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New species and records in the fern genus Didymoglossum for the flora of Seychelles, with notes on the Southeast Asian D. motleyi complex (Hymenophyllaceae)
Abstract
The fern flora of the Seychelles archipelago remains relatively poorly known. Recent projects involving the development of the Seychelles National Herbarium and study of key biodiversity areas have resulted in extensive explorations of the ferns on the granitic islands. Historical literature, newly collected specimens and older collections have been revised for the fern family Hymenophyllaceae as a prelude for a fern checklist, resulting in several discoveries. In Didymoglossum, specimens were found with a very unusual character: exsert sori. Revision of the specimens, including phylogenetic analyses, revealed that these belong to two distinct species: Didymoglossum beccarianum comb. nov. (until now only known from Southeast Asia) and a new species endemic to Seychelles, which is described as D. beaverianum below. The exact identity of the Southeast Asian species required to review a complex of species previously considered synonymous to D. motleyi. As a result, we propose a taxonomic hypothesis where Didymoglossum motleyi is in fact known from the type only (from Borneo); D. beccarianum includes the synonyms Trichomanes cognatum, T. sayeri and T. minutissimum and is widely distributed from Seychelles to the western Pacific Ocean and finally Didymoglossum (Trichomanes) cultratum comb. nov., which is maintained as a separate species (endemic to Fiji and known from the type only). We conclude by emphasizing the main diagnostic characters in this complex of species, including characters that have been neglected in the past.
... Christensen (sensu Ebihara et al. 2006) with more than 20 epilithic or low-epiphytic species, mainly found in the New World, all without the presence of a continuous submarginal false veins. On the other hand, subgenus Microgonium Presl with more than 10 epilithic or low-epiphytic species, mainly in the Old World (with only four New World species), characterized by the absence of stellate hairs on the leaf margins and by the presence of a continuous submarginal false veins (Ebihara & Iwatsuki in Ebihara et al. 2006, Senterre et al. 2017). (2006) based on molecular studies, redefined the genus completely and leave it as the initial Desvaux genus, with only two subgenera that correspond to the sections of Christensen and Morton Didymoglossum and Microgonium, this Rhizomes slender, ca. ...
... separation is based on the presence of stellate hairs on the margins(Copeland 1938;Morton 1968), or based on the presence of an infra-marginal false vein (Ebihara et al. 2006) according withSenterre et al. 2017), insteadChristenhusz & Chase (2014)arguing that subdivision of the classical genusTrichomanes is unnecessary as it is monophyletic. I am following the recent classification of PPG (2016). ...
A new combination is made for a quite rare fern species, Didymoglossum bucinatum, endemic to the states of Hidalgo and Oaxaca, Mexico. A description, illustration and distribution map are provided, as well as a key to the eleven species of Didymoglossum known from Mexico.
... Ecology: an uncommon lowland species found below 300 m; epiphytic on tree trunks. Note: this species was usually identified as D. motleyi (Bosch) Ebihara & K.Iwats., however, Senterre & al. (2017) suggest that D. motleyi is a Borneo endemic species. ...
Epiphytes make up roughly 10% of all vascular plant species globally and play important functional roles, especially in tropical forests. However, to date there is no comprehensive list of vascular epiphyte species. Here, we present EpiList 1.0, the first global list of vascular epiphytes based on standardized definitions and taxonomy. We include obligate epiphytes, facultative epiphytes and hemiepiphytes, as the latter share the vulnerable epiphytic stage as juveniles. Based on 978 references, the checklist includes > 31,000 species of 79 plant families. Species names were standardized against World Flora Online for seed plants and against the World Ferns database for lycophytes and ferns. In cases of species missing from these databases, we used other databases (mostly World Checklist of Selected Plant Families). For all species, author names and IDs for World Flora Online entries are provided to facilitate the alignment with other plant databases, and to avoid ambiguities. EpiList 1.0 will be a rich source for synthetic studies in ecology, biogeography, and evolutionary biology as it offers ‐ for the first time – a species‐level overview over all currently known vascular epiphytes. At the same time, the list represents work in progress: species descriptions of epiphytic taxa are ongoing, published life form information in floristic inventories and trait and distribution databases is often incomplete and sometimes even wrong. Since the epiphytic growth blends into soil‐rooted growth and vice versa, the inclusion or exclusion of particular species in the current list will sometimes be contentious. Thus, initiating a well‐founded discussion was one of the motivations for compiling this database – our list represents 31,311 hypotheses on the life form of plant species, and we welcome feedback on possible omission or erroneous inclusions. We release these data into the public domain under a Creative Commons Zero license waiver. When you use the data in your publication, we request that you cite this data paper. If EpiList 1.0 is a major part of the data analyzed in your study, you may consider inviting the EpiList 1.0 core team as collaborators.
Identifications are given for 713 specimens of Hymenophyllaceae collected on Ambon and Seram islands, the Moluccas, Indonesia, during 1983–86. The collection is composed of forty-seven species and one variety belonging to seven genera. The dataset is deposited in GBIF and available at https://www.gbif.jp/ipt/resource?r=seram_hymen.
We have counted the currently known, described and accepted number of plant species as ca 374,000, of which approxi-mately 308,312 are vascular plants, with 295,383 flowering plants (angiosperms; monocots: 74,273; eudicots: 210,008). Global numbers of smaller plant groups are as follows: algae ca 44,000, liverworts ca 9,000, hornworts ca 225, mosses 12,700, lycopods 1,290, ferns 10,560 and gymnosperms 1,079. Phytotaxa is currently contributing more than a quarter of the ca 2000 species that are described every year, showing that it has become a major contributor to the dissemination of new species discovery. However, the rate of discovery is slowing down, due to reduction in financial and scientific support for fundamental natural history studies.
The filmy fern Abrodictyum cupressoides, initially reported from Madagascar and the Seychelles (locus classicus), is often confused in the field and in collections with similar local species, especially the pantropical A. rigidum. A comparative morphological investigation of Malagasy and Seychellois specimens finds strong differences between A. cupressoides and A. rigidum as well as between Malagasy and Seychellois A. cupressoides, suggesting three distinct morpho-species. A molecular phylogeny based on rbcL sequences focused on the genus Abrodictyum shows the polyphyly of both A. cupressoides and A. rigidum, and reveals that A. cupressoides should be excluded from Abrodictyum, would belong to Trichomanes and is restricted to the Seychelles. A new description for Seychellois Trichomanes cupressoides is thus proposed. In addition, generic treatments for Malagasy T. pachyphlebium, T. madagascariense, T. boivinii and African A. guineense are discussed. Résumé La fougère Hyménophyllacée Abrodictyum cupressoides, initialement reportée à Madagascar et aux Seychelles (la localité du type), est souvent confondue sur le terrain et en collection avec les espèces proches, particulièrement le supposé pan-tropical A. rigidum. Une étude comparative morphologique sur les spécimens seychellois et malgaches montre de fortes différences aussi bien entre les deux localités qu'entre les taxons supposés A. cupressoides et A. rigidum. Une phylogénie moléculaire sur le genre Abrodictyum et basée sur le gène rbcL montre la polyphylie des deux espèces A. cupressoides et A. rigidum. Elle révèle qu'A. cupressoides devrait être exclu du genre Abrodictyum, appartiendrait au genre distinct Tricho-manes et serait restreint aux Seychelles. Une nouvelle description pour le seychellois Trichomanes cupressoides est donc proposée. En outre, le traitement générique des taxons malgaches T. pachyphlebium, T. madagascariense, T. boivinii et de l'africain A. guineense est discuté.
A revised Checklist of 331 species of Fijian ferns and lycophytes is presented here. Six species are presumed to be introduced and 48 (15%) are endemic. The annotated list includes family, genus and species names for all Fijian ferns, and aligns them with names used by Brownlie (1977) in his Pteridophyte Flora of Fiji. Since publication of Brownlie's work, 29 species have been added to the Fijian fern flora, 79 of the previously recorded taxa now have different generic and/or species names, and c. 40% are placed in different families. Specimens of ferns in the South Pacific Regional Herbarium (SUVA) were examined, and all have been re-identified as far as possible using the updated names. The significance of this work in the context of the wider Pacific region is discussed.
Background and Aims Throughout the history of fern classification, familial and generic concepts have been highly labile. Many classifications
and evolutionary schemes have been proposed during the last two centuries, reflecting different interpretations of the available
evidence. Knowledge of fern structure and life histories has increased through time, providing more evidence on which to base
ideas of possible relationships, and classification has changed accordingly. This paper reviews previous classifications of
ferns and presents ideas on how to achieve a more stable consensus.
The diversity of species belonging to the filmy fern genus Crepidomanes (Hymenophyllaceae) in the Mascarene archipelago was studied, based on morphological investigations and focusing especially on the most dwarf species that are easily confused in the field and in herbarium collections. Morphological potential clusters and discriminations were then compared with an rbcL phylogeny. As a result, we recognized at least eight morpho-species for the archipelago and defined characters for distinguishing the three smallest ones, Crepidomanes bonapartei, Crepidomanes minutum and Crepidomanes (Trichomanes) trinerve. Morphological evidence and molecules confirm the specific status for T trinerve (newly combined in Crepidomanes), the inclusion of Crepidomanes mannii into a C. minutum complex, and new records of C. bonapartei for Mauritius. The neotropical Polyphlebium pyxidiferum is found to be closely related to Afro-Madagascan Crepidomanes inopinatum and Crepidomanes melanotrichum species and so is newly combined in Crepidomanes. A key for the eight species of the genus in the archipelago, description of a new section clustering Crepidomanes frappieri and Crepidomanes longilabiatum, and new enhanced descriptions for two dwarf taxa (C. bonapartei and C. trinerve) are provided, and biogeographical origins of the genus in the Western Indian Ocean area are discussed.
A new classification of Hymenophyllaceae, consisting of nine genera (Hymenophyllum, Didymoglossum, Crepidomanes, Polyphlebium, Vandenboschia, Abrodictyum, Trichomanes, Cephalomanes and Callistopteris) is proposed. Every genus, subgenus and section chiefly corresponds to the monophyletic group elucidated in molecular phylogenetic analyses based on chloroplast sequences. Brief descriptions and keys to the higher taxa are given, and their representative members are enumerated, including some new combinations.
In an effort to obtain a solid and balanced approximation of global fern phylogeny to serve as a tool for addressing large-scale evolutionary questions, we assembled and analyzed the most inclusive molecular dataset for leptosporangiate ferns to date. Three plastid genes (rbcL, atpB, atpA), totaling more than 4,000 bp, were sequenced for each of 400 leptosporangiate fern species (selected using a proportional sampling approach) and five outgroups. Maximum likelihood analysis of these data yielded an especially robust phylogeny: 80% of the nodes were supported by a maximum likelihood bootstrap percentage ≥ 70. The scope of our analysis provides unprecedented insight into overall fern relationships, not only delivering additional support for the deepest leptosporangiate divergences, but also uncovering the composition of more recently emerging clades and their relationships to one another.
An assessment of rare and threatened Pteridophytes of political India, classifying species into different categories, has been made based on our own field-observations, data from herbarium-collections, and published literature. Their general range in political India has been given, though only limited details of extra-Indian range are provided. Modern taxonomic concepts and nomenclature have been adopted. Our survey has revealed that 414 species of Pteridophytes (219 At risk, of which 160 Critically endangered, 82 Near-threatened and 113 Rare), constituting c. 41-43 % of the total number of c. 950-1000 Pteridophytes of political India, are threatened or rare there. 84 species included in earlier works are excluded as they are not considered to be of threatened status. One new combination and two nomina nova have been validated (Leptochilus pothifolius (D.Don) Fras.-Jenk., Asplenium rivulare Fras.-Jenk. and Thelypteris chandrae Fras.-Jenk.).
MrBayes 3 performs Bayesian phylogenetic analysis combining information from different data partitions or subsets evolving under different stochastic evolutionary models. This allows the user to analyze heterogeneous data sets consisting of different data types—e.g. morphological, nucleotide, and protein—and to explore a wide variety of structured models mixing partition-unique and shared parameters. The program employs MPI to parallelize Metropolis coupling on Macintosh or UNIX clusters.
Availability: http://morphbank.ebc.uu.se/mrbayes
Contact: fredrik.ronquist@ebc.uu.se
*
To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Results of taxonomic revision of 437 specimens (348 collecting numbers) of the filmy fern genus Trichomanes subgen. Achomanes, Crepidomanes, Didymoglossum, Gonocormus, Pachychaetum and Vandenboschia (Hymenophyllaceae) occurring in Central Africa (Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi) are presented. Keys for identification and morphological descriptions on the generic, subgeneric and specific levels are given. Habitat and diagnostically important details are illustrated for each species from the study area: T. africanum, T. borbonicum, T. chevalieri, T. clarenceanum, T. crispiforme, T. fallax, T. frappieri, T. inopinatum, T. liberiense, T. mannii, T. melanotrichum, T. mettenii, T. radicans, T. rigidum, T. ruwenzoriense. Maps of local distribution of all these species are included. -Author
The six species of Microgonium occurring in south-east Asia and Malesia are described, illustrated and distinguished and their distributions reviewed. M. tahitense is reported for the first time from Malaya and Thailand and M. mindorense from Java and Borneo. In west Malaysia the latter is much commoner than M. bimarginatum, with which it has been confused hitherto and which is now known from Borneo only by one recent collection. Specimens of M. henzaianum (previously known by a single Burmese collection) from south Vietnam and southern Thailand suggest that it might occur in northern Malaya.
Silica gels an inexpensive and reliable substance to preserve field-collected leaves for molecular studies of variation in DNA. A method for its utilization is explained, and results are presented, comparing total cellular DNA samples extracted from a set of fresh and silica-gel dried samples of the same species, as well as examining the efficiency of endonuclease restriction and intactness of DNA from of a set of field-collected leaves preserved with silica gel.
The fern flora of the Seychelles archipelago remains relatively poorly known. Current projects involving the development of the Seychelles National Herbarium and study of key biodiversity areas have resulted in extensive new explorations on the granitic islands. Historical literature, newly collected specimens and older collections have been revised for the fern family Marattiaceae as a prelude for a fern checklist, resulting in the rediscovery of Ptisana a century after it was last reported (as Marattia). Two species of Angiopteris are recognised in the Seychelles, one of them new to science. In total, three species are recorded from the granitic Seychelles islands, Mahé and Silhouette, and none from the coral islands, which are too dry to harbour Marattiaceae. These three species are described in detail. The newly described Angiopteris chongsengiana is characterized by the elongated terminal pinnules and progressively reduced distal pairs of pinnules. Based on phylogenetic molecular analyses the Ptisana fraxinea complex is discussed and several new combinations are proposed. The Seychellois Ptisana is most closely related to Ascension Island endemic P. purpurascens and is described as a new species, Ptisana laboudalloniana. It differs from P. fraxinea in its winged secondary rachises and from P. salicifolia in its smaller habit, with the laminae shorter than broad and shorter than the petioles. Preliminary revisions of other fern families indicate that more discoveries are likely to be made in the fern flora of the Seychelles.
The DELTA system is a flexible data-coding format for taxonomic descriptions, and an associated set of programs for producing and typesetting natural-language descriptions and keys, for interactive identification and information retrieval, and for conversion of the data to formats required for phylogenetic and phenetic analysis. This manual is a comprehensive guide to the data format and the program directives.
We describe MUSCLE, a new computer program for creating multiple alignments of protein sequences. Elements of the algorithm
include fast distance estimation using kmer counting, progressive alignment using a new profile function we call the log‐expectation score, and refinement using tree‐dependent
restricted partitioning. The speed and accuracy of MUSCLE are compared with T‐Coffee, MAFFT and CLUSTALW on four test sets
of reference alignments: BAliBASE, SABmark, SMART and a new benchmark, PREFAB. MUSCLE achieves the highest, or joint highest,
rank in accuracy on each of these sets. Without refinement, MUSCLE achieves average accuracy statistically indistinguishable
from T‐Coffee and MAFFT, and is the fastest of the tested methods for large numbers of sequences, aligning 5000 sequences
of average length 350 in 7 min on a current desktop computer. The MUSCLE program, source code and PREFAB test data are freely
available at http://www.drive5. com/muscle.
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