Perceived Effects Of Pornography Consumption Among Men: A Comparative Study Of Homosexual And Heterosexual Men

Abstract

Background: With the advancement in Media technologies, explicit sexual materials are widely available and distributed easily. This exposes people to pornography as never before. Consumption of it may potentially be stimulating as well as may lead to development of ill effects such as aggression, paraphilias. We aimed to study the effects of pornography consumption over two different groups i.e. heterosexual men and homosexual men. Methodology: We conducted a comparative study among homosexual males and heterosexual males who consumed porn. Pornography Consumption Effect Scale (PCES), 47 item likert scale was used for assessing various positive as well as negative domains associated with Porn consumption. Besides we explored the effects by face to face interviews of individuals in both the groups to further deepen our understanding. Results: Overall scores of positive domains such as sex life, knowledge, and attitude were on much higher side compared to scores suggestive of negative domains. Most of the respondents considered porn useful rather than harmful. The results were analyzed considering both i.e. qualitative as well as quantitative perspectives and responses obtained from sample population. Conclusions: Pornography consumption can be double edged sword. It should be buffered with base of scientific knowledge and sex education to avoid negative consequences.

Full text

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Indian Journal of Mental Health 2016;3(4)
Original Research Article
Perceived effects of Pornography Consumption Among Men:
A Comparative Study of Homosexual and Heterosexual Men
Mohit Sholapurkar1, Ganpat K. Vankar2, Avinash De Sousa3
1Resident Doctor,
2Professor and Head,
Department of Psychiatry, B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad.
3Research Associate, Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai
E-mail – avinashdes888@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Background: With the advancement in Media technologies, explicit sexual materials are widely available
and distributed easily. This exposes people to pornography as never before. Consumption of it may
potentially be stimulating as well as may lead to development of ill effects such as aggression, paraphilias.
We aimed to study the effects of pornography consumption over two different groups i.e. heterosexual
men and homosexual men.
Methodology: We conducted a comparative study among homosexual males and heterosexual males who
consumed porn. Pornography Consumption Effect Scale (PCES), 47 item likert scale was used for
assessing various positive as well as negative domains associated with Porn consumption. Besides we
explored the effects by face to face interviews of individuals in both the groups to further deepen our
understanding.
Results: Overall scores of positive domains such as sex life, knowledge, and attitude were on much higher
side compared to scores suggestive of negative domains. Most of the respondents considered porn useful
rather than harmful. The results were analyzed considering both i.e. qualitative as well as quantitative
perspectives and responses obtained from sample population.
Conclusions: Pornography consumption can be double edged sword. It should be buffered with base of
scientific knowledge and sex education to avoid negative consequences.
Keywords: Pornography, Homosexual, Heterosexual, consumption.
(Paper received – 29th April 2016, Peer review completed – 9th June 2016, Accepted – 19th June 2016)
INTRODUCTION
Viewing pornography has always been an issue of havoc. The availability of pornography in mass media
(newspapers, magazines, films, television, and internet) has increased at the same rate as the technological
development has made production and distribution of pornography simpler [1]. The term pornography is
often negatively loaded, and associated with the socially unacceptable, the deviant, the censured, or the
shameful [2-3]. Pornography functions as means of entertainment, sexual arousal and stimulation, and as
an information source about sexuality, particularly for young people [4-5].
Pornography is defined as ‘Any kind of material aiming at creating or enhancing sexual feelings or
thoughts in the recipient and at the same time containing explicit exposure and/or descriptions of the
genitals and clear and explicit sexual acts such as vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse, oral sex,
masturbation, bondage, sadomasochism, rape, animal sex etc [6].
There is paucity of studies on the impact of pornography on the society, most are flawed. Various domains
of the pornography consumption are studied such as addiction, aggression, extramarital sexual behavior,

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paraphiliac behavior, gender difference in the patterns of the consumption of pornography etc [7]. Men
appear to be more attracted to and consume more pornography than women, be more attracted to
hardcore pornography devoid of relationship context and emotional attachments, get more psychologically
aroused viewing pornography [8]. Men tend to get easily aroused by visual sexual stimuli compared to
women. Gender differences exist on almost all variables related to exposure to and use of pornography [9].
Compared to women, men use pornography more often during solitary sexual activity (e.g. masturbation).
Males are exposed to pornography at a comparatively younger age, and spend more time per week
watching pornography. Men more often enjoy pornography in the company of friends or most of the time
on their own, vice versa females tend to enjoy porn in the company of their sexual partners [10].
Gay/bisexual men and lesbian/bisexual women reported higher use of pornography than straight men and
women [11].
The three most important motives for exploring sex on the internet are to become sexually aroused,
curiosity, and to improve the sex life with a partner in the real life [12]. Sexual activity on the internet
comprise activities related to finding partners, watching erotica, participating in erotic chatting, buying sex
toys, seeking help for sexual problems, or having cybersex. More gay/bi men and lesbian/bi women than
straight people reported exposure to pornography in all media. They additionally reported more frequent
use. The difference was particularly noticeable between lesbian/bi women and straight women and in
relation to use of the internet to watch pornography and chat. This could imply that lesbian/bi women are
more partner-independent in their use of pornographic materials than straight women porn [13-14].
Table 1 – Few studies done in the context of Pornography Use
Researchers
Methods
Findings
Rolness (2003) [15]
Described in a debate about
overall social perception of
watching Porn
Public debate is dominated
by a view of pornography as something
immoral and
harmful to people.
Traeen et al (2002) [16]
Did survey of Prevalence of
Pornography consumption
90% of Norwegians older than 15 years of
age reported exposure to pornography at
some point in their life
Brown, (2002) [17]
Studied mass media
influences on Sexuality
Internet has increased the availability of
sexually explicit
material dramatically
Goodson, McCormick,
and Evans (2001) [18]
An exploratory study of
American college student’s
behavior and attitude
Found that 44% of
American students had watched
pornography on the internet, and there
were significant gender differences in use.
McKenna and Bargh
(2000) [19]
The implications of the
internet for personality and
social psychology.
Sexual meetings on the internet may
function as an intermediate station between
fantasy and realization of fantasies.
Staley and Prause
(2013) [20]
Erotica viewing effects on
intimate relationships and
self/partner evaluations.
Participants viewing both the erotic and
exciting films reported equivalent increases
in excitement; however, the erotic film was
rated as slightly more generally arousing
and increased participant's desire to be
close to their partner.

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Sahay et al. (2013) [21]
Correlates of Sex Initiation
among School Going
Adolescents in Pune, India.
Adolescents studying in vernacular
schools, accessing pornography and having
unfriendly relationship with parents had
higher likelihood of sex initiation.
Singh et al.(2010) [22]
Determinants of alcohol
use, risky sexual behavior
and sexual health problems
among men in low income
communities of
Mumbai, India.
One of the determinants studied was
Pornography consumption.
The aim of the current research was to study the perceived effects of viewing Pornography in males and to
compare the perceived effects of Pornography consumption between Heterosexual Males and Males
having Sex with Males (MSM).
METHODOLOGY
Men, heterosexual or homosexual, who were currently sexually active and have watched porn at least
once during last one month, were interviewed.
Instrument
Pornography Consumption Effect Scale (PCES) (Hald and Malmuth) [23], a Likert Scale (Responses from
1 to 6) was used to measure effects of pornography consumption. There are 47 questions in the scale.
These 47 questions are subdivided into various domains as follows.
Sex Life (SL) - (5 items for PED*; 8 items for NED*), To explore effects of consumption on one’s sex life
and sexual behaviors (e.g., effects on the frequency of sexual activity, sexual experimentation, and sexual
performance). [PED – positive effect dimension, NED – negative effect dimension].
2. Life in General (LG) - (4 items for PED; 4 items for NED). To investigate effects of pornography
consumption on life in general (e.g., on the quality of life, satisfaction with life, and problems in life).
3. Perception of and Attitudes Toward the Opposite Gender (PATOG) - (4 items for PED; 3 items for
NED). To tap into effects of consumption on the perception of and attitudes towards the opposite gender
(e.g., stereotypical perceptions of gender, friendliness toward and respect for the opposite gender).
4. Attitudes Toward Sex (ATS) - (5 items for PED; 5 items for NED). To investigate effects of
consumption on Attitudes Toward Sex (e.g., opinions, views, and outlook on sex).
5. Sexual Knowledge (SK) - (9 items, PED only). To examine effects of consumption on knowledge of sex
and sexual desire (e.g., masturbation, sexual foreplay, oral, vaginal, and anal sex, sexual fantasies, and
sexual desires).
Males with Heterosexual orientation were chosen from the Married Security guards who guarded at the
entrance of the different wards in Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad. Males with Homosexual orientation were
chosen from an organization working for Males having Sex with Males (Gram Vikas Trust ) in
Ahmedabad. All the males who were indulging in homosexual activity were passive partners. Most of
these males used to gather together after 10 pm (ending with their dinner and daily job) in one Lawn at
Cross Roads near Ahmedabad Railway Station. There they would chat with each other, share tea, snacks ,
cigarettes, country liquor with each other. Interviewer visited this hangout every night for more than three
weeks for collection of the data from MSM. Each of the participants was interviewed at length in one to
one setting. Name and identity was kept confidential. They were asked overall open ended questions as
What is your opinion about watching porn movies ?
What are benefits and disadvantages of watching porn ?
Will you advise any friend of yours to watch porn ?

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All the answers were recorded verbatim. After the rapport was established, they were asked to rate each
item in PCES Scale from 1 to 6. They were explained each item in the questionnaire in the language of
their preference i.e. Hindi or Gujarati. It took on an average 30 Minutes to interview each respondent and
rate the PCES Scale.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The data was entered into an excel sheet and SPSS version 19.0 was used in the assessment. Statistics
using the unpaired t test and Fischer’s exact test was used where appropriate.
RESULTS
A total of 74 men were interviewed, 44 with heterosexual orientation and 30 with homosexual orientation.
Table 2 – Characteristics of Respondents
MSM
N=30
N(%)
Heterosexual
N=44
N(%)
Age
20-25
26-30
31-35
36-40
41-45
Range
Mean (SD)
6(20.0)
5(16.7)
6(20.0)
2(6.7)
11(36.7)
27 -54
36.53(9.99)
5(11.4)
23(52.3)
13(29.5)
0
3(6.8)
32- 42
36.09(10.12)
t=0.1846
df = 72
p=0.8541 NS
Overall Perception
of pornography as
enhancer of sexual
functioning
Yes
No
26(86.7)
04(13.3)
36(81.8)
8(18.2)
Fisher exact test
two-tailed
p= 0.7511 NS
Quantitative data analysis
Age
Minimum age of the respondent was 21 years and maximum was 54 years. Considering age range 27 -54
for MSM, mean obtained was 36.53 years and age range for heterosexual males was 32- 42 ,mean obtained
was 36.09 years. Mean age for MSM was slightly higher as compared to heterosexual males.(t=0.18,df
=72,p=0.8541)
Overall perception of Pornography as enhancer of sexual functioning
86.7 % MSM and 81.8 % heterosexual males said Pornography consumption enhances sexual
functioning. This perception is on higher side in MSM compared with Heterosexual Males .( Fisher exact
test, two tailed, p=0.7511)
Sex Knowledge and Sex Life
Mean scores for gain in sexual knowledge were 45.60 and 41.89 respectively for MSM and Heterosexual
males.(t=1.71,df =72,p=0.02) Scores for Overall impact of viewing porn on life were 30.27 and 27.73
respectively for MSM and heterosexual males.(t=2.24,df=72,p=0.0281) Scores in both these domains are
almost similar to each other in the two categories.
Life in General
Impact on overall quality of life after watching Porn was tested and mean scores are 22.80 and 19.09 ,for
MSM and Heterosexual males respectively. Scores are similar for the two groups. (t=2.4933,df=72 ,
p=0.0150)

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Table 3 – The Pornography Consumption Effect Scale (PCES)
Dimension
MSM
N=30
Range
Mean(SD)
Heterosexual
N=44
Range
Mean(SD)
SK : Sexual
Knowledge
10-58
45.60(10.21)
16-86
41.89(12.9)
t=1.32
df=72
p=0.1917 NS
SL : Sex Life
21-38
30.27(3.84 )
14-39
27.73(5.33)
t=2.24
df=72
p= 0.0281 NS
LG: Life in General
12-30
22.80( 4.86 )
7-37
19.09(7.09)
t=2.49
df=72
p=0.0150*
ATS : Attitude
towards Sex
16-41
32.67(5.93 )
10-37
26.68(6.63)
t=3.98
df=72
p= 0.0002*
PATOG : Perception
of and attitude
towards the opposite
Gender
28-42
35.60( 2.65 )
16-48
33.18(5.95)
t=2.09
df=72
p=0.0404*
P: Positive effect
dimension
58-157
131.10( 20.44 )
50-162
115.93(28.60)
t=2.50
df=72
p= 0.0147*
N : Negative effect
dimension
22-65
35.83(8.86)
21-68
33.95(8.40)
t=0.92
df = 72
p= 0.3583 NS
SK
ATS
PATOG
LG
SL
1,8,9,14,16,23,29,39,41
2, 3,18,19,26,31,32,37,43,45
4,7,15,20,35,36,38
5,10,11,12,17,24,25,30,42,
6,13,21,22,27,28,33,34, 40,44,46,47
Overall Positive Effect
= average of the
following items
1, 3, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 33, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45.
Overall Negative
Effect = average of the
following items
2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 13, 17, 19, 22, 25, 26, 32, 34, 35, 37,
40, 44, 46, 47.
*significant, NS – not significant, Unpaired t test used in the assessment
Attitude towards Sex
After watching porn, how was the attitude of the respondents was evaluated and the mean scores were
32.67 and 26.68 for MSM and Heterosexual males respectively. Scores are similar for two
groups(t=3.98,df=72,p=0.0002).

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Perception of and attitude of opposite Gender
Is there any change in the attitude of the male towards the female was tested through this question and the
mean scores were 35.60 and 33.18 respectively for MSM and heterosexual males. Scores are similar in
both groups ( t=2.0876,df=72.p=0.0404).
Positive effect dimension
Responses in favor of Positive effect of watching porn were evaluated and the mean scores were 131.10
and 115.93 respectively for MSM and heterosexual males. Here the difference between Positive effect
dimension of watching porn is significant among these two groups, MSM reporting higher mean score
value. (t=2.5,df=72,p=0.0147)
Negative effect dimension
Responses in oppose of watching porn were evaluated and the mean scores were 35.83 and 33.95 for MSM
and heterosexual males respectively. Here the scores are on lesser side as compared to the responses
obtained for Positive effect dimension. Also there was no difference in the negative effect dimension scores
obtained from the two groups.(t=0.9245,df =72,p=0.3583)
DISCUSSION
MSM Subculture
MSM as a group comprise of more than 4500 males scattered all over the city. They have typical code
words and terms used among them and also for locating their Customers. Some of them walk and speak in
very typical Feminine attire and they always prefer to remain clean shaved. They also trim their Eyebrows
to look Sharp. All these things are done to attract the male customers or even to please their male partners
who are committed to them. In this MSM community each person has two names. One is the original
name and the other is Feminine name. While interviewing, many of them narrated that they hardly get
erotic feelings on seeing person of the opposite sex. Some of the MSM are fathering the children but report
that they never get aroused to make love with their female partners and on the other hand they starve for
even few minutes of physical proximity with their male partners or customers. Some of the MSM narrated
that they leave their home late night and wander on the roads in search of partner. Few areas in
Ahmedabad are known as Pick Up Points where these affairs are carried out. Public urinals are one of
them.
Age
Almost all of respondents replied their age when they viewed pornography for the first time was around 16
to 22 years. And still the respondents continued to view pornography. This indicates the persistence in the
process of the consumption of the Pornography.
Pornography material
Source for watching pornography was mobile phones for all the respondents. This indicates easy
availability of the pornography material and easy circulation among friends with the help of Bluetooth and
Android software. Some of them preferred to see porn movies in theatres, LCD screens, personal
computers as well.
Sexual Knowledge and Sex Life
Most of the men gave the history that they watch porn, often to get an arousal and to masturbate.
Frequency of the masturbation was much more prior their marriage and it reduced after marriage as they
indulged in heterosexual activity. They identify with the Porn Actor on video, fantasize and get
stimulated. Carrying the mobile phones in any room, lavatories or any place where they will get privacy
was easy. If the porn videos were not available, they recall the earlier viewed scenes and get stimulated.
They also learned and practiced various different methods of masturbation after watching porn. Eg.
Masturbating after putting a condom, after applying a soap leather over genitalia, masturbation in prone
position, mutual masturbation, masturbation in the mouth or over body of the partner etc.
Some also reported that viewing porn was beneficial to get stimulated and masturbate if the partner was
not available. Many of the respondents added that they got accurate knowledge about the anatomy of the
female genitals. This helped them during their beginnings of the sexual career. Rather some remarked,

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Watching porn benefitted them a lot for understanding various coital positions. As responded to the
question “Did it make you to experiment more in your sexual life ?”,they reported that watching porn also
has validated their fantasies. For example, sex in the bathroom, sex in standing position, penetration from
rear side, oral sex etc.
‘It helped us to spend more and more time in the bed which was satisfying for our partners as well’ said
few. They followed activities shown in porn and started exploring their fantasies. Porn gave much needed
confidence to many at the occasion of their very first sexual intercourse.
Attitude toward Sex
Overall watching porn was a stimulating experience for most of the respondents and it influenced
positively their outlook on sex. Few respondents said that they preferred to see the porn with their
partners, so that partners get liberated sexually and get ready to experiment. Most of the respondents
opined that they benefited of watching porn. By and large it reflects positive attitude of them considering
personal sex life and watching Porn.
Life in General
Considering watching porn and its effects on life in general, it had valuable contribution to viewer’s lives
and it improved quality of life and typically made life less problematic.
Perception of and attitude towards the gender of opposite sex
In our study .the scores obtained were almost similar to each other. Some of the studies have shown that
consumption of pornography may lead to aggression, rape, paraphiliac interests. The male may assume
female partner as an object of lust. In this study the scores were on higher side indicating good perception
and friendly attitude towards the person of the opposite sex. On the other hand MSM described erotic
feelings towards young males and though feelings were erotic, their attitude was not negative.
Pornography Consumption and Unmet Sex Needs of MSM
Some of the MSM interviewed worked as Male Commercial Sex Workers. At the location where they
meet daily, some of them wait for their male customers who take one of them for sex at some lodge, public
toilets etc. Few of MSM have rented rooms specially for sexual liaisons with their male customers. Many
of them have their regular customers who just ring the horn near the lawn at a particular timing and the
male CSW goes with him. Sometimes group of three or four men hire an auto rickshaw and pick up one of
the Male CSW for Group Sex. These auto rickshaw drivers are also among their familiar circle. Some of
the MSM visit the hang out with their committed male partners. As the time passes, one by one they
gather together and chat with each other.
Most of MSM prefer to watch porn where homosexual activities are depicted. Most of them got validated
that they bear erotic and romantic feelings towards the men after watching such gay porn. Being sexual
minority, they cannot discuss homosexual activities as freely as heterosexual activities. To explore their
fantasy world, MSM often preferred to watch gay porn. Porn informed and widened range of sexual
activities of MSM, like anal sex, oral sex, mutual masturbation, penetrative intercourse using thighs,
axillae, breasts, one of the partner getting cross dressed. Of these, oral sex and anal sex were the most
common sexual activities they engage in. MSM sometimes preferred to watch heterosexual activities to get
an idea about how a female partner pleases and stimulates the man. MSM often got insight how to make
their partners more interested and excited. Some of the Male CSWs had big screen television at their place
where the CSW and his male customer watch the porn together before indulging in sexual activity. Many
used pornography for getting erection soon after an ejaculation. MSM often used porn to make their active
partners ready for next penetrating attempt.
Making an overall comparison of frequency of pornography consumption between heterosexual males and
MSM, the later tend to have more frequent, as often as daily consumption. This difference can be
attributed to unmet sexual needs of MSM compared to sexually satisfied married heterosexual men. That
is also the one of the reason behind excess indulgence in substance consumption among MSM.
The strengths of the study are that it is the first of such kind of study in India assessing Pornography
Consumption Effect. It is the first study where heterosexual and homosexual men were compared. In the
study both qualitative and quantitative data was collected. The study was limited by small sample size,
respondents who were poor or middle class and less educated men. The findings cannot be generalized due
to these limitations.

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CONCLUSIONS
This study gives us clear insight about widespread consumption of Pornography. We need to assess
Perceived Effects of pornography Consumption with an open eye. MSM often indulge in watching porn in
excess and may get involved in unsafe sex practices and substance use disorders. Recognizing this group
and motivating them for coming out process will actually help them more. Psychiatrists dealing with male
sexual dysfunctions in day to day clinical practice may make use of pornography to demonstrate useful
activities like foreplay. Sex education at root level and free communication will help more to deal with the
doubts, questions.
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Acknowledgements – Nil
Source of Funding – Nil
Conflict of Interest – Nil