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Intermuscular bones and ligaments of teleostean fishes
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... IBs, commonly known as pin bones, are small spicule-like bones embedded in the muscle fillets of salmon, carp, and other basal teleosts. 12 Historically, IBs and ligaments of teleosts are the more overlooked elements of the musculoskeletal system. 12 The functions of IBs are still predominantly unknown, however several hypotheses exist including their proposed role in mechanical force transmission between axial muscle segments during swimming. ...
... 12 Historically, IBs and ligaments of teleosts are the more overlooked elements of the musculoskeletal system. 12 The functions of IBs are still predominantly unknown, however several hypotheses exist including their proposed role in mechanical force transmission between axial muscle segments during swimming. [13][14][15] In farmed fish IBs are mostly recognised for their impact on fish processing, negative effect on the economic value of fish and as a consumer health concern if ingested. ...
... Past studies focused on the morphology, number and distribution of IBs. 12,[19][20][21] However, from early 2000, there was a shift in attention towards the development of IBs, which included technologies such as high-throughput gene sequencing and other molecular techniques. 18,22,23 Interest in identifying the genes and proteins involved in IB development has grown significantly. ...
A healthy skeletal system is fundamental to fish welfare and performance and a key physiological feature of a robust fish. The presence of skeletal deformities in farmed salmonids is a persistent welfare problem in aquaculture, and one which threatens to impede industry growth. Deformities of the fine bones of fish, such as ribs and intermuscular bones (IBs), have received less attention than vertebral body deformities, despite their potential to compromise fish welfare and product quality. IBs, commercially known as pin bones, are small spicule‐like bones embedded in the muscle fillets of salmonids, cyprinids and other basal teleost species. In farmed basal teleosts, they impact fish processing, have negative effects on the economic value of fish and present a potential consumer health concern if ingested. Current understanding of IB development and function in teleosts has mostly relied on morphological research. More recently, advances in our understanding of molecular mechanisms of IB development in cyprinids have been made, largely due to the exploration of breeding IB‐free fish for use in aquaculture. In this review, we explore the existing literature on IBs in teleosts, highlight the points of contention within this field of research and identify the significant knowledge gaps about the development and function of salmonid IBs. To our knowledge, there is no available research on the function of IBs and scarce research concerning IB development in salmonids. Future research on teleost IBs would benefit from the use of consistent terminology to facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration and identify research outputs in this field.
... The study of fish intermuscular bone started sometime in the 1950s of the 20th Century, and the research work mainly focused on the carp, salmon, pike, and smelt (Danos & Ward, 2012;Dong et al., 2006;Patterson & Johnson, 1995). The IMB of clupeoids show some outstanding difficulties (e.g. ...
... They outspread horizontally backward and marginally downward on both sides of the muscle fillet of teleost fish (Bird & Mabee, 2003;Gemballa & Britz, 1998). The IMB are primitive features found in early Ostariophysi (Chang et al., 2008) that have been progressively diminished or lost in more recent fish taxa, such as the Perciformes (Patterson & Johnson, 1995). Patterson and Johnson (1995) resolved that paired IMB are not loose in the muscle, but rather are attached to the vertebrae by a ligament through their unbranched ends. ...
... The IMB are primitive features found in early Ostariophysi (Chang et al., 2008) that have been progressively diminished or lost in more recent fish taxa, such as the Perciformes (Patterson & Johnson, 1995). Patterson and Johnson (1995) resolved that paired IMB are not loose in the muscle, but rather are attached to the vertebrae by a ligament through their unbranched ends. These spicule-like bones are also termed ossified myoseptal tendons, epineural or false ribs, or 'pin bones' (Gemballa, 2001;Sahu et al., 2012). ...
This paper presents the conclusions of a comparative analysis of six osteological features:
the Structure of the vertebral column, the morphology of the predorsal bones,
the vertebral column regionalization, the pterygiophore interdigitation with neural
spines of dorsal fin, the pterygiophores interdigitation of with the haemal spines
of the anal fin, and the intermuscular bones (IMB) and hypomerals (HM) of 12 clupeid
species of the families Alosidae, Dorosomatidae, Dussumieridae and Ehiravidae.
... Intermuscular bones are segmental ossi cations in the myosepta and generally are associated with tendons [10,13]. Previous studies have mainly focused on phenotypic research of tendon ossi cation (IB formation) in teleost [14,15]. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies, the transcriptome [16-18], proteome [19], and evolutionary characteristics [20][21][22] related to tendon ossi cation in Cypriniformes have gradually been reported. ...
... In the perspective of the evolution of teleost, the phenotypes (distribution and quantity) of IBs varies signi cantly among different species [14,15,21,22]. Danos and Ward [13] found that there is a phylogenetic signal in the distribution of ossi ed tendons in teleost. ...
... Based on the information provided by Patterson and Johnson [14], Yang et al. [25] and Nelson [26], we summarized 5 IB distribution patterns in teleost (Fig. 1A). In Clupeiformes, there are 2 patterns including four-categories-IB model (epineural bones-ENBs, epipleural bones-EPBs, epicentral bones-ECBs and myorhabdois-MBs) and three-categories-IB model (ENBs, EPBs and ECBs); There is no IBs in Siluriformes; Cypriniform shes have 2 categories of IBs, ENBs and EPBs; Salmoniform shes have only ENBs and Perciform shes have only ECBs. ...
Background
Intermuscular bones (IBs) are segmental ossifications in the myosepta and generally are similar with tendon ossification which is a type of heterotopic ossification (HO). Nevertheless, mechanism of IB formation is not well understood.
Results
In order to address this issue, we systematically analyze transcriptome data across multiple tissues, multiple species, multiple time points and multiple resolutions in teleost. First of all, we identify IB-specific genes by tau index method. Through cross-species comparison of tendon development process, we discover that candidate genes primarily are enriched in extracellular matrix organization, ossification, regulation of angiogenesis, et al. We also reveal that some of above candidate genes were abnormally expressed in runx2b−/− zebrafish without IBs. With the hope of clarifying the trajectory of cell differentiation during IB formation, we show that myostptal stem cell differentiates into osteoblast, fibroblast and tenocyte in runx2b+/+ zebrafish. However, the differentiation process of myostptal stem cell into osteoblast is inhibited in runx2b−/− zebrafish, while the differentiation process of myostptal stem cell into clec3bb + tenocyte and fibroblast is enhanced. Meanwhile, runx2b deficiency led to the upregulation of clec3bb expression in clec3bb + tenocyte cluster. Notably, there was a compensatory effect observed in cell differentiation and gene expression in runx2b−/− zebrafish, which suggests that runx2b and these candidate genes (such as clec3bb) are involved in the gene network of IB development.
Conclusions
This study elucidated the cell development process of tendon ossification in teleost, and identified key factor clec3bb involved in tendon ossification. These findings provide a foundation for understanding tendon ossification in teleost and further research on tendon ossification in mammals.
... While the electric organ, which is located between the Gemminger bones, has been the focus of multiple studies, nothing was done after the study by Hyrtl (1856) to clarify the identity and ontogeny of the Gemminger bones. Based on their shape and position, these bones appear most similar to myorhabdoi, that is, the most dorsal and ventral series of intermuscular bones present in some teleost taxa, most of which are in a basal phylogenetic position, like elopiforms, clupeiforms, gymnotiforms, and osteoglossomorphs (Chapman, 1944;Patterson & Johnson, 1995). Accordingly, the systematic position of mormyrids (Betancur-R et al., 2017) does not contradict the homology of the Gemminger bones and myorhabdoi. ...
... In all studied species, they border the electric organs dorsally and ventrally and reach slightly farther anteriorly, usually below the dorsal and anal fins, respectively. Taverne (1969) ventral to the epipleurals, respectively (Patterson & Johnson, 1995). ...
... Without detailed line of reasoning Patterson and Johnson (1995) stated that myorhabdoi "are autapomorphous for those taxa in which they occur." Nevertheless, myorhabdoi are most common in non-euteleost teleosts, commonly referred to as basal teleosts. ...
Mormyridae are well known and intensively studied for their weak electric organ discharges, which facilitate communication and orientation. The Gemminger bones of Mormyridae are located next to the electrical organ in the caudal peduncle; however, they have not attracted much interest until recently. Therefore, we investigated the diversity of Gemminger bones in mormyrids and studied their ontogenetic development in Mormyrus rume proboscirostris. Gemminger bones are paired, thin, elongated ossifications lying on the dorsal and ventral sides of the caudal peduncle, and usually reach anterior well below the dorsal and anal fin bases. Ontogeny revealed that they are not intermuscular ossifications, as suspected based on the anatomical position of this structure and the systematic position of the mormyrids. Instead, they are membrane ossifications that originate from the fin stays of the dorsal and anal fins.
... Os ossos intermusculares em "Y" (IBs), são ossos finos localizados nos músculos, (Paterson;Johnson, 1995), sua função está correlacionada com métricas morfológicas e natação (Yao et al., 2015). Além disso, os mesmos apoiam os músculos laterais durante a miocinese em áreas sem costelas (Bing, 1962 ;Li Et Al., 2013). ...
... Fonte: Oliveira et al., 2023. A formação dos IBs ocorre por condensação mesenquimal através de ossificação intramembranosa no tecido conjuntivo dentro do miosepto (Patterson;Jhonson, 1995). A atividade muscular desempenha um papel crucial na homeostase entre formação e reabsorção óssea, exercendo influência direta nessa regulação (Hamrick, 2012). ...
O objetivo desta revisão foi contribuir para o avanço do conhecimento científico nessa área específica e fornecer subsídios para a melhoria das práticas de manejo e reprodução do tambaqui em ambientes de criação, tendo em vista a importância econômica e social dessa espécie na piscicultura. A ultrassonografia é uma ferramenta eficaz para o diagnóstico na identificar espinhas "Y", uma vez que permite a visualização das estruturas internas do peixe sem a necessidade de procedimentos invasivos. Através do exame de ultrassom, é possível identificar a presença das espinhas intramusculares "Y", melhorando a qualidade e segurança do consumo deste peixe, que é de grande importância econômica e alimentar. Além disso, permite avaliar a maturação gonadal, facilitando a gestão reprodutiva. Essa técnica permite a visualização do estágio da maturação gonadal (ovários e os testículos). Portanto, a utilização da ultrassonografia no diagnóstico reprodutivo e detecção de espinhas intramusculares "Y" em tambaqui é uma ferramenta importante para a melhoria da qualidade da carne e o manejo reprodutivo dessa espécie, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento da aquicultura e a sustentabilidade da produção de peixes.
... However, death caused by a rapid onset of anoxia should be evidenced by extreme muscular contractions, i.e., tetany of the jaws, deep arching of the body, and fanned and erected fins (e.g., Carnevale et al. 2022), which have not been consistently observed loss of nuptial tubercles, loss of uncinate process on the fourth epibranchial, and loss of maxillary and basihyal teeth), none of which was regarded by Johnson & Patterson (1996) as valid to potentially characterise a group formed by argentiniforms and alepocephaloids. On the other hand, Johnson & Patterson (1996) offered two additional characters in order to characterise this pair, the ventral displacement of the distal parts of the first two to four epineurals (see also Patterson & Johnson 1995) and the caudal median cartilages supporting the lowermost ray of the upper caudal lobe (see also Wiley & Johnson 2010). Arratia (2018) evidenced the controversial nature of these features, especially of the accessory cartilage that connects the fifth ceratobranchial to the fifth epibranchial, which represents the novel element of the crumenal organ, whose occurrence has been reported by De Pinna & Di Dario (2010) also in the African freshwater clupeomorph Denticeps clupeoides. ...
Bony fishes are among the best represented macrofossils from the earliest Eocene Fur Formation, northern Denmark. The most abundant fish of the formation has never been formally described, in spite of its abundance throughout the formation, and only referred to as an ‘argentinoid’. This work provides a taxonomic study of this argentinoid taxon, which is described herein as Surlykus longigracilis gen. et sp. nov. The caudal skeleton shows separated first preural and first ural centra, a unique condition within the Argentiniformes. In addition, it is characterised by having a large mouth and a single supramaxilla, which suggest that Surlykus gen. nov. occupies a basal position within the Argentiniformes, representing the sister-group to all the other lineages of this clade ([Argentinidae + Opisthoproctidae] + [Bathylagidae + Microstomatidae]), and, consequently, a stem-group Argentiniformes. Mass-mortality assemblages may indicate that Surlykus longigracilis gen. et sp. nov. formed large schools in the ancient North Sea Basin, where it probably represented the trophic nucleus of the fish communities.
... However, death caused by a rapid onset of anoxia should be evidenced by extreme muscular contractions, i.e., tetany of the jaws, deep arching of the body, and fanned and erected fins (e.g., Carnevale et al. 2022), which have not been consistently observed loss of nuptial tubercles, loss of uncinate process on the fourth epibranchial, and loss of maxillary and basihyal teeth), none of which was regarded by Johnson & Patterson (1996) as valid to potentially characterise a group formed by argentiniforms and alepocephaloids. On the other hand, Johnson & Patterson (1996) offered two additional characters in order to characterise this pair, the ventral displacement of the distal parts of the first two to four epineurals (see also Patterson & Johnson 1995) and the caudal median cartilages supporting the lowermost ray of the upper caudal lobe (see also Wiley & Johnson 2010). Arratia (2018) evidenced the controversial nature of these features, especially of the accessory cartilage that connects the fifth ceratobranchial to the fifth epibranchial, which represents the novel element of the crumenal organ, whose occurrence has been reported by De Pinna & Di Dario (2010) also in the African freshwater clupeomorph Denticeps clupeoides. ...
Bony fishes are among the best represented macrofossils from the earliest Eocene Fur Formation, northern Denmark. The most abundant fish of the formation has never been formally described, in spite of its abundance throughout the formation, and only referred to as an ‘argentinoid’. This work provides a taxonomic study of this argentinoid taxon, which is described herein as Surlykus longigracilis gen. et sp. nov. The caudal skeleton shows separated first preural and first ural centra, a unique condition within the Argentiniformes. In addition, it is characterised by having a large mouth and a single supramaxilla, which suggest that Surlykus gen. nov. occupies a basal position within the Argentiniformes, representing the sister-group to all the other lineages of this clade ([Argentinidae + Opisthoproctidae] + [Bathylagidae + Microstomatidae]), and, consequently, a stem-group Argentiniformes. Mass-mortality assemblages may indicate that Surlykus longigracilis gen. et sp. nov. formed large schools in the ancient North Sea Basin, where it probably represented the trophic nucleus of the fish communities.
... The Baudelot's ligament of A. testudineus connecting the posterior dorsal part of the basioccipital and supracleithrum is extremely elongated and rigid. This ligament situated between the pectoral girdle and either skull base or first vertebra, is plesiomorphic for actinopterygian fish (Paterson and Johnson, 1995). Surprisingly, this extremely prominent structure has not been described before in A. testudineus, as well as in other representatives of the Anabantoidei. ...
The feeding-related skull structures are described and occluding elements of the upper and lower
regions of the buccopharyngeal cavity are analyzed in climbing perch. At each side of the neurocranium, the
transverse process of the parasphenoid with four or five large conical teeth oppose the hypobranchial 3, and
the medial teeth of the parasphenoid oppose the medial joints between paired hypobranchials 3 and cerato�branchials 4. As in the majority of other advanced Teleostei, the pharyngeal bite is carried out by the lower
pharyngeal jaw (fused ceratobranchials 5) and upper pharyngeal jaws (left and right plates of pharyngobran�chials 3–4). The latter jaws are articulated with paired pharyngeal processes of the basioccipital. At both sides
of the skull, the strong elongated Baudelot’s ligament joins the basioccipital and supracleithrum. The hypoth�esis on the occurrence of the unique lower pharyngeal jaw–parasphenoid bite in climbing perch is rejec
Intermuscular bones (IBs), distributed specifically in the myosepta on both sides of lower teleosts, negatively affect palatability and processing. Recent research in zebrafish and several economically important farmed fishes has led to the breakthrough discovery of the mechanism of IBs formation and generation of IBs-loss mutants. This study explored the ossification patterns of IBs in juvenile Culter alburnus. Besides, some key genes and bone-related signaling pathways were identified by transcriptomic data. Furthermore, PCR microarray validation revealed that claudin1 could potentially regulate IBs formation. Additionally, we created several IBs-reduced mutants of C. alburnus by loss of the function of bone morphogenetic proteins 6 (bmp6) gene using CRISPR/Cas9 editing. These results suggested that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated bmp6 knockout was promising approach for breeding IBs-free strain in other cyprinids.
