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Effect of water temperature on yellowfin tuna hatching
... Although temperature may be a determining factor of larval stage dynamics (Pepin, 1991), laboratory studies have not yet explored the effects of temperature on vital rates of yellowfin larvae. Harada et al. (1980b) examined the hatch rate of yellowfin eggs incubated at various temperatures, and found that for normally-developed larvae the hatch rate was highest for those eggs incubated between 26.4°a nd 27.8°C. Some growth and survival data of yellowfin larvae hatched from artificially- Harada et al., 1980a) and naturally-fertilized eggs (Kaji et al., 1999) at uncontrolled water temperatures have been reported from laboratory studies conducted in the western Pacific. ...
... Most of the fertilized eggs in our experiment developed normally at both temperature treatments, despite poor survival of the larvae at first feeding. The sizes of the eggs (0.93-1.00 mm diameter) lie within the reported size ranges for yellowfin eggs (0.90-1.04 mm) reared in other laboratory experiments Harada et al., 1980a;Harada et al., 1980b), and for other members of the tribe Thunnini (0.84-1.23 mm) from the Pacific Ocean (Ambrose, 1996). ...
... Aunque la temperatura podría ser un factor determinante de la dinámica de la etapa larval (Pepin, 1991), los estudios de laboratorio todavía no han explorado los efectos de temperatura sobre las tasas vitales de las larvas de aleta amarilla. Harada et al. (1980b) examinaron la tasa de eclosión de huevos de aleta amarilla incubados a varias temperaturas, y descubrieron que para larvas normalmente desarrolladas la tasa fue máxima para huevos incubados a temperaturas entre 26,4° y 27,8°C. Se reportaron algunos datos de crecimiento y supervivencia de larvas de aleta amarilla criadas de huevos artificial Harada et al., 1980a) y naturalmente fertilizados (Kaji et al., 1999) en aguas de temperatura no controlada de estudios de laboratorio realizados en el Pacífico occidental. ...
... Although temperature may be a determining factor of larval stage dynamics (Pepin, 1991), laboratory studies have not yet explored the effects of temperature on vital rates of yellowfin larvae. Harada et al. (1980b) examined the hatch rate of yellowfin eggs incubated at various temperatures, and found that for normally-developed larvae the hatch rate was highest for those eggs incubated between 26.4°a nd 27.8°C. Some growth and survival data of yellowfin larvae hatched from artificially- Harada et al., 1980a) and naturally-fertilized eggs (Kaji et al., 1999) at uncontrolled water temperatures have been reported from laboratory studies conducted in the western Pacific. ...
... Most of the fertilized eggs in our experiment developed normally at both temperature treatments, despite poor survival of the larvae at first feeding. The sizes of the eggs (0.93-1.00 mm diameter) lie within the reported size ranges for yellowfin eggs (0.90-1.04 mm) reared in other laboratory experiments Harada et al., 1980a;Harada et al., 1980b), and for other members of the tribe Thunnini (0.84-1.23 mm) from the Pacific Ocean (Ambrose, 1996). ...
... Aunque la temperatura podría ser un factor determinante de la dinámica de la etapa larval (Pepin, 1991), los estudios de laboratorio todavía no han explorado los efectos de temperatura sobre las tasas vitales de las larvas de aleta amarilla. Harada et al. (1980b) examinaron la tasa de eclosión de huevos de aleta amarilla incubados a varias temperaturas, y descubrieron que para larvas normalmente desarrolladas la tasa fue máxima para huevos incubados a temperaturas entre 26,4° y 27,8°C. Se reportaron algunos datos de crecimiento y supervivencia de larvas de aleta amarilla criadas de huevos artificial Harada et al., 1980a) y naturalmente fertilizados (Kaji et al., 1999) en aguas de temperatura no controlada de estudios de laboratorio realizados en el Pacífico occidental. ...
... Although temperature may be a determining factor of larval stage dynamics (Pepin, 1991), laboratory studies have not yet explored the effects of temperature on vital rates of yellowfin larvae. Harada et al. (1980b) examined the hatch rate of yellowfin eggs incubated at various temperatures, and found that for normally-developed larvae the hatch rate was highest for those eggs incubated between 26.4°a nd 27.8°C. Some growth and survival data of yellowfin larvae hatched from artificially- Harada et al., 1980a) and naturally-fertilized eggs (Kaji et al., 1999) at uncontrolled water temperatures have been reported from laboratory studies conducted in the western Pacific. ...
... Most of the fertilized eggs in our experiment developed normally at both temperature treatments, despite poor survival of the larvae at first feeding. The sizes of the eggs (0.93-1.00 mm diameter) lie within the reported size ranges for yellowfin eggs (0.90-1.04 mm) reared in other laboratory experiments Harada et al., 1980a;Harada et al., 1980b), and for other members of the tribe Thunnini (0.84-1.23 mm) from the Pacific Ocean (Ambrose, 1996). ...
... Aunque la temperatura podría ser un factor determinante de la dinámica de la etapa larval (Pepin, 1991), los estudios de laboratorio todavía no han explorado los efectos de temperatura sobre las tasas vitales de las larvas de aleta amarilla. Harada et al. (1980b) examinaron la tasa de eclosión de huevos de aleta amarilla incubados a varias temperaturas, y descubrieron que para larvas normalmente desarrolladas la tasa fue máxima para huevos incubados a temperaturas entre 26,4° y 27,8°C. Se reportaron algunos datos de crecimiento y supervivencia de larvas de aleta amarilla criadas de huevos artificial Harada et al., 1980a) y naturalmente fertilizados (Kaji et al., 1999) en aguas de temperatura no controlada de estudios de laboratorio realizados en el Pacífico occidental. ...
... Previous studies have investigated the optimal water temperature conditions (optimal values ranged 23.3-31.0 °C) for yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares (YFT) eggs and larvae [8][9][10]. In addition, more than 22 mg/L of dissolved oxygen, between 1 and 2 × 10 −8 m −2 s −3 of micro turbulence and 24 h lighting of photoperiod, were reported to affect egg and larval survival and larval growth [10][11][12]. ...
... The optimal temperature range (23-26 °C) for hatching rate and normal larval development rate obtained in this study was different from the previously reported one for YFT by Harada et al. [8]. Harada et al. [8] obtained the highest hatching rate (≥78 %, including dead and deformed larvae) and normal larval development rates (≥58 %) at a temperature range of 26.4-27.8 ...
... The optimal temperature range (23-26 °C) for hatching rate and normal larval development rate obtained in this study was different from the previously reported one for YFT by Harada et al. [8]. Harada et al. [8] obtained the highest hatching rate (≥78 %, including dead and deformed larvae) and normal larval development rates (≥58 %) at a temperature range of 26.4-27.8 °C without information on salinity. ...
Effects of temperature and salinity on hatching rate and normal larval rate at hatching, and survival of fasting larvae after hatching (survival activity index; SAI) were investigated using spontaneously spawned eggs of captive yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares, YFT). Within the range of experimental temperatures, 23–35 °C, at 32 psu salinity, hatching and normal larval rates and SAI were highest at 23 and 26 °C. In the experiment exploring the most suitable salinity within the range 23–38 psu, 35 and 38 psu gave the highest hatching rate and normal larval rate; however, SAI was highest at 26 psu. The results of multi-factor experiments in each temperature (23, 26, and 29 °C) with each salinity (32, 35, and 38 psu) indicated interactive effects of temperature and salinity on the three indices and within the experimental ranges gave an optimal combination of 23 °C and 38 psu for YFT hatching and survival.
... Although temperature may be a determining factor of larval stage dynamics (Pepin, 1991), laboratory studies have not yet explored the effects of temperature on vital rates of yellowfin larvae. Harada et al. (1980b) examined the hatch rate of yellowfin eggs incubated at various temperatures, and found that for normally-developed larvae the hatch rate was highest for those eggs incubated between 26.4°a nd 27.8°C. Some growth and survival data of yellowfin larvae hatched from artificially- Harada et al., 1980a) and naturally-fertilized eggs (Kaji et al., 1999) at uncontrolled water temperatures have been reported from laboratory studies conducted in the western Pacific. ...
... Most of the fertilized eggs in our experiment developed normally at both temperature treatments, despite poor survival of the larvae at first feeding. The sizes of the eggs (0.93-1.00 mm diameter) lie within the reported size ranges for yellowfin eggs (0.90-1.04 mm) reared in other laboratory experiments Harada et al., 1980a;Harada et al., 1980b), and for other members of the tribe Thunnini (0.84-1.23 mm) from the Pacific Ocean (Ambrose, 1996). ...
... Aunque la temperatura podría ser un factor determinante de la dinámica de la etapa larval (Pepin, 1991), los estudios de laboratorio todavía no han explorado los efectos de temperatura sobre las tasas vitales de las larvas de aleta amarilla. Harada et al. (1980b) examinaron la tasa de eclosión de huevos de aleta amarilla incubados a varias temperaturas, y descubrieron que para larvas normalmente desarrolladas la tasa fue máxima para huevos incubados a temperaturas entre 26,4° y 27,8°C. Se reportaron algunos datos de crecimiento y supervivencia de larvas de aleta amarilla criadas de huevos artificial Harada et al., 1980a) y naturalmente fertilizados (Kaji et al., 1999) en aguas de temperatura no controlada de estudios de laboratorio realizados en el Pacífico occidental. ...
Food selection of first-feeding yellowfin tuna larvae was studied in the laboratory during October 1992. The larvae were hatched from eggs obtained by natural spawning of yellowfin adults held in sea pens adjacent to Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. The larvae were fed mixed-prey assemblages consisting of size-graded wild zooplankton and cultured rotifers. Yellowfin larvae were found to be selective feeders during the first four days of feeding. Copepod nauplii dominated the diet numerically, by frequency of occurrence and by weight. The relative importance of juvenile and adult copepods (mostly cyclopoids) in the diet increased over the 4-day period. Rotifers, although they comprised 31 to 40 percent of the available forage, comprised less than 2.1 per- cent of the diet numerically. Prey selection indices were calculated taking into account the relative abundances of prey, the swimming speeds of yellowfin larvae and their prey, and the microscale influence of turbulence on encounter rates. Yellowfin selected for copepod nauplii and against rotifers, and consumed juvenile and adult copepods in proportion to their abundances. Yellowfin larvae may select copepod nauplii and cyclopoid juveniles and adults based on the size and discontinuous swimming motion of these prey. Rotifers may not have been selected because they were larger or because they exhibit a smooth swimming pattern. The best initial diet for the culture of yellowfin larvae may be copepod nauplii and cyclopoid juveniles and adults, due to the size, swimming motion, and nutritional content of these prey. If rotifers alone are fed to yellowfin larvae, the rotifers should be enriched with a nutritional supplement that is high in unsaturated fatty acids. Mouth size of yellowfin larvae increases rapidly within the first few days of feeding, which minimizes limitations on feeding due to prey size. Although yellowfin larvae initiate feeding on relatively small prey, they rapidly acquire the ability to add relatively large, rare prey items to the diet. This mode of feeding may be adaptive for the development of yellowfin larvae, which have high metabolic rates and live in warm mixed-layer habitats of the tropical and subtropical Pacific. Our analysis also indicates a strong potential for the influence of microscale turbulence on the feeding success of yellowfin larvae.
... The optimal temperature ranges for hatching success and normal larval development rate were reported to be 23-26°C in yellow fin tuna (YFT) by Harada et al. [49], who obtained the highest hatching rate (≥78%, including dead and deformed larvae) and normal larval development rate (≥58%) at a temperature range of 26.4-27.8 o C without information on salinity. ...
... Regarding larval survival, the SAI values in our study were significantly higher at 24°C and 27°C than those in other higher temperature groups. The results of this study are similar to that obtained by Harada et al. [49]. ...
The combined effects of temperature and salinity on percent hatching, normal larval rate at hatching, and survival of fasting larvae after hatching (survival activity index; SAI) of the commercial species of collector sea urchin, Tripneustes gratilla were investigated in a captive laboratory condition. The study was conducted by setting different levels of temperatures (24°C to 36°C) and salinities (38‰ to 23‰). Within the range of temperature from 24 to 36°C and at 32‰ salinity, hatching and normal larval rates, and SAI values were highest at 24 and 27°C. The highest hatching and normal larval rates were found at 35 and 38‰ within the salinity range of 23-38‰; however, SAI value was the highest at 26‰. The results of the experiments in each level of temperature (24, 27 and 30°C) with each salinity (32, 35 and 38‰) indicated interactive effects of temperature and salinity, and within the experimental protocols of 24°C at 38‰ gave an optimal combination for highest hatching and survival of T. gratilla. The findings obtained from the present research would not only be immensely helpful towards the understanding of the suitable temperature-salinity interactions but also facilitate the development of captive breeding, larval raising and mass seed production of this high-valued sea urchin for commercial aquaculture.
... Therefore, these results might confirm some (Higurashi and Tauchi 1925) o: temperature characteristic of Higurashi and Tauchi's formula (Higurashi and Tauchi 1925) The embryonic development of YFT from fertilizatiot to hatching at 27T was also investigated by Margulies et al. (2007) and \Mexler et al. (2011) for the EPO, and these durations were similar to the present study (i.e. about 22-23.5h at 26-27'C). On the other hand, Harada et al. (1980) reported that the time required for hatching of WCPO YFT was longer at 26:40-42:00h at an average water temperature of 26.4T. This may be explained by the differences in the methods for obtaining fertilized eggs Ii. e. artifcial insemination and lengthy transport of eggs until incubation (Harada et al. 1980) versus natural spawningl. ...
... On the other hand, Harada et al. (1980) reported that the time required for hatching of WCPO YFT was longer at 26:40-42:00h at an average water temperature of 26.4T. This may be explained by the differences in the methods for obtaining fertilized eggs Ii. e. artifcial insemination and lengthy transport of eggs until incubation (Harada et al. 1980) versus natural spawningl. Therefore, the different methods of fertilization could affect the developmental speed. ...
Effect of water temperature on embryonic development of yellor,vfin tuna was investigated. Eggs were incubated at different water temperatures:22, 24, 26C (Experiment-1) arrd 28, 30, 32C (Experiment-2). Developmental condition was observed and the elapsed time from the 2 or 4 cell stages until hatching was mea-sured. Hatching occurred at 18.58 h for eggs incubated at 32'C. Eggs incubated at 22T stopped development after the morula (late cleavage) stage. Experiment-3 was designed to examine the relationship between hatching time and the incubation temperature, and was expressed by two regression lines which intersected at 269:C.
... Few studies have examined the temperature and oxygen requirements for survival during early life stages of development in tunas. Harada et al. (1980) determined experimentally that the optimum range of temperatures for survival of artificially fertilized yellowfin eggs at hatching was 24-30°C. The optimal temperature for embryonic development and hatching of Pacific bluefin tuna eggs was 25°C (Masuma, 2009;Miyashita et al., 2000). ...
... data 2 ). However, most yellowfin spawning occurs at temperatures between 26 and 30°C Schaefer, 1998), and the percent hatch of fertilized eggs is less than 50% for eggs incubated in the laboratory at mean temperatures less than 23°C (Harada et al., 1980;IATTC unpubl. data 2 ). ...
We determined the optimal water temperature and oxygen ranges for survival, development, and growth of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) eggs and yolk-sac and first-feeding larvae by conducting a series of experiments between 2004 and 2006 at the Achotines Laboratory on the Pacific coast of the Republic of Panama.Based on the results of our experiments, yolk sac and first-feeding yellowfin larvae exhibited lethal limits for their survival at temperatures less than 21°C and greater than 33°C. Embryos hatched alive at all temperatures tested except 36°C; however, larvae were malformed after hatching at temperatures
... but no normal larvae were found in a temperature range below 18.7°C or above 31.9°C (Harada et al. 1980). Larval distribution, which indicates spawning success of this species, is strongly controlled by sea temperature changes. ...
Yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares is a commercially important fish species widely distributed between 40° S and 40° N. Mixing rates between tropical and temperate areas of the western Pacific Ocean were investigated using stable carbon (δ ¹³ C otolith ) and oxygen isotopes (δ ¹⁸ O otolith ) in whole otoliths of small juveniles (mean: 5.8 cm standard length, SL) and in otolith cores of large juveniles (32.4 cm SL). The density distribution of δ ¹⁸ O otolith values for small juveniles showed a significant difference between the areas, whereas patterns for large juveniles were almost identical between areas. In addition, modal values for large juveniles spanned several small juvenile modes. The density distribution of δ ¹³ C otolith values for small juveniles had a single significantly different mode for each area, whereas the distribution of δ ¹³ C otolith values for large juveniles in these areas was bimodal, particularly in the temperate area; these modes corresponded to those for small juveniles in each area. These modal patterns indicate that the majority of large juveniles captured in the temperate area have tropical origins, and mixing from tropical to temperate areas occurs between the areas before recruitment to fisheries in each area. These connectivity patterns during early life history can contribute to refinement of stock assessments of this commercially valuable species.
... Bay anchovy embryos are, on average, 0.80 mm in diameter and take < 24 h to hatch to the larval stage. Embryos of yellowfin tuna are on the small scale, with a diameter of approximately 0.96 mm, and embryonic development on the timescale of hours (Harada et al., 1980;Incardona et al., 2014;Pauly and Pullin, 1988). Similarly, red snapper embryos measure approximately 0.82 mm in diameter and take < 24 h to develop into larvae (Pauly and Pullin, 1988;Suzuki and Hioki, 1979). ...
... According to Miyashita et al. (2001), egg incubation time for ABFT at 248C is ca. 32 h, and the eggs of other species such as T. albacares (Harada et al., 1980, in Fishbase) also exhibited fast embryonic development. For Auxis rochei, two-and four-cell stages were also observed in the early hours after fertilization (Inoue et al., 1974). ...
Gordoa, A., Olivar, M. P., Arevalo, R., Viñas, J., Molí, B., and Illas, X. 2009. Determination of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) spawning time within a transport cage in the western Mediterranean. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 2205–2210.
For the first time, tuna spawning in a transport cage being towed from the western Mediterranean spawning ground to a fattening facility off the coast of northeastern Spain was examined during the 2008 fishing season. Daylight and night surface plankton samples were collected using bongo nets located in front of and behind the transport cage. The results for the different time intervals revealed clear and massive nocturnal spawning from 03:00 to 05:00, when the rear bongo was completely jammed with eggs (up to 250 000–300 000 eggs per 1000 m³). Egg size and morphology were consistent with the features of Thunnus thynnus eggs, and identification was confirmed by genetic analysis. Microscopic examination showed the eggs to be in the very early developmental stages. Spawning took place every night over the entire journey. The study showed that neither captivity nor handling/environmental changes along the route inhibited T. thynnus spawning to a very precise biological clock. The study also revealed the diel temporal concurrence of T. thynnus spawning and jellyfish larvae at the sea surface.
... Additional studies are needed, however, to determine the effects of reduced temperature on egg hatching and early larvae. Harada et al. (1978), for example, found that no yellowfin tuna larvae developed normally in temperatures below 20°C. Seasonal effects must also be considered, i.e., a -12°C temperature change during the winter may be more important than the same change during the summer. ...
Eight hundred and one yellowfin tuna larvae ranging from 2.57–7.48 mm SL were collected near the Mississippi River discharge plume in the Gulf of Mexico during July and September, 1987. Larvae were most abundant at intermediate salinities (i.e. frontal waters) where chlorophylla and macrozooplankton displacement values were also highest. Using sagittal otolith microstructure, we estimated larval ages ranging from 3–14 d. These ages were used to back calculate spawning dates from 13–24 July and 22–31 August. Mean absolute individual growth rate (length age–1) was 0.47 mm d–1, with the least squares linear regression SL = 1.67 + 0.47 AGE (r2 = 0.60, Pr> F = 0.0001) representing the best growth curve. Highest growth occurred at intermediate salinities near 31%, and temperatures near 29 C. There was significant temporal variation in growth, with larvae collected in July growing slower than those from September (0.37 and 0.48 mm d–1, respectively). The pooled instantaneous daily mortality rate (Z) of the larvae was estimated to be 0.33 d–1 (0.16 d–1 in July and 0.41 d–1 in September). These results show that significant spawning of yellowfin tuna may occur in the northern Gulf of Mexico in the vicinity of the Mississippi River discharge plume, and suggest that larval growth and survival may be enhanced in the plume frontal waters.
The relationship between egg diameter ((, mm), temperature (T, C) and egg development time to hatching (D, in days) was established for approximately spherical, pelagic marine fish eggs as log10D = 7.10 + 0.608 log10 – 4.09 log10 (T + 26), which explains 82% of the variance of a data set of 140 cases, covering 84 species of teleost fishes, for temperatures from 2.8 to 29.5 C and eggs of 0.6 to 3.4 mm diameter.From this relationship it appears that temperature has 4.7 times as much effect on development time as egg diameter when all variables are expressed in standard deviation units. A discussion of these and related factors is given.
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