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The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World.
... Though the movement of people is as old as humanity itself and is not a new phenomenon to humanity, this century is witnessing what has been termed a 'large-scale migration' at an unprecedented level (Castles, De Haas & Miller 2014). Castles and Miller (1998) argue: [W]hile movements of people across borders have shaped states and societies since time immemorial, what is distinctive in recent years is their global scope, their centrality to domestic and international politics and their enormous economic and social consequences. (p. 1) What characterises a large part of such migration is forced migration, which has created millions of refugees. ...
... The reason why the nation is not able to hold different groups together is that unity of culture and politics (oneness) is the foundation of the nation where differences do not have space (Dunaway 2003). Castles and Miller (1998) explain why nations are against multi-ethnic society and immigration. They say: ...
The legacies of colonialism on both the colonised and coloniser is one thing that our world cannot escape in contemporary times. In most of the places, colonialism came with its own form of Christianity. This colonial Christianity was based on the idea of exclusion, homogenisation and conquering the other. Thus, the combination of the ideals of colonialism and Christianity brought about a type of nationalism, which was monologic. This monologic nationalism as an ideology not only creates refugees but also generates a monological ‘unity’ among the people in the country of arrival against these refugees. This poses a danger to humanity as a whole. Thus, it is important for scholars of religion and theology to deconstruct ideas on the line of monologic nationalism and embrace a form of nationalism that is dialogical in nature. In this regard, this article using Mikhail Bakhtin’s idea of dialogism as its framework attempts to construct a dialogic theology of missions as a response to the global refugee phenomenon. The article argues that there must be a shift from colonial missions, which are monologic in nature to a dialogic theology of missions grounded in World Christianity. This article attempts to point out a key legacy of colonialism and colonial Christianity: the creation of refugees, which often has not been looked at by many scholars. The problem lies not with ‘Christianity’ as a religion, but the type of Christianity being practised. Addressing this practice demands a shift from colonial Christianity to World Christianity, which is embedded within its solutions to the global refugee crisis that the world is currently facing.
... It follows that this study can lead to new insights into how this group of asylum seekers and refugees builds its image about the Western countries in terms of human rights issues and welfare, and how they experience the asylum procedures and the integration process. Castles and Miller (2003) document that migration used to be a genuine part of human history since early times. Migration takes different forms, including asylum seeking, family reunification and labour migration. ...
... Irregular migration has emerged in Western countries since World War II, and it has remarkably increased in the last decades (Castles & Miller 2003). This increase, especially in north-western Europe, is believed to be a consequence of the end of foreign labour recruitment on the one hand, and the mounting suppression and deteriorating economic conditions in developing countries on the other hand. ...
This study examines the impacts that preconceived opinions and beliefs of Middle-Eastern refugees have on their life in the Netherlands and how their attitudes towards integration do influence their life in the new host country. The central research question is: How do the motivations of Middle-Eastern refugees influence their attitudes towards integration in the Netherlands? This area of research has been studied through collecting data from the field as well as reviewing official procedures that shape the experience of asylum seekers and refugees. Interviews have been conducted with Middle-Eastern asylum seekers and refugees,
and a lawyer specialized in asylum cases. At the institutional level, the data collection process has involved studying policies and procedures of the Dutch authorities in terms of asylum and integration. The analysis of the data leads to recommendations to the Immigration and Naturalization Service (IND) to improve asylum policies and procedures as well as integration programs.
... The process of migration has played a very important role in the history of humanity. It has contributed to the processes of settlement, land development, development of productive forces, formation and mixing of different races, languages and ethnic groups (Castles et al., 2014). Even though migration is a global phenomenon, its dynamics are more profounded in developing regions and emerging markets. ...
This paper investigates labor migration in Central Asia from 2013 to 2023, targeted on economic and demographic factors, including GDP per capita, unemployment, inflation, remittances, and population growth. Using panel regression analysis and World Systems Theory, the study highlights key factors influencing migration trends, such as economic disparities, reliance on remittances, and shared language or borders. Findings show that there is a high out-migration from Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan because of significant unemployment and poverty rates, whilst Kazakhstan demonstrates economic stability which leads to less migration rates. In the last years, Uzbekistan shows progress in reducing migration through economic development. The results determine the need for more targeted policies to tackle against economic issues, reduce reliance on remittances and promote sustainable development.
... Migrants and refugees faced numerous difficulties in integrating into the education system due to cultural, linguistic, and social barriers. Often, these groups were marginalized, and their access to education remained limited, exacerbating inequalities and exclusion (Castles & Miller, 2003). European countries were compelled to respond to these challenges by implementing policies that promoted social inclusion and addressed educational disparities. ...
Education in Europe has a long historical tradition as a tool for social structuring and cultural progress. Over the centuries, the skills cultivated in schools have continuously adapted to the prevailing cultural, economic, and technological needs. From the ancient societies of Greece and Rome to the Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution, the skills integrated into education have reflected the demands of each era. However, modern Europe faces new challenges, such as digital transformation, climate change, and social inequalities, which shape the strategic direction of the European Union’s (EU) education policies. The EU recognizes the importance of education as a driver of development, not only in terms of professional adaptation but also in fostering active citizens capable of participating in society and advancing democratic processes. Education policies focus on strengthening fundamental skills, such as communication and critical thinking, while also emphasizing new, contemporary skills, such as digital and environmental competencies, to meet the demands of the 21st century. The Digital Compass 2030 initiative serves as a key tool in preparing citizens for emerging technological challenges, while the Sustainable Development Strategy promotes environmental awareness and sustainability. This study aims to examine the evolution of knowledge and skills in European education, emphasizing how modern educational strategies integrate technological and social challenges. Specifically, it highlights the significance of school years as a foundation for developing skills that foster collaboration, critical thinking, and social responsibility. This study adopts a multidimensional approach that encompasses social, economic, and environmental dimensions, identifying the role of skills in preparing students for the challenges of the future.
... The relevance of this ideal is needed to be explored in the context of migration, and the investigation of how various forms of discrimination-economic, social, and institutional-manifest across different cultural and national settings. By examining the lived experiences of migrants, the chapter highlights the gap between the aspirational ideal of a unified global community and the harsh realities of discrimination faced by these individuals (Castles & Miller, 2009). Through a review of empirical studies and real-world examples, the chapter aims to shed light on the discrepancies between philosophical aspirations and practical experiences, offering a critical analysis of how entrenched biases and discriminatory practices continue to challenge the realization of a truly inclusive global society. ...
Perceived discrimination among migrants is a pressing issue
that reflects broader societal attitudes and policies towards immigrant
populations. The chapter examines the concept of "Vasudhaiva
Kutumbakam," a Sanskrit phrase meaning "the world is one family," in
relation to contemporary migration. Despite this idealistic vision of
global unity, migrants often face systemic and interpersonal
discrimination that undermines this harmonious view. It explores how
migrants perceive and experience discrimination across various cultural
and national contexts, highlighting economic, social, and institutional
biases. It reveals a significant gap between the philosophical ideal of
global unity and the harsh realities faced by migrants, arguing that
entrenched prejudices and discriminatory practices distort the concept
of global solidarity. The chapter highlights the call for a critical
reassessment of global solidarity ideals and emphasize the need for
practical policy interventions and societal changes to address the
systemic barriers perpetuating discrimination. True inclusivity requires
confronting these realities rather than relying solely on idealistic
rhetoric.
“We are all part of the same human family, and our conflicts arise from
not recognizing this fundamental truth.”
Jiddu Krishnamurti
... As individuals or groups move through different life stages, their migration decisions, motivations and experiences evolve. Historical events, societal transformations and policy changes influence migration patterns and dynamics (Castles & Miller, 2003). For example, periods of conflict, economic upheaval, or political transition can trigger waves of migration as people respond to changing circumstances. ...
As a complex and multifaceted phenomena, human migration has shaped and reshaped human societies and history across all regions. The drivers of human migration are diverse and interconnected, usually influenced by a combination of factors. Environmental factors are increasingly recognized as significant drivers of human migration as climate stressors like droughts, floods and extreme weather events continue to render areas uninhabitable or unsuitable for agriculture, pushing people out for better living conditions. This research aimed to investigate the impacts of climatic migration on food security in the Sudano-Sahelian region of Nigeria (Katsina and Jigawa). A Key Informant Interview (KII) was conducted using a structured questionnaire to 385 respondents in order to assess the relationship between climate induced-migration and food security in the study area. The results revealed that, about 90% (n=346) of the respondents are aware of climate variability. Climate induced migrations in the study area affects food security through reduced labor force (50%), loss of farming communities (37%) and resource competition (11%). About 36% (n=140) of the respondents believed that to mitigate climate induced migration effects on food security, investments in climate smart/resilient agriculture and irrigation systems should be employed while 27% (n=104) chose enhancing social safety nets and livelihood diversification. Overall, the relationship rating between climate induced migration and food security revealed that, about 40% (n=153) believed that the relationship is moderately negative while 136 respondents (35%) believed that the relationship is strongly negative, meaning that climate induced migration worsens the food security situation in the area. The study establishes an intricate relationship between climate induced migration and food insecurity with far-reaching implications, including heightened household hunger and food insecurity and decreased agricultural productivity and resilience. It is recommended that the government should intervene through supports in small-scale agriculture and smart agriculture to encourage local food production in order to increase food availability and access.
... These commonalities influence their social structures, political systems and ethnic diversity, including the experiences of marginalized groups such as ethnic minorities and Indigenous peoples. Each country has large minority ethnic populations due to high levels of immigration and/or Indigenous displacement [23][24][25][26], making them pertinent for examining ethnic disparities in healthcare access and outcomes [27][28][29]. These countries also all have publicly funded healthcare systems aiming to provide universal access to healthcare, including mental health services [30,31]. ...
Background
Historically, eating disorder (ED) research has largely focused on White girls and women, with minority ethnic populations underrepresented. Most research exploring EDs in minority ethnic populations has been conducted in the United States (US). The aim of this scoping review, the first of its kind, was to systematically examine research on disordered eating and EDs among minority ethnic populations in Australia, Canada, Aotearoa New Zealand and the United Kingdom (UK), four countries with shared sociocultural and healthcare characteristics. An inequity lens was applied to highlight gaps in research, access, and treatment experiences.
Method
Five databases (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, CINHAL and Web of Science) were searched up to March 7, 2024. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts and full texts against eligibility criteria resulting in the inclusion of 87 records (76 peer-reviewed articles and 11 theses). Included studies were charted according to their focus, study design, sample characteristics and findings, with a particular focus placed on prevalence, access to treatment and treatment experience.
Results
The majority of identified studies were conducted in the UK (61%, 53 studies). There was a notable lack of studies investigating assessment, diagnosis and intervention. Methodologies varied, though most studies utilised cross-sectional survey designs. Most samples were non-clinical, exclusively or predominantly girls and women, and focused on adolescents and young adults. Asian populations were the most frequently studied minority ethnic group. Understanding of prevalence and treatment experience amongst minority ethnic groups was limited.
Conclusion
There is a need for further research addressing inequities in ED prevalence, service access, and treatment experiences among minority ethnic and Indigenous groups, especially in Australia, Canada and Aotearoa New Zealand. Improved ethnicity data collection and culturally sensitive approaches to assessment, diagnosis and treatment are essential. Recommendations for future research and clinical practice are provided.
... Migracijos srautus formuoja įvairūs šalies raidos veiksniai, kurių raiška labai priklauso nuo konkretaus periodo. Jiems suprasti ir vertinti pasitelkiamos įvairios teorijos: nuo teorijų, aiškinančių visuomenės modernizacijos proceso poveikį populiacijos mobilumo modelių ir intensyvumo kaitai [40,41], iki globalaus gyventojų mobilumo intensyvėjimo ir srautų formavimosi poindustriniame komunikacinės revoliucijos pasaulyje [5], ekonominių veiksnių poveikio universalumo migracijos srautams tarp skirtingo gerovės lygio regionų bei kitų migracijos proceso variacijų aiškinimo teorinių įžvalgų. ...
The article analyses the population ageing of Lithuania for almost a hundred years. The aim of the article is to evaluate the trends of population ageing of Lithuania and to analyse the preconditions and factors of the ageing trajectory fluctuation. Based on demographic development theories and methodological insights in the estimation of influence of different factors on the ageing trends, the fundamental and specific changes in the ageing of Lithuanian population are evaluated. The analysis relies on the official information of Lithuania and international population databases.
... Later, it enlarged and connected individuals, cultures, and States. National States borders are not under threat of extinction (Castles & Mark, 1993). However, today, climate changes, economic globalization, a worldwide better education, improvements in transportation and information technologies, mainly due to the internet connection, drove individuals and some institutions to perceive the planet as shared. ...
... While many theoretical lenses have proven useful for approaching the subsequent multifaceted process of immigrant integration [1][2][3][4][5], one persisting question is this: why do the gaps in achievement between majority and minority groups show considerable variation between immigrant groups and across receiving contexts? Research on this issue has increased in momentum and complexity in recent decades, because the long-term integration of immigrants into host societies has been on the public agenda since mass immigration became a common feature of Western societies [6][7]. PLOS Moreover, in response to global trends, the social sciences have acquired the necessary research tools and the empirical sources (e.g., large-scale cross-national comparative datasets) to study differences in immigrant integration across destination countries and origin groups. ...
Here we examine a conceptualization of immigrant assimilation that is based on the more general notion that distributional differences erode across generations. We explore this idea by reinvestigating the efficiency-equality trade-off hypothesis, which posits that stratified education systems educate students more efficiently at the cost of increasing inequality in overall levels of competence. In the context of ethnic inequality in math achievement, this study explores the extent to which an education system’s characteristics are associated with ethnic inequality in terms of both the group means and group variances in achievement. Based on data from the 2012 PISA and mixed-effect location scale models, our analyses revealed two effects: on average, minority students had lower math scores than majority students, and minority students’ scores were more concentrated at the lower end of the distribution. However, the ethnic inequality in the distribution of scores declined across generations. We did not find compelling evidence that stratified education systems increase mean differences in competency between minority and majority students. However, our analyses revealed that in countries with early educational tracking, minority students’ math scores tended to cluster at the lower end of the distribution, regardless of compositional and school differences between majority and minority students.
The South Asian region has experienced rapid migration within and outside its boundaries for numerous reasons. Historically, women's migration out of economic want is observed in this region. Economic migration for such women is often fraught with gross human rights violations such as trafficking. Even when women are not migrating they are continually threatened by rights infringement, for example, the economic migration of their spouse may result in their abandonment. Hence it is imperative that the issue of migration, particularly economic migration is viewed from a gendered lens. In this study, laws protecting women in the South Asian region will be comparatively assessed with a focus on India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. The paper will first critically analyze the international framework for protecting women from the perils of economic migration. Later, the Constitutional safeguards for women in the context of migration in each of the countries shall be evaluated. Third, it shall be seen if the countries have enacted legislation defending women from rights transgression caused by economic migration. The comparative assessment would be done with the help of prominent case studies in the countries. Lastly, lacunae in the legislative edifice visa -vis rights of women against involuntary migration shall be discussed and suggestions offered. The purpose of the paper is to find if the international, regional, and municipal norms in the South Asian region are equipped to guard vulnerable groups such as women. The results of the study can be used to suggest normative changes keeping in mind the susceptibilities of special categories. Introduction In common parlance, gender has been defined as socially acquired behavior and attributes in contrast to sex which is biologically determined. Gender is a cross-cutting migration issue and perhaps one of, if not the single most important factor shaping the migratory experience. Major steps have been taken in migration research resulting in a wealth of literature as well as field research, which clearly establishes gender as a crucial factor in our understanding of the causes and consequences of international and internal migration, and that gender is relevant to most, if not all, aspects of migration. Globally, international migration has become increasingly diversified as a result of recent global economic and geo-political changes, in addition to policy shifts. These changes may affect men and women differently, resulting in gendered patterns of migration. Laws and regulations ruling geographic mobility often have gendered outcomes; migrants are positioned differently within labour markets and the labour demand is often gendered according to different economic sectors. Furthermore, migration implies economic and social costs and benefits for either men or women migrants, which adds to gendered migration patterns and outcomes.
The health and living standards of migrant workers are two more sensitive and relatively neglected topics in public health and socio-economic investigation. They remain crucial in sectors that fuel the economic development of a nation but are exposed to diseases, poor accommodation, and service withdrawal. To determine the quality of life of the migrant laborers, this paper explores their physical and mental health, environmental, and social factors. The study aims and research questions are to determine the core concerns about the care of the migrant labor force using a method that involved a literature review, interviews, and policy analysis. Evidently, laborers are especially vulnerable to communicable illnesses, work-related injuries, and mental disorders due to social isolation, undeveloped employment conditions, and economic instability. Also, data reveal significant access barriers, including costs, immigration status, and geographic remoteness, accompanied by environmental factors including overcrowded dwellings, hygiene, and scarce or poor quality food supplies. The paper also discusses policies today, which emphasize efficiency in health and housing and equality for the vulnerable groups. Solving these issues would be beneficial not just to the employees who have become vulnerable in the migrant context but also to states by building the durability of the labor force and the population's health. Thus, the concluding recommendations are oriented to the access to health care; the improvement of housing policies and creating social support systems are recommended for implementing through an integrated intersectoral approach that would help to improve the quality of life of migrant laborers.
This study investigated a multilevel, multisector governance model regarding the incorporation of Eritrean asylum seekers in Tel Aviv, from perspectives of both Israeli civil society organization (CSO) professionals and asylum seekers, through semi-structured interviews, using a qualitative phenomenological design. The research revealed a complex interplay among governmental agencies, local authorities, and CSOs in negotiating legal actions and resource allocation. This interaction ranges from integration initiatives by the municipality and CSOs to separation and exclusion policies at the government level, and results in only partial integration, or “incorporation,” into Israeli society. While the government maintains significant influence over migrants’ lives, the municipality must balance governmental decrees, native-born residents’ opposition, and human rights commitments. Likewise, CSOs navigate a dual role of municipal cooperation and opposition. Over time, all stakeholders have recognized CSOs as an essential component of the interdependent governance structure. The findings illuminate how this multilevel and multisector framework shapes asylum seekers incorporation by community strengthening, education, and social and legal services. Despite maintaining dominant authority, the central government frequently engages in deliberative governance with municipalities and CSOs.
Chapter 12 examines the fundamental factors that impact the demographic potential of the world’s smallest economies: natural increase and migration. It provides a detailed analysis of the natural increase rates of the countries in relation to the demographic phases in which the world’s smallest economies currently are, based on Warren Thomson’s Demographic Transition Model. The factors contributing to the disparities in natural increase rates, which are closely correlated with the level of economic development of the world’s smallest economies, are examined. The second section of the chapter addresses the phenomenon of migration, which also influences population change. The low level of economic development in the majority of the world’s smallest economies results in a significant number of residents seeking employment abroad in countries with higher levels of economic development. This results in waves of emigration in many of the world’s smallest economies.
While the previous chapter focused on citizenship, this chapter centres on mobility, outlining European mobility constellations across three historical periods and three geographical regions. It begins by reviewing the development of intra-EU mobility patterns and legal frameworks before focusing on Central Eastern Europe and its central role in shaping intra-European mobilities on the continent since the collapse of state socialism. The final section then turns to the UK and the various changes in its mobility constellation as a consequence of decolonising processes, EU enlargement and the country’s decision to leave the EU. The positioning of Hungarian and Romanian mobilities within these different contexts is emphasised throughout, allowing the identification of various contrasting characteristics, which will be unpacked in the following chapter.
Public representations exercise great power over the future of individuals and places. They can orient perceptions and decisions by building narratives articulating particular interpretations of social and territorial dynamics. These narratives inform public agenda-setting, highlighting issues and suggesting priorities of intervention. The public representations of multicultural neighbourhoods produced by the media usually emphasise the exceptional characteristics of areas with a high concentration of immigrants, depicting diversity as a threat. These stereotypical representations cast people with migrant backgrounds in a homogenising light, often focusing on the supposed negative behaviours and presence of men while ignoring women and girls. While men become hyper-visible, migrant women remain invisible and unacknowledged as relevant social actors. By linking the literature on the stigmatisation of multicultural neighbourhoods and the marginalisation of women in the social and urban domain, the chapter describes the case of the multicultural neighbourhood of San Siro (Milan, Italy), where women’s narratives of solidarity and mutual care struggle to be recognised as alternative representations of highly stigmatised places and communities.
Digital nomads describe a distinct group that is independent from the leisure-work dichotomy in accordance with the technological transformations in working life. As a group with unique characteristics, digital nomads present a lifestyle narrative based on freedoms. Furthermore, global mobility accompanies a working life that is independent of time and space. However, the presentation of digital nomadism through the phenomenon of freedom disconnects nomadism from the process of work and employment, and the impact of neoliberal transformation at the global level on the motivations of these actors disappears. Therefore, the study evaluates digital nomadism in the context of the global transformation of work life. It examines the connection between nomadism and the transformation of the production process, as well as the consequences of this change on digital nomads. When digital nomadism is analyzed from such a perspective, it is seen that significant processes of precariousness are accompanied by flexibilities associated with freedom, and digital nomads are transformed into entrepreneurial actors of the neoliberal regime in the digital space. Thus, the professional life of digital nomads is gradually converging to traditional forms of work and individualizing risks without social protection.
We examine world migration as a social-spatial network of countries connected via movements of people. We assess how multilateral migratory relationships at global, regional, and local scales coexist ("glocalization"), divide ("polarization"), or form an interconnected global system ("globalization"). To do this, we decompose the world migration network (WMN) into communities---sets of countries with denser than expected migration connections---and characterize their pattern of local (i.e., intracommunity) and global (i.e., intercommunity) connectivity. We distinguish community signatures---"cave", "biregional", and "bridging"---with distinct migration patterns, spatial network structures, temporal dynamics, and underlying antecedents. Cave communities are tightly-knit, enduring structures that tend to channel local migration between contiguous countries; biregional communities are likely to merge migration between two distinct geographic regions (e.g., North Africa and Europe); and bridging communities have hub-and-spoke structures that tend to emerge dynamically from globe-spanning movements. We find that world migration is neither globally interconnected nor reproduces the geographic boundaries as drawn on a world map but involves a heterogeneous interplay of global and local tendencies in different network regions. We discuss the implications of our results for the understating of variability in today's transnational mobility patterns and migration opportunities across the globe.
Successfully integrating newcomers into native communities has become a key issue for policy makers, as the growing number of migrants has brought cultural diversity, new skills, and at times, societal tensions to receiving countries. We develop an agent-based network model to study interacting "hosts" and "guests" and identify the conditions under which cooperative/integrated or uncooperative/segregated societies arise. Players are assumed to seek socioeconomic prosperity through game theoretic rules that shift network links, and cultural acceptance through opinion dynamics. We find that the main predictor of integration under given initial conditions is the timescale associated with cultural adjustment relative to social link remodeling, for both guests and hosts. Fast cultural adjustment results in cooperation and the establishment of host-guest connections that are sustained over long times. Conversely, fast social link remodeling leads to the irreversible formation of isolated enclaves, as migrants and natives optimize their socioeconomic gains through in-group connections. We discuss how migrant population sizes and increasing socioeconomic rewards for host-guest interactions, through governmental incentives or by admitting migrants with highly desirable skills, may affect the overall immigrant experience.
This paper analyzes the challenges and opportunities faced by families in a diaspora regarding cultural adaptation and native language preservation. In the modern world, where migration becomes more frequent, families that move into new cultural environments often face a dilemma between integrating into the host country and preserving their own cultural identity through nurturing the native language and tradition of the countries from which they originate. In the context of globalization, the family proves to be a critical unit that not only transmits language and cultural values but also forms the identity of each of its members, providing him/her with the possibility to develop multiculturally in all personality aspects. Through the review of relevant literature and published studies, this paper examines factors that affect the success of the adaptation of new generations, including the role of social support, educational institutions, and intergenerational relations. The paper also explores the strategies families use to preserve their native language, which is critical in maintaining cultural identity. Daily communication in the native language, cultural events, manifestations, and participation in educational programs ensure that younger generations remain connected to their roots. Families often take an active role in creating communities that support language and culture preservation, thus contributing to the richness of multicultural societies. This paper contributes to the understanding of the dynamics of identity in the diaspora and emphasizes the educational role of family structures in the process of cultural adaptation and openness in accepting other cultures. The paper's conclusions suggest that language and culture preservation is possible through a combination of individual efforts, community support, and adapted educational programs. The paper provides guidelines for future research and practice, emphasizing the need to develop effective diaspora family support models to preserve linguistic and cultural heritage.
EU migration policy for labour migrants has a complex history and an unforeseeable future regardless of its high relevance, as it sways between the opposing political positions in favour of and against open borders. By combining normative political theory and policy design analysis, this paper aims at detecting points of reconciliation between cosmopolitan and communitarian approaches to labour migrants’ issues with the aim to contribute to EU migration policy development. A systematic empirical analysis rests on qualitative methodology and is guided by the rules of thematic analysis. Detailed coding of policy goals within diverse EU documents in the last 50 years revealed two models of EU migration policy goals targeting labour migrants: the political and security model and the economic and social model, both encompassing the admission and membership of labour migrants in the host communities. The main findings show that when it comes to third-country nationals, the issue of labour migrants’ entry is approached from a position coherent with communitarianism, while cosmopolitan views are more present at the level of their membership. The research has identified potential areas of reconciliation that should be explored in future policymaking: greater inclusion of labour migrants in decision-making processes; enhancing assistance to third countries; linking more closely the freedom of movement, antidiscrimination, and equality to admission rules; further strengthening of the freedom of religion, particularly for the employment of legally admitted long-term migrants; and building stronger accommodation of domestic cultures to migrants, not only vice versa.
Despite being discussed by the scientific community and practitioners for decades; bullying remains a severe problem in modern work life. The problem will likely continue to grow exponentially with the reality of migration. In fact, immigrant workers have been reported to be in the highest risk group in terms of being exposed to workplace bullying. The aim of the study is to understand the extent to which migrant textile workers in Turkey are exposed to bullying behaviors and the strategies they develop to cope with these unintended behaviors. The data of the research, which has a qualitative design, was collected through in-depth interviews (N = 24) and analyzed thematically. The study demonstrates that migrant workers utilize a range of strategies to handle workplace bullying, which can be classified into three primary categories: Enhancing work-related competencies , eliminative and preventive measures . Enhancing professional skills and expanding work-related networks are central to building resilience, while preventive measures include forging alliances with native counterparts and choosing supportive work environments. Eliminative strategies such as mental support, quiet quitting, and alternative employment options underscore the multifaceted nature of coping mechanisms among migrant workers.
This paper provides a comprehensive literature review on the relationship between social media and migration. It discusses the role of social media in shaping migration behaviors, experiences, and outcomes, as well as its influence on pre-migration planning, integration processes, and transnational connections. The review categorizes research into three main themes: social media in pre-migration information, influence on migrants’ incorporation into host societies, and the preservation of transnational ties among immigrant communities. Theoretical frameworks are applied to understand these dynamics, particularly affecting social capital (Bourdieu, 1986), transnationalism (Glick Schiller et al., 1992), and agency (Castells, 2009). By synthesizing interdisciplinary findings, this paper aims to provide a conceptual foundation focusing on the importance of social media in the migration process. The conclusion suggests avenues for further exploration, particularly concerning the implications of digital divides on migrant experiences and highlights the implications of social media interactions for both migrants and host societies, ultimately suggesting directions for future research.
This introduction aims to give a brief overview of research on the migra- tion industries, based on our definition of the migration industry as all those eco- nomic and financial activities developing between people on the move and the bor- der, we categorise the literature that focuses on this topic around the nexus of mo- bility, immobility and settlement. We suggest reading and interpreting the research along three main dimensions, depending on where migration industry actors inter- vene in the relationship between people on the move and the border: a migration industry that facilitates mobility and border crossing and involves actors ranging from smuggling networks to global recruitment agencies; an immobility migration industry that involves state and private actors aiming to regulate and/or control the movement of people; and a migration industry that is not concerned with the journey itself, but with the settlement of migrants. Various migration industry actors are pre- sent in all these stages, reconfiguring their roles, shifting their activities, and re- sponding to new and distinct opportunities for/of the commodification and commer- cialisation of migration. For these reasons, as will be argued in the introduction to this monograph issue, the notion of industries rather than a single industry better reflects the variety of actors and activities operating between migrant agency and border along the different stages of migration projects.
For some researchers, poverty, climate change, and conflicts are the driving forces of migration. For others, an improving economic situation facilitates emigration, in other words, emigration is a sign of an improving, not deteriorating economic situation. Other researchers have explored the global economic system, interconnectedness, and its impact as a push factor. Moreover, the migration surge to Europe has underscored the already migration policy-dominated approach of Europe toward Africa. In this chapter, I will discuss the different and usual migration theories. Before moving to the mimetic approach to postcolonial African migration to the West in the chapters that follow, I shall discuss in this chapter the various theories that explain the causes of migration.
Migration as a global phenomenon has become a pivotal and global concept, substantially impacting societies worldwide. The paper explores the multifaceted nature of belonging and the various challenges and opportunities immigrants encounter in their pursuit of becoming integral members of their adopted societies and accordingly delves into the complex interplay of factors surrounding immigrants' sense of belonging, evolving identities, and their pursuit of citizenship in the context of law in their new host countries. Furthermore, as the concept of "citizenship" represents an individual's bond with a specific state and the acceptance of associated rights and responsibilities. Due to these reasons, this paper also investigates the challenges immigrants face in obtaining citizenship and the implications this has on their sense of belonging and identity. Based on a literature review and survey method, this study was processed and analyzed. As a result of the research, it was concluded that when settling in a new country, immigrants face both the desire to preserve their culture of origin and the need to adapt to the values and norms of the new society. At this point, belonging refers to the extent to which immigrants feel they belong to a group or community.
Seokho Kim and So Hyun Park highlights that while Koreans acknowledge loosening immigration controls contributes to the economy by alleviating labor shortages, they still exhibit considerable concern that increased immigration may aggravate social conflicts. Many hold neutral attitudes regarding immigrants’ contribution to social development, which suggests a lingering doubt and apprehension about their overall impact on Korean society. Such a result provides insights into the need to shift away from the current paradigm considering immigrants—a sense of separation between individual migrants and migrant communities and Korean society. To address this gap, they suggest we should cogitate beyond how close migrants can come to being Koreans and part of Korean society and delve deeper into the lives and thoughts of migrants through a more intrinsic approach. In other words, the prospect of immigrant social integration is only promising when and if we change.
This article is devoted to the negative impact of illegal migration on the expansion of the consumption of narcotic and psychotropic substances. The analysis of the statistics of migrants involved in drug trafficking is given. The effectiveness of the legal measures taken to improve the drug situation in the country is investigated, their insufficiency is emphasized. For further analysis of the situation, the factors influencing the political risks of national security are proposed. The necessity of increased attention to illegal migration and illicit drug trafficking as unmanageable risks for the purpose of their manageability is substantiated. A statistical analysis was carried out on the problems considered in the article to substantiate the relevance of the results obtained. The scientific novelty of the article consists in the identification and analysis of four main groups of political threats of illegal migration (political-legal, economic-legal, criminal-legal, social-legal). The presented article makes it possible to understand in which cases illegal migration poses a threat to the population drug addiction and undermines country's security. It is concluded that the main dangers of uncontrolled risks are: the unknown conditions of their occurrence and the lack of effective measures to counteract them. The analysis of the current situation with migration flows made it possible to come to the conclusion that illegal migration, together with the accompanying drug addiction of citizens, should be classified as threats and risks to national security. This makes it necessary to expand the means and forces in the fight against this negative and dangerous phenomenon.
This study analyses graduate theses in International Relations (IR) discipline indexed with migration. As of 30 June 2020, 190 graduate theses indexed with migration in 10,251 graduate theses in International Relations subject in 1983-30 June 2020 period are analysed based on type (Master’s/PhD), language (Turkish/English/French) and words in title with content analysis. It aims to evaluate how much and in which areas migration is studied in graduate studies in IR in Turkey in order to take general picture of the area. Considering impact and role of migration in domestic and foreign policy of Turkey, the study aims to contribute in determining the weight of migration studies, highly studied areas, prioritised areas, potential areas, and overstudied areas in the discipline through content analysis of the graduate theses in IR subject indexed with migration. It addresses that in IR discipline, number of graduate studies on migration should be increased, specifically, the number of PhD theses should be increased, emphasis should be given on theoretical studies, and more studies should be conducted on migration to Turkey from surrounding geography influencing Turkey directly in graduate theses on migration in IR discipline.
In recent years, Korean migrants to Australia have turned increasingly to digital culture as a space of information exchange, support, and belonging. The need for a space in which the ‘politics of listening’ [Dreher, T., 2009. Listening across Difference: Media and Multiculturalism Beyond the Politics of Voice. Continuum (Mount Lawley, W.A.), 23 (4), 445–458] is made possible becomes even more crucial in face of continued exclusions and everyday practices of racism in contemporary multicultural Australia. This article discusses the use of popular online ‘cafés’ by Korean women migrants to Australia as means of negotiating experiences of racism and alienation. Analysing participation in three Korean online cafés, Missy Hoju, Missy Melbourne and Hoju Melbourne Gongdong Gumae, racism can be understood as holding a significant place in shaping in Korean women’s identities. As a profoundly affective experience, racism, both indirectly encountered and directly experienced, leaves longlasting affective impacts, shaping women’s sense of safety and belonging. We suggest the gendered intimacy of these cafés as online ‘intimate publics’ [Berlant, L. G., 2008. The Female Complaint: The Unfinished Business of Sentimentality in American Culture, Durham. Durham: Duke University Press] allows for such painful experiences to be witnessed and heard, producing possibilities and practices of solidarity between Korean women migrants.
The dominant existence of Japanese companies in Thailand is regarded as a factor that has encouraged Thai youth to study in Japan and to return to Thailand after graduation. However, there is a change of human needs in Thai society as its economy develops: the Thai government has introduced policies to upgrade its industrial structure and increase the value of its products, in order to escape from the “trap of middle-income countries.” Such policies require more highly-developed human resources who are capable of research and
development.
The establishment of Thai-Nichi Institute of Technology, which aims to foster practical engineers who will meet the human needs of the Japanese companies in Thailand also influences the tendency for Thai youth to study in Japan. Changes in regional international relations, such as the rise of China as an economic power and the attendant increase of Thai students who study in China, should also be considered when analyzing the merit of study in Japan within the Thai society.
In this study, the role of Thai graduates from Japanese universities is analyzed through the use of statistics, documentary analysis, interviews, and questionnaire surveys, considering the above mentioned factors. As the result of these analyses, it was discovered that presently a career at Japanese companies in Thailand is not particularly attractive for Thai youth who plan to study abroad. To re-affirm the attractiveness of studying in Japan, it is necessary to develop a narrative of Japan as a place to foster human resources who are capable of research and development, and can be the foundation of an attractive career path for such people.
The objective of this article is to examine the unexplored role of public defenders who provide legal aid services to immigrants within the debate on the migration control and rescue industries. Although these services are provided by bar associations, public organizations that group private professionals, they are paid for with government funds due to regulations guaranteeing the right to legal defence. The main argument and conclusion of this article is that although lawyers working in these services receive public compensation for the legal aid they provide, they generally become public defenders due to personal beliefs, such as a commitment to protecting the rights of foreigners.
The article reflects the rulemaking and legislative regulation of the migration sphere in the region, based on a common documentary basis, which is the basis of the national legislation of the studied countries - the legal provisions of the Soviet period. Another source of international law is the common international norms developed within the framework of universal and specific interstate structures (UN, IOM, ILO, etc.). The process of formation and improvement of migration legislation in the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation and Ukraine continued throughout the study period. Its basic elements include the creation of a regulatory framework for general issues that indirectly dealt with migration issues and address specific issues of a purely migration area. Its results were in accordance with general norms and democratic principles. The article focuses on the migration concepts of each of the countries studied. It is concluded that the nature and magnitude of the migration movement of Ukrainians within the studied region are distinguished by the specificity of the respective migration space. It is based on strong cultural and historical ties between actors and is reinforced by the migration laws of Belarus, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine
The article is based on long-term field research and consequent online research of a group of Vlax Roms of Eastern-Slovak origin who have recently created a new large immigrant community in Leicester, UK. The case study is based on data gathered via
a combination of social anthropologic methods based on participant observation in the pre-migration period (Slovakia) and in the post-migration period (UK), complemented by the observation of online social practices among the community via
Facebook. Focusing on Facebook profiles of the Roms from the studied groups and especially on the photographs posted on their Facebook statuses, the author analyses the role of social media in the contemporary Vlax Romani community. The author sees this topic as tightly connected with the process of cultural change occasioned by the migration to Britain and vertical social mobility among the immigrants.
The author focuses on the functions served by Facebook among the Vlax Roms in Leicester. She pays attention to the ways in which Facebook profiles of the Roms reflect the social structure of the Vlax community in Leicester and how Facebook
links together its individual members. She discusses Facebook as a platform for presentation of the Roms’ upward social mobility and of their ostentatious flaunting of status symbols, as well as an active tool of social control.
The concept of «transnational» today has become one of the main components of the factors of economic, demographic and political face of the world. It affects all vital branches of the states of receiving and sending migrants. On the one hand, there is a pleasant economic effect that would fill the non-claimed places in the labor market, the exchange of culture between each other, and the science for the sending state is an additional opportunity to lower internal social pressure, strengthen and promote its political and economic interests in other states. And on the other hand, emigration is an indicator of exporting the «stream of consciousness», the departure of active personnel, demographic expenditure, and the advisability of contributing to the national economy. The PRC is one of the leading states in the Asia-Pacific region. The growth of China’s economic welfare not only in the region of the commodity market, but also on the same level with this is characterized by the desire to gain a leading position in the labor market. Chinese migrants are major participants in the international migration trend. For this reason, the study of its structure, mainly directions occupies an important place in the study of the international migration trend.
Key words: Migration, South-East Asia, Chinese Migration, Working Migration, Asia-Pacific region.
The austerity regime implemented in Portugal to face the financial and economic crisis caused readjustments in the country's productive structure and labour market with an impact on immigrants' lifeworlds. This article aims at analysing the consequences of the crisis in the lives of third-country nationals living in Portugal, reflecting particularly on the impact on their integration process, understood as economic incorporation, in a context of increasing work precariousness. Special attention will be given to the resilience of immigrants visible in their responses to the labour market constraints, namely through their choices of geographic (im)mobility and also the implementation of strategies to 'normalise' their lives. Starting with a brief reference to the meaning of integration in Portugal in a context of crisis, we draw on data from two research projects, arguing that despite the increased hardship, the resilience of foreign workers is considerable and they still think it is worth coming to Portugal. The strategies adopted may be either in situ or implying onward migration, resulting from the combination of context opportunities and individual agency. Factors like legal status, education and having relatives abroad play a moderate role in this process.
With regard to mobilization in the field of migration and refugees, Austria is characterized by a strict migration regime on the one hand, and the performance of a rather moderate protest culture and low civic engagement in politics (besides electoral politics) on the other. Increasingly restrictive asylum policies date back to the 1990s, in conjunction with Austria’s altered understanding of itself as a country of destination instead of only being a country of transit. Although the idea of a merely temporary stay for migrants is deeply inscribed in the Austrian migration system, individual possibilities for gaining the right to stay have emerged for asylum seekers who have already received a negative decision. Simultaneously, the policy fields of migration and asylum have become polarized and politicized with negative overtones, especially by the Austrian Freedom Party–with a majority of the Austrian population supporting stricter immigration policies. All these aspects in the area of asylum and deportation as well as the general political culture in Austria represent institutional and discursive opportunity structures for protest, both for and against asylum seekers. Asylum protests can either occur in support of or in opposition to asylum seekers and concern the deportation, right to stay, and reception of asylum seekers. These three fields–deportation, reception, and stay–are linked to each other in the asylum process but have not been jointly examined to date. This chapter explores this constellation, thereby providing a picture of the contextual framework of protest both for and against asylum seekers in Austria.
The aim of this study is to investigate spatial mobility over time. Research on ‘new mobilities’ suggests increasing movement of individuals, technology, and information. By contrast, studies of internal migration report declining spatial mobility in recent decades. Using longitudinal register data from Sweden, we calculate annual order-specific migration rates to investigate the spatial mobility of young adults over the last three decades. We standardize mobility rates for educational enrolment, educational level, family status, and place of residence to determine how much changes in individuals’ life domains explain changes in mobility. Young adults’ migration rates increased significantly in the 1990s; although all order-specific migration rates increased, first migration rates increased the most. Changes in population composition, particularly increased enrolment in higher education, accounted for much of the elevated spatial mobility in the 1990s. The analysis supports neither ever increasing mobility nor a long-term rise in rootedness among young adults in Sweden.
The huge amount of remittance transfers has brought migration studies to the fore in the public and private discourse on global development. Since the time migration studies occupied a space in the academe, most research has been devoted to remittances in cash and their use. Prior to the mid-nineties, the debate about the concept of migrants' 'remittance' has not entailed other forms of remittances other than remittances in cash. This research explores another form of remittance, that is, biological remittance. This research firstly explores how migrant populations handle 'biological remittance' in their societies, and secondly compares the experiences of female migrant workers in two countries with distinct cultural and religious mores. We collected empirical information from two countries: Indonesia and the Philippines. A total of 38 respondents (17 from the Philippines and 21 from Indonesia) were selected for this study by using the snowball technique. While all the respondents, irrespective of countries of origin, face ordeals coping with their situation, Indonesians bear more psychological burden than the Filipinos. This research has crucial implications for scholars, researchers and policy-makers alike.
Etnifikasi or marginalize the local ethnic as result of migration process in Lampung has caused ulun Lampung’s to became a minority amidst of the cultural heterogeneity immigrants. In response to this marginalization, they re-invented tradition in order to strengthen their collective consciousness through the meaning of piil pesenggiri (self esteem) that's reproduced and articulated as a representation of identity. The study aims to explain how the meaning piil pesenggiri has been reproduced in the repositioning of ulun lampung's cultural identity, related to how ulun lampung interpret piil pesenggiri as a cultural capital and strategy cultural. The data were obtained through in-depth interviews from a number of informants to obtain a comprehensive description of piil pesenggiri based on their experiences in the social world. The results showed that the reconstruction of Lampung ulun identity is inseparable from the development of the political and cultural dynamics in space and time. The production and reproduction of piil pesenggiri as an invention is processed to serve a cultural capital and identity strategy on the social structure vis-a-vis migrants can be viewed as a reteritorialization of identity. Changing the negative stigma that has piil pesenggiri used as cultural "shields" manifested in the various actions is the construction of ulun lampung with a new image through field of education, cultural symbols, or political field, and a process for gaining recognition in terms of their existence identity in the social structure. The reproduction of piil pesenggiri in social structure Lampung society shows that piil is not a static entity but an ever-changing one and it is inseparable from the ulun Lampung’s habitus.
Mobility is understood as displacement or the act of moving between locations and is a primeval spatial practice and a ubiquitous phenomenon. It signifies high modernity and connotes power, exclusion, resistance as well as criminality and gives rise to new hybrid cultures and contemporary cosmopolitanism. While mobility or ambulation was represented by the image of the flâneur in the western literary tradition, the east had its ghumakkaṛ or yayavar, where both were mimesis of nomads par excellence. This essay tries to grapple with the worlds of fluidity, flux and flow as pitted against sedentarism, fixity and stasis. It engages with the varied conceptions, complexities and contradictions as well as the “webs of signification” of mobility and nomadism in the eastern and western context. Further, the essay explores the “gendered” and emancipatory nature of mobility as well as its future and threat along with its micropolitics and metaphysics and nomadism in the intellectual traditions of the east and the west. While doing so, the author critically examines two seminal texts on nomadism represented by Ghumakkaṛ Śāstra by Rahul Sankrityayan from the east and Nomadology as conceived by Gilles Deleuze/Félix Guattari as illustrative of the west.
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