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Comparative economic organization: The analysis of discrete structural alternatives
... Pelo olhar da ECT, a escolha da estrutura de governança mais eficiente para coordenar a transação deve ser feita de forma comparativa entre os três tipos viáveis definidos pela teoriamercado, híbrido ou hierarquia (WILLIAMSON, 1991). Por sua vez, essa escolha, de acordo com Williamson (1985;1991), é orientada por três fatores principais a serem observados na transação: frequência; incerteza e especificidade de ativos. ...
... Pelo olhar da ECT, a escolha da estrutura de governança mais eficiente para coordenar a transação deve ser feita de forma comparativa entre os três tipos viáveis definidos pela teoriamercado, híbrido ou hierarquia (WILLIAMSON, 1991). Por sua vez, essa escolha, de acordo com Williamson (1985;1991), é orientada por três fatores principais a serem observados na transação: frequência; incerteza e especificidade de ativos. Buscando reduzir os custos de transação associados à proteção contra comportamento oportunista e quebra Coordenação da transação em função da especificidade de ativos e da mensuração Caunetto, M.M.; Souza, J.P. de. ...
... ISSN 1808-2882 www.custoseagronegocioonline.com.br 204 contratual, Williamson (1991) destaca a especificidade de ativos como a dimensão principal a ser observada na eficiência da transação. ...
Neste artigo discute-se a complementaridade entre a Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT) e a Economia dos Custos de Mensuração (ECM), com o objetivo de compreender como a especificidade de ativos e a mensuração se complementam para justificar a escolha das estruturas de governança. Se por um lado a escolha eficiente da estrutura de coordenação entre os elos da cadeia produtiva pode ser orientada pela busca de redução de comportamento oportunista (quebra contratual), por outro o que pode estar em jogo é a busca pela eficiência na geração e compartilhamento de informação para se evitar apropriação de valor (garantia de direitos de propriedade) sobre os ativos transacionados. Esses aspectos indicam que um olhar mais integrativo entre as teorias se faz necessário. Para atender a esse objetivo, utilizou-se como orientação metodológica a proposta de Foss e Hallberg (2016), a qual aborda a necessidade de análise progressiva de mudanças nas teorias para estudo das organizações, e analise de conteúdo dos trabalhos seminais de Coase, Williamson e de Barzel, além de outros autores com publicações nos últimos dez anos. Dados secundários também foram utilizados para ilustrar como o olhar integrativo dessas teorias está sendo utilizado nos estudos de coordenação de sistemas agroindustriais. Como resultado, algumas proposições foram identificadas com a finalidade de auxiliar na aplicação de estudos considerando a complementaridade teórica da ECT e da ECM, para escolha das estruturas mais eficientes para coordenar as transações. Além disso, o estudo contribui para a temática dos custos de transação mostrando, também, como a estrutura híbrida, sustentada por contratos formais, é capaz de oferecer proteção e reduzir custos de transação na presença da mensuração, mesmo quando se considera ativos de elevada especificidade.
... Para a ECT, as transações são organizadas em estruturas de governança que variam dentro de um continuum, isto é, entre estrutura de mercado e hierarquia, e a escolha de determinada estrutura de governança dependerá das características da transação, ou seja, especificidade do ativo, incerteza e frequência. O foco aqui então é procurar a minimização dos custos envolvidos nas transações através de mecanismos de governança eficientes para apoiar transações econômicas (He, Lin & Wei, 2016;Williamson, 1991). ...
... A especificidade dos ativos nas transações é o atributo mais crítico na formação das estruturas de governança, pois é por meio dela que se gera a dependência bilateral. Em outras palavras, os níveis de grau de especificidade de ativos são responsáveis pelas diferenças encontradas nos custos de transação, isto é, quanto mais específicos os ativos forem, maior será o custo de transação, porque mais salvaguardas devem ser introduzidas no conteúdo e no processo de contratação para proteger o proprietário do ativo específico contra perdas econômicas agindo, assim, como um mecanismo de proteção para transações comerciais (Higashi, Fagundes, Caleman, Sauer & Saes, 2017;Lui, Wong & Liu, 2009;Poppo & Zenger, 2002;Verbeke & Kano, 2013;Williamson, 1991;2008). ...
... A estrutura hierárquica ou integração vertical é caracterizada pelo aumento das especificidades dos ativos ocasionando maiores riscos de oportunismos nas trocas comerciais, exigindo daí maior capacidade de adaptação. Busca-se por meio de salvaguardas contratuais a internalização das operações, assumindo total controle dos fatores e graduação de autoridade (Williamson, 1991). ...
Desde a abertura do comércio a partir dos anos 90, a suinocultura brasileira vem ganhando grande relevância na economia nacional. Os estudos que tratam da agricultura contratual se concentram principalmente em grandes contratos orientados para a exportação e que são operados por grandes empresas privadas. Em termos de agricultura contratual, o pequeno produtor ainda é pouco representado na literatura. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar e analisar a estrutura de governança e os seus mecanismos de coordenação adotados no sistema de integração da suinocultura goiana (Brasil). Para alcançar o objetivo proposto foi utilizado o método de estudo de caso composto por duas granjas de suínos na região de Rio Verde (Goiás). O estudo foi realizado seguindo o pressuposto teórico do alinhamento discriminante da Economia dos Custos de Transação de Oliver Williamson. Os dados de campo indicaram que o mecanismo de coordenação adotado na relação entre produtor e processador se dá por meio de contratos, denominados contratos de integração. O contrato de integração é estruturado com mecanismos garantidores que contribuem para a redução dos custos transacionais e produtivos, ou seja, a agroindústria assegura o suprimento dos suínos, insumos, transporte e assistência técnica e veterinária, e o produtor assegura o fornecimento da produção, atuando assim como um meio de compartilhamento de riscos da atividade produtiva.
... En sus inicios, el ABS del arándano fresco peruano se desarrolló con participación de grandes productores con niveles de coordinación del tipo de integración vertical (Solano Gaviño et al., 2021); sin embargo, debido al incremento de la demanda del mercado aparecieron nuevos proveedores de menres escalas, pequeños productores. Las formas de gobernanza entre actores se diseñaron en función de los activos específicos involucrados para la producción y la necesidad de salvaguardar las inversiones (Williamson, 1991). ...
... Los costos de transacción surgen de los supuestos del comportamiento humano, racionalidad limitada y oportunismo, y a las dimensiones de la transacción: la especificidad de activos, incertidumbre y frecuencia (Williamson, 1991). La especificidad de los activos es un elemento importante de la teoría de los costos de transacción, puesto que, se caracteriza por existir dentro de una transacción específica y están relacionados con la dificultad de ser redireccionados a un segundo uso fuera de la transacción (Sierens and Tello-Contreras, 2013). ...
... Por tal motivo, la incertidumbre se encuentra relacionada con el grado de dificultad para verificar el desempeño o cumplimiento de los acuerdos (Geyskens et al., 2006). La frecuencia se define como la cantidad de transacciones que se realizan entre dos actores económicos, fundamental para desarrollar confianza mutua y compromisos creíbles que reduzcan los costos de transacción (Williamson, 1991). ...
Highly healthy fruits, such as blueberries, have seen increasing demand in both traditional and emerging markets in recent years. Peru, a farmer of high-value fresh fruits and vegetables in the southern hemisphere, began exporting blueberries in 2010, becoming the main exporter of this product. The Peruvian blueberry agribusiness system maintains an effective level of coordination between the different economic actors of the production system. For this reason, the objective of this work was to evaluate the level of coordination between the actors of the blueberry agribusiness system that allowed the competitive positioning of Peru in the international market. The theoretical approach used is the Transaction Cost Economics framework, and the methodology consists of an analysis of transactions through the evaluation of governance structures, attributes of transaction and levels of transaction cost. Primary and secondary sources are used for the collection of study data. The results show a high level of coordination between the actors from the existence of the vertical integration structures in the production-packaging-distribution stages of the agribusiness system. This organizational structure was designed by the large blueberry farmers to optimize coordination, make productive operations effective and minimize transaction costs. Investment in specific assets is high, in relation to assets of the temporal, physical and human type. Therefore, the vertical integration -forward- of the farmers safeguards their investments and reduces uncertainty in terms of sales price and product quality, depending on market demand. On the other hand, there is also an efficient coordination relationship between suppliers of inputs and technology, medium and small farmers, packers, wholesale and retail distributors. The predominant organizational structure among these actors is the formal contract, which allows safeguarding investments from the production stage and reducing uncertainty in terms of product quality during marketing. It is concluded that the high level of coordination is a competitive factor of the blueberry agribusiness system in Peru, since the coordination mechanisms developed by the actors allow reducing exchange costs and market uncertainty. The high level of coordination between the actors has boosted exports and consolidated Peru's position as an important player in the commercialization of fresh blueberries worldwide.
... No Brasil, merecem destaque os estudos de Zylbersztajn (1995), que baseados nas produções de Williamson (1975, 19851) sobre a teoria dos custos de transação (ECT) são aplicados a pesquisas no campo de estudos dos sistemas agroindustriais. Williamson (1991) O artigo também apresenta um olhar para o contexto atual de pandemia da COVID-19 e a exigência de cuidados que refletem em aumento da especificidade de ativos nos produtos agroindustriais, implicando em estruturas de governança eficientes para minimizar os custos de transação. Para tanto, buscou-se compreender os efeitos da pandemia da COVID-19 no setor Avícola no Brasil por meio da análise de documentos históricos evidenciados pela mídia jornalística no período de 24 meses a partir do início de 2020. ...
... Na vertente teórica da abordagem dos custos de transação, as instituições condicionam e são condicionadas pelas relações entre os agentes econômicos. Com base nesta visão institucional, os estudos de Williamson (1991) sobre governança, seguindo a direção apontada por Coase (1937) vieram demonstrar como a estrutura de governança é uma resposta minimizadora dos custos transação e de produção. ...
... A partir desta linha de raciocínio, Williamson (1991) consolida um corpo teórico de ampla aplicação prática, principalmente relacionada a governança e coordenação de sistemas produtivos. Como ele conclui, as características principais desta abordagem consistem na noção da seleção dos modos alternativos de se organizar a produção, os quais serão definidos baseando-se no nível de especificidade de ativos mediante a comparação dos custos de se realizar a transação seja por meio do mercado, seja por meio da hierarquia (integração vertical) ou ainda por meio de formas híbridas. ...
Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a aplicação da Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT) no contexto da segurança dos alimentos em sistemas agroindustriais. Por meio de um método de pesquisa exploratório, verificou-se as contribuições dessa corrente teórica para pesquisas em sistemas agroindustriais, demonstrando a sua aplicabilidade no contexto da segurança dos alimentos no setor Avícola. O percurso metodológico foi definido por meio de um estudo bibliográfico sobre a ECT aplicada a segurança dos alimentos enfocando a aplicação ao contexto da pandemia da COVID-19. Os resultados demonstram os efeitos da pandemia da COVID-19 no setor Avícola no Brasil sob a ótica da ECT, indicando a importância do modelo da Integração Vertical. Foi apresentado o papel da reputação e da coordenação de sistemas agroindustriais na segurança dos alimentos no contexto da COVID-19. Conclui-se que a ECT possibilita formular proposições sobre a organização de sistemas produtivos, apresentando aplicações de coordenação de sistemas agroindustriais. Esta teoria produz uma análise consistente das estratégias implementadas pelas organizações no que abrange a governança e a coordenação dos sistemas produtivos, contribuindo para a segurança dos alimentos. O estudo mostra como esta teoria oferece conteúdo suficiente para as análises, considerando o ambiente institucional como pano de fundo, oferecendo regras formais e informais na tentativa de minimizar as incertezas do ambiente. O estudo apresenta também contribuições para o contexto da pandemia da COVID-19 e a exigência de cuidados que refletem em aumento da especificidade de ativos na produção de alimentos em sistemas agroindustriais, implicando em estruturas de governança eficientes para minimizar os custos de transação.
... Transaction-specific assets (investments and assets are used interchangeably in this paper) are idiosyncratic investments made by a firm in a focal relationship. In the presence of substantial specific assets, small numbers bargaining conditions may arise and formal contracts become relevant (Williamson, 1985;1991). Suppliers and buyers invest in specific assets to demonstrate their commitment to exchange relationships (Buvik and Haugland, 2005). ...
... Nevertheless, prior research has not examined the moderating role of market knowledge on the relationship between specific assets and formal contracts. Williamson (1991) maintains that international transactional complexities add to transactional costs and increase firms' exposure to opportunism. When transactions occur in an ambiguous environment, it is more challenging for transacting partners to postulate exchange conditions ex-ante and easily verify performance ex-post (Rindfleisch and Heide, 1997). ...
... Consistent with TCA, formal contracts safeguard specific assets and reduce ex-post transaction costs and opportunistic tendencies associated with bargaining, monitoring and maladaptation propensities (Williamson, 1985). Formal contracts lessen the direct costs of managing relationships and reduce the opportunity costs associated with inferior governance decisions (Williamson 1991). In the presence of deficiencies in contractual compliance, formal contracts provide Western buyers with safety mechanism that enable them to renegotiate critical business transactions (e.g., order quantities, delivery requirements) without increasing haggling or coordination costs (Dahlstrom and Nygaard, 1999;Rindfleisch and Heide, 1997). ...
This study employs transaction cost logic to investigate effects of market knowledge on formal contracting. The model maintains that market knowledge moderates the effects of supplier specific assets and buyer specific assets on contracting in international buyer–seller relationships. We collected survey data from 131 international buyer–supplier relationships and applied regression analysis to test the hypotheses. The data suggest that the need for formal contracts diminishes when substantial supplier specific assets accompany high market knowledge. In contrast, the need for formal contracting increases when substantial buyer specific assets are combined with high market knowledge. This study provides new insights for B2B marketing literature by shedding light on the influence of market knowledge on formal contracts. The discussion addresses the study’s implications for interorganizational theory and
practice.
... Unified governance is characterised by weak incentives, strong administrative control, weak autonomous adaptation, strong cooperative adaptation, and strong contract law. Bilateral governance, which lies in the middle between markets and hierarchies, is characterised by a set of complementary attributes describing hybrids in that they possess semi-strong incentives, semi-strong administrative control, semi-strong autonomous and cooperative adaptations, as well as semi-strong contract law (Williamson 1991). Thus, it may be argued that the hybrid mode works well since it is a middle path. ...
... However, when there are internal disputes, the court may likely refuse to hear these disputes between parties in the same organisation; thus, the contract law under the unified mode is usually that of forbearance, in which the parties are inclined to settle disputes internally with less recourse to the court of law. Thus, contract law under unified governance is usually weak in terms of external assessment but strong in terms of internal workings and supports cooperative adaptations (Williamson 1991). ...
... In this context, telecommunications often requires substantial investments as well, as a result of erecting transmitting plants in several locations. Source: Authors' own compilation with insights from Williamson (1979Williamson ( , 1991Williamson ( , 1993Williamson ( , 1998Williamson ( , 2005. ...
This paper illustrates how Transaction Cost Economics' (TCE) dimensionalisation, a governance structure comparative analysis tool, may be used in assessing corporate governance structures. To illustrate, this paper assesses the governance structures of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in South Africa and Singapore, two countries deploying different governance structures for organising SOEs. A proposition was developed in line with dimensionalisation to assess the organising models. The proposition is that SOEs organised using a bilateral governance structure are expected to perform better than those organised using a unified governance structure-since the attributes and characteristics of transactions/contracts are semi-strong in the bilateral structure, according to TCE. Findings appear to support the proposition, indicating that SOEs organised in a bilateral governance structure perform better relative to those that are organised under unified governance.
... Di dalam pengurusan saluran pemasaran di bawah teori ini, struktur pentadbiran telah dikategorikan kepada beberapa kategori iaitu pentadbiran pasaran, pentadbiran antara firma atau hibrid dan pentandbiran hirarki (Williamson, 1991;Kim, 2017). Pentadbiran pasaran adalah apabila aktiviti pasaran dilakukan di luar syarikat. ...
... Sekiranya aset khusus terikat dengan transaksi urus niaga tertentu, aset tersebut adalah sukar untuk dipindahkan dan sangat bergantung pada pihak-pihak yang terlibat dengan transaksi urus niaga tersebut (Kim, 2017). Aset khusus memperkenalkan perubahan kepada hubungan di antara agen-agen, dimana kadang-kala boleh membawa kepada kebergantungan bersama yang cukup kuat untuk menghasilkan sesetengah masalah sikap berkaitan dengan komitmen, berkongsi tanggungjawab dan prestasi (Williamson, 1991). Terdapat empat jenis aset pengkhususan iaitu aset lokasi atau tapak, pangkhususan aset fizikal, pengkhususan aset manusia (latihan, pengetahuan), jenama atau modal reputasi, dan pengkhususan aset khas (Langfield-Smith, 2008). ...
... Merujuk kepada TCE, syarikat lebih cenderung untuk memilih jenis organisasi yang mampu mengurangkan kos transaksi (Williamson, 1991) dimana integrasi vertikal merupakan fungsi tahap kos transaksi, dan asas kepada pengkhususan aset, kekerapan dan ketidaktentuan. Seterusnya ia meningkatkan potensi peluang untuk rundingan semula. ...
... Covering the lifecycle of parts typically spanning in decades (Knofius et al., 2016), this static decision constitutes a significant investment for the selection of supplier that is rarely changed before production ramp-down (Frandsen et al., 2020;Ulrich & Eppinger, 2012). This is caused by a high degree of transaction cost constructs, i.e., asset specificity, uncertainty, and governances structures (Clemons et al., 1993;Grover & Malhotra, 2003;Williamson, 1991). ...
... Extant literature has also identified the concept of dynamic response that considers changes in supplier operations, buyer demand, and production policies owing to market dynamics as a function of periodic time to satisfy the forecasted demand Mondal, 2016, 2019;Koul and Verma, 2011;€ Ohman et al., 2021;Ware et al., 2014). However, we argue that under the conditions of conventional manufacturing, this concept still imposes a very high degree of transaction costs (Clemons et al., 1993;Grover and Malhotra, 2003;Williamson, 1991Williamson, , 2008 for changing the supplier once a supplier has been selected and a supply chain has been designed for a specific part type. ...
... This static decision is imposed by a number of transaction costs due to the asset specificity, uncertainty, and governance structures (Clemons et al., 1993;Grover and Malhotra, 2003;Williamson, 1991Williamson, , 2008, which need to be amortized through economies of scale . The generating mechanism of these transaction costs for conventional manufacturing is the need to commit to a fixed design and shape for each spare part. ...
Additive manufacturing (AM) is rapidly developing into a general-purpose technology akin to electric drives and computers serving a plethora of applications. The advent and proliferation of the additive process triggering Industry 4.0 is encouraging academics and practitioners to establish new practices, designs, and modes of creating and supplying end-use parts.
Contributing to this emerging stream of research on AM technologies, the overarching objective of this doctoral dissertation is to discover situations and ways in which companies can benefit from implementing AM in conjunction with conventional manufacturing technologies. This is addressed and limited by three sub-objectives.
First sub-objective establishes a new operational practice—dynamic supplier selection using the build-to-model mode of manufacturing—for the provision of idiosyncratic spare parts to improve the after-sales operations of a case company. Second sub-objective estimates the combined uncertainty and the worst-case error in creating an end-use part, particularly a personalized implant made by radiologic images, thresholding, digital design, and AM. Third sub-objective develops process interruption-based embedding and creates prototypes of smart parts, in particular intelligent implants using four AM technologies. The work uses a multi-methods approach combining three case studies, experiments, and research methodologies to achieve the aim of theoretical insights, practical relevance, and innovation.
The empirical evidence confirms that AM can radically shift the performance frontier for problematic parts in conventional supply. The dynamic supplier selection practice allows operations managers to choose a supplier or multiple suppliers for idiosyncratic parts both existing and new. The selection can be based on cost reduction, lead-time reduction, and trade-offs in cost and lead-time according to customer requirements without significant transaction costs.
The generative mechanism of successful outcome is triggered by the simplicity in AM process instructions. Encapsulating the design and production-process instructions reduces mundane transaction costs and enables highly interactive model-based supplier relationships for decentralized manufacturing. The accuracy of AM technologies is predominant for establishing and substantiating appropriate practices. The process interruption-based embedding opens a direction for creating smart parts facilitating condition monitoring, machine learning, and preventive maintenance for Industry 4.0.
This doctoral dissertation aids researchers and practitioners in switching parts over to AM technologies from large spare part repositories with a dynamic response as opposed to a static choice with conventional manufacturing involving increasing minimum order quantities, costs, and lead-times. It can allow a dynamic response for accurate, personalized, and smart end-use parts.
... À medida que uma nova tecnologia surge e é disseminada, há chances da especificidade dos ativos se alterar, e, consequentemente, alterar a forma de governança adotada, podendo, por exemplo, partes de o processo produtivo serem terceirizados (FARINA, 1999). Williamson (1991) distingue seis tipos de especificidade dos ativos: a) especificidade locacionala localização próxima de firmas de uma mesma cadeia produtiva economiza os custos de transporte e armazenagem, e significa retornos específicos a essas unidades produtivas; b) especificidade de ativos físicosquando uma ou ambas as partes investem em equipamentos e maquinários cujas características físicas são específicas para o propósito da relação e teriam baixo valor em usos alternativos; c) especificidades de ativos humanos, ou seja, toda a forma de capital humano específico a uma determinada firma; d) ativos dedicadosrelativos a um montante de investimento cujo retorno depende da transação com um agente particular e, portanto, relevante individualmente; e) especificidade de marca, que se refere ao capitalnem físico nem humanoque se materializa na marca de uma empresa, sendo particularmente relevante no mundo das franquias; e f) especificidade temporal, em que o valor de uma transação se associa ao tempo limite em que os produtos precisam ser transacionados, sendo especialmente relevante no caso da negociação de produtos específicos. ...
... De acordo com as entrevistas realizadas, pode-se verificar que, no segmento da cooperativa, existem os seis tipos de especificidades descritos por Williamson (1985Williamson ( , 1991. Porém, quanto aos produtores, identificou-se cinco delas, com exceção da especificidade de marca. ...
... A partir das considerações acima, identificou-se que as transações envolvem especificidades de ativos físico, humano, temporal, locacional, dedicado e de marca, as quais influenciam nas escolhas das estruturas de governança adotadas no setor (WILLIAMSON, 1991). Identificou-se que o produto é específico a transação, e perde valor caso não seja vendido para a cooperativa em questão ou não seja comprado dos produtores específicos (WILLIAMSON, 1985(WILLIAMSON, , 1996. ...
O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi compreender como se dá a relação de compra e venda da cadeia produtiva da uva na cidade de Marialva – PR, com foco nos atributos de transação, pressupostos comportamentais e estrutura de governança adotada pelo setor. O objetivo de pesquisa foi uma cooperativa vinícola da cidade de Marialva - PR e três dos seus produtores de uva. A pesquisa se caracterizou como de natureza qualitativa e do tipo descritiva, adotando a Nova Economia Institucional (NEI) e a Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT) (WILLIAMSON, 1985) como embasamento teórico. Por meio dos resultados obtidos, identificou-se que a especificidade de ativos está presente e que há incertezas nas relações. Com relação aos pressupostos comportamentais, identificou-se que há oportunismo quanto ao produto e ao preço praticado pela cooperativa, e que há limitação de informações de ambos os lados. Além disso, a estrutura de governança adotada é o contrato informal, sendo essa uma estrutura ineficiente para assegurar as trocas, uma vez que o produtor pode perder valor quando oferece o seu produto para outros compradores, e a cooperativa não tem garantia da continuidade da relação. Por outro lado, identificou-se que a vigência da estrutura de contrato informal se dá em função da confiança existente entre as partes. Isso porque os produtores possuem uma relação estreita com a cooperativa.
... Governance structures can be placed on a continuum, ranging from spot market to hierarchy (Williamson, 1991). Between the spot market and hierarchy extremes on the continuum lie various hybrid governance structures. ...
... Governance structures combine several coordination mechanisms (Grandori, 1997). Williamson (1991) discussed different governance structures on the market to hierarchy continuum, however without detailing the nature of coordination within these governance structures (Raynaud et al., 2005, Gellynck and Molnár, 2009, Wever, 2012. Even within one governance structure, different coordination mechanisms, such as agreements on price, quality and quantity may be located at different points on the continuum (Wever, 2012. ...
... Transaction cost theory was the main theoretical framework of this thesis, describing the coordination mechanisms and coordination costs between actors in the value chain. Transaction cost theory seeks to identify the governance structure that best reduces transaction costs (Williamson, 1991). In Chapter 4, the interaction between VC and HC mechanisms to meet food quality and safety requirements of modern retail was analysed, using empirical cases. ...
... The TCE is considered the main theoretical contribution of the NIE, whose assumption is in the theory of the firm (Coase, 1937) and in the identification of the best way of organizing economic transactions, thus defining the allocation of resources. TCE's contributions to the NIE reside in the presentation of the hypothesis that transaction-related costs define the forms of activities' institutional organization, given that there are market failures that need to be corrected by the institutional arrangements (Williamson, 1991). ...
... The most relevant contribution of TCE is in the development of organizational arrangements between agents, with the objective of reducing transaction costs (Sarto & Almeida, 2015). According to Williamson (1991) these organizational arrangements are determined by the price system or by coordination mechanisms, resulting in three types of structure: Market, Hierarchical and Hybrid Governance. ...
... Among other points, the authors identified that in transactions involving products with GIs, the level of coordination is high even in cases where there is no vertical integration, since the search for quality standards makes relationships more short-term oriented. The study empirically explains how asset specificity affects transaction costs and, consequently, organizational arrangements (Williamson, 1991). The authors concluded that the importance of other links in agricultural chains in the development of GIs is related to the fact that the search for competitiveness of products depends exclusively on private levels of governance, since the public sector is exclusively responsible for certifying that the indicated prerequisites are effectively met. ...
Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) is one of the most applied economic theories to studies of agrifood chains, especially for presenting approaches that analyze the role of institutions in the relationship between organizations, making it completely adherent to the concept of Coordination, vital in chain management. Agro-industrial chains have continuously experienced mechanisms to reduce information asymmetry between producer and final consumer, one of these mechanisms being Geographical Indications (GIs), certifications of origin based on geographic location. This work aims to identify the state-of-the-art of TCE in studies related to GIs, identifying how the topics related to theory are approached and whether or not there are literature gaps in this regard. A systematic literature review was made in two substantial scientific databases using Methodi Ordinatio. The results demonstrate a certain homogeneity of studies, which focuses on Coordination and Governance, as well as a low synergy between the themes. Future studies could enrich the academic literature by contemplating an opposite path to this homogeneousness, either by a) exploring how TCE can explain the development of GIs; b) investigating the opportunism between producers and association members; or c) studying the limited rationality of the links downstream the chain.
... Dessa forma, ganha relevância elucidar como mecanismos de governança influenciam diretamente o comportamento dos parceiros, aumentando o custo de ações oportunistas e alinhando interesses para o sucesso dessas alianças (Williamson, 1991). Por envolverem grandes investimentos não recuperáveis, realizados de maneira pouco frequente, altos níveis de especificidade de ativos e de incertezas, as PPPs podem ser afetadas por comportamentos Thamer, R.;Ogasavara, M. H. (2023). ...
... Já o modelo de hierarquia busca combinar incentivos mais fracos com controles administrativos extensos e mecanismos de resolução de conflitos dentro do ambiente da parceria, enquanto um contrato híbrido se coloca entre esses dois arquétipos em relação a esses três componentes (Williamson, 1979). Embora existam argumentos de que a eficiência de custos atingida por meio de controles de mercado sejam mais bem alinhados com o conceito de Value for Money, que permeia as PPPs (Parker & Hartley, 2003), não é possível utilizar controles de mercado para todas as transações no ciclo de vida do projeto, uma vez que eles não são adequados para gerenciar os riscos comportamentais resultantes dessa relação e a alta especificidade dos ativos que pode levar a altos custos de mudança (Van der Meer-Kooistra & Vosselman, 2000;Williamson, 1991). ...
As Parcerias Público-Privadas (PPPs) são arranjos colaborativos entre governos e entes privados que visam maior eficiência na entrega de serviços públicos. Com a sua utilização cada vez mais frequente, as PPPs podem enfrentar custos de transação que prejudiquem os seus resultados sociais e financeiros. O objetivo desse trabalho é avaliar a adoção de elementos específicos de governança em contratos de Parcerias Público-Privada (ex-ante) e o seu impacto na redução dos custos de transação no decorrer desses contratos (ex-post). A partir de uma revisão de literatura, essa pesquisa apresenta proposições que relacionam mecanismos de governança definidos em contrato com os custos de transação que afetam negativamente essas parcerias. Como contribuição é proposto um framework que leva em conta os principais stakeholders envolvidos e ressalta a importância da padronização de determinados elementos nos contratos de parceria. Dessa forma, é possível alcançar um alinhamento entre as estruturas de governança e as diferentes características das transações no decorrer das PPPs, auxiliando gestores públicos e privados responsáveis pela definição desses contratos.
... Segundo Williamson (1991), o modelo Híbrido de governança é intermediário entre a forma de Mercado e Hierarquia com respeito aos incentivos, adaptabilidade e custos transacionais, principalmente àqueles relacionados às burocracias, pois considera as vantagens deste modelo sobre os demais, no que tange à adaptação da autonomia no processo e a menor burocracia que o modelo hierárquico, graças à internalização possuir dificuldade de adaptação em virtude dos fatores internos, sacrificando a eficácia em longo prazo para muitas tarefas. Também ressalta que o modo Híbrido é suportado por um contrato neoclássico que mantém a autonomia das partes e o contrato é mediado por um mecanismo elástico. ...
... Como externos: o baixo nível técnico dos demais competidores no segmento, a carência de informação e complexidade no acesso à empresa por grande parte dos clientes finais podem contribuir para a dificuldade do desenvolvimento de projetos de iluminação por parte dos distribuidores em geral. Segundo a Teoria de Custos Transacionais(Williamson, 1991), há três tipos de contratos: clássicos, neoclássicos e forbearance. Dessa perspectiva, nota-se que os contratos que respaldam as transações estão diretamente ligadas ao modelo de governança adotado e, sendo mais ou menos flexíveis, podem oferecer maiores ou menores custos de transação devido à sua aplicação.O modelo híbrido e as alianças mostram valores que preservam a autonomia entre as partes, mas consideram relacionamento de longo prazo suportado pela inserção de cláusulas salvaguardadas que buscam regular, de forma intermediária, essa relação. ...
O mercado de iluminação movimenta no Brasil cerca de R$ 3 Bilhões anuais e tem mudado de forma expressiva após a introdução do LED, permitindo a participação de diversos novos entrantes, fato que tem dificultado o crescimento de negócios e pressinada a rentabilidade de multinacionais líderes no segmento. Esse mercado tem como característica a importação de lâmpadas, luminárias e sistemas de controle de iluminação e estima-se que possui mais de 600 concorrentes que buscam vendas com produtos muito equalizados tecnicamente. Nesse sentido, os fabricantes estão colocados em uma situação que cada vez mais os pressiona para trabalhar com margens menores comprometendo a rentabilidade do negócio, fato que tem levado alguns fabricantes a desistirem do segmento de iluminação no Brasil. Com o intuito de perpetuar os negócios de um desses fabricantes que é pioneiro no negócio de iluminação e um dos líderes globais, encontrou-se um oportunidade não explorada até o momento de se oferecer uma solução a clientes finais através do canal de distribuição da empresa. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se um relato técnico do processo de criação de valor no negócio de iluminação através de uma aliança formada entre fabricante e distribuidor, baseada na oferta técnica e compartilhada de serviços de atendimento especializado, pré-venda e pós-venda. Partindo-se de uma análise de mercado, seguiu-se para a validação do projeto internamente na companhia e com alguns de seus principais parceiros de negócio, o que culminou em um projeto piloto passível de replicação a nível nacional. A proposta de solução possui potencial de mercado, risco relativamente baixo frente ao negócio e permite benefícios aos envolvidos no campo de rentabilidade, parceria, melhoria na percepção de marca e atração de clientes que puderam ser confirmados pelos resultados obtidos.
... Thus, even if firms have initially opted for the intermediate governance mechanism (i.e., alliances), they may encounter situations or barriers during the process that make them change their minds and discard the alliance option. For this reason, we focus our analysis on the elements that influence the success of the pre-alliance phase from the perspective of Coase (1937) and Williamson (1981Williamson ( , 1990Williamson ( , 1991. Through the following three subsections, we identify the relevant antecedents that may influence the decision to complete the alliance formation stage by signing the contract. ...
... Building on the seminal work of the transaction cost theory, Verbeke (2015, 2019) argued that business analyses should be based on two assumptions that enhance strategic decision-making (e.g., decisions related to the governance mechanisms of the firm): bounded rationality and reliability. Bounded rationality is explained as the difficulty of making optimal decisions due to the limited ability of agents to process and analyse all the available information (Williamson, 1985(Williamson, , 1991. Bounded reliability replaces the concept of opportunism (Hennart & Verbeke, 2022). ...
Strategic alliances in the biotechnology sector are key to achieving the sustainable development goals of the Agenda 2030 and to boosting technology transfer, value creation and firms’ survival. This paper focuses on a momentum that has scarcely been analysed in the literature; from the moment a firm decides to form an alliance, to the moment the contract is signed. There are many combinations of antecedents that may influence the pre-alliance phase and lead either to the final signing of the alliance or to its cancellation. We base on the transaction cost theory and analyse how different combinations of possible impediments and firm-specific attributes affect the final contract signature. We use a qualitative comparative analysis on 69 firms in the Spanish biotechnology sector that belong to the Spanish Bioindustry Association (AseBio). The results help to identify and understand the different scenarios that may lead biotech firms to sign the strategic alliance contract.
... • İş gruplarının ortak stratejileri (Klein ve Mangan, 2005) • Kurumun organizasyondaki rolü ve sektördeki tecrübesi (Angle ve Perry, 1983) • Bireylerin ihtiyaçlarını tatmin edebilmeleri (Cohen, 1992) • Üyelerin beklentileri (Angle ve Perry, 1983) • Üyeler arası iletişim (Keister, 2000) • İşlem maliyetleri (Chang ve Choi, 1988) • Bilgi yayılımı (Williamson, 1991) • İşlem sıklığı (Williamson, 1991) • Güvenlik duygusu (Williams, 2001) • Ölçek ekonomisi (Birlikte hareket etmekten doğan) (Keister, 2000) • Sosyal yapı içindeki ekonomik faaliyetler (Uzzi, 1997) • Değerler (Becker, 1960) • Üyelerin diğer üyelerle sosyal mübadeleleri (Emerson, 1976) • Üyelik nedeniyle stratejik avantaj (Dyer ve Singh, 1998) • Kaynak bağımlılığı (Pfeffer ve Salancik, 1978) Bu ana başlıklar altında gerek yukarıda kaynağı belirtilen çalışmalar gerekse benzer nitelikteki çalışmalardan alt değişkenler saptanmıştır. Bu kapsamda örgütlerarası bağımlılığa ilişkin dinamiklerin, diğer bir deyişle, çarşı içindeki esnaf arasındaki dinamiklerin test edilmesi mümkün olmuştur. ...
... • İş gruplarının ortak stratejileri (Klein ve Mangan, 2005) • Kurumun organizasyondaki rolü ve sektördeki tecrübesi (Angle ve Perry, 1983) • Bireylerin ihtiyaçlarını tatmin edebilmeleri (Cohen, 1992) • Üyelerin beklentileri (Angle ve Perry, 1983) • Üyeler arası iletişim (Keister, 2000) • İşlem maliyetleri (Chang ve Choi, 1988) • Bilgi yayılımı (Williamson, 1991) • İşlem sıklığı (Williamson, 1991) • Güvenlik duygusu (Williams, 2001) • Ölçek ekonomisi (Birlikte hareket etmekten doğan) (Keister, 2000) • Sosyal yapı içindeki ekonomik faaliyetler (Uzzi, 1997) • Değerler (Becker, 1960) • Üyelerin diğer üyelerle sosyal mübadeleleri (Emerson, 1976) • Üyelik nedeniyle stratejik avantaj (Dyer ve Singh, 1998) • Kaynak bağımlılığı (Pfeffer ve Salancik, 1978) Bu ana başlıklar altında gerek yukarıda kaynağı belirtilen çalışmalar gerekse benzer nitelikteki çalışmalardan alt değişkenler saptanmıştır. Bu kapsamda örgütlerarası bağımlılığa ilişkin dinamiklerin, diğer bir deyişle, çarşı içindeki esnaf arasındaki dinamiklerin test edilmesi mümkün olmuştur. ...
... The stakeholder approach ensures a better understand of the hybrid nature of cooperatives. Scholars identify two types of hybridity in cooperative organizations: cooperatives as hybrid institutional arrangements in the new institutional economy (Ménard, 2004; as a form of compromise between hierarchy and market (Williamson, 1991); cooperatives play a dual role as they are both economic and social organizations (Novkovic, 2008). ...
... According to NIE, market institutions condition economic development and wealth. NIE approaches compare the transaction-cost implications of given institutional configurations (Langlois, 1989, pp.293-294;Nooteboom, 1992;Williamson, 1991). NIE explanations argue that mobile technologies reduce transaction costs that accrue with identifying contracting partners, negotiate and reach contractual agreements and monitor and enforce contract fulfilment. ...
Economic Research identifies institutional voids as serious roadblocks to economic development. Institutional voids theory remains limited by its exclusive regulative conception of institutions, resulting in gaps of research regarding the social legitimacy of regulations and the actual practices of market actors. Institutional theory addresses these gaps by considering the cultural-cognitive dimension of institutions and studying their role in shaping legitimacy of rules and practices of market actors. This study elaborates the social constitution of institutions as an alternative concept for studying responses to institutional voids, in the context of payment infrastructures of emerging economies. Mobile payments systems constitute institutions to "bank the unbanked" and leapfrog rich-world paths to economic development. The study of Paga, the premier leading mobile payment platform of Nigeria reveals the role of constitutive rules in the constitution of institutions through the interplay of technology development and social action. Major implications are the central role of constitutive rules in institutional development and more generally in institutionalizing service systems by shaping legitimacy and practices to service systems building on technology infrastructures such as the internet or Artificial Intelligence (AI).
... The continuous differentiation of knowledge domains and the concentration on the development of "core competencies" [1] among firms have led to an expansion of inter-firm cooperation. Consequently, more and more industries have seen the rise of dense strategic networks among firms whose participants' relationships appear to be neither fully determined by market-based transactions nor by hierarchies [2,3,4]. One of the industries where inter-firm cooperation has gained such strategic relevance is the automotive industry. ...
The introduction of digital collaboration platforms promises to improve inter-firm cooperation in product development projects in the automotive industry. However, it is still largely unexplored how these digital collaboration platforms can be introduced, what functionalities they need to provide and how their potentials can be leveraged in practice. The article reports on the sociological findings of an interdisciplinary research project focusing on the development of a prototype of a digital collaboration platform for the management of cross company development projects in the German automotive industry. Based on a qualitative case study, it is argued that to leverage the possibilities of digital collaboration platforms complementary organizational practices must be introduced which foster collaborative behavior and collaborative competencies among employees must be developed. The article further seeks to provide insights into their attributes.
... Por un lado, el desarrollo de la "nueva economía institucional" (Coase, 1984) la cual, partiendo de la idea de los costos de transacción positivos, duplicó la realidad socio económica superponiendo a la racionalidad utilitarista y la firma marginalista, la presencia de esquemas de gobernanza económica en los que intervienen normas o reglas (North, 2016) y relaciones de jerarquías (Williamson, 1987(Williamson, , 1991. ...
Investigaciones destacadas sobre la industria manufacturera tendieron a observa su organización en sistemas territoriales cualitativamente diferenciados. Frente a ello el trabajo analiza comparativamente cómo la nueva ortodoxia regionalista, la teoría de la regulación y el enfoque de variedades de capitalismos conceptualizaron la especificidad de los sistemas industriales y, por lo tanto, su variedad cualitativa. De esta comparación emergen consideraciones críticas orientadas a mostrar la dificultad persistente para conceptualizar la variedad cualitativa de los sistemas económicos. El trabajo argumenta que ésta se apoya en una posición básica y compartida según la cual la diferenciación social es el resultado de la hibridación de realidades sociales exteriores entre sí. En este modelo, la variedad socioeconómica y territorial se disuelve en la contingencia volviendo estéril a las teorías frente al momento decisivo de la variedad en sí, histórica, concreta y observable en los sistemas industriales territorializados.
... Les interactions sociotechniques dans les filières dépendent, en grande partie, des modes de coordination entre les opérateurs les constituant. L'analyse des modes de coordination entre opérateurs économiques a fait l'objet d'une littérature abondante issue de l'économie des coûts de transaction depuis les travaux fondateurs de Williamson (1991Williamson ( , 1996. Entre un mode de gouvernance par le marché (correspondant à un marché spot d'ajustement de l'offre et la demande par les prix/quantités de biens standards) et celui par l'intégration (correspondant à la réalisation des transactions au sein d'une même entité), il existe une grande diversité de formes de gouvernance, dites hybrides, reposant sur des formes contractuelles, formelles et informelles, qui engagent des opérateurs indépendants sur des conditions spécifiques (voir Ménard, 2022Ménard, , 2012. ...
... An R&D consortium can be viewed as an inter-organizational relationship in which firms maintain their autonomy but are involved in a bilateral dependency (Williamson, 1991). Here, we define an R&D consortium as a group of firms linked by a cooperation agreement and conducting R&D together. ...
... Podemos perceber que para criação, inserção ou manutenção de uma rede, de maneira geral, a empresa ou grupo de pessoas procuram avaliar se a cooperação com outras empresas/grupos irá aumentar suas receitas ou se a rede irá diminuir seus custos (Ebers, 1997). E isto é possível de verificação através de: análises da relação custobenefício no que concerne ao valor dos custos de transação (Chiarvesio, Di Maria, & Micelli, 2004;Williamson, 1979Williamson, , 1991; a mitigação de riscos na exploração de mercado (Balestrin et al., 2010;Powell & Giannella, 2009); ao valor do investimento em pesquisa e desenvolvimento (Prince, Barrett & Oborn, 2014); e ao aumento do capital social (Coleman, 1988;Maurer & Ebers, 2006;Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998). Além disto, Hoffmann et al. (2007) relatam que as organizações optam pela formação em redes em virtude de fatores como: aprendizagem organizacional e disseminação da informação; demanda por rapidez de resposta; confiança e cooperação; e defesa contra a incerteza. ...
Os grupos de pesquisa em Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) podem gerar redes sociais de compartilhamento de conhecimento. Observando esses espaços, o presente trabalho objetivou analisar as relações existentes entre os grupos, identificar interações que geram publicações em periódicos e explicitar os desempenhos globais. Para isso, foi realizada uma sociometria e desenvolvido uma proxy que procurou mensurar a performance de nove grupos distribuídos em quatro regiões do Brasil. Verificamos que os integrantes de redes de conhecimento dispersos geograficamente possuem menor nível de participação em pesquisas em relação aos membros aglomerados. Também identificamos que há membros formais que não fazem parte da rede do grupo, e que a existência de uma estrutura que fomente a geração de conhecimento não é suficiente para a criação de laços. Assim, os achados desse artigo contribuem para a compreensão de como ocorre o funcionamento dos grupos, bem como da estrutura para otimização das redes.
... The fifth market failure that SODFIs address is a lack of technical assistance. Technical assistance is useful in overcoming a deficiency of local capabilities useful in developing highly specific technical projects (Williamson, 1991). SODFIs that are more focused on entrepreneurship and capacity development are particularly useful in mitigating this market failure. ...
This study explores the model of state-owned development financial
institutions (SODFIs) in South Africa and how South African SODFIs
contribute to national, continental, and international developmental agendas
by providing necessary support towards financing domestic and international
projects, thereby mitigating seven categories of market failures. It
analyses relevant documents and the latest annual/integrated reports of the
SODFIs, making it possible to highlight their modus operandi and the
instruments employed in fulfilling their mandates. Analyses indicate that
although SODFIs in South Africa mitigate market failures by adequately
contributing to national, continental, and global developmental agendas,
they do not fund state-owned enterprises (SOEs), leaving out an important
aspect of public socioeconomic cooperation. This study thus highlights the
importance of funding SOEs partly through SODFIs rather than directly from
the national budget and discusses implications for theory and practice.
... Diversos autores han planteado que en el análisis de los comportamientos organizacionales es conveniente incluir al ambiente institucional como un factor fundamental que expone las presiones externas e internas a las que son sometidas las empresas y en respuesta de las cuales emergen las acciones de la organización (Dimaggio & Powell, 1983;Araújo, 2003;Williamson, 1991). En este sentido, Davis & North (1971) citados en Oxley (1998) plantean el concepto de ambiente institucional como el conjunto de reglas fundamentales del terreno político, social y legal que establece la base para la producción y el intercambio e inciden en las elecciones que realizan los agentes, así como en el ejercicio de los deberes y derechos que se derivan de los acuerdos contractuales. ...
Los cambios en la regulación contable y de Gobierno Corporativo experimentados durante las dos últimas décadas han contribuido a la consolidación de una visión de empresa, según la cual, las prácticas financieras actúan como eje rector de las decisiones organizacionales. El presente documento sugiere elementos de análisis del papel activo que interpretan las modernizaciones contables y de Gobierno Corporativo en la redefinición de la visión dominante de empresa. Esto, por medio de una descripción del proceso de liberalización económica como punto de inflexión. En la discusión se introduce al isomorfismo institucional como elemento explicativo del cambio organizacional y se describen algunos procesos asociados a la homogeneización de las prácticas contables y de Gobierno Corporativo a la luz de las características del isomorfismo coercitivo, mimético y normativo. Finalmente, se plantea que los cambios en la regulación contable y de Gobierno Corporativo, introducidos en Colombia, han actuado como vehículos que buscan acortar distancias entre la realidad organizacional y las demandas institucionales.
... Building on Williamson's (1991) definition of strategic alliances, we define collaborations between corporations and start-ups as interactions in which the partners maintain autonomy but are mutually dependent. These collaborations can develop over a short-, medium-, or even on a long-term horizon. ...
Start-up collaboration units (SCUs) are organizational units specifically created by large companies to facilitate collaboration with start-ups within their corporate innovation ecosystems (CIEs). The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of SCUs with reference to the transfer of knowledge between start-ups and large companies in collaborative innovation projects. An embedded case study was undertaken with three large original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in the automotive sector. Interviews were conducted with managers of the three OEMs, of the intermediaries they collaborate with, and of the start-ups involved. Data were systematically coded and analyzed. The main barriers to knowledge exchange in partnerships between large companies and start-ups were identified, i.e. mismatches in the interpretation of knowledge and mismatches in the expectations of the partners. In addition, strategies have been identified that can be used by SCUs to facilitate knowledge flows, namely building networks, integrating communication, knowledge elicitation, orchestrating dialog, thinking outside the box, and increasing agility. This study is one of the first to focus on SCUs. It contributes to understanding collaborative innovation processes involving start-ups by studying the knowledge-broker role played by SCUs in the complex network of actors (large companies, start-ups, innovation intermediaries, public institutions) that make up a CIE.
... Empresas que atuam em cadeias de suprimentos e alianças estratégicas não possuem somente custos produtivos, mas também custos de transação (Nooteboom, 1999), relativos ao dispêndio de recursos para planejar e monitorar a interação com parceiros e garantir que os termos contratuais sejam cumpridos (Williamson, 1991). Esses custos advêm de fatores humanos e transacionais descritos como pressupostos comportamentais e atributos de transação, abordados pela Teoria dos Custos de Transação (TCT) (Williamson, 1985). ...
Objetivo: analisar o efeito mediador do risco relacional e da confiança na relação entre uso de mecanismos de controle e desempenho colaborativo. Método: Para coleta de dados, utilizou-se survey com 107 profissionais de empresas fabricantes de autopeças. Para análise, modelagem de equações estruturais e fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. Resultados: Os resultados revelam que o uso de mecanismos de controle influencia positivamente o desempenho colaborativo e a confiança e negativamente o risco relacional. Não se observou mediação do risco relacional entre mecanismos de controle e desempenho colaborativo, ao contrário da confiança, que apresentou mediação parcial, e constatou-se três soluções que proporcionam maior desempenho colaborativo: mecanismos de controle associado à confiança; mecanismos de controle em ambientes com ausência de risco relacional; e presença de especificidade dos ativos em relações com risco relacional. Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: Diante dos achados contraditórios e inconclusivos apresentados por estudos prévios, este estudo contribui para a literatura ao investigar de forma conjunta os efeitos do risco relacional e da confiança na relação entre mecanismos de controle e desempenho colaborativo, cujos construtos até então foram abordados de forma isolada, e evidenciar a complementaridade entre mecanismos de controle e confiança para um melhor desempenho colaborativo na relação fornecedor-comprador no setor automotivo. Contribuições sociais/para a gestão: Os resultados evidenciam como os mecanismos de controle e governança podem contribuir para o desempenho colaborativo, para gerenciar os riscos relacionais e melhorar a relação entre fornecedor e comprador, visto que as organizações necessitam de recursos complementares de outras organizações.
... In what Gibbons (2005) calls the "rent seeking theory of the firm" (Williamson 1971, Klein et al. 1978, Williamson 1979, 1985b, access to fiat available within the firm provides a more efficient resolution to haggling over uniquely generated value (appropriable quasi-rents). In the "adaptation theory of the firm" (Gibbons 2005), authority efficiently facilitates adaptive coordination and cooperation among multiple actors, particularly for those tasks that fall into Barnard's "zone of indifference" for employees (Williamson 1971(Williamson , 1973(Williamson , 1985aKlein and Murphy 1988;Williamson 1991;Klein 1996). Authority's role in facilitating knowledge sharing critical to coordinating complex tasks is similarly highlighted in knowledge-based theories of the firm (Demsetz 1988, Kogut and Zander 1992, Conner and Prahalad 1996, Grant 1996, Nickerson and Zenger 2004. ...
Research in the “theory of the firm” tradition has often characterized firms as subeconomies, in which economic exchange is shaped by a central authority. We propose an expanded view of firms as subsocieties, in which authority is also responsible for establishing principles that shape cooperation among members. We draw on insights from political theory, sociology, and, to a lesser degree, legal theory to discuss how employees become members of subsocieties by exchanging rights, such as formal control over their work, for the benefits of membership. With this rights exchange, subsociety members develop expectations that those in positions of authority will use their control to define and sustain principles of justice and common purpose consistent with members’ moral sentiments. This view suggests expanded roles for authority and firm boundaries from what are incorporated into standard theories of the firm. These expanded roles have implications both for internal governance and for the boundary itself: When considering boundary changes, leaders must weigh both the economic and the social consequences of their decision.
Funding: C. Gartenberg recognizes financial support from the Wharton School at University of Pennsylvania. T. Zenger recognizes the financial support of the Eccles School at the University of Utah.
... The partners will abandon their commitment to the corporate relationship, become opportunistic and hide their important information and knowledge to protect themselves (Frazier et al., 1989;Pisano, 1989). All these behaviors will make it difficult for the SME to improve its products and expand its market share promptly (He and Wong, 2004;Williamson, 1991). As a result, its exploitative innovation will be restricted, and it has to turn to exploratory innovation. ...
Purpose
Interorganizational power dependence has become an increasingly important factor for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to improve product innovation. This paper examines the role of power dependence in SMEs' product innovation trade-offs between exploration and exploitation. The article further studies the mediating effect of supply chain adaptability and the moderating effect of knowledge acquisition on the relationship between power dependence and product innovation.
Design/methodology/approach
The study proposes a model to verify the impact of power dependence on SMEs' product innovation trade-offs based on social network theory. Two conceptually independent constructs, “availability of alternatives (ALTRN)” and “restraint in the use of power (RSPTW),” are used to evaluate the power dependence. The model also analyzed how these effects are mediated by supply chain adaptability and moderated by knowledge acquisition. The authors test these relationships using data collected from 224 SMEs in China.
Findings
The empirical analysis shows that ALTRN has a more substantial effect on exploration for product innovation, while RSTPW has a more significant impact on exploitation for product innovation. Moreover, empirical data indicate a partial mediating effect by supply chain adaptability between power dependence and product innovation of SMEs. The results also show that knowledge acquisition positively moderates the relationship between ALTRN/RSTPW, supply chain adaptability and product innovation.
Originality/value
Overall, the findings of the study advance the understanding of the roles of power dependence in product innovation for SMEs. In addition, the research also uncovers the impact mechanisms of existing theoretical frameworks and extends the boundaries of the theory.
... The field of internationalization theory has evolved around three main approaches, which are related to three level of analysis: the macro level, which explains internationalization mostly from economic models of international trade (classical and neoclassical); the industry level, which explains internationalization from market imperfections, including the aspects of market entry barriers from industrial organization and microeconomic theory; and the organization level, which includes aspects of the competitive advantage of firms from theories related to strategy and resource management (Table 1) International Service Classification proposed by some authors (Boddewyn, 1985;Snape 1986;Snape, 1985;Vandermerwe & Chadwick, 1989;Buckley et al., 1992) almost are defined according to micro or industrial organization level, considering three aspects: i) Physical Embodiement (involvement of goods); ii) Contact (degree of consumer/producer interaction; iii) People-embodied (degree of human labour), that is those services that do not require direct contact between supplier and consumer and the related kind of foreign market presence and control, that is the governance structure (Williamson, 1991;Teece, 1985). ...
En las últimas dos décadas, los KIBS han sido uno de los segmentos más dinámicos
dentro del sector servicios, no solo en las economías desarrolladas sino también en
las economías en desarrollo. Se caracterizan por ofrecer servicios profesionales,
tecnológicos o creativos de alto valor añadido a otras empresas y al sector público.
Disponen de una alta proporción de mano de obra experta que realiza trabajos
altamente cualificados con un uso intensivo de las tecnologías de la información y la
comunicación. Los KIBS siempre han jugado un papel esencial en la innovación como portadores, productores y transmisores de conocimiento en los sistemas de innovación, pero cada vez desempeñan un mayor papel en la internacionalización de sus clientes, donde el acceso al conocimiento que ofrecen los KIBS puede tener un
impacto crítico en la competitividad internacional de las empresas. Se requieren
nuevas fuentes de información y conocimiento para que las empresas compitan con
éxito y crezcan en mercados en los que tienen poco o ningún conocimiento previo.
Este número especial, que recoge contribuciones locales e internacionales, se centra en el importante papel que juegan los KIBS en la internacionalización de las
empresas, así como en sus procesos de innovación, con el objetivo de ampliar el
conocimiento en este emergente campo de investigación.
... 62 Iglesias (2000) considera que el problema de la incertidumbre surge como un «disturbio inesperado que afecta a la transacción». Por su parte, Williamson (1991) afirma que existen dos fuentes de incertidumbre. La primera, disturbios asociados con una función de distribución de la probabilidad conocida -tipo 1-, motivada por el «número de conmociones». ...
This thesis deals with the analysis of the factors that explain that in recent decades in Ecuador there has been a great boost to contract farming, in the period 1995-2016. Thus, the general objective of this research is to deepen the analysis of the growth of contract farming in Ecuador, for the period 1995-2016, from a structural and systemic vision, more particularly from the current of Agrarian Political Economy. The research hypotheses in this thesis are raised within the framework of the corporate agro-food regime and there are three. Each of them is related to each of the determinants of the growth of contract farming in the territories, specifically: the role of large agribusiness corporations, social classes in agriculture, States and public policies. The research methodology is based on interpretive comparative case studies. The field work has been carried out in two different cases: first, in the Orito Unión Carchense Banana Agro-artisanal Association—in the Costa region—and, second, in the Fe por la Leche 19 de Noviembre Producers Association—in the Sierra region. through forty-five semi-structured interviews...
... The diversity of the literature has led to the development and use of different terms to express the same idea. Such terms include 'alliances'in economics Williamson (1991),'strategic alliances' (Gulati, Nohria, and Zaheer, 2000),and 'value based networks' in management (Wheeler et al., 2003, and'networks' in tourism (Hall, 1999). The use of different terms in different types of academic literature also suggests that the concept of partnership is socially constructed.One of the definitions (which also serves the purpose of this paper) is provided by Bramwell and Lane (2009:179), according to who "it is regular, cross-sectoral interactions between parties based on at least some agreed rules or norms, intended to address a common issue or to achieve a specific policy goal or goals." ...
The tourism literature reveals that the tradition of critical approaches toward the industry and its operations is underdeveloped compared with other industries such as energy and manufacturing. One of the indicators of this under-development is the relatively greater focus on making tourism sustainable, with limited reflection on the responsibility of industry players to contribute to these efforts. This review paper, based on extant literature, explores these possibilities while considering input from inter-disciplinary areas. This work debates on how tourism industry players,such as tour operators, share this responsibility to manage the deleterious effects of tourism and to contribute to the sustainability of a tourism destination stakeholders. This social contribution will also contribute to the sustainability of the tourism industry.
... Higher milk production contributed to a higher level of rationality of farmers regarding the production costs of dairy farming, which strengthened the participation of cooperatives as supporters of this process because these organizations stimulate the informational development and knowledge of the associated producers. Williamson (1991) describes that the rationality of all human beings is limited by their field of knowledge and that it is necessary to raise this level of rationality so that better results can be achieved in organizations. ...
The milk production chain is a sector of great importance for the Brazilian economy, and it consists mostly of small producers. Collective cooperation practices are fundamental for assisting in the development of these activities and for strengthening dairy farming. However, milk producers often do not pay attention to the need to participate in the associations, cooperatives and other organizations of people (OP) that may provide help for many problems that devastate the everyday activities of dairy farms. This study aimed to investigate the main influences that these collective organizations can exert on dairy farms and to identify the structure of the relational interaction between them. A total of 115 dairy farmers from 8 cities in southern Minas Gerais state, including Campestre, Caldas, Ipuiuna, Poço Fundo, Elói Mendes, Poços de Caldas, Machado and Paraguaçu, were interviewed. Multivariate analysis was performed using Pearson correlation to identify the main existing influences. The results indicated correlations between the cooperatives, associations and other collective organizations and dairy farms in several areas, such as technological and managerial development, registration and access to information and production scale. It was possible to determine how the relationships between the collective organizations and dairy farms occur in southern Minas Gerais state. The results showed the influence that these collective organizations exert on dairy farms, which reinforces their importance for the milk production chain.
... Uncertainty refers to the lack of knowledge of the outcome of a transaction [31,70]. Asset specificity refers to the extent to which an asset is specific to a given use or transaction [37,72]. Frequency refers to the number of times a transaction takes place [70]. ...
We examine changes in online consumer spending during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, we compare consumer spending on various product categories before the pandemic started to after. Unlike previous work, we not only look at the different consumer demographic profiles but also different product categories, providing a better understanding of spending behavior. E-commerce has been a favorite way of shopping for consumers before the pandemic, while some demographic groups were reluctant to use e-commerce. However, as pandemic-related restrictions on physical shopping were put in place, consumers found e-commerce the only way to shop for many essential products. As such, consumer online spending changed. We employ freshly released Canadian Perspectives Survey Series (CPSS) data on consumer spending by Statistics Canada. We examine the association between various demographic factors and the change in online spending empirically. Our findings indicate that, compared to their counterparts, younger consumers are more likely to have increased online spending on product categories related to internet connectivity and streaming services. Female consumers exhibit increased online spending on similar products, in addition to online learning services and home exercise equipment. Consumers living in urban areas exhibit a higher probability of increased online spending on computers, smartphone devices, internet connectivity, and food delivery services. Consumers with at least one child exhibit a similar trend. Larger households exhibit a considerable increase in the probability of increased online spending on food delivery services. Lastly, consumers with higher education exhibit a higher probability of increased online spending on products related to online learning and streaming services.
Despite the acknowledged importance of the meanings that people attach to places (e.g., homes, businesses, communities), the literature on cross-sector partnerships (CSPs) provides few insights into how place influences CSPs and how CSPs influence the places where they are enacted. To address this oversight, we explore the role of place using an inductive comparative study of nine CSPs, split across five rural cooperative enterprises and four urban social enterprises that have a common private-sector partner. We inductively derive a process model of place renewal that occurs through CSP growth, and changes the meanings that individuals give to their places. We utilize Penrose’s theory of firm growth to explain how rural CSPs grew in different ways than urban CSPs, and the changed meanings of place that emerged. Both rural and urban CSPs overcome initial perceived restrictions of place through a process of realizing the potential for change, reconfiguring the organization through physical and process changes, and ultimately experiencing renewal that changes how they view their places. Our study contributes to the CSP literature by acknowledging the role of place in theorizing on CSPs, and by including the agency and voice of traditionally marginalized actors in the CSP process. It also contributes to the theory of firm growth by explicitly incorporating place as an outcome of the organizational growth process.
The satisfaction of human needs is the fundamental intention of economic activity. In general, individual needs exceed the limited goods that are available and suitable for fulfilling respective needs. A possible starting point for dealing with this scarcity is the division of labor and specialization. This division leads to the organization problem, which can be differentiated into the coordination problem and the motivation problem. The theories of New Institutional Economics (i.e., property rights theory, transaction cost theory, and principal-agent theory) can be used as an explanatory and design approach. In the following chapter, this will be explained in more detail alongside information and network economics as theoretical building blocks of the concept of the borderless enterprise before the implications for markets and companies are highlighted.
In diesem Kapitel werden theoretische Konzeptionen und empirische Befunde zur Analyse von ausgewählten, als hybrid bezeichneten Organisationen vorgestellt und in Fortführung der Analysen ökonomischer Akteure in Kap. 2 diskutiert. Die Autoren oder Kommentatoren haben den hier betrachteten Organisationen Hybridität zugeschrieben, weil sie nicht den in der Standardliteratur als kennzeichnend geltenden Strukturen und Funktionen von Haushalten, Unternehmen oder staatlichen Betrieben entsprechen. Betrachtet werden haushaltsverbundene Unternehmen, informelle Organisationen, formale Non-Profit-Organisationen und hybride Organisationsformen von und zwischen Unternehmen, und zwar Genossenschaften sowie Kooperationen, die als gemischte Beherrschungs- und Überwachungssysteme bezeichnet werden. Abschließend wird der Erklärungswert für die Zuschreibung von Hybridität erörtert.
Boundary spanning is the process of search for knowledge beyond existing boundaries such as organizational, technological, temporal or geographic. This article summarizes the theories of search in strategy and the knowledge recombination processes. We explore the roots of the construct by connecting it to existing frameworks for exploration versus exploitation. We then discuss the empirical usage of boundary spanning in past research. We conclude with the model of four types of exploration based on boundary dichotomies from organizational and technological search.
Make-or-buy decisions represent an area of enquiry in several fields: economics, organizations, strategy and the law. Although early empirical and theoretical efforts focused on make-or-buy decisions, that is, the decision by a firm to either vertically integrate or use a supplier, transaction cost research has moved well beyond this initial problem of economic organization. This article provides a brief summary of the development of the theory, highlights key insights and offers an assessment of recent developments.
This entry on transaction cost economics (TCE) outlines the core elements and arguments of TCE: fundamental transformation and the discriminating alignment hypothesis. There then follows a discussion, from a transaction cost viewpoint, of the theoretical questions concerning four strategic decisions: (1) make-or-buy decisions; (2) the decisions of internal organizational structures; (3) partnership decisions; and (4) diversification decisions. Finally, there is an exploration of recent theoretical attempts to integrate TCE and capabilities-based theories. While admittedly not being comprehensive or balanced, the entry provides useful contact points to the transaction cost economics literature in strategic management.
A hold-up occurs when one transactor takes advantage of another’s lack of comparably valued alternatives to insist on more favourable terms of trade. Opportunities for hold-ups commonly arise where transactions require relationship-specific investments. The potential for a hold-up reduces the efficiency of exchange by causing underinvestment or because efforts to appropriate and protect 10.1057/978-1-137-00772-8_591 through bargaining and other rent seeking activities dissipate gains from trade. Avoiding or reducing the potential for hold-up is an often-cited motive for contracting and vertical integration.
Prior research has highlighted the performance implications of R&D alliances for innovation outcomes and the financial returns of firms. However, research on R&D alliances has yet to offer insights into how the premature termination of such alliances, before fulfilling their predetermined innovation objectives, affects the shareholder returns of the firm. Applying transaction cost economics (TCE) theory and real options (RO) logic to a post‐formation alliance setting, we posit that premature termination of R&D alliances prompts relative volatility in investors' prospective benefits and risks. Employing an event study analysis method and using a sample of 116 premature alliance termination announcements in the biopharmaceutical industry, we observe an average negative abnormal stock return of 3.21% for focal firms. Further, our analyses reveal that investors respond even more adversely to alliances terminated unilaterally by the partner of the focal firm in which they invested than those terminated through mutual agreements or by the focal firm itself. Also, we find that alliance duration from formation to termination mitigates the negative effect of termination on shareholder returns.
Much research looks at the liabilities of foreignness MNEs may experience once they have entered a market, ex-post. Fewer studies, however, look ex-ante at how MNEs deal with market entry approval processes prior to FDI. We explore how Chinese MNEs use service agents when entering the Taiwanese market to create appropriate ‘bridging interface strategies’ that deal with the economic and social fit issues of their FDI projects. Such strategies, if undertaken judiciously, may potentially reduce project approval times for FDI projects. We draw from the theoretical lenses of discriminating alignment and status similarity applied to a unique sample of 415 Chinese MNE FDI project applications. We find that Chinese MNEs are able to strategically build economic and social-fit bridging interfaces to enter Taiwan, a country with a complex geopolitical relationship to China, if they use the correct strategies.
When economists talk about goods, they often refer to goods and services together. One aspect differentiating the two is their tangibility. This chapter draws a clear line between goods and services. The heterogeneity of construction goods demands some order that is of use in a way to help one understand observable phenomena. To this purpose, the chapter introduces a theory‐based typology of construction goods. Construction goods differ from others in many ways. They are visible and long lasting. The goal for developing a typology is to provide a framework that allows one to explain and understand phenomena in the construction sector. Looking into a systematic order of construction projects is of a conceptual nature and it means advancing a theoretical contribution. There are four forms of systematic orders on hand: nomenclatures, classifications, taxonomies, and typologies.
A abordagem de relacionamentos organizacionais vem se configurando como objeto de estudos em administração por apontar caminhos para o alcance e manutenção da competitividade organizacional. Com esse enfoque, o presente artigo tem como objetivo identificar as influências e as configurações dos relacionamentos organizacionais na bovinocultura de corte orgânica do Pantanal Sul (Mato Grosso do Sul). Para o alcance do objetivo, essa pesquisa foi predominantemente de natureza qualitativa e o método utilizado foi um estudo de caso na Associação Brasileira de Produtores Orgânicos (ABPO), associação credenciada na produção de carne orgânica. Os dados utilizados foram obtidos de fontes primárias, gerados principalmente por entrevistas semiestruturadas, com três diretores da ABPO, e por fontes secundárias a partir de documentos e relatórios da organização. Os resultados apontam que a bovinocultura de corte orgânica, praticada pela ABPO, se vale de relacionamentos organizacionais para assim se tornar, em determinados aspectos, mais sólida no mercado, pois determinadas parcerias auxiliam no prognóstico de eventos futuros e proporcionam vantagens que adaptam estrategicamente a associação ao mercado.
(in German language only)
Grenzüberschreitende Unternehmensverflechtungen, insbesondere Unternehmenskooperationen, können bei ökonomischer Integration in peripheren Regionen Impulse für das regionale Wachstum und eine Konvergenz der Grenzräume geben. Anhand der Analyse des Kooperationsgeschehens im südwestsächsisch-nordböhmischen Grenzgebiet werden die Bestimmungsgrößen der Kooperationsbereitschaft grenznaher Firmen abgeleitet. Besonders Lerneffekte bei der Internationalisierung sowie wahrnehmbare mikroökonomische Binnenmarkteffekte werden als Determinanten der Kooperationsbereitschaft herausgestellt. Die Auslandsengagements der Unternehmen weisen dabei überwiegend lediglich das Potenzial zur kurz-, maximal mittelfristigen Verbesserung der Wettbewerbsposition der kooperierenden Unternehmen auf. Als wachstums- und konvergenzfördernder Internationalisierungstyp wird deshalb die Verbundzusammenarbeit kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen herausgestellt, von der in perspektivischer Sicht Impulse für eine Netzwerkbildung grenznaher Unternehmen ausgehen können.
Inter-organizational partnerships are an essential mechanism for corporations to access resources, particularly in emerging markets. This study is concerned with the steps relating to how multinational corporations in India create, develop, and evaluate their partnerships based on relationships. In the context of business-to-business partnerships, the researchers aim to (i) create a relational leadership process framework for how these relationships are built, and (ii) analyze if relational governance through relational leadership is complementary or rather a substitute to formal contracts in the context of such business-to-business partnerships. A case study-based research design is employed to explore relational leadership in business partnerships in India, thereby incorporating case studies based on interviews from nine internationally operating corporations. A process framework for relational leadership with six distinct steps on how to develop business partnerships in India was developed. Furthermore, the researchers found that the framework complements the relational governance processes supported by relational leadership and formal contracts when engaging in business partnerships in India. The study’s main aim was to contribute to the current theory in the emergent field of relational leadership. Practitioners responsible for partnership building among corporations can gain insights from the framework into the application of relational leadership. The results indicate that corporations can maintain long-term partnerships if specific relational governance mechanisms mainly supported by the application of relational leadership are in place.
Building on Nicolai Foss and Peter Klein’s recent book, Why Managers Matter: The Perils of the Bossless Company, and on its central argument that solving the problems of organizing (i.e., the division of labor and the integration of eforts) requires some form of hierarchy, I offer some observations on the relationship between organizations’ pursuit of social goals and the potential emergence of non-traditional hierarchical structures. I also provide a purposefully simple theory explaining why social organizations may incur over-governance and unnecessary internal transaction costs due to their preoccupation with minimizing the negative externalities of cooperation and coordination failures. Hence, I illustrate the importance of embracing a paradoxical approach to organizational design to solve this tension and its link with the advent of new hierarchical forms.
Inter-municipal cooperation is one of the most widely-used organizational alternatives in local governments’ attempts to adapt to ever-increasing demands for high quality and cost-efficient services. Although IMC is widespread, studies of its effects are largely lacking. This study contributes to filling this gap by asking, when and how shared service delivery is beneficial. This is done by investigating Norwegian local fire services, emergency primary care, and auditing empirically. The findings advance the notion that there is no ‘one best way’ for designing organizational forms of local service delivery. The effect of cooperation depends on what type of task you share. There is also no ‘one size fits all’, because the effect of cooperation is highly dependent on the size of cooperation. Finally, cooperation cannot be considered a panacea because it cannot solve all the problems that small (or large) municipalities face in delivering services. Cooperation is not a universal solution for extracting service delivery benefits of scale, but, rather, depends on conditions linked to (at least) the task at hand, the form, and the size of IMC.
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