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Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital
... Drawing from Durkheim' twin approaches of mechanical and organic solidarities, the study explores women's engagement in peacebuilding on Kenya's Sotik/Borabu border, through the promotion of social capital (Putnam, 2000;Coleman, 1988;Bourdieu, 1983), as both a public and private good. Durkheim (1893) delineates the societal functions that lead different types of societies to maintain their integrity, coherence and more importantly, order. ...
... Popularized by Coleman (1988) (who is credited for the expression "Social Capital)", and Putnam (1995), social capital has been defined as the rules, obligations, norms and sanctions of cooperation, reciprocity and trustworthiness embedded in social networks, social relations, social structures and a society's institutional arrangements. Social capital governs a society' character, and allows for the facilitation of collective action (Halpern, 2005;Woolcock, 2000;Putnam, 2000). ...
... 24-25), social capital is a key ingredient for collective action, and institutional efficacy leading to sustainable socioeconomic development. Therefore, as a resource for facilitating the acquisition of human capital (Coleman, 1988), for building "civic virtue" (Putnam, 2000), and as a form of interpersonal trust, social cohesion and norms of reciprocity, social capital, is an essential indicator, condition and pillar of successful peacebuilding. ...
Opinion and understanding on the consequences of violent conflict on women, and the importance of their participation in peacebuilding processes is varied. What exactly are women’s roles in violent conflict transformation and peacebuilding? What can be done to enhance women's role and contribution to peacebuilding processes? This study addresses these and other questions concerning women’s experiences of and responses to violent conflict. Drawing from the human needs approach, the study explores grassroots women’s engagement of peacebuilding through the promotion of social capital as both a public and private good. The study explores how, women have (re)discovered, (re)formulated, (re)framed and (re)adapted their traditional gender roles for peacebuilding, empowerment and development. The adopted indigenous conflict resolution approaches, knowledge and citizen peacekeeping are playing a prominent role in reappraising and building sustainable peace. Individually and collectively, women contribute to peacebuilding in many ways; though their contributions are often neglected because they take avant-garde forms, occur outside formal peace processes or are considered extensions of women’s existing gender roles. The study is based on an ethnographic case study of Kenya’s Sotik/Borabu cross-border conflict.
... First, this entails accounting for the socially connected care mothers engage in-time in mothers' communal and social activities that include their children. Time that children spend with these others, including extended family, neighbors and community members, may be related to healthy child development through deep and/or wide connections forged between children and those around them (Coleman, 1988;Oliveira et al., 2023). Understanding care as a mother's time with her children in the village of others can shift scholars' understanding from a dyadic approach toward a rich set of relations and activities that may be especially important as children grow beyond the very early life course (Fletcher et al., 2000). ...
... Linked lives is a term that illuminates the importance of grounding individuals in their larger networks and acknowledges the influences of others in one's own trajectories. Mothers and fathers exist in these networks; indeed, how they tie children to these networks is vital for children's social capital, as well as children's senses of mattering to the larger community (Coleman, 1988;Hunter et al., 2018;Rosenberg and McCoullough, 1981). Children, especially as they grow, forge new and important ties outside their mothers and nuclear families, including with other relatives, teachers, peers, and other adults like coaches and neighbors. ...
... A linked lives approach emphasizes the social networks that help raise children in the larger community. Understanding social connection as a form of care was emphasized by Coleman (1988), who saw the building of social capital in and through families as a vital way in which children became successful in the larger world (Doucet, 2001;Hagan et al., 1996;Hunter et al., 2018). ...
Family scholars examining time spent on children's care focus heavily on mothers’ allocations to a specific sphere of active caregiving activities . But children's needs for care and supervision involve connection to others; and many others beyond mothers can and do provide care, especially as children grow. Using a “linked lives” approach that centers relationality, we show how time diaries can illuminate children's time spent in “socially connected” care. Using recent (2014–2019) time diary data from the American and the United Kingdom Time Use Surveys, we examine mothers', children's, and teenagers' days to assess two forms of connected care time. First, results show that in addition to childcare time as traditionally measured by time use studies, mothers spend considerable further time providing connected care through social and community time in which children are included, religious activities with their children present, and mealtime with children. Second, looking from the child's perspective also underscores time in the larger “village” of carers within which children and youth are embedded. Fully two-thirds of 8–14-year-olds' and three-quarters of 15–17-year-olds’ waking time is not with mothers—it is spent alone or in social connection to fathers, extended family, teachers, neighbors, and friends. A “linked lives” approach shifts attention to assessing care time in diverse activities with others and to measuring mothers’ and children's time in social connections within the larger world. This analytic frame also moves away from maternal determinism to highlight the contours of children's care and social time occurring within the community at large, as well as the roles and responsibilities of those outside of the mother–child dyad across the child's early life course.
... Consequently, the study offers an explicitly theoretical perspective. The conceptual framework draws from understandings of social capital (Bourdieu, 1986;Coleman, 1988;Putnam, 2000;Woolcock and Narayan, 2000) and social support (Wills and Shinar, 2000;Canavan Building resilience: (to move from a 'struggler' or 'survivor' position to a 'moving on' position) to get by and to get ahead An individual in the network helps the care-leaver with: ...
... To gain access to: To experience a more gradual transition more akin to their non-state-care counterparts. Bourdieu, 1986;Coleman, 1988;Putnam, 2000;Wills and Shinar, 2000;Woolcock and Narayan, 2000;Mendes et al, 2011;Torche and Valenzeula, 2011;Stein, 2012;Canavan et al, 2016;Kenny and Connors, 2017;Okpych et al, 2018;DFFH, 2019DFFH, et al, 2016Okpych et al, 2018), to consider the meeting of care-leavers' developmental and environmental needs (Mendes et al, 2011;Stein, 2012;DFFH, 2019). The study is also positioned within relevant concepts drawn from youth to adulthood transition (Elder, 1998;Coleman, 2011), and particularly Stein's typology of care-leaver resilience (Stein, 2012). ...
... In this study, social capital is best understood to include elements of social relations, access, facilitation and functions (Bourdieu, 1986;Coleman, 1988;Putnam, 2000;Woolcock and Narayan, 2000). How these concepts are applied in this study is noted here: ...
... Consequently, the study offers an explicitly theoretical perspective. The conceptual framework draws from understandings of social capital (Bourdieu, 1986;Coleman, 1988;Putnam, 2000;Woolcock and Narayan, 2000) and social support (Wills and Shinar, 2000;Canavan Building resilience: (to move from a 'struggler' or 'survivor' position to a 'moving on' position) to get by and to get ahead An individual in the network helps the care-leaver with: ...
... To gain access to: To experience a more gradual transition more akin to their non-state-care counterparts. Bourdieu, 1986;Coleman, 1988;Putnam, 2000;Wills and Shinar, 2000;Woolcock and Narayan, 2000;Mendes et al, 2011;Torche and Valenzeula, 2011;Stein, 2012;Canavan et al, 2016;Kenny and Connors, 2017;Okpych et al, 2018;DFFH, 2019DFFH, et al, 2016Okpych et al, 2018), to consider the meeting of care-leavers' developmental and environmental needs (Mendes et al, 2011;Stein, 2012;DFFH, 2019). The study is also positioned within relevant concepts drawn from youth to adulthood transition (Elder, 1998;Coleman, 2011), and particularly Stein's typology of care-leaver resilience (Stein, 2012). ...
... In this study, social capital is best understood to include elements of social relations, access, facilitation and functions (Bourdieu, 1986;Coleman, 1988;Putnam, 2000;Woolcock and Narayan, 2000). How these concepts are applied in this study is noted here: ...
... Social capital has been defined in various ways, with each definition emphasizing a particular aspect of social capital (Bourdieu, 1986;Burt, 1997;Coleman, 1988;Lin, 2001;Putnam, 2000). In its broadest possible sense, social capital can be understood as a resource embedded in people's social networks to realize some form of personal benefit or advantage (Coleman, 1988;Lin, 2001). ...
... Social capital has been defined in various ways, with each definition emphasizing a particular aspect of social capital (Bourdieu, 1986;Burt, 1997;Coleman, 1988;Lin, 2001;Putnam, 2000). In its broadest possible sense, social capital can be understood as a resource embedded in people's social networks to realize some form of personal benefit or advantage (Coleman, 1988;Lin, 2001). The social capital concept has been applied at the individual and neighborhood levels. ...
... Trust in one's neighbors is critical for the expectation of reciprocity because it eases social interactions and eliminates the need for costly and complicated reassurances about another individual's character (Putnam, 2000). While not all residents need to have numerous social interactions with their neighbors, a certain level of social interaction is needed to uphold reciprocity (Coleman, 1988). Also, trust is usually higher in communities where people know each other, even superficially. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic triggered an outpour of solidarity among residents of neighborhoods around the world. In China, one common form of solidarity was neighborly help provided through gifting/sharing food and daily necessities. Using survey data of 3543 residents in four Chinese cities collected in Spring 2021, we explore the factors associated with providing neighborly help and examine the general situation of neighborhood-based social capital and neighborly relationships. The results from a multiple linear regression analysis show that high levels of neighborly help during the pandemic were associated with positive relationships and trust among neighbors. Income and the use of social media apps among neighbors were the most important factors for residents to provide neighborly help. Our findings indicate that Chinese neighborhoods generally possess a high level of social capital despite the potentially disruptive influence of economic and societal changes in recent decades, which has positively contributed to facilitating neighborly help during the COVID-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, social media based on smart technologies also positively affects local communities during the pandemic.
... Modal sosial menjadi faktor penting dalam penguatan komunitas muslim internasional karena didalamnya melekat banyak hal yang membantu peningkatan kerja sama secara internasional, sesuatu sebagaimana modal sosial dapat memberikan jalan menuju perluasan jaringan antar komunitas (Coleman, 1988), implikasinya yaitu membawa pada hubungan sosial yang lebih kuat antar komunitas muslim, hal tersebut memberikan keuntungan dalam peningkatan mutu, reliabilitas, dan tidak lupa kecepatan saluran informasi yang menunjang arus informasi. ...
... Kata kuncinya adalah kerjasama, kerjasama adalah pengejawantahan norma-norma baik dalam komunitas muslim internasional, norma-norma baik antar komunitas muslim internasional ini menumbuhkan kepercayaan diantara kelompok yang bekerjasama, pada muaranya Hakekat dari seseorang mempercayai orang atau kelompok lain, bukanlah pada dirinya sendiri yang bersumber pada prinsip kebaikan di dalam dirinya sendiri, melainkan, kebaikan sebagai kebaikan ketika diamalkan oleh satu kelompok kepada kelompok lainnya. Sumber-sumber modal sosial seperti aturan bersama yang disepakati lalu kemauan untuk saling membantu sesamanya, membuat pengeluaran untuk saling membantu menjadi jauh lebih rendah (Coleman, 1988), dengan biaya transaksi yang rendah maka tiap anggota dari komunitas akan dengan senang hati saling menolong saudara muslim yang kesulitan, dan hasilnya peningkatan kesejahteraan umat Islam tercapai karena kerjasama telah diaplikasikan oleh tiap komunitas. ...
... Peningkatan modal sosial dapat sangat berfungsi pada beragam aktivitas tetapi disisi lain, dapat pula berbahaya jika dilakukan pada beberapa aktivitas lain tertentu. Coleman (1988) melihat hubungan yang kuat antara modal sosial dan kerja sama. Terdapat perwujudan peningkatan kebersamaan sosial, beberapa hal penting yang menjadi pengejawantahkan peningkatan di tingkat masyarakat hal ini antara lain: (1.) ...
Consolidation of Muslim communities in Southeast Asia is still far expectations due to the degradation of a sense of belonging among the Muslim community in any Asian countries, can be seen from the persecution of Muslims in several Asian countries. Therefore, this paper will discuss the role of Muhammadiyah to strengthening of sosial capital as a concrete step consolidation of Muslim communities in Southeast Asia. Sosial capital becomes an important factor in strengthening international Muslim community because in it the inherent trust, networks, and norms in which sosial capital can provide access to a wider network of information so that the consolidation of Muslim communities in Southeast Asia who do do to eliminate Muslim discrimination in several southeast Asian countries.Keywords:Muhammdiyah; Social Capital; Muslim Community
... House et al., 1988;Kahn & Antonucci, 1980). In addition, social capital and social network research emphasize the significance of certain structural features of relationships for the provision of these functions, such as the strength of ties (for emotional support in strong ties or new information in weak ties; Granovetter, 1973), the density of ties (for transfer of norms and social solidarity; Coleman, 1988), bridging ties (for access to different types of information that may form the basis for power, influence or creativity; Burt, 1995), or affiliation to certain social partners or groups (for socio-economic resources and social status; Bourdieu, 1986). The fact that social relationships can also come with costs such as time, worry, or sorrow is reflected in these concepts as "negative sides of social interaction" (Rook, 1984) or the "dark side of social capital" (Portes, 1998). ...
... The personal network comprises relationships between ego and network members (often called "alters") as well as relationships between alters ("alter-alter" relationships). The density or clustering of alter-alter relationships are important structural features that matter for the speed of information transfer within the network, for solidarity, and for social control (e.g., Coleman, 1988). ...
... Social capital research, for instance, looks closely at the variety of resources that can be accessed through social relationships (e.g., Volker, 2020). This encompasses capital located in the structure of relationships (Coleman, 1988), but also resources gained through affiliation to certain groups, including those obtained through signals of specific affiliations (symbolic capital; Bourdieu, 1986). Marriage is an especially strong signal of affiliation, and many of the losses in social capital (e.g., with respect to social status) that come with the dissolution of a marital bond may only be recognized in the long term. ...
This article introduces the concept of “unlinked lives” and illustrates its significance for scholarship on the life course. There are many lessons to be learned about human interdependence by focusing not on relationships that are formed and then maintained, but instead on relationships that are lost or ended by choice or circumstance, such as through changes in institutional affiliations, social status and positions or places. Unlinked lives carry important social meanings, are embedded in complex social processes, and bring consequences for the wellbeing of individuals, families, and societies. To develop this concept, we put forward nine key propositions related to when and how unlinkings happen as processes, as well as some of the consequences of being unlinked as a status or outcome. The coupling of “unlinked lives” with “linked lives” offers a crucial avenue for advancing life course theories and research, integrating scholarship across multiple life periods and transitions, and bridging the two now-distinct traditions of intellectual inquiry on the life course and on social networks.
... Social capital encompasses intangible resources from a network of relationships rooted within families and communities. Social capital provides resources in the form of values embedded in positive and productive relationships, which provide an individual access to information, resources, and support through interactions with others (Coleman, 1988). The Village creates a supply of social capital with participants attaining new knowledge and skills at each club meeting, guided by teen mentors, adult partners, and community expert volunteers-all of whom act as information channels for the youth. ...
... The findings illustrate that youth acquired intangible resources through skill development, a sense of belonging, and relationship building under the guidance of teen mentors, adult partners, and community expert volunteers (see fig. 1). Based on social capital theory (Coleman, 1988), through information channels via various participants, as they contributed to the whole group during club meetings, youth acquired life skills necessary for their academic and future career development. Through reciprocity established among the participants, youth gained a sense of belonging as they were afforded opportunities to share and be open with one another. ...
In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the multi-level educational intervention among youth in a low-income, remote community in Hawai‘i, United States. The program aided with middle schoolers’ transition into adulthood through youth-adult partnerships, teen mentoring, and community sustainability. Drawing upon social capital framework, we explored participants’ experiences and how the intervention promoted positive developmental outcomes among the youth. We recruited youth from a rural Title I Middle School in Hawai‘i. Nine youth, three teen mentor, and an adult partner participated in 26 virtual club meetings in Spring 2021. This qualitative study consisted of 27 participants who took part in focus groups and observations. Three themes emerged: skill development, youth-adult relationship building, and sense of belonging. These social components encouraged the sharing of knowledge and feelings among participants on horizontal and oblique directions through reciprocity and helped create a social norm of a supportive environment to make youth feel belonging to the group and the local community. Multi-level interventions that draw upon community resources and youth-adult partnerships can benefit at-risk, minority adolescent populations. We identified non-familial role models and a sense of belonging to one’s community as two key protective factors that may lead to positive cognitive changes when youth transition into adulthood.
... This would suggest that men and women will increasingly select those compatible with their own educational attainment levels, that is, educational homogamy as a trend has increased over the period 1970-90s as a result of rise in women's educational attainment (Qian, 1998). This paper is motivated by the idea that educational similarity of parents has positive consequences for their children by fostering cooperation between parents and the adoption of more effective investment strategies that can be classified as a form of within-family social capital (Coleman, 1988). This homogeneity of the parental generation is likely to generate social returns on the offsprings' generation if the intergenerational educational link is causal, due to parental nurture than just reflecting a parental selection effect. ...
... The first state to pass this law was Alaska in 1935. Between 1968 and1988, 29 states changed their legal systems from mutual consent divorce to a unilateral system (Wolfers, 2006). Unilateral divorce may affects a child's well-being through different channels. ...
There has been growing evidence of educational attainment of spouses on marriage, dissolution and fertility patterns, economic well-being, family investments in children as well as parenting practises and standards. This paper, using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, examines the relationship between educational homogamy of spouses on child’s outcomes which is measured by college enrollments and college graduation for children between 18-28 years of age. Using variation in the timing of implementation of joint child custody and unilateral divorce laws across the United States, I find that if the spouses are similar in their educational attainment levels, the propensity of their children enrolling in college increases. Thus, suggesting that spouses with similar educational levels are perhaps less likely to face frictions in terms of household management and therefore more likely to strategically invest in their childrens future.
... Tulisan-tulisan awal oleh para sosiolog seperti Robert Putnam (2000), James Coleman (1988), dan Pierre Bourdieu (1986) telah menjadi pondasi sebagian besar literatur dan penelitian di bidang modal sosial. Namun konsep modal sosial sendiri saat ini diterapkan dalam disiplin ilmu yang lebih luas diantaranya ekonomi, ilmu politik, antropologi, asuhan keperawatan, pengembangan masyarakat, dan sebagainya. ...
... Teori modal sosial berfokus pada tindakan yang diambil seseorang untuk memperoleh atau memelihara hubungan sosial dan menjadikannya sebagai sumber daya untuk keuntungan individu atau kelompok. Disini modal sosial adalah tentang membangun dan menggunakan hubungan sosial dengan tujuan menghasilkan manfaat, baik yang tidak berwujud (intangible) dan nyata (tangible), dalam jangka pendek atau panjang, bagi individu dan kelompok (Bourdieu 1986;Coleman 1988;Putnam 2000). ...
Menggunakan pendekatan studi kasus pada BUMDes Peransah di Desa Menaong BaruKabupaten Sintang, studi ini mengeksplorasi karakteristik dan peran modal sosial dari para pelakuusaha kecil yang tergabung dalam wadah Badan Usaha Milik Desa. Melalui wawancara mendalam,penelitian ini menemukan bahwa modal sosial terdiri dari lembaga, hubungan, sikap, dan nilai yangmengatur interaksi antar pribadi dan direfleksikan dalam bentuk kerja sama, aksi bersama, rasa salingpercaya, dan gotong royong, yang terbentuk melalui hubungan ekonomi antar individu dan berkontribusipada pembangunan ekonomi dan sosial yang lebih luas. Latar belakang budaya yang berbeda dari parapelaku usaha yang tergabung dalam BUMDes melahirkan karakteristik modal sosial yang berbeda danmenghasilkan valuasi ekonomi tertentu.
... Sosyal sermaye temelleri üzerine başlıca çalışmalar için bkz:Arrow, 2000;Boix & Posner, 1998; Bourdieu,1985;Bourdieu, 1986;Coleman, 1988;Fukuyama, 1992;Fukuyama, 2002;Fukuyama, 2005;Lin, 2001; OECD, 2001;Paxton, 1999;Portes, 1998;Putnam, 2000; Putnam,2001; Putnam,2002. ;Schuller, 2001. ...
... Bu iki sermaye arasındaki ilişkiyi ele alan öncü bir çalışma için bkz. J. S.Coleman (1988), "Social Capital İn The Creation Of Human Capital." American Journal Of Sociology 94: 95-120. ...
İnsan sermayesi; insanın prodüktif kapasitesini artırmaya yönelik her türlü bilgi, beceri ve yeteneklerin toplamıdır. Sosyal sermaye ise toplumsal yaşamda bireyler arasındaki ağlar ve bağlar, birlik, beraberlik, dayanışma, yardımlaşma, sevgi, saygı, güven, ahlaki değerler ve benzeri değerleri ifade eden bir kavramdır. Bu çalışma insan sermayesinin ve sosyal sermayenin birbirlerinin tamamlayıcı unsuru olduğuna işaret etmektedir.
... Social capital (Bourdieu, 1997;Coleman, 1988) has been used to examine educational attainment. Bourdieu (1997) articulates the integration of economic, cultural and social capital and identifies how social class creates differential access to these forms of capital, further perpetuating patterns of privilege and inequality (Bourdieu, 1997). ...
... Core concepts of social capital include social networks and social resources (Coleman, 1988;Putnam, 2000). The relationships within social networks may be or can become resources to help attain educational and vocational goals. ...
Post-secondary educational outcomes for care-experienced youth are poor. This has been a consistent finding across studies in many countries. Most studies do not distinguish between different types of post-secondary educational pathways and outcomes, however. There has been limited attention to the potential for post-secondary vocational education (PSVE) as a viable educational path that may lead to positive employment and social outcomes. In this paper we examine PSVE for care leavers by reviewing available data, examining policy context and utilising relevant theories. We offer next steps in policy, practice and theory development.
... On the one hand, social capital can be an individual characteristic for one's ability to access resources through social relationships (Burt 2004;Lin 2001). On the other hand, social capital can be understood as a communal characteristic highlighting shared expectations, information flows, social norms, and collective goals (Coleman 1988). In either case, scholars have argued that greater social capital can positively influence students' outcomes and life trajectories. ...
... For example, one summer school program prepared low-income students for elite boarding schools not simply through classroom instruction but also through the creation of horizontal social networks with their cohort and vertical social networks with their mentors, all done to gain academic support and information to persevere in their future schools (Cox 2017). In the case of families, social capital can be built when families in the same schools communicate effectively, share expectations, and enforce similar norms, which have been argued to boost student achievement (Coleman 1988;Gamoran et al. 2021). ...
Highlighting changes in education and organizational theorizing since the 1950s, this review integrates three perspectives for an organizational sociology of education. The structural perspective focuses on how the formal organization of resources, relationships, and information can influence student outcomes and inequalities through opportunities to learn. The network perspective highlights the role of informal interactions and interpretation as well as social and cultural capital to bring about changes. The ecological perspective illustrates how schools are affected by other schools (horizontal dimension), the educational bureaucracy (vertical dimension), and organizations outside schools (community dimension). An organizational perspective can concretize often abstract sociological topics on stratification, social reproduction, and socialization. The perspective can also reconceptualize often individualistic views on contemporary education issues like student well‐being, teacher shortage, racial inequalities, and school politics. The review ends with a discussion on how to incorporate these organizational perspectives and how they can complement current studies in education, sociology, and public policy.
... Definições/ Aspectos Gerais (DUNCAN, 1976) Ambidestria como duas orientações para a aprendizagem juntas ou separadas e modelo dual para a inovação: iniciação e implementação. Coleman (1988) comenta que existem duas perspectivas associadas com a explanação de uma ação social. A primeira, sociológica, as ações são governadas pelas normas sociais, regras e obrigações. ...
... Sob o contexto de ação racional Coleman (1988) define capital social pela sua função. Da mesma forma que outros tipos de capital -financeiro e humano -o capital social é produtivo e contribui para atingir determinados fins. ...
São os recursos tangíveis e intangíveis responsáveis por garantir uma vantagem competitiva sustentável para as empresas. Logo o capital social, fruto das relações intra e inter organizacionais organizacional e a ambidestria organizacional envolvendo a exploração e a explotação de conhecimentos são fatores de sucesso para o desenvolvimento e sobrevivência das organizações. Entretanto, pouco se têm conhecimento com relação aos efeitos empíricos que as relações sociais promovem na ambidestria. Com este estudo buscou-se avaliar a influência das dimensões estrutural, relacional e cognitiva do capital social na estratégia de ambidestria das organizações. Para isso, aplicou-se uma survey com 93 respondentes e realizou-se a análise mediante a utilização de equações estruturais. Os resultados apontaram que, apesar da teoria apresentar que as três dimensões são inerentes ao capital social, somente a dimensão cognitiva influencia a ambidestria organizacional. Portanto, foi possível perceber que os objetivos e a cultura compartilhada entre os membros de uma organização, são os fatores mais importantes na manutenção e gestão da ambidestria.
... Within these clusters, actors can oversee one another and support each other, which is supposed to prevent infiltration and defection (cf. Coleman, 1988). The bridging ties provide the opportunity to access information and resources from outside of the cells, which helps to reach goals, but not at the expense of exposure, as these ties are considerably sparse. ...
... It is a persistent relational mechanism observed within a wide range of empirical contexts (Lusher et al., 2013). In case of covert networks, this tendency to form triangles not only allows actors to inspire one another in densely structured networks, but also to monitor each other, lessening the chance of defection or opportunistic behaviour (Coleman, 1988;Ouellet et al., 2017). Although empirical evidence on terrorist networks is scarce, an indication of closure serving trust is reported by Diviák et al. (2022), who find triadic closure to be the driving force behind the structural changes of two radical networks that were disrupted by law enforcement. ...
Social network analysis can be a powerful tool to better understand the social context of terrorist activities, and it may also offer potential leads for agencies to intervene. Our access to Dutch police information allows us to analyse the relational features of two networks that include actors who planned acts of terrorism and were active in the dissemination of a Salafi-Jihadi interpretation of Islam (n=57; n=26). Based on a mixed-method approach that combines qualitative and more formal
statistical analysis (exponential random graph models), we analyse the structural characteristics of these networks, individual positions and the extent to which radical leaders, pre-existing family and friendship ties and radicalizing settings affect actors to form ties.We find that both networks resemble a core–periphery structure, with cores formed by a densely interconnected group of actors who frequently meet in radicalizing settings. Based on our findings, we discuss the potential effects of preventive and repressive measures developed within the Dutch counterterrorism framework
... Bourdieu's economic capital, representing financial resources and assets, becomes relevant in understanding the material conditions and resources available within this social field. Leaders may draw on economic capital to facilitate collaboration, provide resources, and shape the material aspects of the leadership context (Bourdieu, 1992;Coleman, 1988). ...
... Cultural capital, referring to knowledge, skills, and education, is pertinent in shaping the intellectual environment of relational leadership. Leaders with a rich cultural capital contribute to the intellectual discourse within the social field, influencing the collective understanding of leadership practices and approaches (Bourdieu, 1992;Coleman, 1988). ...
This article delves into the intricate dynamics of contemporary leadership within the dynamic landscapes of societies, businesses, and organizations. The exploration is grounded in Kurt Lewin's foundational field theory, and it extends to incorporate insights from influential figures in postmodern leadership studies, such as Bourdieu, Winnicott, and Spinoza. The synthesis of these perspectives results in a holistic framework designed to articulate the intricate interplay between personality (P) and environment (E). This framework emerges as a response to the unique challenges posed by today's relational, horizontal, flexible, distributed, and decentralized organizational contexts. In navigating these complexities, the framework aims to integrate diverse elements, drawing from Spinoza's archetypes, Winnicott's maturational theories, and Bourdieu's sociology. This integration provides a comprehensive lens through which to understand the multifaceted nature of leadership in contemporary settings. It recognizes the significance of personality, developmental aspects, and various forms of capital in shaping leadership dynamics. This holistic approach contributes to a nuanced understanding of leadership, emphasizing its relational nature and the need for adaptability in the face of evolving organizational structures. By considering the interdependence of personality and environment, the framework serves as a valuable tool for leaders navigating the challenges and opportunities presented by today's rapidly changing and interconnected world.
... Economic theories state that wealth, tastes, and the availability of goods and services all influence how much money households spend. The complex web of decisions that households make on a daily basis is influenced by a variety of factors, including social influences, financial constraints, and individual priorities [6][7][8][9]. Examining the relationship between spending patterns and educational achievement is crucial, as education is both a basic human right and a driving force behind socioeconomic development. According to the Human Capital Theory, a person's productivity and earning potential are increased by education, which is like investing in their human capital [10][11][12]. ...
This study investigates the relationships between household expenditure patterns and education status, based on 386 households in Malappuram district between December 2021 and September 2022. Malappuram district, located in the southern Indian state of Kerala, is known for its distinctive features that encompass cultural, historical, and demographic aspects. Employing statistical tools such as Correlation, multiple regression, ANOVA, and chi-square, the research scrutinizes and quantifies these relationships. Notable findings underscore the prioritization of food and education in household budgets, emphasizing their pivotal role. The strong connection between education level and marital status unveils the interdependence of these decisions, reflecting societal norms. Financial implications of educational achievement shed light on how education acts as a mitigator of economic inequality by exposing income disparities. The correlation between total expenditure and education is positive, indicating that household spending plays a crucial role in achieving educational goals. The impact of food and medical expenses in affecting educational status is further highlighted by the regression analysis. When taken as a whole, these results add to a more sophisticated picture of the relationship between spending patterns and academic achievement. In the particular context of the Malappuram district, this knowledge provides insightful information for policymakers and programmes aiming to improve economic prosperity and educational accomplishment at the same time.
... In sustaining the value creation processes and innovative performance of small enterprises, resources developed in networks, socials norms, and trust is as crucial as monetary and human capital (Tsai, 2000). [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] However, due to the state capitalism practices of Nigeria, small businesses that want to achieve performance will need to continuously acquired information, increase their level of innovation and maintain complementarities with corporate political activities (CPA). This implies that when government controls critical resources which firm is dependent on, firms will need to align their objectives to fit with government objectives or policies. ...
This study empirically evaluates social capital and the performance of small enterprises in Cross River State and Ebonyi, Nigeria. Small enterprises are not proficient to generate and increase utilization of the affluence of social capital to enhance performance. The underpinning theories for this study were based on Barnes (1954) network theory and resource based theory. Descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The population for the study was 2332. Taro Yamane’s formula (1967) was used to determine a sample size of 341 from the population. Descriptive statistics were used to determine their frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviations. Ordered logit regression model was adopted in data analysis and the hypotheses were tested at 0.05 degree of significance using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. The study found out amongst others that social capital provides information through access to broader sources of information and provides information quality, relevance, and timeliness. Based on the findings, this study recommends amongst others that small enterprises should build social relationships that can provide greater access to tangible and intangible resources that can help promote their businesses. Based on the discussion of the findings and theoretical foundations, this study concludes that network relationship helps enterprise to harness tangible and intangible resources to foster innovation and enhance performance.
... This study employs a social capital framework to analyze the issue. Social capital is rooted in norms, networking, and trusting relationships (Coleman, 1999;Endris et al., 2020;Hemminger, 2019;Putnam, 1994). Trust and community collaboration are pivotal elements in the reintegration of former combatants, as they contribute to the formation of social cohesion (Bowd, 2008). ...
Following the conflict that prevailed from 1976 to 2005, a state of social disintegration persisted between former combatants of the Gerakan Aceh Merdeka - GAM (Free Aceh Movement) and the civil society in Aceh. This disintegration was typically fueled by the former GAM combatants’ militaristic and pragmatic mindsets, instability, and low economic well-being. Interestingly, former GAM combatants in Nisam Antara Subdistrict, North Aceh Regency, have managed to collaborate and coexist with local communities, exemplifying successful social reintegration that distinguishes them from their counterparts in other regions of Aceh. This article delves into the reality of social reintegration between former GAM combatants and the local populace, with a specific focus on the oil palm plantations managed by former GAM combatants. The study adopts a descriptive qualitative approach, and data was gathered through a combination of observations, in-depth interviews, document analyses, and focus group discussions. Key informants for this study included former GAM combatants, community and traditional leaders, plantation workers, and members of civil society. The study reveals that moral obligations within communities are guided by local wisdom, which acts as a form of social capital that fosters economic and social collaborations. Local wisdom serves as a social capital that nurtures the development of fraternity, mutual trust, cooperation, and solidarity. Moreover, it has the capacity to minimize differences and resentments, thereby promoting unity between former GAM combatants and local communities. This unity significantly contributes to the sustainability of peace in Aceh, Indonesia.
... Teachers function not only as instructors, but also as social resources, since they are able to motivate, provide support for learning activities, and are able to raise the subjective wellbeing of boys and girls at school. From this point of view, the teacher may be seen as social capital in the sense of Coleman (1988). This supporting and motivating notion of teachers is reflected in an authoritative teaching style characterised by a high level of social control, but also a high level of emotional commitment and acceptance by the educator providing a good learning setting. ...
This paper attempts to be an empirically backed contribution to the current ‘failing boys’ debate in regard to their lower educational success. The cross-sectional analysis focuses on two possible factors behind the lower educational success of boys in secondary school: school alienation and patriarchal gender-role orientations (as an expression of the ‘hegemonic masculinity’). School deviance on the behavioural level is considered as a main mediator between these factors and educational success. Furthermore, teaching style, peer attitudes and social origin are taken into account as important factors of educational success. Analyses are based on a Swiss mixed-method study (questionnaires among 872 eighth-graders, group discussions, class room observations). Results indicate that the gender gap in educational success is caused partly by boys being more alienated from school and preferring patriarchal gender-role orientations. The impacts of these factors on educational success are mediated by school deviance. An authoritative teaching style can largely reduce school alienation.
... On the opposite side, the "pro-homework" stance underlines the positive outcomes of home assignments. In this perspective, homework is viewed as an occasion for the child to develop a sense of responsibility, autonomy, and agency (Foyle & Bailey, 1988;Keith et al., 2004;Merieu, 2002) as well as a way to connect family and school (Coleman, 1988;Epstein, 2001). Although home assignments constitute an organizational issue for parents (Izquierdo et al., 2006;Kremer-Sadlik & Fatigante, 2015), this activity can reinforce parent-child bonds, promote the management of children's emotions and the sharing of experiences. ...
Since Bronfenbrenner's claims on the ecology of human development, an impressive amount of research has explored the ways in which children's primary social worlds (i.e., family and school) connect and potentially create an osmotic ecological milieu. In the building of the so-called 'family-school partnership', homework plays a crucial role. Being a school activity carried out inside the home, it is a key site for implementing parental involvement and a crucial occasion where cultural models of 'good parent' and 'good pupil' are instantiated. This video-based, conversation analytic study shows a specific activity taking place while parents assist their children with homework: testing. The analysis shows that parents deploy a 'school-like' interactive conduct by reproducing the standards, morality, and linguistic practices of the school. In so doing, they comply with the contemporary model of 'good parent as school partner' and socialize their children into the culture of the school by turning them into 'good pupils'.
... Studies show that children who grow up without two parents tend to have lower educational attainment (McLanahan & Percheski 2008). One theory explaining this relationship is that the presence of two adults in the household provide a structure more conducive to the development of social capital (Coleman, 1988). Because it is a wellestablished finding that singleparent homes are more likely to be lowincome (McLanahan & Percheski, 2008), family structure can also be a mechanism through which lowincome background shapes college enrollment and completion. ...
The enduring connection between socioeconomic background and educational attainment is uncontested. However, it is unclear whether the main barrier to educational opportunity is college access or degree attainment. Using data from a 14-year U.S. survey, this study shows that low-income youth remain disadvantaged in both entry into college and degree attainment. Nearly half of adults from low-income backgrounds do not complete any postsecondary schooling. For those who do enroll, young adults from low-income families are less likely to earn bachelor’s degrees, partly due to their poorer academic achievement in adolescence, but also due to patterns of part-time enrollment in two-year colleges. While some argue that community colleges provide access to low-income youth who would not otherwise have gone to school, the findings here suggest that access is limited, since many with higher education goals still do not enroll at all, and most others who enroll fail to earn a degree.
... Trata-se, portanto, de uma confiança "ex-ante" que evoluirá em função do desenrolar da cooperação. A confiança "ex-ante" resulta da reputação de um ator que pode ser analisada como uma forma peculiar de capital -"capital relacional" (COLEMAN, 1988), o qual se assenta na percepção do comportamento anterior dos agentes. ...
O objetivo do trabalho é a apresentação e a discussão de aparatos teórico-metodológicos adequados para des- crever e explicar a dinâmica do processo de gestão das relações entre as empresas. É um estudo do tipo explora- tório, assentado na revisão da literatura relevante. São colocadas em evidência quatro abordagens associadas à explicitação dos formatos dos arranjos entre empresas - contrato, compromisso, confiança-negociação-reci- procidade e hierarquia. Na explicitação dos parâmetros que balizam a coordenação e o alinhamento das ações das organizações envolvidas em um arranjo interorganizacional observam-se diferenças, sob o ponto de vista analítico. A consideração sobre a natureza do ambiente, no qual são definidas e se desenvolvem as relações en- tre empresas, permite situar, de um lado, a perspectiva do contrato e, de outro, as demais. Para a primeira pers- pectiva, o contrato constitui um mecanismo de coordenação suficiente para designar um conjunto de incentivos que compatibiliza interesses conflitantes dos agentes. Para as demais perspectivas, a introdução da incerteza deixa patente a impossibilidade de utilizar o contrato como mecanismo suficiente de coordenação dos agentes. As perspectivas do compromisso, da confiança e da hierarquia, ao partirem de um mesmo contexto decisório, introduzem parâmetros adicionais essenciais à coordenação das relações entre empresas. Palavras-Chave: Relações entre empresas; Mecanismos de coordenação; Governança
... Assevera que ser pobre em um bairro socioeconomicamente heterogêneo se evidencia como menos desfavorável do que habitar locais pobres marcados por um alto grau de homogeneidade social já que estes fatores bloqueiam a mobilização do capital social, totalizando os recursos sociais circulando em redes de relações entre indivíduos ou grupos, para a obtenção de um emprego no mercado laboral formal. O network isolation model, conceituado por Wilson (1987) se fundamenta nas premissas da sociologia econômica que considera como crucial a operacionalização do capital social através das relações interpessoais para integrar os indivíduos socialmente isolados em redes mais amplas suscetíveis de propiciar "ativos" para alavancar a mobilidade econômica (Bourdieu, 1986;Burt, 1992;Coleman, 1988;Lin, 1999;Putnam 2000). ...
Se analiza el efecto vecindario en la movilidad económica de habitantes de tres barrios segregados de Salvador a partir de los lazos interpersonales. La proximidad de Nordeste de Amaralina a una vecindad rica promueve la integración económica, al mantener la segmentación social. En Fazenda Grande II, la heterogeneidad social y el efecto socializador de la escuela mitigan el aislamiento. La localización periférica de Plataforma produce la naturalización de las distancias sociales.
... En este espacio sería imposible hacer un recuento histórico y teórico completo de los planteamientos, inconsistencias, límites y aportes de cada uno de los pensadores de estas teorías que llevan ya más de medio siglo entre nosotros. 12 Empero, se puede destacar el concepto de "capital social", tal como fue planteado y desarrollado por James Coleman (1988;2011), quien aunque fue un connotado representante de las teorías del intercambio y de la elección racional, tuvo la capacidad para darle un sentido propio a este concepto y aportar para su desarrollo junto a autores no establecidos en su misma perspectiva. De hecho, aun habiendo fortalecido un carácter transdisciplinar, este término ya está más fuera que dentro del área de la teoría del intercambio (Bolívar y Flores, 2011). ...
This article reflects on the perspectives of exchange and rational choice theories in sociology as intellectual explanations. The essay is divided in three parts: one historical, one theoretical, and one epistemological. The first establishes some prominent features of the situation surrounding the emergence of these approaches, which helps us understand their historical and ideological matrix. The second examines their conceptual and methodological elements and their core theoretical positions, identifying some of their inconsistencies and virtues. In the third, the author identifies some of their underlying epistemological premises and the place they occupy in the history of enduring ideas, with the goal of better understanding their limitations and reach.
... Social capital refers to one's network of relationships whereby individuals have a common sense of identity and shared norms, values, trust, cooperation, and reciprocity (Adler & Kwon, 1999;Coleman, 1988). Social capital helps organizations develop higher-order forms of social capital, which in turn help create more intellectual capital (Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998). ...
Based on personal experiences and candid conversations with practitioners, the conundrums of why we fail to learn from our mistakes are both frustrating and intriguing. There are differences between what is formally conveyed in a lessons learned report versus what can be shared in small group and one-to-one conversations. In this chapter, I am interested in examining how lessons learned are addressed in the Project Management Institute’s (PMI) 2021 standard - the Project Management Body of Knowledge Guide (PMBOK® Guide) compared to the more recent literature on lessons learned.
To begin, a road trip analogy is used in this introduction to frame the topic of project management lessons learned. The section that follows outlines the research question and explains the first methodology used to conduct a content analysis of lessons learned terms used in the PMBOK® Guide. Thereafter, the second methodology is presented. This methodology was based on Google Scholar searches using a set of key terms to assess how journal abstracts addressed project management lessons learned. Then, the chapter presents a discussion leveraging the data-information-knowledge-wisdom pyramid (Rowley, 2007), and is followed by a conclusion.
... Religious people tend to be more satisfied with their lives, because they form close ties through religious activities (Lim & Putnam, 2010). Social ties with others, including family, friends, and group members, generate trust and contribute to the well-being of the individuals as well as society (Coleman, 1988). In fact, respondents in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan tend to have more children and reside in larger households compared to those in Russia (Table 1). ...
Existing research has investigated health expectancy in the former Soviet countries, but health in that research is defined only by physical health conditions. Guided by the conceptual framework of negative and positive health, this study estimates two types of health expectancy—healthy life expectancy (LE) and happy LE—for men and women 30 years old and older in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan and compares the results with Russia. We use the data on self-rated health to measure negative health and focus on happiness as an indicator of positive health from the latest wave of the World Values Survey. The analyses based on the Sullivan method demonstrate pronounced differences in healthy and happy LE between the three republics of Central Asia and Russia. Men and women in Russia had significantly lower healthy and happy LE compared to their Central Asian counterparts. We noted upturns in healthy and happy LE among the Russian population over the past decade, but the gap between Central Asia and Russia remains significant. Our results show how Central Asian countries enjoy healthier and happier life than Russia despite their lower levels of socioeconomic development. The findings suggest the importance of the multi-faceted approach to health in understanding patterns of population health status in the former Soviet space.
... Menurut Coleman (1988), modal sosial ditumbuhkan melalui sejumlah struktur sosial yang mengikutsertakan hubungan antar pihak. Struktur sosial yang terdiri dari hubungan antar pihak atau aktor inilah yang disebut sebagai modal sosial. ...
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pasar pesantren rakyat sebagai modal social dalam pembangunan ekonomi bangsa. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Keabsahan data melalui trianggulasi (sumber dan metode). Analisis data menggunakan model Miles dan Huberman yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Pasar Rakyat Pesantren sebagai modal social. pertama; pasar rakyat pesantren sebagai modal social, yakni memberdayakan warga pesantren dan masyarakat sekitar untuk bersama-sama membangun ekonomi bangsa. Pembangunan ekonomi melalui kemandirian, moralitas, dan wirausaha. Kedua, pasar rakyat pesantren sebagai modal social pembangunan ekonomi bangsa, yakni Pasar Rakyat Pesantren sebagai modal social, bisa memberikan akses interaksi, komunikasi, kontribusi dan partisipasi. Sehingga bersama-sama demi memajukan pembangunan ekonomi bangsa
... It serves as a valuable framework for comprehending diverse social issues that arise within communities and families (Adler & Kwon, 2002). Scholars in the social sciences and humanities particularly employ the concept of social capital to gain insight into trust, mutual understanding, interconnected relationships, social network structures, shared norms, and participation, as well as the roles these entities assume across different temporal dimensions in various community settings (Coleman, 1988) Despite the growing body of research in the field of social capital, there is a paucity of literature that extends this discourse to encompass technology-driven learning communities, also referred to as virtual learning communities (Pretty & Ward, 2001). Social capital has emerged as a crucial area of inquiry, drawing upon an array of disciplines in the social sciences and humanities. ...
This study aims to investigate the role of virtual society in generating social capital, taking into account the challenges associated with new technologies and social arrangements. The study utilizes descriptive analysis and partial least squares path modeling to analyze participant data. The technology acceptance model is employed to assess perceptions of virtual society platforms, specifically Facebook and WhatsApp, in terms of ease of use and value. he study reveals a significant positive relationship between virtual society and the development of social capital. Positive attitudes toward virtual society platforms are associated with increased social capital, particularly in terms of bridging and bonding. The relationship is moderated by the amount of time spent on social networking sites. Limitations of the study include its focus on specific platforms and reliance on self-reported data. Future research can explore additional platforms and employ diverse data collection methods to enhance the understanding of virtual society and social capital formation. This study emphasizes the importance of online attachment and connection for the formation of social capital. The findings inform policy-making and decision-making in organizations by highlighting the role of virtual society platforms in fostering social capital. This research contributes to the understanding of the relationship between virtual society and social capital, shedding light on collaboration patterns and technology reliance in virtual environments. The study’s originality lies in its examination of Facebook and WhatsApp as platforms and the exploration of the moderation effect of time spent on social networking sites. The findings offer valuable insights for academia and practical applications.
... habitualisierten Möglichkeiten und Grenzen manifestiert. Diese Möglichkeiten und Grenzen werden als mehr oder weniger verfügbares ‚Kapital' bezeichnet (Bourdieu, 1983;Coleman, 1988 Soziale Herkunft : Während der Gymnasiallehrer:innenberuf seit jeher ein akademischer Berufsstand ist, kann der Volksschullehrer:innenberuf im 19. und am Anfang des 20. ...
Klischees über Motive für die Wahl des Lehrberufs reichen von der Lehrtätigkeit als Traumjob und Berufung bis zum Klischee der faulen Beamtin bzw. des faulen Beamten mit sicherem Einkommen und langen Urlaubszeiten. Was die Personengruppe der Lehrerinnen und Lehrer tatsächlich zur Wahl ihres Berufs bewegt, wird in diesem Beitrag unter anderem anhand soziodemografischer Daten sowie mit Bezug auf Persönlichkeitsmerkmale und individuelle Leistungsvoraussetzungen beschrieben. Bereits zu Studienbeginn können solche Merkmale vorsichtige Prognosen bezüglich der Studienverläufe und des Berufserfolgs zulassen. Zu wissen, wer sich für das Lehramt entscheidet und warum er oder sie das tut, ist daher nicht nur für die Wissenschaft und für Entscheidungstragende im Bildungswesen relevant, sondern kann Lehramtsstudierenden helfen, ihre Berufswahlentscheidung zu reflektieren, indem sie diese mit den Merkmalen und Motiven anderer Lehramtsstudierender vergleichen. Das Nachdenken über die eigene Berufswahl wird im Beitrag durch Reflexionsfragen angeregt.
... Both teachers and principals are dependent on each other as principals trust teachers to enact the school mission and vision in the advancement of student learning in the classroom and teachers must trust principals' leadership and provision of supports for instruction. Assessing the strength of relationships and the level of trust among a school faculty are necessary when considering such a shift as human and financial resources flow through these relationships as a form of social capital (Coleman, 1988). ...
... Dominello, though, does not follow the illegal path to approach Grancini, as it is his friend, Fabio Germani, a Juventus club leader without a criminal record, to facilitate the connection between the 'ndrangheta and the ultras. It is a kind of relation that resembles the functional side of social capital, that is the weak ties James Coleman (1988) argues about. ...
This work will be dealing with the relation between football and organized crime in Italy. It will attempt to critically analyse the relations between football and organized crime. Its focus will be on the relation between ultras, that is a relevant part of organized supporters, and organized crime. The paper devotes particular attention to a 2017 Report of the Italian Parliamentary Anti-Mafia Commission which deals with the relationship between football and mafia. The analysis of the Anti-mafia Committee Report will help the purpose of de-constructing the assumptions that, firstly, there exists an organic alliance between ultras and organized crime, and, secondly, that this connection provides the ground for an infiltration of football as a business “from below”. Deconstruction will work by analysing the most relevant cases outlined by the Report of the Committee and relating them with the main theories of organised crime. It will thus become evident that there is no such thing as an organic alliance between criminal organisations and the ultras. Moreover, it will be evident that there is not a uniform pattern, but, rather, a difference between various local situations, according to the context.
... For the last three decades, Social Network Analysis (SNA) has been regularly used within various geographical and chronological contexts [29,30], especially over the past ten years, to explore various scenarios, such as the impact of demographic events on network structures [31,32], the mechanisms responsible for their long persistence [33], the social fabric of early villages [34], and multigenerational changes in network structure [35]. Here, we applied SNA to explore how pottery decorations and personal ornaments can be used as proxies for tracking the production, transmission, and accumulation of social [36,37] and symbolic capital during the transition to farming, whilst also emphasizing the strength and quality of social ties that existed between communities and their level of reciprocity and cooperation, all of which may have aided the successful diffusion of farming technologies throughout Europe. ...
Storing information and circulating it between individuals and groups is a critical behaviour that signals a tipping point in our evolutionary history. Such practices enabled the preservation and consolidation of knowledge over extended periods, facilitating the accumulation of cultural innovations across generations. In this study, we used Social Network Analysis methods to explore how knowledge circulated during the transition to agriculture in the Western Mediterranean region. Previous studies have shown that specific elements of the material culture reveal distinct patterns of cultural interaction among early farming communities. Here, we investigated if two archaeological proxies, personal ornaments and pottery decorations, both with an exclusively symbolic function, reveal different network structures, and if the different degree of connexions acted equally on the transmission of styles, symbols, and network changes over time. Our results relied on cultural data recorded from 77 archaeological occupations covering Italy, France, and Spain, spanning over 1,500 years (ca. 7950~6450 cal BP). By utilizing a chronological dataset comprising 114 radiocarbon dates, we revealed that pottery decorative techniques networks exhibited stronger connexions over space and time, with nodes organized in clear cluster, when compared to personal ornaments networks. The findings highlight the regionalization and fragmentation of cultural networks during the Early Neolithic, and that the transmission of cultural traits within each category of artefact operated through varying cultural and social mechanisms. Pottery expressed a dynamic regional identity, continuously shaped by geographical and chronological proximity, while bead-type associations contributed to enduring identities shared across vast geographical scales. These networks shed light on the multifaceted shaping of social and symbolic capital among the Mediterranean’s early farmers, emphasizing the strength and quality of social ties that existed between communities and the level of reciprocity and cooperation required to foster these diverse social, economic, and cultural development strategies.
... This chapter explores how and why sustainable development (SD) is used by international organizations (IO s) as a strategy for boosting international cooperation on migration, increasing the likelihood of providing global public goods (GPG s). Global public goods and institutional approaches have acknowledged that international governance institutions help to overcome collective action problems (Coleman 1988;Ostrom, 1990;Putnam, 1993). Following this argument, we show that Io s deliberately seek to strengthen cooperation on migration by including fragmented issues related to human mobility in other policy areas. ...
... During disasters, social ties can function as social capital and serve as a means for victims to access to information, resources, and emotional support (45,46). Overall, our findings reveal the subtle behavioral and relational aspects of social network activation in the extreme context of an earthquake. ...
Social networks provide a basis for collective resilience to disasters. Combining the quasi-experimental context of a major earthquake in Ya’an, China with anonymized mobile telecommunications records regarding 91,839 Ya’an residents, we use initial bursts of post-disaster communications (e.g., choice of alter, order of calls, latency) to reveal the ‘important ties’ that form the social network backbone. We find that only 26.8% of important ties activated during the earthquake were the strongest ties during normal times. Many important ties were hitherto latent and weak, only to become persistent and strong after the earthquake. We show that which ties activated during a sudden disaster are best predicted by the interaction of embeddedness and tie strength. Moreover, a backbone of important ties alone (without the inclusion of weak ties ordinarily seen as important to bridge communities) is sufficient to generate a hierarchical structure of social networks that connect a disaster zone’s disparate communities.
... Employees who enter an employer through referrals from acquaintances receive a higher salary package [45]. Social capital related to the personal family background of college students contributes more to the quality of their employment [46]. As a derivative concept of social capital, there are relatively few research results on family capital in the field of graduate employment, especially in the field of learning-application matching. ...
In the context of the connotative development of higher education, the match between what college graduates have learned and what they have used and its causes has aroused the attention of society. Human capital and family capital are two important research perspectives when analyzing what graduates learn and what they use. The study selects professional ability, general ability and allocation ability to measure graduates' human capital and analyzes their family capital from three levels: economic, cultural and social. The study verified that human capital plays a mediating role in the influence of family capital on graduates' learning-application matching. Among the factors of human capital, professional ability and allocation ability have a significant positive influence on graduates' learning-application matching while general ability has a negative influence on graduates' learning-application matching. Family economic capital and family cultural capital have a significant positive influence on graduates' learning-application matching. Based on the findings of the empirical study, we propose countermeasures for universities to improve and enhance graduates' learning-application matching.
... Subsequently, many scholars have conducted extensive research on social capital. Coleman (1988) and Putnam (1995) discussed the effect of social capital on individuals at the group level. Portes (1998), Lin (2001, and Bian (1997) studied the investment and roles of social capital from an individual perspective. ...
In recent years, Chinese college graduates have faced a challenging employment situation, calling for an analysis of the social stratification function of higher education. This paper used linear regression to analyze factors influencing the occupational status attainment of college graduates. The social stratification function of higher education was found to be significant. Educational factors were essential for occupational status attainment. Nevertheless, new graduates’ occupational status could also be affected by individual and family factors. On the whole, college graduates achieved stratum promotion. Men had higher occupational status and longer mobility distance than women, and rural graduates had higher occupational status and longer mobility distance than urban graduates.
... Arguments on embeddedness in co-ethnic networks have also been suggested (e.g., Bankston, 2014;Coleman, 1988). The ethnic networks surrounding a family may reinforce high educational goals through shared values, social control, and the provision of resources (Zhou, 1997). ...
Educational aspirations are of interest to scholars in several disciplines. They can affect multiple aspects of educational success and have been shown to differ between major social groups. Explanations for educational aspirations typically link to two main models of aspiration formation: the Wisconsin model (WM) and rational choice theory (RCT). Whereas the WM highlights significant others’ educational norms, RCT cites cost-benefit calculations to explain how aspirations are formed. As it is still unclear how the two approaches interrelate, we apply a third model, namely the model of frame selection (MFS), which allows the integration of both WM and RCT arguments. In short, it suggests that the importance of others’ educational norms moderates the relevance of own cost-benefit calculations. We assume that considering this interrelation is fruitful when explaining aspirations in general, and specifically when explaining immigrant students’ aspirations, who often perceive high educational obligations by their parents. Using data from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), we test prognoses derived from the three theoretical models for their relevance when explaining the aspirations of Turkish and German students. Results indicate that the processes suggested by both WM and RCT shape aspirations. Consistent with the MFS, these processes also interrelate in that parents’ educational norms reduce the relevance of students’ own cost-benefit calculations. This interrelation does not only apply to Turkish students but holds for all students in the sample.
... The idea of social capital was developed by James S. Coleman in 1988 with the paper entitled "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital" [21]. Coleman built on his empirical findings and focused on family relationships and community relations to explain when students performed better in school than the expectation of their socioeconomic background. ...
This study reports on the extent to which Vietnamese higher education students perceived employability capital. Drawing on the theory of Tomlinson (2017) [1], we investigated their levels of capital by using two primary sources of quantitative and qualitative data, thus informing the students’ lived experiences and voices behind their preparation for the future career. Findings showed that the students perceived forms of capital very differently and acknowledged all forms of capital are crucial and supporting each other for the sake of work readiness. Conclusions and implications are also presented at the end of the manuscript.
This research investigates the sustainability of agricultural shows both in a social and financial manner as these are now commonly interlinked. This century, key shows in the calendar have been lost due to financial issues combined with other pressures that have caused the organising societies to decide against continuing with their shows. The key themes addressed in this thesis include the social implications of agricultural shows on the rural community which they serve, the economic security of agricultural shows and the importance of volunteering to the running of events. This research draws together information on the viability and sustainability of this distinct and understudied area of the events industry.
A literature review was undertaken of the key themes and a thorough investigation of research undertaken within the agricultural events industry and wider sector, discussing the social capital built by events, the economic pressures and governance structures of charities along with the value of volunteers to agricultural organisations. Primary research was undertaken in the form of semi-structured interviews with Show Managers or Executive Directors of nine agricultural shows from around England, varying in size and duration.
The financial status of the shows interviewed is currently, on paper, good, however funds are required in case of unforeseen circumstances causing disruption to some or all of an upcoming show. The social aspect of shows is strong, with clear drive from volunteers at all levels to aid in the success of the shows, however the recruitment of new volunteers is becoming increasingly difficult and has caused a number of shows to cease in recent years.
Theories of innovation often balance contrasting views that either smart people create smart things or smartly constructed institutions create smart things. While population models have shown factors including population size, connectivity and agent behaviour as crucial for innovation, few have taken the individual-central approach seriously by examining the role individuals play within their groups. To explore how network structures influence not only population-level innovation but also performance among individuals, we studied an agent-based model of the Potions Task, a paradigm developed to test how structure affects a group’s ability to solve a difficult exploration task. We explore how size, connectivity and rates of information sharing in a network influence innovation and how these have an impact on the emergence of inequality in terms of agent contributions. We find, in line with prior work, that population size has a positive effect on innovation, but also find that large and small populations perform similarly per capita; that many small groups outperform fewer large groups; that random changes to structure have few effects on innovation in the task; and that the highest performing agents tend to occupy more central positions in the network. Moreover, we show that every network factor which improves innovation leads to a proportional increase in inequality of performance in the network, creating ‘genius effects’ among otherwise ‘dumb’ agents in both idealized and real-world networks.
This study investigates the relationships among religiosity, consumption, and life satisfaction of Muslim workers in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia. Four hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed to Muslim workers. The respondents are classified into hijra and non-hijra groups. Ideology, rituals, intellectual capacity, consequential and experimental aspects were used as indicators to quantify the independent variable, namely religiosity. Consumption is a moderating variable, and life satisfaction represents the dependent variable. Consumption and life satisfaction are positive and significantly influenced by religiosity. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling (SEM). Overall, empirical evidence explains the significant impact of religiosity on the economic life of Muslim workers.
Leveraging and enhancing knowledge are vital for the growth and sustainable development of the economy and society. The universities forage in realms of abstraction, create new knowledge and contribute to innovation, which are vital for societies for immediate use and with potential benefits in the future. Considering the potential contribution of universities for economic and social development, governments aimed to strengthen the wider relationship between the university, industry, and the state. This led to theoretical and public policy debates about how universities can embrace their activities for the maximum potential. University-industry collaborations, introduced with the theory of Mode 2 innovation systems, assume a greater role in knowledge creation and diffusion. Over the years, actors, institutions, and networks involved in university-industry collaborations have co-evolved and underwent rapid transformations with the changing landscape of society. This paper aims to identify the university’s role in research and innovation, review theories on knowledge production in innovation systems, evaluate the modes of university-industry collaboration, and discuss challenges faced and possible strategies to be adopted to improve university-industry collaborations. The paper also examines social network analysis as a methodological tool for evaluating university-industry collaborations to improve the empirical rigor of theory building in innovation systems and university-industry collaborations. In doing so, the study took an interdisciplinary approach and reviewed complex relationships between actors, institutions, and networks as components of innovation systems. Further, it reviewed the changing nature of ideologies surrounding research and innovation from Mode 1, Mode 2, Mode 3, Triple Helix, Quadruple Helix to Quintuple Helix, over time. Furthermore, the modes of university-industry collaboration are reviewed covering the entire spectrum of possibilities. The paper looks at the universality of social network analysis, its potential usefulness to research on innovation systems, and its usefulness for evaluating linkages between actors, institutions, and networks and their reciprocal relationships in university-industry collaborations.
Keywords: innovation systems, social network analysis, university-industry collaboration
This indicators framework provides practical ways to design more effective strategies, monitor services and evaluate integration interventions.
The Indicators of Integration framework has been developed by the Home Office with consultation and input from other government departments, local authorities, regional Strategic Migration Partnerships, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and local service providers from across the UK’s four regions, and from refugees themselves. This framework can be used to complement a wide variety of strategies and projects across the United Kingdom, including local and national integration strategies.
The Home Office Indicators of Integration framework seeks to inform the planning, monitoring and evaluation of integration projects. This report presents a structured approach to integration in a range of local and national contexts and an evidence-based framework for developing interventions. The report helps to define how practitioners might measure what good looks like in relation to measuring progress towards integration over time. It can underpin the delivery of broader strategic goals by offering a framework that represents up-to-date evidence on best practice and what works, which can inform how integration goals will be achieved in practice. The report also provides suggested indicators that practitioners and policy officers can use where appropriate to measure the outcomes of initiatives.
This framework is intended to be a resource for integration practitioners at all levels, offering a common language for understanding, planning, monitoring and measuring integration, and supporting better and more tailored integration services. It has been developed in collaboration with academics and with input from migrant organisations, the voluntary sector, local and national governments and, most importantly, migrants themselves.
This study explores reasons domestic firms decide to enter into joint venture with foreign firms and the forms of resources domestic firms obtain from their foreign partners. In order to address these objectives, we conducted in-depth interviews with nine managers/CEOs of firms in Ghana that are currently in joint venture with foreign firms. We used a thematic analysis technique to analyse the data. Our results show that the social capital theory explains joint venture relationship. Firms in joint venture access resources via social relations and social structures. The results also show that although the home firms enter into joint venture with foreign firms in order to access financial resources and for foreign firms to reaffirm their credibility, home firms are able to access knowledge and new market once they enter into joint venture.
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