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Nonparametric statistics for the Behavioral Sciences
... NOT is used when it is not unsafe to perform c~, but may, rather, be simply inconvenient. As advocated by Carletta (1996), we have used the Kappa coefficient (Siegel and Castellan, 1988) as a measure of coder agreement. For nominal data, this statistic not only measures agreement, but also factors out chance agreement. ...
... There are various ways of computing P(E) according to Siegel and Castellan (1988); most researchers agree on the following formula, which we also adopted: ...
... The function features, which are more subjective in nature, engender more disagreement among coders, as shown by the K values in the following table:According to this table, therefore, the AWARE-NESS and SAFETY features show "substantial" agreement and the INTENTIONALITY feature shows "moderate" agreement. We have coded other functional features as well, but they have either not proven as reliable as these, or are not as useful in text planning.In addition,Siegel and Castellan (1988) point out that it is possible to check the significance of K when the number of objects is large; this involves computing the distribution of K itself. Under this approach, the three values above are significant at the .000005 ...
... Ikerketaren bigarren helburuari erantzuteko, jasotako emaitzen korrelazioa aztertu da Excel plataforman. Nahiz eta lortutako lagina analisi estatistikorako mugatua izan, zenbait joera identifikatzeko aukera ematen du (Siegel, S. & Castellan-Jr., 1988). Horretarako, hainbat azterketa estatistiko aplikatu dira, aztertzen den aldagai motaren arabera. ...
... -Sexua: aldagai hau nominala izanik (emakumea/gizona), Khi Karratuaren testa aplikatu da, bi aldagai nominalen arteko lotura ebaluatzeko (Siegel, S. & Castellan-Jr., 1988). ...
... Analisi estatistikoaren emaitzak honako hauek zan dira: Khi karratu balioa (χ²): 0.0 eta ρbalioa: 1.0. ρ-balioa 0.05 balio estatistikotik gorakoa izanik, emaitzek erakusten dute ez dagoela sexua eta betaurrekoak erabiltzeko prestasunaren arteko harreman esanguratsurik (Siegel, S. & Castellan-Jr., 1988). ...
Gero eta anitzagoa den gizarte honetan, teknologiek pertsonen bizi kalitatea hobetu dezakete egunerokotasuneko alor ugaritan. Desgaitasuna duten pertsonentzat bereziki, teknologiek beste modu batera ezinezkoak liratekeen jarduerak burutzeko aukerak eskaintzen dituzte, betiere irisgarriak badira. Ikerketa honetan, murgiltze teknologien irisgarritasuna lantzeko, hemeretzi parte hartzaileren esperientziak aztertu dira. Parte hartzaileek esperientziaren onuren eta zailtasunen arteko balantzea egin dute. Emaitzek adierazten dute pertsonaren desgaitasun motak eragina izan dezakeela pertsonak identifikatutako onurak ulertzean. Ondorio horiek kontuan hartzea interesgarria da irisgarritasun arazoak diseinuaren lehen faseetatik egoki lantzeko eta murgiltze teknologia inklusiboagoak garatzeko orduan.
... To analyze our responses and quantify the prevalence and relevance levels of each refactoring, we used descriptive statistics. Additionally, we employed the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test (Siegel and Castellan 1988) to evaluate whether the respondents' experience level influenced their perception of the refactorings. ...
... Finally, we employed the Mann-Whitney test (Siegel and Castellan 1988) to evaluate whether the respondents' experience level affected their perception of the prevalence and relevance of refactorings. Due to the lack of a normal distribution in our data, we opted for this non-parametric test. ...
... In the Mann-Whitney test, the mean rank helps determine which of the two groups being compared tends to have higher or lower values relative to the other (Siegel and Castellan 1988). Our results indicate that the developers' experience level affected how they perceived just 16 refactorings from our catalog. ...
Elixir is a modern functional language known for its robustness and scalability. This language has seen a growing adoption by companies worldwide in the last 12 years. Despite this fact, and to the best of our knowledge, there are few works in the literature focused on studying refactoring strategies for code implemented with this language. In a preliminary and previous study, we conducted a systematic literature review to provide an initial list of refactorings for Elixir. Aiming to expand the results of this preliminary study, in this work we use a mixed methodology based on a broader systematic literature review, a grey literature review, and the mining of artifacts in GitHub repositories to prospect and document new refactorings for this language. As a result, we propose a comprehensive catalog of 82 refactorings, including 14 new ones specific to Elixir, 32 aimed at functional languages, 11 Erlang-specific transformations compatible with Elixir, and 25 traditional refactorings cataloged by Fowler, which are also compatible with Elixir code. We validated this catalog by surveying 144 experienced Elixir developers from 42 countries spanning all continents. In this survey, we assessed the levels of relevance and prevalence of each refactoring in the catalog. We show that 93% of the refactorings in Elixir are at least moderately relevant, suggesting they can improve the code quality of Elixir systems. Furthermore, 71% of these refactorings are frequently used in production code. Our results have practical implications related to the learning and use of refactorings in Elixir.
... Comparisons between groups were made of the scores above and below the median of the combined groups. These data were subjected to statistical analysis using the Fisher Exact Probability Test (Siegel, 1956). For each group, the comparison of the time to submersion scores between mice with and without their vibrissae yielded differences that were sig-nificant at the p L. 0.025 level, with vibrissae1ess animals having shorter time to submersion scores. ...
... The mean time to submersion scores of the various treatment groups for the AI] and C57BL/6] strains are presented in Fig. 2. Comparisons between groups were made of the scores above and below the median of the combined groups. Analysis of these data by the Fisher Exact Probability Test (Siegel, 1956) demonstrated that the AI] strain had significantly (p L. 0.025) higher scores than their corresponding groups of the C57BL/6] strain. The comparison of the time to submersion scores among treatment groups within each strain showed no significant differences. ...
... All groups show a decreased time to submersion when retested without vibrissae. The difference in performance between the test-retest scores Was analyzed by the sign test (Siegel, 1956) with the following obtained probability values: C57BL/6] (p = 0.062), A/] (p = 0.02), B6AF 1 / ] (p = 0.055), four-way cross black (p = 0.011), brown (p = 0.002), white (p = 0.008), AKD2F 1 / ] (p = 0.008), AKR/] (p = 0.02), and DBA/2] (p = 0.008). ...
Four experiments are reported which demonstrate that mice, deprived of their vibrissae and from different species and strains representing inbred, hybrid, and four-way cross genetic backgrounds, are impaired in their survival response on a water-submersion task in water of 105°F and with a tail weight of 2 gm to 30 gm of body weight. Although wide differences between groups are observed in time to submersion with or without vibrissae, there is a trend for mice from groups of greater genetic heterogeneity to have longer time to submersion scores than inbred or genetically homogeneous groups. Handling, which was a necessary procedure in removing the vibrissae, is found to also reduce time to submersion when handling occurs without removing the vibrissae. Prior water submersion experience does not influence retest submersion scores.
... To analyze their spatial variations, the density, number of species and diversity values across the continental shelf were examined with box plots, showing their mean and standard deviation values. The significant bathymetric changes were validated with the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis' tests; if this test detected significant differences, then the differences among all pairs of shelf levels were evaluated by multiple comparisons of mean ranks (z' values) (Siegel and Castellan, 1988). ...
... The environmental variability across the continental shelf was examined using box plots on each shelf level, including their means and standard deviations; the differences among the shelf levels were validated with non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests, and multiple comparisons of mean ranks (z' values) among all pairs of sets (Siegel and Castellan, 1988). Then, through a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), we described the environmental structure with each variable (principal component) explaining its percentage of the total environmental variance; the measured environmental variables were previously normalized to avoid skewed distributions (Clarke et al., 2014). ...
... After checking significance across the total treatments, multiple comparison tests were subsequently conducted. To secure the differences in the highly variable parameter data, two tests were opted: the Wilcoxon signed-rank test [60] applicable to nonparametric data (rank) and the paired permutation test [61] applicable to parametric data (mean). Tests were conducted for each pair of treatments in each factor (e.g., 6 tests for micro-areas). ...
... Similarly, in the edge area, speed, locomotory rate, MC, and I-index (0.001 ≤ p ≤ 0.010) were highly significant and stop numbers and cluster number were significant (p = 0.042~0.045). After confirming statistical significance in the Friedman test, multiple comparison tests were conducted via the Wilcoxon signed-rank test [60], applicable to rank, and paired permutation test [61], applicable to the mean (see Section 2.4, Statistical Analysis). To secure significance in a conservative aspect, probabilities of alpha error were divided by the number of paired tests for comparison (6 for micro-areas and 15 for light phases). ...
In the present study, groups of 10 adult males from wild-type strain Drosophila melanogaster Canton-S and corresponding mutant tab2201Y were continuously observed using automatic digitization. Data based on instantaneous movement and cumulated movement positions were obtained for micro-areas providing space for resources (food and moisture) and for activity (edge area and intermediate area [between edge and center-diffusion areas]) within the observation arena for 24 h. The results confirmed the natural tendency of local aggregation among individuals within the observation arena (14 cm × 14 cm) at a relatively low density of ten individuals. For Canton-S, temporal cooccurring patterns among different parameters were observed as time progressed, with two primary patterns identified in the resource supply areas: single peak and double peaks. The single peak was observed with maximum speed and I-index, indicating minimum degree of isolated individuals from groups, during the transition from the photoperiod to the scotoperiod. The double peaks occurred before (mid-to-late photoperiod) and after (end of scotoperiod) the single peak, co-occurring temporally with a number of parameters including duration rates, stop number (total occurrence of pauses), stop time (total duration of pauses), mean crowding (MC), and social space index (SSI), indicating local aggregations for feeding in accordance with maximum durations in resource supply areas. Temporally cooccurring trends in parameters were also found with the stop number and SSI in micro-areas associated with activity, indicating that short pauses were needed to keep balance between attraction and repulsion between nearby individuals. Overall, the measured parameters varied depending on the micro-area, light phase, and strain. In particular, behavioral differences were observed for tab2201Y, including an increase in speed, especially in the areas related to activity during the scotoperiod. Between strains, behavioral differences in the measured parameters were observed less for tab2201Y than Canton-S.
... To evaluate whether outcome variables were sufficiently distinct to justify conducting separate analyses for shame, anxiety, and general negative affect, we examined Spearman's correlations (Siegel, 1988) among the three ordinal outcomes (Hauke and Kossowski, 2011). ...
... Pairwise Spearman's rho correlations between EMA-reported maximum emotions were ρ = 0.500 (shame, anxiety), ρ = 0.710 (shame, general negative affect), and ρ = 0.701 (anxiety, general negative affect) (all ps < 2.2 × 10 − 16 ). Values indicate that outcomes are moderately to strongly, positively related but not collinear (e.g., ρ <0.9) (Siegel, 1988). We therefore conducted separate analyses for each emotion state, as this provides a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the sensor-based features that predict each outcome. ...
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a debilitating and common psychiatric illness associated with high rates of suicide and substance use disorders. Negative emotions – particularly shame and anxiety – are elevated in BDD and correlate with suicide risk and substance use. It is critical to have reliable and valid tools to assess negative emotions in BDD. Retrospective self-reports are subject to recall biases, average one's experiences over broad time frames, and are burdensome to complete. Alternatively, sensor-based digital phenotyping has potential to yield low-burden emotion assessment within acute time frames. This study aimed to use smartphone sensor data (GPS, accelerometer, collected over 3 months) to predict next-day peak shame, anxiety, and general negative emotion states (collected via 28 days of ecological momentary assessment) in 83 adults with BDD. We tested cumulative link mixed models [CLMM]) and random forest [RF] models. RFs outperformed CLMMs across prediction performance metrics and had overall prediction accuracies (i.e., proportion of predicted scores that exactly matched actual scores, out of total predictions) of 42.1–50.0 %, versus 10.9–20.2 % for CLMMs. Binary predictive performance at high levels of negative emotion was moderate. Developing unobtrusive methods for predicting shame, anxiety, and general negative emotion states over acute time frames using smartphone sensor data can enable just-in-time intervention opportunities, as a future step to reduce risk for suicide and substance use in BDD. Models might be strengthened with larger samples, data collected over longer time frames, and incorporation of wearable-based physiological data.
Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04254575.
... Б. Определяне на параметрите на Beta-разпределението. Beta-разпределението е дефинирано като (Siegel & Castellan, 1988): α (Alpha) -брой успехи ("да") + априорна стойност; β (Beta) -брой неуспехи ("не") + априорна стойност; B(α,β) -бета-функцията (нормализираща константа). Обикновено се добавя априорна стойност = 1 (т.нар. ...
... Проучването цели да идентифицира фактори, влияещи на аутсорсинга в предприятията за повишаване на конкурентоспособността, и да предложи методически подход за използване на външни ресурси в миннодобивни компании. Статистическата обработка включва: (1) изчисляване на коефициента W (Kendall's Coefficient) и (2) проверка на неговата значимост според (Bozhanov & Vuchkov, 1983;Mitkov & Minkov, 1993;Siegel & Castellan, 1988). ...
This paper presents a structured methodology for evaluating outsourcing practices in the management of production infrastructure, with a focus on Bulgarian mining enterprises. The approach addresses key factors such as cost efficiency, organizational flexibility, and the reinforcement of core competencies. The research framework includes defining objectives and hypotheses, designing a standardized questionnaire, collecting empirical data, and applying statistical tools to ensure validity, reliability, and replicability. The study targets medium and large mining companies due to their intensive infrastructure use. The hypotheses emphasize the strategic significance of infrastructure and the potential benefits of outsourcing, while acknowledging risks such as over-reliance on external providers and hidden costs. Statistical analysis is conducted using Beta distribution for dichotomous data and Kendall's W for ordinal data. Expert evaluations and managerial insights are integrated through surveys and interviews, enhancing the practical relevance of the findings. The research contributes to both academic discourse and the practical improvement of outsourcing strategies in industrial management.
... Applying the Chi-square test for the first three hypotheses reveals the following. This nonparametric method, suitable for assessing relationships between categorical variables, was applied in accordance with methodological recommendations from Agresti (2013) and Siegel and Castellan (1988), who emphasize its relevance in behavioral data analysis when parametric assumptions are not met. The results indicate that H1 and H3 show weak re lationships between variables, while H2 demonstrates a moderate relationship. ...
The agri-food market is in constant flux, influenced by economic, social, and technological factors, as well as recent challenges such as economic and health crises. In this context, consumer behavior adjusts dynamically under the influence of needs, desires, and environmental factors, aligning with market demands and conditions. The proposed research focuses on emerging trends in food consumer behavior in Romania, emphasizing the determinants of economic decision-making. To this end, data was collected through a questionnaire and processed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), revealing the role of key factors shaping consumer behavior. The study identified two major categories of influential factors in food consumption within the Romanian market: determining factors (age, gender, income, and education) and sensitive factors (consumer psychology and market characteristics). These factors contribute to the development of behaviors aimed at saving, responsible consumption, and a healthy lifestyle. Based on the research findings, the study proposes measures to support responsible consumption and facilitate decision-making processes, considering the shared interests of consumers and retailers in adapting to current market trends.
... Our measurement of K follows that suggested in (Carletta, 1996) and described fully in (Siegel and N. J. Castellan, 1988): ...
... κ is usually used to measure pairwise agreement among a set of coders making category judgments, correcting for chance expected agreement (Siegel and Castellan, 1988). There, P (A) is the proportion of times that the coders agree and P(E) is the proportion of times that one would expect them to agree by chance (κ formula 1). ...
... To assess the reliability of our annotations, approximately 10% of the dialogs (4 dialogs) were annotated by two annotators. The level of the agreement was then assessed using the Kappa statistic (Carletta, 1996;Siegel and Castellan, 1988). Table 5 shows the result of the assessment of the reliability of the annotations for the four annotation labels. 1 Based on this metric our results indicate that the annotators have reasonable level of agreement in labeling utterances with the I, F ,N labels, though there is less reliability for the "related" label. ...
... For both quantities, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were evaluated using binomial statistics, specifically, the Agresti-Coull method (Agresti and Coull, 1998). Significance levels were established via resampling methods (Siegel and Castellan, 1988;Hesterberg, 2014). Mean RT together with standard error of the mean (SEM) was also calculated for the dataset associated with each history sequence. ...
Attention mechanisms guide visuomotor behavior by weighing physical salience and internal goals to prioritize stimuli as choices for action. Although less well studied, selection history, which reflects multiple facets of experience with recent events, is increasingly recognized as a distinct source of attentional bias. To examine how selection history impacts saccadic choices, we trained two macaque monkeys to perform an urgent version of an oddball search task in which a red target appeared among three green distracters or vice versa. By imposing urgency, performance could be tracked continuously as it transitioned from uninformed guesses to informed choices as a function of processing time. This, in turn, permitted assessment of attentional control as manifest in motor biases, processing speed, and asymptotic accuracy. Here, we found that the probability of making a correct choice was strongly modulated by the histories of preceding target locations and target colors. Crucially, although both effects were gated by success (or reward), their dynamics were clearly distinct: whereas location history promoted a motor bias, color history modulated perceptual sensitivity, and these influences acted independently. Thus, combined selection histories can give rise to enormous swings in visuomotor performance even in simple tasks with highly discriminable stimuli.
... Mean scores were calculated using Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W = .97; Siegel & Castellan, 1988). The panel examined the pros and cons of the delivery/presentation ideas. ...
... Each sorted item of data is assigned the corresponding range, considering the repeated data. The R 1 and R 2 variables are the sum of the ranks of each population and statistic U, defined in Equation (12), is applied to decide whether to accept or deny the null hypothesis [76] U ¼ minðU 1 ...
Photovoltaic (PV) solar plants require conditions monitoring systems and advanced analytics to enhance performance and reliability. Supervisory control and data acquisition systems are widely applied in PV solar plants to ensure suitable maintenance management. Novel data processing techniques are required for condition monitoring fault detection and diagnosis due to the volume and variety of data. This article presents a new approach for pattern recognition in the performance ratio (PR) associated with faults of the PV solar power plant. The approach developed in this work presents shapelet, K‐nearest neighbors, and support vector machine as classification algorithms for PR, being a novelty in the current state of the literature. It is analyzed as a real case study based on a PV solar plant located in Spain. The validation is studied with cross validation, and, finally, the results are compared using a nonparametric Mann–Whitney test.
... To visualize the species diversity in relation to leaf senescence, the vegan package (Oksanen et al. 2007) of the R environment (R Core Team 2017) was used for analysis and to generate boxplots of four diversity indices, namely, the logarithmic series model of species richness translated as Fisher's alpha (Fisher et al. 1943); a heterogeneity index that considers species richness and evenness expressed as Shannon index (Shannon 1948); the Hill N1 (exponent of the Shannon diversity) and Hill N2 (inverse of the Simpson diversity) of the Hill's diversity series (Hill 1973;Morris et al. 2014); differences were tested for significance by a Wilcoxon test (Siegel 1956;Wilcoxon 1945). Community composition of oomycetes among different leaf senescence was examined using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on Morisita distances (Morisita 1959) that account for squared differences of relative abundances of every species in different communities. ...
Saprotrophic oomycetes of mangroves are a poorly understood group of eukaryotic Straminipila . As recent phylogenetic analyses revealed, they seem rather diverse, with several recently discovered lineages. However, their prevalence, ecological preferences, and succession on substrates have hardly been studied aside from one early study with limited sampling. Thus, the aim of this study was to provide preliminary insights into these topics based on oomycetes isolated from mangrove leaf litter of various stages of decay, using a culture-based approach. Identification was based on sporulation characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of ITS (internal transcribed spacers of rDNA). A total of 547 axenic strains representing 15 taxa were isolated from a mangrove leaf litter sampled in different parts of the Philippines. Of these, five species were conspecific to known barcoded taxa, two were recently introduced taxa, and eight lineages represented undescribed oomycete species. Alpha diversity analysis revealed that the yellow–brown decay stage harbored the highest number of oomycete species, whereas the beta community analysis suggested that in terms of the number of isolated strains, the four stages of leaf decay suggest overlapping species richness. While some oomycetes could only be isolated a single time, others were highly prevalent and found in all locations sampled. This highlights that mangrove oomycetes are diverse both in terms of their ecological preferences and abundance patterns.
... • The choice of nonparametric criteria is based on the results of checking the distribution of data (Siegel, 1956). ...
Introduction: The modern sports education system is undergoing a significant transformation due to global changes in sports and new requirements for the training of young athletes. Objective: This study aims to identify key factors influencing the professional identity of teachers working with young athletes, including their personal sports experience, continuous professional development (internships, courses, competitions), institutional specifics, and student achievement levels. Methodology: A mixed-method cross-sectional study, with a quantitative emphasis, was conducted using an adapted Coach Identity Development Scale. The scale assessed six components: social and personal development, social recognition, life coaching, training, success, and motivation. A supplementary questionnaire collected demographic and professional data. Results: The results show the significant influence of the factors on forming teachers' professional identities and create the basis for a comprehensive analysis of their interaction. Discussion: Practical implications include recommendations for differentiated teacher training programs emphasizing life coaching competencies, institutional support structures, and evidence-based professional development frameworks aligned with international coaching standards. Conclusions: Professional identity formation is driven by experiential, institutional, and developmental factors, necessitating differentiated training, systemic reforms and longitudinal research.
... As the data were not normally distributed, we used descriptive analyses and non-parametric statistical tests (Siegel and Castellan, 1988). Because the duration of the child-dog visibility varied between video recordings, we homogenized all data by calculating percentage. ...
The aim of this paper is to explore how interpersonal distance, mouth sounds, and human language are synchronized to construe meaning within interspecies play projects. The data consist of video recordings presenting 4 child-dog dyads in ecological French-speaking contexts. The study combines ethological methods, phonetic analysis, and cognitive-linguistic analysis. The paper shows that physical contact and proximity characterize child-dog play and affect children's vocal behaviour. Adjustments in interpersonal distance are conditioned by ongoing play projects. In plays including hidden or out-of-reach objects , proxemic adjustments, sounds, and language structures construe referentiality and perspective-taking.
... A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyse differences in the meannearest distances between the MIX and ABS groups, while the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to assess differences in the number of fledged chicks between the same groups (Sokal & Rohlf, 1981). Median densities were compared between groups by means of Mann-Whitney U-tests (Siegel & Castellan 1988). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) and significance was set at P <0.05. ...
Interspecific crossbreeding among breeding populations can lead to outbreeding depression and reduce individual fitness. Mixed pairs occur more frequently in areas with fragmented habitat where individual species often have low population densities. Due to the genetic affinities among falcons, hybrids from within this group exhibit full or partial fertility, presumably over indefinite generations. This study aims to ascertain the influence of spatial patterns of territory holders (pairs and non-paired individuals) on the occurrence of mixed pairs among large falcons (Barbary Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides and Lanner Falcons F. biarmicus tanypterus) in Saudi Arabia. We found that mixed pairs occurred in study areas (5.4% of territories) with higher nearest neighbour distances (NND). Densities per se had no effect on the occurrence of mixed pairs, and neither did the quality of territories. Favourable but restricted core areas maintain a healthy breeding population but separated by very large unfavourable terrains. Distances from core areas affects the presence of pairs and un-paired falcons. Higher distances (>200 km) force potential breeders to mate and breed interspecifically. Probably a modest risk of outbreeding depression occurred, but the desirable re-establishment of gene flow between population fragments, also using reintroduction techniques will minimize the risk by decreasing the chance for the occurrence of mixed pairs.
... It is used to determine if there are statistically significant differences in medians among different independent variable categories (Conover, 1980). It has become a widely used nonparametric test in various fields of research, such as medical and health research (Armitage, 2002), social and behavioral sciences (Siegel and Castellan, 1988), environmental sciences (Legendre and Legendre, 2012), and marketing and business (Kotler et al., 2009). The main reason for utilizing The Kruskal-Wallis test is that it is a non-parametric test, which means it does not require assumptions about the normality of data distribution (Field et al., 2010). ...
Design for sustainability (D4S) has been developed to help companies enhance their product life cycle processes, starting from the materials used in their products, while considering environmental and social aspects. The Material and Resources criteria of LEED share a similar focus with D4S. This alignment allows for exploring the practical application of D4S principles in the built environment. This study investigates the material selection preferences within LEED-certified buildings in Türkiye, specifically focusing on Gold, Platinum, Silver, and Certified-rated New Construction buildings under LEED V4 and LEED 2009 certifications. Through statistical analyses, the study examines how sub-criteria impact certification levels and how impacted sub-criteria are affected by project characteristic critically and discusses these findings in the context of D4S criteria. The results highlight (1) distinctions among certifications, particularly in relation to regional materials, certified wood, sourcing of raw materials and construction and demolition waste management criteria, and (2) project characteristics have varying impacts on the LEED certification criteria that have impact on variation in certification types. These results are interpreted from a D4S perspective, underscoring the importance of prioritizing reuse, renewable energy, waste reduction, and considering user impacts. In conclusion, this study underscores areas that require improvement in building material selection practices when viewed through the D4S principles.
... The relationship among the total gestures and words that the children in the DS and TD groups produced was confirmed using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Wilcoxon signed-rank test (non-parametric) was employed to analyze the data because of the small sample size and high level of individual variability [36]. ...
Objectives: Gestural usage is one of the earliest signs of intentional communication abilities. In children with down syndrome (DS), one of the most severely compromised areas of functioning is language. In the linguistic profile of children with DS, gesture use and receptive vocabulary are relative strengths. The present study examines the relative use of types of gestures and words in children with DS. Also, this study compares that with a group of expressive language, ability-matched typically developing (TD) children. Additionally, the present research verifies the relationship between total gestures and word production by children with DS and expressive language ability-matched TD children. Methods: In this prospective study, 30 Tamil-speaking children (15 children in the DS group and 15 children in the TD group) and their parents participated. The parents were asked to play with their children normally, as they do at home, using the set of toys given, and this session was recorded in video. Deictic gestures and words, as well as representational gestures and words, were analyzed with a specific coding scheme. Results: The DS group used more deictic gestures (Mean±SD, 35±14.10) compared to deictic words (Mean±SD, 2.73±1.79), with a significant difference (P<0.05, Z=-3.40, P=0.00064). Also, children with DS used more representational words (Mean±SD, 46.13±22.63) than representational gestures (Mean±SD, 12.53±8.20), with a significant difference (Z=-3.29, P=0.001). Meanwhile, this was found to be a moderately positive correlation between overall gesture and word production in the DS group (rs=0.574, P=0.02) and TD group (rs=0.558, P=0.03). This study revealed no significant difference between children in the DS and TD groups regarding the use of deictic gestures and words. Additionally, there was a significant difference in the use of representative gestures (P=0.0018) and words (P=0.02) between DS and TD groups. Children in the DS group used more representational gestures compared to children in the TD group. Discussion: Children in the DS group exhibited an association between gesture and word production during parent-child interaction, which is similar to children in the TD group. This relationship persists despite specific issues with DS children’s expressive language traits. Children in the DS group used more representational gestures compared to children in the TD group to compensate for their deficits in speech and language skills.
... The model with the lowest deviance value is the best-fitted model (Millar & Holst 1997;Millar & Fryer 1999). In addition, two sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test (Siegal and Castellan 1988) was used to determine if there are any significant differences in the length frequency distribution in various mesh sizes. All the statistical analyses were done in R software (R Core Team 2024). ...
This study investigates the selectivity characteristics of monofilament trammel nets used by local fishers in the Gulf of Mannar (GoM) for two commercially important carnivorous fishes, Lethrinus lentjan (Lacepède, 1802) and Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795). The catch data were collected fortnightly from January 2024 to June 2024 with trammel net fishing operation from three different stretched inner panel mesh sizes (60 mm, 80 mm, and 100 mm). The number of fishes caught showed an inverse relationship with mesh size. As the mesh size decreased, the total catch increased for both L. lentjan and S. tumbil. The selectivity parameters were estimated using eight different models such as, normal location, normal scale, log normal, gamma, logistic, richards, binormal and bilognormal within Share Each Length’s catch Total (SELECT) method. Among these, the bilognormal model best described the selectivity pattern, exhibiting the lowest deviance values. The modal lengths of L. lentjan captured were 24.73 cm, 32.97 cm and 41.21 cm for the 60 mm, 80 mm, and 100 mm mesh sizes, respectively. Similarly, the modal lengths of S. tumbil were 23.87 cm, 31.83 cm and 39.79 cm. The smaller mesh sizes captured a higher proportion of juveniles, while larger mesh sizes selectively retained more mature fish. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test confirmed significant differences in the length-frequency distributions across mesh sizes. The study recommends using trammel nets with an inner panel mesh size of 80 mm and above for capturing L. lentjan and S. tumbil, as this prevents the capture of juveniles and promotes sustainable exploitation, ensuring the conservation of these coral reef fish stocks in the GoM.
... comparing Python and R implementations, we employed non-parametric tests due to their robustness against violations of normality assumptions [14]. The Wilcoxon signedrank test [35] was used for paired comparisons: ...
The numerical simulation of control of spring-mass-damper (SMD) systems offer critical insights into dynamical systems and computational methodologies. This study provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of implementing SMD systems across two prominent open-source scientific computing platforms: Python and R. By examining both open-loop and closed-loop system configurations, the research investigates the computational performance, numerical accuracy, and implementation characteristics of these platforms. Utilizing an idealized one-dimensional SMD system with a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller, the study conducted extensive numerical simulations and statistical performance analyses. Results revealed Python's significant advantages in execution speed, achieving up to 63.57% reduction in runtime for controlled system simulations, while R demonstrated superior consistency in execution and memory usage. The controlled system demonstrated exceptional performance, with a final position error of merely 0.4% and enhanced damping characteristics. This work not only bridges theoretical stability analysis with empirical performance insights but also promotes reproducibility and transparency in computational dynamics research by leveraging open-source platforms.
... In each group base values were compared with values at different intervals with paired't' test using SPSS software. Non-parametric observations were compared by Kruskal-Wallis test [19] . ...
The present study was carried out to optimize the procedure for creation of chemical model of osteoarthritis (OA) in guinea pigs. Eighteen (18) clinically healthy adult Hartley strain guinea pigs of either sex, weighing 500 to 600 g were used for creation of OA model divided into two groups A and B having 9 animals each. Intra-articular injection of 1 mg of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) dissolved in 100 μl of normal saline was done through the infrapatellar ligament of the right knee in group A using a 27-gauge, 0.5-inch needle. Papain enzyme at dose rate of 10mg in 0.05M sodium acetate (pH 4.5) with enzymatic activity of 31 I.U/mg was injected intra-articularly in right knee joint. The left control knee was injected with 100 μl of physiologic saline in both the groups. In the present study intra-articular injection of 1 mg of monosodium iodoacetate was found better than papain for induction of osteoarthritis on the basis of clinical, radiological, histological and biochemical biomarker studies.
... Statistical tests were carried out using R 4.2.0 software (alpha threshold set at p < 0.05), combined with RCommander software for PCA. As our data were not normally distributed, we used nonparametric statistical tests (Siegel and Castellan 1988). To investigate potential welfare differences between horses at the three riding schools, Kruskall-Wallis (KW) tests were performed on the number of behaviors (e.g. ...
... In the case of statistically significant differences, a so-called post-hoc test is conducted, which provides detailed information about which series differ significantly and which do not. In the analysis discussed, a post-hoc test in the variant proposed by Dunn was used, taking into account the so-called Bonferroni correction [6]. The results of the Friedman test, presented in Figures 1 to 3 and in Tables 1 to 3, are practically unambiguous. ...
Production cost reduction is one of the main goals which have to be achieved by modern melt shops. Optimisation of various phases of the melting process carried out in a steelmaking electric arc furnace is one of the ways to achieve required targets. The present paper reveals the details of the stage of research consideration of power consumption fluctuations, or rather the level of its stabilization, in determining the optimal moment to introduce the foaming agent. In analysis, it was decided to use the ‘moving coefficient of variation. The aim of the conducted statistical analysis was to determine the width of the time interval for calculating the moving coefficient of variation of active power and the width of the time interval for its stable, predetermined value. Within this analysis, the non-parametric Friedman test was used, a post-hoc test in the variant proposed by Dunn was used, taking into account the so-called Bonferroni correction. Ultimately, the foamer dispenser control procedure was formulated.
... A Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the responses. According to Siegel and Castellan (1988), a significant difference is determined if the asymptotic significance value is less than 0.05. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test show that all asymptotic significance values are above 0.05, which indicates that there are no significant differences between the participants. ...
Smart building technology (SBT) has been a prominent practical and academic topic in the built environment due to the adoption of sustainable development and digitization to maximize energy efficiency, reduce CO2 emissions, and maximize thermal comfort. While the construction industry is currently adopting SBT, numerous obstacles have prevented its widespread use. Thus, this study aims to examine the significant barriers underlying the adoption of SBT from the perspective of construction professionals. A systematic literature review of 30 articles was conducted and a well-structured questionnaire providing quantitative research was adopted to collect pertinent information from 244 construction professionals. The collected data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis’s test, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and partial least-squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The study found that all 22 identified barrier factors significantly affect the adoption of SBT. Furthermore, the high material and equipment costs for smart buildings, inadequate power supply, poor maintenance culture, and lack of well-trained staff are the five topmost barriers affecting the adoption of SBT. The factor analysis categorized the industry-relevant barriers into four groups: awareness, economics, human, and management. Finally, the structural equation modeling revealed that human-related and management-related barriers are the most significant, with path coefficients of 𝛽 0.395 and 0.309, respectively. Therefore, it is imperative that the authorities of various professional organizations actively participate in the crucial implementation of SBT. The analysis highlighted smart building adoption opportunities and practical strategies for overcoming barriers. These findings provide evidence that building professionals can use to develop strategies to prevent the identified barriers from hindering the adoption and deployment of SBTs.
... If there are no ties, the Friedman test statistic approximately follows a chi-square distribution with K − 1 degrees of freedom [24]: ...
Inland Waterway Transport (IWT) is an essential mode of transportation for moving both cargo and passengers in riverine countries like Bangladesh. The country's domestic freight movement and passenger transportation significantly depends on the IWT modes, utilizing its extensive river network to provide cost-effective and accessible transit options. Despite its significance, the sector faces recurring accidents, leading to considerable loss of life and property. This study investigates the factors influencing IWT accidents in Bangladesh. Through an extensive literature review 14 factors were identified and categorized into human, technical, and external factors. Applying the Friedman test, the research ranks 14 key factors through the survey among 146 IWT masters, drivers and sukanis (helmsman). Results indicate that overloading, machinery failure, and contact with permanent obstructions are the most influential factors across their respective categories. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions, such as stricter enforcement of safety regulations, enhanced equipment and navigational aids, and workforce training. This study provides actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to improve IWT safety while also calling for further research to encompass diverse geographical contexts and refine mitigation strategies.
... The total frequency for each 5 is given beloW the subject label. takes values between zero and one and may be considered to be an index of the degree of association among the K sets of ranks (Siegel, 1956). For each session, the nine responses were ranked according to their total times. ...
Four is continuously reported the direction of autokinetic movement during 20 10-min. sessions. Individual patterns of directional dominance and change in direction over the 20 sessions were assessed by means of the Kendall coefficient of concordance. Individual patterns of directional dominance were consistent; the range of values of W for the four Ss was from 0.619 to 0.791. The individual patterns of direction change were generally less consistent; the range of W was from 0.242 to 0.704.
... High rates of reversal were obtained (averaging about two reversals per revolution), as shown in Table 1. Friedman nonparametric analyses of variance (Siegel, 1956) indicated no significant effect of type of figure (Xr 2 = 6.34, df = 5, P > .20) or of viewing time (x,.2 = 6.00, df = 3, P > .10) on ranked mean reversal rates. ...
Previous theorists have conceptualized apparent reversals of direction of rotation either as misperceptions based on misleading perspective cues or as chance events occurring in the absence of valid depth cues. On the basis of three experiments with six stimulus figures observed by five practiced Os, it was concluded that apparent motion reversals are a consequence of an automatic, abrupt apparent reversal of orientation in depth, analogous to a perspective reversal. It was found that these apparent reversals (1) are systematic, non-random events and (2) occur quite readily in the absence of misleading perspective cues or in the presence of valid depth cues.
... The distribution is in the predicted direction, since many more head stimuli than body stimuli elicited high propor- tions of judges giving the modal response. A test of significance was applied by obtaining a difference score for each stimulus between the proportion of judges giving the modal response to the head version and to the body version and evaluating the array of 60 such difference scores with the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test (Siegel, 1956). The results support the hypothesis: there was more agreement for head cue than for body cue judgment (z = 3.24, P L .001). ...
On the basis of new research and the literature a reformulation of the relation between nonverbal cues and judgments of emotion which specifies 4 types of nonverbal cues and 2 types of information about emotion is described.
... The durations of the six tThese changes with time differed significantly (p < .01) ; Friedman's non-parametric analysis of variance (Siegel, 1956). ...
Mean relative durations of 6 kinds of apparent motion produced with 2 vertical luminous rods varied significantly (N = 10). The pattern of motion was like that obtained with "complete" trapezoids in rotation.
... The procedure was intended to allow Ss to be unbiased at first, then to encourage visual fixation and attention to the presence or absence of disappearances without allowing fixation on parts of the stimulus. Analysis of results used the sign test (Siegel, 1956) with direct computation of binomial probabilities because of the freedom of this approach from the effect of a few large changes and from restrictive mathematical asumptions. On Trial 2, when Ss knew disappearances were of interest, the number reporting them increased from 4 to 13, only one of whom saw fewer disappearances than before. ...
A luminous stimulus in the dark may abruptly vanish or fragment, as if it were a fixed image. Current methodology is reviewed with consideration of effects of procedures on eye movements, attention, and point of fixation disappearances caused by insensitivity of the dark adapted fovea. A study is desirable which shows procedural differences like those in current research significantly modify results. Perceptual phenomena other than disappearance are present and may compete with disappearances during stimulus inspection. A procedure is suggested for regularly obtaining disappearances and reducing artifacts. Our interpretation emphasizes the interaction of central and peripheral variables and the concept of the phase sequence.
... The latter had a mean rating of 5.00 per scale and the former a mean of 4.76 per scale. The obtained U of 387 was converted to z, using the formula provided by Siegel (1956) in order to be able to assess the significance level. The obtained z of 1.31 only approached significance (p < .10). ...
On the basis of previous research in personality and in social psychology, it was predicted that Ss who expend little effort in drawing the human figure may have a "closed cognitive system" and would thus make harsh moral judgments. 62 students were given a test of moral judgments in which they rated the morality of different behaviors and drew a full-length picture of a person. Ss who expended low effort in their drawings made more severe moral judgments (p < .10), even though all test situations involved mitigating circumstances. Differences were partially obscured by the fact that all Ss were rather moralistic in their judgments.
... A Freedman two-way analysis of variance by ranks (Siegel, 1956) was employed to evaluate further the data summarized in Table 1. The aftereffects obtained from each S were examined as a function of prism settings, separately for the exposed and the unexposed arms. ...
Ss wore prisms as they reached for a visible target with one hand. When the reaching hand was viewed continuously, aftereffects were restricted to that hand. When the reaching hand was viewed only after each reaching movement had already been completed, aftereffects were obtained with both hands. These findings dispute the generality of assertions that the aftereffects of wearing prisms are exclusively a result of either changes in the sensed position of the prismatically viewed arm or changes in the judgment of the direction of the gaze. Rather, both appear to be possible mechanisms underlying the aftereffects, and their relative prominence depends strongly upon visual feedback conditions.
... In this figure, the errors in depth judgments (constant error expressed as absolute error) are plotted as a function of the degree of misjudged slant in each of the three slant conditions for the three sets of non-movement slant judgments. Significant interactions rendered an over-all analysis of variance difficult to interpret; therefore, Friedman two-way analysis of variance with N = 12 and k = 3 was computed for each slant and error condition separately (Siegel, 1956). Depth judgments on trials in which Os made veridical slant judgments for both rods (i.e., the three zeroes on the abscissa of Fig. 1) were the most accurate in all conditions. ...
The relationships of the perception of depth, slant in depth, and of apparent orientation in depth were examined. Trained Os judged the presence or absence of slant (45° in the sagittal plane) and of its direction concomitantly with judgments of relative depth between luminous standard and comparison rods. It was shown that perception of slant in depth is a special case of depth perception. Failure to perceive slant or the attribution of slant to vertical rods was accompanied by inaccurate judgments of depth, suggesting that the determinants in such non-veridical judgments were non-attendance to cues, guessing, fatigue, etc. The concomitance of veridical judgments of slant and accurate judgments of depth suggested that Os were attending depth cues assiduously. However, accurate judgments of depth were also made when Os detected slant but reported its inclination in the non-veridical direction, i.e., where apparent reversals of orientation in depth (perspective reversals of three-dimensional objects) were possible. This suggests that vis-a-vis depth perception the percept was veridical, but that in interpreting their two-dimensional retinal image, Os reversed the spatial ordering along the depth dimension of the near and far parts of an object. Apparent reversal of orientation in depth seems to be a process distinct from that involved in depth perception.
Public administration collaboration within the Triple Helix is critical to drive innovation and research. According to European Union support for joint research and innovation agenda through smart specialization projects, the strategy on cooperation within different regions is crucial. In the paper we examine the willingness for cooperation of different levels of government in the Triple Helix in research and innovation in Alpine region. We employed a quantitative approach by surveying public officials across different levels of government in seven countries that make up the Alpine region community. The empirical results suggest that public administration’s willingness to collaborate varies depending on which stakeholder they are associated with. The differences in willingness to collaborate also vary depending on the level of collaboration. The research findings have shown that the biggest obstacles to better collaboration in the Triple Helix are at the local level, despite various efforts in supporting collaboration by the EU.
A life cycle assessment (LCA) based on Building Information Modeling (BIM) can enhance the environmental performance of buildings from the early design phase. However, uncertainties in construction projects impact the reliability of initial LCA results. Despite growing research, a comprehensive framework to address BIM-LCA uncertainties remains absent. This study fills this gap by combining a structured literature review with scenario-based LCA analysis as a proof of concept to identify barriers and sources of uncertainty in current BIM-LCA practices. The Fuzzy Delphi method was employed with international experts to reach a consensus on 31 critical uncertainty factors. Case study results show that environmental impacts during construction vary, with uncertainties causing 2%–43% variations in the Global Warming Potential (GWP) indicator. These discrepancies stem from issues such as change orders, rework, and unexpected design modifications. The top five challenges identified by experts include limited data availability and quality, the absence of standardized BIM-LCA procedures, inadequate information flow and feedback mechanisms, inconsistencies in BIM-LCA model quality, and variability in construction materials and execution. To address these challenges, this study proposes an integrated five-phase framework designed to improve the accuracy and reliability of BIM-LCA by systematically addressing issues related to data quality, process standardization, and information flow. This study not only contributes an innovative framework for enhancing the reliability of BIM-LCA, but also lays a stepping stone towards its broader adoption in sustainable construction. Key among these is the identification of critical uncertainties, which enables more informed decision-making by designers, researchers, and policymakers.
Time series and their various models are one of the basic tools used to predict the
future behavior of variables by considering their behavior in previous time periods. It
is known that predicting future sales of large companies is a very important and
sensitive issue because it is related to the amount of production, and the accuracy of
predictions can save a large amount of money by reducing the amount of waste due
to excessive production or vice versa. On the other hand, artificial intelligence and the
uses of its various networks play an important role in forecasting processes, through
the use of several types of artificial neural networks that have proven their accuracy
and efficiency in this field. This study aimed to use one of the types of artificial neural
265 | Afro-Asian Journal of Scientific Research (AAJSR)
networks, which is called the Multi-Layer Feed Forward Neural Network (MFNN) to
predict the sales of the Cement Factory in Zliten, based on an extended time series in
the period (1992-2022). The results of this paper through the MATLAB program
confirmed that the use of neural networks of real-production data that the artificial
neural network model gave results of high accuracy and efficiency, by achieving a
small error rate in the prediction model used in this study.
Keywords: Time series; Artificial Neural Networks; Multi-Layer Feed Forward Neural
Network; Forecasting; Mean Square Error
الملخص
السلاسل الزمنية ونماذجها المختلفة هي أحد الأدوات الأساسية المستخدمة للتنبؤ المستقبلي بسلوك المتغيرات وذلك من خلال النظر في سلوكها في فترات زمنية سابقة، ومن المعروف أن التنبؤ بالمبيعات المستقبلية للشركات الكبيرة يعد قضية بالغة الأهمية والحساسية لأنه مرتبط بكمية الإنتاج، ويمكن أن توفر دقة التنبؤات قدرًا كبيرًا من المال من خلال تقليل كمية الهدر بسبب الإنتاج المفرط أو العكس. ومن جهة أخرى يلعب الذكاء الاصطناعي واستخدامات شبكاته المختلفة دورا هاما في عمليات التنبؤ، وذلك من خلال استخدام عدة أنواع من الشبكات العصبية الاصطناعية التي أثبتت دقتها وكفاءتها في هذا المجال، عليه هدفت هذه الدراسة الى استخدام احدى أنواع الشبكات العصبية الاصطناعية والتي تدعي باسم الشبكة متعددة الطبقات ذات التغذية الأمامية (MFNN) للتنبؤ بمبيعات مصنع اسمنت زليتن، بناء على سلسلة زمنية ممتدة في الفترة (1992-2022) م. حيث أكدت نتائج هذه الورقة من خلال برنامج الماتلاب أن استخدام الشبكات العصبية للبيانات الحقيقية للإنتاج أن نموذج الشبكات العصبية الاصطناعية أعطى نتائج ذات دقة وكفاءة عالية، من خلال تحقيق نسبة خطأ صغيرة في نموذج التنبؤ المستخدم في هذه الدراسة.
الكلمات المفتاحية: السلاسل الزمنية، الشبكات العصبية الاصطناعية، الشبكة متعددة الطبقات ذات التغذية الأمامية، التنبؤ، متوسط مربع الخطأ.
High‐dimensional data analysis often uses dimensionality reduction (DR, also called projection) to map data patterns to human‐digestible visual patterns in a 2D scatterplot. Yet, DR methods may fail to show true data patterns and/or create visual patterns that do not represent any data patterns. Projection Quality Metrics (PQMs) are used as objective measures to gauge the above process: the higher a projection's scores in PQMs, the more it is deemed faithful to the data it represents. We show that, while PQMs can be used as exclusion criteria — low values usually mean poor projections — the converse does not always hold. For this, we develop a technique to automatically generate projections that score similar or even higher PQM values than projections created by well‐known techniques, but show different, often confusing, visual patterns. Our results show that accepted PQMs cannot be used as an exclusive way to tell whether a projection yields accurate and interpretable visual patterns — in this sense, PQMs play a role akin to that of summary statistics in exploratory data analysis. We also show that not all studied metrics can befooled equally well, suggesting a ranking of metrics in their ability to reliably capture quality.
السلاسل الزمنية ونماذجها المختلفة هي أحد الأدوات الأساسية المستخدمة للتنبؤ المستقبلي بسلوك المتغيرات وذلك من خلال النظر في سلوكها في فترات زمنية سابقة، ومن المعروف أن التنبؤ بالمبيعات المستقبلية للشركات الكبيرة يعد قضية بالغة الأهمية والحساسية لأنه مرتبط بكمية الإنتاج، ويمكن أن توفر دقة التنبؤات قدرًا كبيرًا من المال من خلال تقليل كمية الهدر بسبب الإنتاج المفرط أو العكس. ومن جهة أخرى يلعب الذكاء الاصطناعي واستخدامات شبكاته المختلفة دورا هاما في عمليات التنبؤ، وذلك من خلال استخدام عدة أنواع من الشبكات العصبية الاصطناعية التي أثبتت دقتها وكفاءتها في هذا المجال، عليه هدفت هذه الدراسة الى استخدام احدى أنواع الشبكات العصبية الاصطناعية والتي تدعي باسم الشبكة متعددة الطبقات ذات التغذية الأمامية (MFNN) للتنبؤ بمبيعات مصنع اسمنت زليتن، بناء على سلسلة زمنية ممتدة في الفترة (1992-2022) م. حيث أكدت نتائج هذه الورقة من خلال برنامج الماتلاب أن استخدام الشبكات العصبية للبيانات الحقيقية للإنتاج أن نموذج الشبكات العصبية الاصطناعية أعطى نتائج ذات دقة وكفاءة عالية، من خلال تحقيق نسبة خطأ صغيرة في نموذج التنبؤ المستخدم في هذه الدراسة.
Field investigations were carried out in mid-April for two years in road ditches located in the department of Indre (central France) to determine whether there was competition between Anisus spirorbis and Galba truncatula in habitats where the two species live together. Compared to control populations, the number of A. spirorbis living in a community was 70 per cent lower in 2023 and 59 per cent lower in 2024, while the density of G. truncatula showed no significant variation. Shell diameter ( A. spirorbis ) or shell height ( G. truncatula ) did not differ significantly between community and control snails. Laboratory studies were also conducted from March to June for two years by placing juvenile, pre-adult or adult planorbids in the presence of juvenile, pre-adult or adult G. truncatula in Petri dishes for 30 days. The life stage of G. truncatula had a significant influence on the survival of A. spirorbis . In pairwise-raised snails, this survival was significantly lower for juvenile planorbids than for pre-adults. In contrast, survival of adult planorbids was slightly lower than that noted in corresponding controls, while their reproductive activity was significantly lower. This interspecific competition between A. spirorbis and G. truncatula would not be due to a limitation in food resources because food was abundant in their natural habitat or breeding dishes. It might be due to the action of mucus and/or toxicity of faecal pellets excreted by adult G. truncatula .
A recent article highlighted the hepatic benefits of intermittent fasting, particularly during Ramadan. However, the rising use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonists (RAs) is altering public behavior, leading to decreased interest in diet and exercise. With a focus on hepatic health, we analyzed global search trends using Google Trends™ data from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2024, focusing on the keywords "fasting", "intermittent fasting", "diet", "nutrition", "liver", Semaglutide ("Ozempic"™, the most widely known GLP-1 RA) and Tirzepatide ("Mounjaro"™, a newer dual GLP-1 and GIP RA). Search interest for "intermittent fasting" and "diet" showed a significant decline over time (Spearman's rho: -0.582 and -0.605, respectively, both P < 0.001), while interest in "fasting" and "nutrition" remained stable. Search interest for Semaglutide, Tirzepatide, "fasting and liver", "diet and liver" and Semaglutide and "liver" increased (Spearman's rho: +0.914, +0.936, +0.369, +0.297 and +0.808, respectively, all P < 0.001). These findings suggest a trend of shifting away from traditional dieting toward broader health concerns, likely influenced by the increasing use of GLP-1/GIP RAs.
8 reading readiness factors were examined with regard to their importance as perceived by male and female teachers with elementary experience (ELEM), secondary experience (NOELEM) and no experience (NOTEACH). Each of the groups were able to rank the factors with some significant consistency, although within-group variation was large. High ranks by the ELEM group were given to mental age, background of experience, and emotional adjustment, but health, hearing, and school adjustment received low rankings. The NOELEM group ranked vision and background high and health, hearing, and school adjustment low. Emotional adjustment, mental age, and vision were ranked high by the NOTEACH group, while hearing and school adjustment were ranked low.
It was hypothesized that time orientation in children (N = 44) would be related to degrees of perceptual and cognitive organization. Two measures of time orientation were used, (a) time perception (judgment of intervals) and (b) time span (future time perspective). Perceptual organization was a measure of Ss’ responses to Rorschach cards representing increasing degrees of organization. Cognitive organization represented increasing degrees of organization of Ss’ responses to a word association test given under non-pressure conditions. Time orientation was significantly related to cognitive organization and to a lesser degree to perceptual organization. On the measure of time perception, overestimation was associated with low organization and underestimation with high organization. On the measure of time span, projecting into the future was related to high organization. The measures of time were related to each other but no positive relationship was obtained between the measures of organization.
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