positively related to frequency and depth of vocational sharing; intensity of positive emotions and intrapersonal and interpersonal benefits only with the depth of sharing. The links between the quality of relationships with significant others, emotions, social sharing, the management of vocational transitions and career development are discussed.
... The desire to be liked results from the need to be accepted by others and to belong (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). The desire to be liked, necessary to develop or maintain a positive self-perception, is essential, especially during adolescence (Buhrmester & Prager, 1995). However, although being liked is a basic need, being sensitive to being liked is seen as a result of unrealistic expectations. ...
Article
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Adolescents are at risk of social networking sites (SNS) addiction. One of the variables predicting SNS in adolescents is thought to be attachment styles. Anxious attachment is known to be related to SNS addiction. However, there are limited studies on the mediating variables of this relationship. This cross-sectional study aims to determine the variables affecting the relationship between anxious attachment style and SNS addiction. Study data were obtained online from 414 adolescents. Independent Samples t-Test, correlation analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to evaluate the study data. It was found that low self-esteem and interpersonal cognitive distortion affect the desire to be liked, and this predicts SNS addiction. The findings from this study are essential for understanding the complex relationship between attachment and SNS. These study findings re-emphasize the importance of a secure and stable relationship with the primary caregiver from the perspective of SNS addiction.
... Previous research indicates that, for adults, self-disclosure is affected by factors such as personality and self-disclosure category [32]. Self-disclosure is an important element for a child's social development [5], and robots can assist children in this development. This paper investigates the role of robot persona (i.e., human-like or robot-like), self-disclosure category, and child personality on child's self-disclosure during an interaction with a robot. ...
... An important point here is that, the feedback youth get from peers to their posts has a significant impact on their self-esteem, which is directly related to their overall well-being (Valkenburg, Peter, & Schouten, 2006, p. 589;Pempek et al., 2009, p. 229). On the other hand, Pempek et al. (2009, p. 228) interprets 'The Model of Self-Disclosure' by Buhrmester and Prager (1995) in terms of social media usage. By mentioning exemplary studies (Stern, 2004, p. 238;Valkenburg, Schouten, Peter, 2005), they claim that via disclosure on social media platforms, young people both develop their identity through feedbacks they get from their peers, and they also develop their relationships with others. ...
Article
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Enjoying one’s leisure time is one of the significant factors that provides happiness to people. Apart from the obligatory times that we need to work to gain a better life, we try to enjoy and relax in our leisure times. As many studies demonstrate, the primary activity that young people do to enjoy their leisure times today is to navigate in social media platforms. However, young people are mostly mentioned with addictive social media usage which damages their psychology and well-being. This study, on the other hand, aims to measure whether there is a direct relationship with the social media usage of college youth and their happiness levels. For this reason, we took the theory of happiness at the center, specifically focusing on what makes today’s youth happy, and their social media use as a leisure activity which may have impact on their happiness levels. As a result of applying surveys that include Social Media Use Integration Scale and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire on 387 college-aged students in total from Turkey and Pakistan, we found that there is no direct relationship between social media use and happiness levels of youth. Possible explanations of these findings will be discussed throughout the article.
... Self-disclosure theory developed by Buhrmester and Prager (1995) suggested that social feedbacks are critical in social relationships since they have a signi¯cant impact on individuals' willingness to disclose personal information. Consistent with this theory, the¯ndings suggested that social interactions in the form of shares, comments, likes and follows have signi¯cant and positive in°uence on the attitude towards sel¯e-posting behaviour. ...
Article
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This study investigated the in°uence of social interactions and subjective norms on indivi-duals' social media postings. The study developed a theoretical model by extending the Theory of Reasoned Action with social interactions. A CB-SEM analysis was conducted to test the hypothesised relationships based on the data collected from 312 social media users. Results indicated that social interactions (i.e. likes, shares, comments and follows) were signi¯cantly related to the attitude towards the sel¯e-posting behaviour. Further, the attitude and subjective norms were signi¯cantly related to beha-vioural intentions, which together accounted for a signi¯cant amount of variance in the actual behaviour. The¯ndings contributed to literature by introducing the signi¯cant role of \social interactions" in predicting the attitude towards the sel¯e-posting behaviour.
... Self-disclosure competence is a person's assessment of their ability to voluntarily communicate personal or private information. It is thought to be key for help seeking because self-disclosures may be used to initiate help-seeking interactions and to maintain positive relationships with individuals who are viewed as potential helpers (Buhrmester & Prager, 1995;Newman, 2008;Wills & DePaulo, 1991). Although various aspects of adolescents' self-disclosures to parents and peers have received attention (see Vijayakumar & Pfeifer, 2020), only a small number of studies have examined their self-disclosures in the context of help-seeking activities. ...
Article
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Adolescents’ relationships with friends and with parents provide them with access to potential sources of assistance when they are experiencing problems. However, we lack more nuanced information about the types of peers and parents they intend to approach and about the contributions their individual characteristics make to their plans. This study examined adolescents’ intentions to seek help for a personal/emotional problem from five types of peers and parents (female friend, male friend, romantic partner, mother, father) and evaluated the unique, common, and total contributions of youth’s individual characteristics (gender, adaptable temperament, negative affect, self-disclosure competence, and conformity to the emotional control, self-reliance, and nice in relationships gender norms) to their intentions. Participants were 358 Canadian adolescents (51% boys; Grades 9–12) who completed a survey at school. On average, adolescents reported moderate intentions to seek assistance from each type of peer and parent. Hierarchical regression and commonality analyses showed that adolescents’ gender, self-disclosure competence, and emotional control beliefs made the largest total contributions to help-seeking intentions for both types of friends; self-disclosure competence and emotional control and self-reliance beliefs were most salient for help-seeking intentions for a romantic partner; and self-reliance beliefs and negative affect were most salient for help-seeking intentions for each parent, with emotional control beliefs also contributing to help-seeking intentions for mother. These results highlight the need to include more precise terms for peers and parents in help-seeking models and in assessments of adolescents’ help-seeking intentions, and the benefit of examining the unique, common, and total contributions of adolescents’ individual characteristics to clarify their relevance to youth’s plans to seek help.
... Withholding secrets is not uncommon, and young people are not expected to share everything in their lives with other adults (Fuller et al., 2001;Liberman, 2020;Rotenberg, 1995;Watson & Valtin, 1997). Nonetheless, self-disclosure is common practice in family life and peer relationships, with both parents and friends expecting that important life experiences will be discussed (Buhrmester & Prager, 1995). When young people do not disclose personal experiences, this can constitute a breach in normal expectations, in and of itself leading a parent or caregiver to become concerned. ...
Research
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There is growing public and expert concern that young people’s digital activities on the internet may worsen their mental health, although the research literature remains contested. This report investigates whether gaining digital skills makes a difference to improving young people’s wellbeing outcomes. As well as drawing on the burgeoning literature on youth digital skills, we were also able to learn from the perspectives of those with lived experience of diverse mental health difficulties. To discover whether young people develop distinctive skills because of the particular risks and opportunities they encounter online, we conducted in-depth interviews with 62 young people aged 12 to 22 in Norway and the UK with experience of mental health difficulties of varying severity, most of whom had received treatment in the recent past. The report asks three research questions: 1. What is the relevance of different dimensions of digital skills in the lives of young people experiencing mental health difficulties? 2. How do young people experience the role of digital skills in aiding or worsening their mental health difficulties, including their capacity to cope? 3. What recommendations can be drawn from young people’s experiences that may inform mental health professionals, schools, companies, regulators and the public to support young people’s digital lives? Although it had been expected that the differing cultures of childhood between Norway and the UK might have resulted in different digital skills and outcomes for young people growing up in these countries, their lives bear striking similarities.
... Indeed, intimate disclosure has been related to better relationship quality with siblings, parents, and peers (Jiang et al., 2017;Rocca & Martin, 1998;Valkenburg & Peter, 2007). Intimate disclosures act to elicit social support, which helps alleviate adolescents' worries and anxieties about their physical changes and new emotional experiences (Buhrmester & Prager, 1995;Valkenburg et al., 2011). Furthermore, mutuality and reciprocity in intimate disclosures help adolescents validate the appropriateness of their feelings, thoughts, and behaviors, thus supporting the development of a coherent identity (Davis, 2012;Papini et al., 1990;Valkenburg & Peter, 2009). ...
Article
Self‐disclosure is a crucial part of developing close interpersonal relationships during adolescence. In particular, sharing information with a greater depth of intimacy is thought to strengthen social bonds and thus support mental health. The current study investigated the value for different depths of self‐disclosures to close others (mothers and best friends) during adolescence and its association with mental health and well‐being. Fifty‐four girls (11.0–15.9 years) completed a forced‐choice monetary paradigm to assess value for self‐disclosures and questionnaires on mental health. Participants significantly valued (i.e., forfeited monetary reward) for disclosures to both mothers and best friends, although intimate disclosures were more “costly” than superficial disclosures. Greater value for intimate self‐disclosures to mothers was also associated with better mental health and well‐being.
... Shomaker and Furman (2009) investigated how qualities and adolescents' representations of parent-adolescent relationships were related to interactions in 200 adolescent-close friend dyads. Adolescence is the phase when close relationships outside of the family are starting to establish (Berndt, 1996;Buhrmester & Prager, 1995). Close friendships include shared activities and companionship in addition to mutual self-disclosure and closeness (Youniss & Smollar, 1985). ...
Article
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Adolescence is a critical developmental period that requires parents and youth to renegotiate their relationships (Laursen et al., 2009). Despite being an individual who can take increasing responsibility, an adolescent still needs more protection and guidance (Sawyer, et al., 2018), therefore, the relationship with their parents is crucial. This study explored the impact of parent-adolescent relationships on the academic outcome of Senior High School students in the National Capital Region of the Philippines, focusing on 4 of its dimensions in terms of the adolescents' (a) social interaction, (b) independence, (c) self-expression, and (d) academic performance. Bodies of related literature were also reviewed to assure the reliability and accuracy of this study. Results showed that there is no significant relationship between the parent-adolescent relationship and the General Weighted Average of the students. Despite that, reviewed literature indicated that adolescents who had high levels of parent-adolescent attachment were more likely to have high levels of self-worth, which in turn enhanced their academic engagement and then improved high school grades (Chen, 2017). The researchers recommend future researchers fill the gaps this research has by conducting a study in a larger sample size to give more reliable results with greater precision and power. Future studies about the parent-adolescent relationship may focus on other dimensions aside from the four dimensions explored in this study.
... Second, in addition to facilitating disclosure-based trust, benevolence-related traits may also be more important and salient to women due to gendered norms in how women and men form and maintain relationships (Baumeister, 2010;Buhrmester & Prager, 1995;Cross & Madson, 1997;Gabriel & Gardner, 1999;Savin-Williams, 1980). Females tend to form intimate dyadic relationships, wherein one party's actions greatly impact the other party's outcomes (Aron, Aron, Tudor, & Nelson, 1991). ...
Article
Across four studies (N = 4,727), we investigate gender differences in interpersonal trust in work relationships. Drawing on gendered socialization experiences, we propose that feeling able to engage in self-disclosure (disclosure-based trust) is a more fundamental aspect of interpersonal trust for women than for men. Because self-disclosure entails social and emotional risks, we further expect and find that female trustors are more sensitive to others’ benevolence when forming interpersonal trust judgments. Lastly, we show that these gender differences in disclosure-based trust and benevolence sensitivity are associated with divergent responses to benevolent others. Specifically, we test a moderated mediation model and find that benevolent supervisors are associated with higher quality supervisor relationships and greater well-being for women than for men, mediated through higher levels of disclosure-based trust. We discuss the implications of these findings for work relationships and career outcomes.
... Several studies have found evidence that digital communication facilitates the self-disclosure of personal information (Amichai-Hamburger et al., 2013;Joinson, 2001;Suler, 2016), which can increase the intimacy of existing offline friendships (Buhrmester & Prager, 1995;Valkenburg & Peter, 2009). In a national study, Lenhart (2015) found that approximately 85% of teens report that social media allows them to show different sides of themselves that they would not show offline. ...
Article
Digital communication poses challenges for scholars interested in the link between peers and crime since youth are often less inhibited online and can more easily share their opinions and experiences with offline activities. Drawing on longitudinal data from middle and high school students, this study explores how online communication impacts the sharing of personal and peer delinquency. Criminogenic risk factors are largely unrelated to the digital disclosure of personal delinquency among those who offend; however, peer online disclosure is related to self-reported delinquency, independent of perceived peer delinquency. These findings suggest cyberspace may extend offline mechanisms of peer influence beyond providing a unique source of online influence.
... Once lost, females' (versus males') best friendships might also require more time and energy to replace (e.g., Miritello, Lara, Cebrian, & Moro, 2013;Roberts & Dunbar, 2011), also suggesting possibly greater benefits for females in recruiting friendship jealousy to prevent best friend loss. Similarly, girls' and women's closest friendships are marked by high self-disclosure and problem talk, whereas boys' and men's close friendships are not (Bigelow, 1977;Buhrmester & Prager, 1995;Rose & Rudolph, 2006;Rose, Smith, Glick, & Schwartz-Mette, 2016); when friendships marked by high self-disclosure end, sharing a now-former friend's deepest secrets with new friends can damage their reputation (Crick & Grotpeter, 1995;Hess & Hagen, 2006Kon & Losenkov, 1978;Fisher and Krems, forthcoming;Krems, Bradshaw, & Merrie, in press;Reynolds, 2021). Again, then, women might thus have more to gain by preventing best friend defection. ...
Article
Friendships provide material benefits, bolster health, and may help solve adaptive challenges. However, a recurrent obstacle to sustaining those friendships—and thus enjoying many friendship-mediated fitness benefits—is interference from other people. Friendship jealousy may be well-designed for helping both men and women meet the recurrent, adaptive challenge of retaining friends in the face of such third-party interference. Although we thus expect several sex similarities in the general cognitive architecture of friendship jealousy (e.g., it is attuned to friend value), there are also sex differences in friendship structures and historical functions, which might influence the inputs of friendship jealousy (e.g., the value of any one friendship). If so, we should also expect some sex differences in friendship jealousy. Findings from a reanalysis of previously-published data and a new experiment, including both U.S. student and adult community participants (N = 993), provide initial support for three predicted sex differences: women (versus men) report greater friendship jealousy at the prospective loss of best friends to others, men (versus women) report greater friendship jealousy at the prospective loss of acquaintances to others, and men's (but not women's) friendship jealousy is enhanced in the context of intergroup contests.
... They may be more mature, yet older adolescents are also more risk-taking, curious, and subject to peer influence. This behavior possibly impacts their capacity to make considered judgements and may lead to impulsive social disclosing (Best, Manktelow, & Taylor, 2014;Buhrmester & Prager, 1995). According to adolescent psychosocial development, older adolescents are more likely to have an increased scope of emotions and a greater need for social acceptance than younger adolescents. ...
Article
Adolescents of today are at risk of online disclosure due to sharing personal information online without privacy settings. Facebook has the most users on social network site. This study aimed to 1)investigate the type of personal information that adolescents frequently display online 2)identify how adolescents manage their privacy settings on Facebook and 3)examine parents’ intervention on adolescents’ online lives. A self-administered questionnaire was used to survey participants aged 13to18 years old from 6 high schools across Thailand. The study recruited 1,242 adolescents (mean15.7 years,SD = 1.6). Most of adolescents allowed everyone to access their profiles. They shared information including real name (78.7%), phone number (22.7%), birthdate (82.5%), city of residence (62.2%), photo (64.5%), national ID number (2.3%), and credit card number (1%). The older group had more reputation management than the younger group. Parental control and guidance were significantly found in the older group than in the younger group. Different from studies in western countries, most Thai adolescents display their personal information on Facebook. Most adolescents reported that their parents have discussed online privacy and safety with them. However, they still choose to disclose a lot of information. Appropriate parental guidance and control might improve Thai adolescents’ privacy practices.
... Self-disclosure theory developed by Buhrmester and Prager (1995) suggested that social feedbacks are critical in social relationships since they have a signi¯cant impact on individuals' willingness to disclose personal information. Consistent with this theory, the¯ndings suggested that social interactions in the form of shares, comments, likes and follows have signi¯cant and positive in°uence on the attitude towards sel¯e-posting behaviour. ...
Article
This study investigated the in°uence of social interactions and subjective norms on indivi-duals' social media postings. The study developed a theoretical model by extending the Theory of Reasoned Action with social interactions. A CB-SEM analysis was conducted to test the hypothesised relationships based on the data collected from 312 social media users. Results indicated that social interactions (i.e. likes, shares, comments and follows) were signi¯cantly related to the attitude towards the sel¯e-posting behaviour. Further, the attitude and subjective norms were signi¯cantly related to beha-vioural intentions, which together accounted for a signi¯cant amount of variance in the actual behaviour. The¯ndings contributed to literature by introducing the signi¯cant role of \social interactions" in predicting the attitude towards the sel¯e-posting behaviour.
... At the same time, self-disclosure has the potential to facilitate stress management. Self-disclosure can increase closeness between friends and reduce overall stress (Buhrmester & Prager, 1995) by providing opportunity to engage in self-regulatory processes (e.g., cognitive restructuring, physiological stress management) that prevent stressful experiences from translating into internalizing symptoms (Connor-Smith & Compas, 2004). Taken altogether, self-disclosure has the potential to both impair and aid girls' capacity to manage interpersonal stress; however, research that more closely examines the nuanced nature of self-disclosures in close friendship is needed. ...
Article
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Introduction For adolescent girls, close friendships may facilitate stress management and mitigate risk for internalizing psychopathology. However, little is known about how friendship processes may buffer (or potentially exacerbate) acute psychobiological responses to interpersonal stressors in ways that affect risk. Methods In a sample of 220 girls (ages 12–17 years) with a history of internalizing symptoms, this study investigated friendship dynamics following the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) to evaluate associations between post‐stressor friendship behaviors (expressions of vulnerability by the stressed teen; support offered by their close friend) and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis stress responses. Results Multilevel regression modeling revealed that girls who displayed more pronounced cortisol reactivity expressed greater vulnerability to, and received greater support from, their close friend. Expressed vulnerability was associated with more efficient cortisol recovery. Close friend support was not significantly associated with cortisol recovery, nor did it influence the connection between expressed vulnerability and cortisol recovery. Conclusions Findings suggest that HPA reactivity may prompt expressions of vulnerability to girls' close friends, and in this context, promote more efficient HPA recovery. Findings highlight the role friendship dynamics may play in HPA‐related risk for internalizing symptoms and point to expressed vulnerability in adolescent girls’ close friendships as a potential consideration for interpersonally‐centered therapeutic approaches.
... ability to regulate their children's behavior effectively (Stattin & Kerr, 2000). Furthermore, disclosing hidden information directly benefits adolescents, for example, by reducing depressive symptoms and encouraging effective processing of negative emotions (Buhrmester & Prager, 1995;Stattin & Kerr, 2000). Future research should test these potential outcomes of parental listening in actual interactions rather than in illustrated ones. ...
Article
Parental listening is believed to be an important quality of parent-child interactions, but its effects on adolescents are not well understood. The present study experimentally manipulated parental listening in video recordings of an adolescent’s self-disclosure to test effects on anticipated well-being (positive affect, self-esteem, and less negative affect) and self-disclosure intention. Good listening was manipulated in two situations relevant to vaping: hurt feelings of alienation from pressuring peers, and having transgressed by vaping. Participants (N = 1001) aged 13-16 years viewed videos and reported on their anticipated reactions. Following a pre-registered analytic plan, viewing good listening was found to predict greater well-being and self-disclosure intention. Consistent with self-determination theory, anticipated psychological need satisfaction for autonomy (freedom to be self-congruent) and relatedness (connectedness to parents) mediated the effects of listening on downstream outcomes. Parental listening effects on adolescent outcomes generalized across both situations of disclosure in line with pre-registered hypotheses.
... One means by which the identity challenges of emerging adulthood may be addressed in through self-disclosure, particularly with peers. Buhrmester and Prager's (1995) model is self-disclosure suggests that adolescents can resolve issues through social inputs from others. Self-disclosure can serve the dual purpose of: (1) identity development, where external feedback from peers may help the individual to clarify his or her sense of self; and (2) intimacy development, where the relationship with the disclosure partner is strengthened. ...
Chapter
This chapter covers the topic on “learning through social media: Facebook as a collaborative and experiential pedagogical tool”. This exploratory and evidence-based study investigated how business students conceptualize and describe “critical thinking” and “applied knowledge transfer” in context across five seminar groups over two semesters. Many good students with A-level and Polytechnic aggregate GPA (grade point average) enrol in business courses with the local Universities in Singapore, with stringent and highly merit-based admissions. The high expectations of application of contents knowledge gained by students are evaluated by employers which ultimately determine the students’ ability to perform well in their corporate career and aspirations. Continuous review of pedagogical tools that could possibly leverage on social media platforms that potentially optimizes learning effectiveness from a different way of learning is essential. Facebook as collaborative and experimental asynchronous and synchronous pedagogical tool is examined in terms of two elements, namely “critical thinking” and “applied knowledge transfer” to bridge the efficacy of socially inclined learning gap. The chapter aims to discuss these significant and contemporary issues. Two-fold methodological approach was undertaken. In the first phase, forty-eight consenting students identified from 271 business students participating in a larger study provided face-to-face interview information on how Facebook as an experiential and collaborative learning tool have enthused different aspects of critical thinking and applied knowledge transfer, examined from varying dimensions including learner group dynamics, collaborative discussion sessions, learning efficiency and effectiveness, comfort, flexibility, familiarity and applicability. In the second phase, the outcome performance of the two elements of “critical thinking” and “knowledge transfer” is measured through the course assessment criteria across the five seminar groups over the two semesters to examine the performance trend. Interviewees’ free-form descriptors of (1) “critical thinking” included phrases such as “analytical thinking through explorative discussion”, “thinking diversely”, “ability to relate and apply in a practical context” and “facilitate, apply own and others’ perspectives”. (2) Applied knowledge transfer included phrases such as “quality of learning/effective knowledge acquisition”, “learn from current knowledge and others”, “easier to understand” and “flexibility of learning. Their descriptors were classified into 22 qualitative indicator categories with eight specific themes for critical thinking and 14 specific themes for “applied knowledge transfer”. There are limited research studies that debate on the scope of critical thinking and applied knowledge transfer examined, analysing the impact with the adoption of Facebook as a pedagogical tool. This study reports qualitative “consultations” with learners from business programs and debates the implications examined from “critical thinking” and “applied knowledge transfer” perspectives. This was further measured through investigation performed over two semesters across five seminar groups. This also serves as starting point for further research on Facebook as an experiential and collaborative pedagogical tool. In this chapter, the context of social media as a platform of online learning platform is discussed. The need and openness of why there is need to consider social media pedagogical tools are examined through literature evidence. Further to that, the findings through its analysis having adopted on Facebook as a collaborative and experiential learning platform will be examined and discussed.
... Las relaciones de amistad representan vínculos duraderos y profundos de gran relevancia para el bienestar durante gran parte del ciclo vital (Hartup & Stevens, 1999). A partir de la adolescencia, comienza a reconocerse que la amistad tiene un componente de intimidad basado en compartir pensamientos y experiencias personales, más semejante a un concepto adulto de amistad (Bauminger, Finzi-Dottan, Chason, & Har-Even, 2008;Buhrmester & Prager, 1995;Hartup & Stevens, 1999). Al mismo tiempo, las amistades adolescentes se sitúan dentro de un estadio de desarrollo en que la intimidad, reciprocidad y apoyo mutuo son aspectos centrales para el modo en que se entiende la amistad (Bagwell & Schmidt, 2011;Hartup, 1993;Hartup & Stevens, 1999), brindando una sensación de pertenencia y de seguridad que permite a los adolescentes la autoexploración, la valoración de sí mismos (Coopersmith, 1959;Milicic, 2001), y la construcción de la propia identidad (Erikson, 1968;Scharf & Mayseless, 2007). ...
Article
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Si bien se ha estudiado la relevancia de las amistades de calidad como un factor favorecedor del bienestar de los adolescentes, es menos claro cuáles son las variables que facilitan que las amistades sean percibidas como íntimas. Este estudio aporta evidencias sobre el rol que podría cumplir la empatía para favorecer la construcción de amistades íntimas, utilizando como referencia el modelo de intimidad interpersonal (Reis & Shaver, 1988), que plantea que la intimidad se logra y construye desde la apertura de experiencias personales con amigos. El diseño es no experimental y la muestra corresponde a preadolescentes y adolescentes entre 10 y 19 años. A través de un modelo SEM, se contrastó y confirmó el modelo hipotetizado, encontrándose que la empatía afectiva y cognitiva tienen un efecto en la dimensión de apertura, y que esta dimensión a su vez media la relación entre ambas formas de empatía con la intimidad. Los resultados se discuten a la luz de los procesos a través de los que se mantiene la intimidad en la adolescencia, y sobre cómo la empatía puede ser un factor explicativo de estos procesos.
... Social network sites (SNSs) have gained special preference among youngsters as a way of exploring online new forms of communication, consumption and possibilities to express their identity (Marwick & boyd, 2014). Indeed, these platforms accommodate specific needs inherent to adolescents' development, who desire to be more autonomous from their parents and receive feedback from their peers (Buhrmester & Prager, 1995). Notably, around 93% of teenagers possess an account on a social networking site . ...
Article
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This research analyzes the discrepancies respecting parents' and their children's perspectives on adolescents' risky online behaviors and parental mediation. Rather than focus solely on youth outcomes, this study explores dyadic data, by comparing reports from adolescents attending 7th to 12th grades in Portuguese schools and those of their parents (N=1016). Moreover, this research considers the existence of defense mechanisms influencing adolescents' reports, a factor that has been neglected in previous studies. Differences regarding adolescents' gender, parents' gender, and adolescents' school year are considered and tested using One-way ANOVA. Within the family unit, the only members considered by adolescents to have the same or more online and computer skills than the teenagers themselves are their older siblings. Practical implications aiming to mitigate the risk involved in adolescents' online experiences, and theoretical contributions to the field of prevention and youth well-being in the context of consumer behavior in the digital age are discussed.
... In discussing certain basic psychological features of the Internet, Suler (2016) explains how the lack of physical contact lessens inhibitions since the perceived emotional distance when online reduces the fear of repercussions as individuals no longer feel responsible for what they say or do (see also Aiken 2016). Numerous studies have found evidence that online communication facilitates self-disclosure of personal information (Amichai-Hamburger, Kingsbury, and Schneider 2013;Joinson 2001;Suler 2016) which can increase the intimacy of existing offline friendships (Buhrmester and Prager 1995;Valkenburg and Peter 2009). According to one national study, around 85 percent of teenagers report that social media allows them to show different sides of themselves that they would not show offline . ...
Article
Objectives: This study examines the influence of online peers who are not regularly seen in person by considering if online, pro-delinquent support is associated with self-reported delinquency independently of delinquent peers. Methods: Data come from a longitudinal, panel survey of two cohorts of middle and high school students located within six school districts (N=1,177). Analyses first examine the overlap between online peer support for delinquency and perceived peer delinquency. Next, models consider how measures of online peer support for delinquency are associated with the prevalence (logit), variety (negative binomial), and changes (first difference) in self-reported delinquency. Results: Online peers generally do not enable exposure to new messages supportive of delinquency; rather, they supplement influences derived from delinquent peers. Little evidence was found that online peer support was associated with general delinquency and violence, although changes in online peer support were associated with changes in these outcomes. Partial evidence was found that online peers are associated with the prevalence, variety, and changes in self-reported theft and substance use. Conclusions: The influence from unique online peers is largely secondary to offline peers, although this depends upon the crime type under investigation.
... In studies finding decreased disclosure endorsement with age, the instigator was always a peer (either a brother, Piaget, 1932;or friend, Watson & Valtin, 1997). The age-related decrease could be owing to increasing protectiveness of peers, akin to children's greater dependency on peer relationships as they approach adolescence (Buhrmester & Prager, 1995;Hunter & Youniss, 1982). In contrast, research that found increased endorsement of disclosure in this age range either left the instigator unspecified (Pipe & Goodman, 1991) or identified the child herself as the instigator (Rotenberg, 1995). ...
Chapter
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This important book broadens our conceptualization of the topic of children and law, addressing a wide-ranging set of issues in need of attention. The authors confront many difficult questions such as: Are the rights that our nation's laws ascribe to children commensurate with their capabilities and needs? How should laws governing the punishment of crime acknowledge developmental differences between adult and juvenile offenders? Throughout the book, the authors consider (a) current laws and policies relating to children; (b) how social science research can test assumptions behind child-relevant laws and policies; (c) ways that courts can become more receptive to social science recommendations; and (d) challenges faced in the 21st century as our society continues its struggle to accommodate children's concerns within our legal system. With its unique integration of psychological research, social policy, and legal analysis, the volume is an important resource for any professional concerned with children and the law.
... Self-disclosure theory developed by Buhrmester and Prager (1995) suggested that social feedbacks are critical in social relationships since they have a signi¯cant impact on individuals' willingness to disclose personal information. Consistent with this theory, the¯ndings suggested that social interactions in the form of shares, comments, likes and follows have signi¯cant and positive in°uence on the attitude towards sel¯e-posting behaviour. ...
Article
Full-text available
This study investigated the influence of social interactions and subjective norms on individuals’ social media postings. The study developed a theoretical model by extending the Theory of Reasoned Action with social interactions. A CB-SEM analysis was conducted to test the hypothesised relationships based on the data collected from 312 social media users. Results indicated that social interactions (i.e. likes, shares, comments and follows) were significantly related to the attitude towards the selfie-posting behaviour. Further, the attitude and subjective norms were significantly related to behavioural intentions, which together accounted for a significant amount of variance in the actual behaviour. The findings contributed to literature by introducing the significant role of “social interactions” in predicting the attitude towards the selfie-posting behaviour.
... Empirical evidence supports this prediction. Girls are more likely than boys to form dyadic relationships with same-sex peers, rather than building larger friendship circles-at least after preschool years (Buhrmester & Prager, 1995;Savin-Williams, 1980a). A sociometric study of fifth-and sixth-graders asked girls and boys to name as many of their best friends from their class as they wanted (Eder & Hallinan, 1978). ...
... Recent studies reveal that Social Networking Sites have not reached their full potential in terms of academics and intellectual purpose but this current study reveals that if SNS is well developed and intellectuallyinclined applications are integrated into the virtual environment, it can, to a large extent, enhance the engagement levels of students. It is also believed that by using SNS for social connection, students can build intimacy and self-identity, after all self-disclosure enhances personal identity and intimacy (Buhrmester and Prager, 1995). Students, through social networking, can therefore build self-confidence, discuss personal, emotional and academic issues with those they share close ties. ...
Article
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Social media culture has become one of the dominant cultures in 21st century. While there are divergent views about the significance of this technology, one thing is most definite – the youths, especially university students have incorporated the use of social media into their daily routine. This study evaluates the manner of interaction within the virtual community centres (social networking sites) and examines students’ perception of this emerging technology. The study, conducted in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, a metropolitan university in Nigeria, surveyed 262 students out of which 120 (45.8%) and 110 (42%) were first and final year students respectively. The study, conducted within the theoretical ambience of mediamorphosis, found that most students use social media more to connect with their existing relationships than using it to create new relationships. In this regard, social networking could be described as an extension of face-to-face communication, a situation where old and new media live in mutual coexistence without abolishing the old ones. The study also revealed that mobile phone constitutes the most popular means through which the students access social media. Perceived negative effects of social networking as revealed by the study are time wastage, invasion of privacy, addiction and promotion of social vices.
... To explore themselves and their social environment, adolescents tend to rely on intimate peer relationships to gather information (Buhrmester & Prager, 1995). Among others, romantic relationships constitute for adolescents both a means to learn about themselves and social expectations about romance, and an important domain concerning their future lifestyle to explore (Brown, 1999;Zani, 1993). ...
Article
Romance constitutes a central experience in adolescence, which can take several forms including (a) serious romance with a steady partner, (b) casual and short‐lived dating, and (c) pending experiences of romantic thoughts and attempts. Using a three‐way longitudinal design, the present study examined the gender differences and developmental changes of these romantic experiences, and their cross‐lagged associations with identity processes, throughout one year in late adolescence. 389 students (63% girls) filled out questionnaires about their romantic experiences and identity processes. Girls reported more serious romance than did boys, who reported more casual dating and pending experiences. Serious romance increased over the year for both genders, whereas casual dating and pending experiences continued to rise only for boys. The cross‐lagged model highlighted that serious romantic experience positively predicted identity commitments and exploration in depth, whereas identity exploration in breadth positively predicted casual dating. This pattern was stable over the three time‐points and across gender and age groups. Overall, this study invites consideration of more diverse romantic experiences than those associated with tangible involvement. We discuss the contribution of romantic experiences to the identity dynamic.
... By disclosing personal information on social media platforms, users may also receive feedback from their social relationships. This might help them to explore their "self" (Burhmester & Prager, 1995). The disclosure preferences and aims may differ among social media platforms as well as among individual users (Kietzmann et al., 2011). ...
... In particular, the progressive attention on children's self-disclosure has shifted the perspective from parenting practices to children active dealing with information about themselves (Crouter & Head, 2002;Kerr, Stattin, & Trost, 1999;. Moreover, in opposition to past research that considered self-disclosure to be linked to the sharing of private thoughts and feelings (Buhrmester & Prager, 1995;Youniss & Smollar, 1985), current research is mainly focusing on the voluntary disclosure of children and adolescents about their everyday activities and whereabouts. ...
... Dihadapkan dengan situasi sosial ini, maka sangatlah penting sebuah proses penyesuaian diri bagi remaja, sehingga mereka dapat membuka diri, berkomunikasi dengan orang lain, menumbuhkan rasa percaya diri dan dapat membina hubungan harmonis di lingkungan sosialnya, konsep inilah yang disebut dengan keterbukaan diri (Buhrmester, 1995). Tanpa melibatkan keterbukaan diri, maka seorang remaja dapat menerima respon sosial yang kurang baik yang akan mempengaruhi perkembangan fungsinya identitas dirinya. ...
Article
Adolescents are ages in the process of growing emotional functions and psychosocial functions that are very important in the process of adjustment. This process involves self-disclosure, communicating and fostering social relations. On the other hand, teenagers who are still unstable still need care from their parents and one form of parenting applied is authoritarian. This study aims to get an overview and analysis of aspects of self-disclosure in parent-child communication in adolescents parenting authoritarian parents. The study used a mixed method descriptive method with quantitative and qualitative data through questionnaires and interviews for 2 months. Respondents in this study were 71 teenagers of new high school students in the city of Bandung who had a parenting style of authoritarian parents. The results of processing the reliability of the measuring instrument questionnaire reliability were .745 (alpha cronbach's) with strong inter-dimensional relationship analysis. The results of this study illustrate that adolescents with authoritarian parenting show self-disclosure in the medium category with the frequency dimension of interaction that is not intensive, there are positive and negative responses in conversation, candor has not appeared, self-disclosure that is not directed at the goal and the existence of a less intimate attitude in the relationship parent-child communication.
... "Disclosing personal information on SNSs" is referred to as self-disclosure (Krasnova & Veltri, 2010, p. 1). By disclosing personal information on SNSs, adolescents can explore their "self" and generate feedback from their social interactions and peers (Brinthaupt & Lipka, 2002;Burhmester & Prager, 1995;Steinberg, 1996;Steinberg & Morris, 2001;Yongjun, Jung-Ah, Eunice, & Sejung, 2016). Given that adolescents are greatly concerned about the impressions they make on their peers and the extent to which they feel accepted by others (Steinberg, 1996), adolescents also consciously consider what they do or do not share with others on SNSs (Boyd, 2007). ...
Article
It is common nowadays for parents to share information about their children on social network sites (SNSs). However, little is known on how adolescents think and feel about this sharenting behavior. Therefore, this study explores adolescents' perception of the reasons why parents share information about their adolescent children on SNSs, and adolescents' attitudes toward sharenting. A survey study was conducted among 817 adolescents. Factor analyses pointed toward four perceived sharenting motives: parental advice motives, social motives, impression management motives, and informative-archiving motives. Adolescents believed that parents mainly shared information about their children due to informative-archiving motives. They believed that parental advice motives were less common. Preliminary analyses pointed out that adolescents largely disapproved of sharenting. They mainly considered it as embarrassing and useless. Regression analysis indicated that when adolescents perceived sharenting as an impression management issue, the more negative their attitudes were toward sharenting. Conversely, the more adolescents thought that parents shared information about their children due to informative-archiving motives, the less they disapproved of sharenting. Additionally, when adolescents themselves disclosed more personal information or when they were more often confronted with sharenting, they had more positive attitudes toward sharenting. Adolescents who were more concerned about their online privacy, were more likely to disapprove of sharenting.
... Drawing from work on associations between parent-adolescent relationship and romantic relationship qualities (Connolly & McIsaac, 2009) and work on parent-adolescent communication about dating and sexuality (Romo, Lefkowitz, Sigman, & Au, 2002), it is likely that adolescents' disclosure to mothers, siblings, and friends is associated with aspects of adolescents' romantic relationships and sexuality. An important aspect of adolescents' disclosure is adolescents' perceptions of constraints or opportunities for disclosure with different partners (Buhrmester & Prager, 1995). When examining adolescent girls' disclosure about dating and sexuality, there are several romantic relationship and sexuality correlates that may be important for adolescents' choice of disclosure partner. ...
Article
Adolescents disclose information about romantic relationships and sexuality to family members and friends, but little is known about the correlates of this disclosure. We examined adolescent girls’ (N = 68; 34 sister dyads) choice of disclosure partner regarding thoughts/concerns about dating and sexuality. Adolescents were more likely to choose mothers and sisters (compared with friends) as disclosure partners regarding dating and sexuality topics. Using multilevel modeling, we also examined romantic relationship and sexual correlates of disclosure partner selection. Adolescents’ disclosure to mothers and sisters was associated with positive relationships. We also found that adolescents who selected mothers as disclosure partners for sexuality reported greater romantic relationship intimacy and adolescents who selected friends as disclosure partners for sexuality reported less conservative sexual attitudes than other adolescents. Furthermore, our findings revealed that adolescents’ choice of disclosure partner was associated with their sexual attitudes, and these associations differed by topic and sibling status.
... Adolescence is a crucial period for experimenting with one's self-presentation (Brinthaupt & Lipka, 2002) and SNSs offer teenagers many opportunities for this (Davis, 2012;Steinberg & Morris, 2001). Adolescents can develop their online identity by disclosing personal information on SNSs (Kietzmann, Hermkens, subjected to feedback from their social relationships, in the form of likes and dislikes (Burhmester & Prager, 1995;Kietzmann et al., 2011). As adolescents are concerned about the impressions they make on peers and the extent to which they feel accepted by them (Steinberg, 1996), adolescents will carefully consider what they do (not) share with their social relationships (Boyd, 2007;Family Online Safety Institute, 2013). ...
Article
Parents share posts and pictures about their children on social network sites (SNSs), a practice referred to as sharenting. Whereas existing research mostly covered parents' perspective on sharenting, this study investigated adolescents' perceptions of and experiences with sharenting against the background of their own impression management. A focus group study was conducted among 46 adolescents from 12 to 14 years old. The results indicated that although adolescents seem to generally approve sharenting and most of the adolescents show trust in their parents, the practice seems to lead to some frustrations now and then. Adolescents described some contradictions between the image they are trying to construct online and the posts of their parents, which might create embarrassing situations. In order to avoid conflicts, adolescents indicated that parents should respect a couple of boundaries, concerning what types of posts can be shared, how often and with whom. Moreover, they should ask permission before actually posting about their children.
... For these reasons, keeping secrets from parents can be useful for enhancing emotional autonomy and for selfmaturation (Finkenauer et al. 2002). In contrast, concealing secrets from friends can impair adolescents' trust in peers (Buhrmester and Prager 1995) and result in negative developmental fallouts of their social positions (Frijns and Finkenauer 2009) and impairment of social comparison and social acceptance Rubin 2004). ...
Article
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Introduction Researchers on secrecy from friends during adolescence have scarcely investigated the role of self-esteem as a predictor and have only done so in a unidimensional perspective. This study investigates the effects of different dimensions of self-esteem on secrecy and the mediating role of loneliness and aloneness. Methods Italian adolescents (n = 269; 72 males; 100% White) aged between 11 and 16 years (M = 14.25; SD = 1.48) were tested on their secrecy from friends, self-esteem as a multidimensional construct, peer-related loneliness, and affinity for aloneness. Results and conclusions The findings showed that interpersonal and emotional self-esteem exerted a protective effect on secrecy from friends. Academic and familiar self-esteem exerted a detrimental effect, and duties and bodily self-esteem had a null or weak effect. Peer- related loneliness and affinity for aloneness partially or totally mediated the different effects of the self-esteem dimensions on secrecy. The findings are discussed in light of the importance of peer relationships in adolescence in favouring or disfavouring the disclosure of secrets to friends in various self-esteem dimensions.
... In one way, having a profile on Facebook permits users to be individualistic in the chance of being unique. Facebook allows for people to develop their identity (Buhrmester & Prager 1995) through the process of revealing their thoughts and feelings to their peers or their imagined community. In order to speculate on the cultural meanings that emerge from participating in Facebook close groups, it is essential to carve out the complex notions of culture and technology. ...
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This research explores and examines the complicated processes, tensions and multifarious dynamics of building a queer safe space and a sense of belonging(s) among queer African migrant men in a closed Facebook group. Most postcolonial critics have focused on the disaffection suffered by African migrants in the U.S. and Europe, while others have dwelt extensively on queer issues, without a critical deliberation of how experiences based on migration, race, and sexuality intertwine. While being unable to fully integrate into the White Western LGBT community, queer African migrants also suffer discrimination within African migrant communities due to the extension of the hetero-nationalist cultural practices. However, social media sites such as Facebook have enabled queer African migrants to create trans-national diasporic relations in a virtual space. Using the concept of 'home', this study explores how queer African migrant men discursively create deterritorialized queer safe spaces in order to enact their identity and also maintain a sense of belonging. It becomes evident that queer safe spaces are not only spaces where 'oppressed identities' find a 'home' or safety but also spaces where ideologies of visibility and recognition are contested.
... A family systems perspective suggests that adolescent self-disclosure may provide an important link in communication within families (Buhrmester & Prager, 1995). Communication, negotiation, and regulation are all components of the family system (Broderick, 1993). ...
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Discrepancies between parents’ and adolescents’ reports in parental knowledge of adolescents’ daily activities and whereabouts are common and have implications for adolescents’ well-being and school success. Grounded in a family systems perspective utilizing reports from parents and adolescents, the goal of this study was to explore the extent to which parent–adolescent warmth and adolescent self-disclosure could account for discrepancies in parental knowledge by testing the indirect effects linking warmth to discrepancies in parental knowledge via adolescent self-disclosure. Participants were early adolescents (N = 172; 53% female) and their parents (90% mothers). Adolescents (57% African American/Black, 18% multiracial, 17% White/Caucasian, 7% Hispanic/Latino and 1% Asian American) attended a Midwestern, Title 1, urban, public middle school. Using structural equation modeling, findings showed that parent–adolescent warmth significantly predicted adolescent self-disclosure, which in turn predicted fewer discrepancies in parental knowledge. The findings from this study help in understanding the factors that contribute to parental knowledge discrepancies and highlight potential targets for family interventions.
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Utilizing a person-centered approach, the present study explored 614 adolescents’ reports of self-disclosure, help, conflict, and conflict resolution with a close friend to investigate variability in profiles of friendship quality, whether gender and gender homophily and ethnicity homophily of friends are associated with profile membership, and how the profiles relate to feelings of school belonging. A latent profile analysis revealed three profiles of friendship: an ideal friendship profile (25.57% of the sample), a realistic friendship profile (54.56%), and a somewhat problematic friendship profile (19.87%). Compared to adolescents in the somewhat problematic profile, female adolescents were more likely to have a realistic or ideal friendship profile than males. Adolescents with ideal and realistic friendship profiles reported the highest feelings of school belonging; those in the somewhat problematic profile reported the lowest school belonging. The advantages of attending to profiles that incorporate multiple dimensions of friendship quality to understanding the social and academic experiences of adolescents are discussed.
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Adolescents (N = 359) completed a self-report questionnaire assessing the emotional impact of an anticipated transition, their social-sharing modes, the motives and benefits of sharing, and their relationship intimacy with significant others. Partners and motives of vocational sharing depended on the transition’s valence. The intensity of negative emotions and perceived intimacy were positively related to frequency and depth of vocational sharing; intensity of positive emotions and intrapersonal and interpersonal benefits only with the depth of sharing. The links between the quality of relationships with significant others, emotions, social sharing, the management of vocational transitions and career development are discussed.
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Previously, cellphone ownership in South Africa was for a privileged few, but today it has become an essential part of the adolescent fashion accessory. Similarly, access to the internet is more widespread with the rise of the mobile internet, and online social networking applications are very popular in South Africa, particularly among young people across all social classes. This study explores young women's use of mobile and online social networking sites, with specific reference to expressions and experiences of sexual identity via their mobile phones and popular application Facebook. Through a qualitative approach, this study argues that Facebook and MXit provide a space for play, especially for those whose freedom of movement is limited by parental concerns about safety. Online social networks create a cult of femininity and reflect women's role in society and also socialise young women into these roles. Gender and sexuality are lived social relations and ongoing performative processes that are continuously being negotiated. The micro-narratives and practices highlighted in this study present a snapshot of the lived practices of young women and indicate similarities with global trends in terms of online youth cultures. Young women's use of online and mobile social networking resonates with a global youth culture, with tensions around relationships, self-presentation and sexuality located firmly at the centre.
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Bu araştırmanın amacı, Karaşar ve Öğülmüş’ün (2016) geliştirdiği Sosyal Onay İhtiyacı Ölçeği’nin ergenler üzerinde geçerlik ve güvenirlilik çalışmalarını yapmaktır. Araştırmaya 132’si kız (%55.2), 107’si erkek (%44.8) olmak üzere 239 lise öğrencisi katılmıştır. Ölçeğin, benzer ölçekler geçerliği için “Ergenler İçin Sosyal Kaygı Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. La Greca ve Lopez (1998) tarafından geliştirilen bu ölçeğin Türkçe’ye uyarlama çalışmaları Aydın ve Tekinsav-Sütçü (2007) tarafından yapılmıştır. Araştırmada, Sosyal Onay İhtiyacı Ölçeğini oluşturan üç alt boyutun iç tutarlılık katsayıları incelendiğinde .78 ile .81 arasında değiştiği bulunmuştur. Genel iç tutarlılık katsayısı ise .91’dir. Uyum iyilik indekslerine göre ölçeğin ergen örnekleminde de benzer bir yapıya sahip olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Araştırmada ergenlerin sosyal onay ihtiyacıyla ilgili olarak cinsiyet ve sınıf düzeyi değişkenleri de araştırılmıştır. Erkek öğrencilerin kız öğrencilere göre sosyal geri çekilme puanları daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Sınıf düzeyine yönelik karşılaştırmalarda sosyal onay ihtiyacı ve alt boyutlarına göre birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin üst sınıflara göre daha yüksek puanlar aldıkları bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlara göre Sosyal Onay İhtiyacı Ölçeği ergenlerle ilgili araştırmalarda güvenilirliği ve geçerliliği yüksek bir ölçme aracı olarak kullanılabilir.
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