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Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence
... By convention, researchers usually assume that consistent individual differences are present if the value of R is statistically "significant," for example, when VARamg (and by extension R) is statistically significantly greater than zero, based on a likelihood ratio test when VARamg is evaluated at the intercept (Singer & Willett, 2003), or when the confidence or credible intervals for estimates of R are centered away from zero (Biro & Stamps, 2015;Laskowski et al., 2022;Polverino et al., 2016). Hence, the first criterion for any study of temporal changes in individual differences is that the value of R t must be significant for at least one of the periods over the course of a longer study. ...
... Researchers studying temporal trends in longitudinal studies in psychology (Singer & Willett, 2003) and behavioral ecology (Dingemanse et al., 2010) often employ the familiar random regression (RR) model. In its simplest form, this model assumes that one can characterize the temporal trendlines of all of the subjects using straight lines about a linear mean level trend, for example, that if convergence or divergence do occur, these patterns are maintained over the entire course of a study (see Figure 1a,b). ...
... The intercept and slope parameters for the population are fixed effects, while the predicted intercepts for each subject and the predicted slopes for each subject are characterized by random effects, each of which is expressed as a deviation from the population-level intercept and slope. For an introduction to this model, we recommend reading from textbooks on the subject (Singer & Willett, 2003;Zuur et al., 2009), but we also provide a brief review of relevant models and code here, to help readers understand and implement them. ...
Over the years, theoreticians and empiricists working in a wide range of disciplines, including physiology, ethology, psychology, and behavioral ecology, have suggested a variety of reasons why individual differences in behavior might change over time, such that different individuals become more similar (convergence) or less similar (divergence) to one another. Virtually none of these investigators have suggested that convergence or divergence will continue forever, instead proposing that these patterns will be restricted to particular periods over the course of a longer study. However, to date, few empiricists have documented time‐specific convergence or divergence, in part because the experimental designs and statistical methods suitable for describing these patterns are not widely known. Here, we begin by reviewing an array of influential hypotheses that predict convergence or divergence in individual differences over timescales ranging from minutes to years, and that suggest how and why such patterns are likely to change over time (e.g., divergence followed by maintenance). Then, we describe experimental designs and statistical methods that can be used to determine if (and when ) individual differences converged, diverged, or were maintained at the same level at specific periods during a longitudinal study. Finally, we describe why the concepts described herein help explain the discrepancy between what theoreticians and empiricists mean when they describe the “emergence” of individual differences or personality, how they might be used to study situations in which convergence and divergence patterns alternate over time, and how they might be used to study time‐specific changes in other attributes of behavior, including individual differences in intraindividual variability (predictability), or genotypic differences in behavior.
... Such nesting occurs in fully hierarchical models. (4,5) For instance, children are nested within families, students might be nested within classrooms, and classrooms may be nested within schools. Note that nesting is a product of the research design/environment in which a study A c c e p t e d : I n -P r e s s is conducted and may not be immediately apparent in how variables are coded. ...
... Now, not only does each subject have a unique intercept ( 0 + 0 ), but also a unique slope ( 1 + 1 ), which greatly reduces the amount of residual error ( ). Note also that one does not need to add these fixed and random effects in one step (4,5,8). A fixed-effect could be added alone, which assumes that all participants changed at about the same rate, or a random-effect could be added alone, but that would assume the average effect of time is 0 across subjects. ...
... If time is centered on the first observation (i.e., time = 0 reflects the first observation) then higher polynomials will often be highly correlated, which can create convergence issues for the model. For detailed accounts of how to build these polynomial models, we refer readers to more thorough sources that explain how to interpret these effects, test the variance explained by each random-effect, and compare models with different random-effects in order to choose the most parsimonious model that still fits the data appropriately (4,8). ...
Mixed-effect models are flexible tools for researchers in a myriad of fields, but that flexibility comes at the cost of complexity and if users are not careful in how their model is specified, they could be making faulty inferences from their data. We argue that there is significant confusion around appropriate random effects to be included in a model given the study design, with researchers generally being better at specifying the fixed effects of a model, which map onto to their research hypotheses. To that end, we present an instructive framework for evaluating the random effects of a model in three different situations: (1) longitudinal designs; (2) factorial repeated measures; and (3) when dealing with multiple sources of variance. We provide worked examples with open-access code and data in an online repository. We think this framework will be helpful for students and researchers who are new to mixed effect models, and to reviewers who may have to evaluate a novel model as part of their review.
... To examine the associations between physical activity, sedentary behavior, diet quality, and adiposity assessed by FMI for weight status groups, a series of growth curve analyses [37] using Proc Mixed were conducted. An unconditional model with only time in the model was run first. ...
... Child and child within school, as well as intercept and slope (i.e., grade), were modeled as random effects. Goodness of fit for each model [37] was estimated using deviance, Akaike's information criteria (AIC), and Bayesian information criteria (BIC). Lower values of each of these fit statistics indicate better fit. ...
... While for diet quality, at the 7th grade measure children with higher diet quality had healthier FMI. The multivariate models for FMI accounted for 29.0%, 54.7, and 35.8% of between-child variance across 5th through 7th grades for children with normal weight, overweight, and obesity, respectively [37]. ...
Background/Objectives
Childhood obesity rates have increased in recent years. The effectiveness of future public health interventions to reduce childhood obesity will be enhanced by a better understanding of behavioral factors that influence adiposity in children as they transition from childhood to adolescence. The purpose of this study was to examine whether initial weight status modifies the longitudinal associations of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and diet quality with changes in adiposity over time.
Subjects/Methods
A total of 658 children (45% boys) were stratified into 3 groups based on 5th grade BMI percentiles ( < 85th, 85–95th, > 95th) and followed from 5th grade to 6th and/or 7th grade. Study variables, including fat-mass-index (FMI), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), diet quality, and sedentary behavior, were measured at 5th, 6th, and/or 7th grades. Separate growth curve models were conducted within each weight status group to examine the associations between MVPA, sedentary behavior, diet quality and adiposity, operationalized as FMI. All models controlled for sex, maturity offset, race, and parent education.
Results
Of the 658 children, 53% were classified with normal weight at baseline, 18% with overweight, and 29% with obesity. Associations between MVPA, sedentary behavior, diet quality and FMI varied within each weight status group. MVPA was negatively associated with adiposity (FMI) for all weight status groups. Diet quality and sedentary behavior were associated with adiposity only in children with obesity at baseline; neither diet quality nor sedentary behavior was associated with FMI for those with overweight.
Conclusions
MVPA was negatively associated with adiposity (FMI) in all weight status groups, suggesting that MVPA may protect against higher adiposity. Sedentary behavior and diet quality were associated with adiposity only in children with obesity at baseline; neither sedentary behavior nor diet quality was associated with FMI for children with overweight.
... 8 Este estudo também utilizou uma variável indicadora do desempenho acadêmico do estudante após o ingresso na universidade, identificada na Tabela 1 como desempenho médio acumulado. A fim de evitar os conhecidos problemas de state dependence e risk dependence 9 para variáveis cujos valores variam no tempo (Singer & Willett, 2003), mensuramos o desempenho com dois semestres de atraso. Ou seja, essa variável diz respeito à nota acumulada dos estudantes até o ano anterior ao semestre considerado, indicando aqueles alunos com desempenho médio acumulado inferior a 5 pontos -numa escala de 0 até 10. 10 No sexto semestre, 13,4% dos alunos estavam nessa condição. ...
... Para fins de resumir a distribuição da ocorrência de eventos, apresentamos, inicialmente, a "tábua de vida", que tem a finalidade de rastrear as "vidas" dos indivíduos desde o início do acompanhamento, em 2013.1, quando ninguém havia experimentado a evasão de curso, até o final da coleta de dados, em 2018.2 (Singer & Willett, 2003). Ambas as funções são apresentadas na Tabela 2. Analisando a função de risco, observamos que o risco de evasão é significativamente maior nos dois primeiros anos, principalmente no primeiro (risco de 0,21) e no segundo (risco de 0,15) semestres. ...
... A fim de responder às nossas questões de pesquisa e testar a hipótese colocada anteriormente, trabalhamos com modelos de sobrevivência em tempo discreto (discrete-time hazard models). A partir desse tipo de modelo, é possível investigar quando certo evento ocorre para determinados indivíduos e quais fatores estão associados à sua ocorrência (Singer & Willett, 2003). Para tanto, modelamos o risco da ocorrência do evento investigado -neste caso, a evasão de curso -para o indivíduo i no período j, dado que aquele indivíduo não tenha experimentado o evento em nenhum período anterior. ...
Resumo Este artigo investiga os fatores associados à evasão de curso superior a partir da experiência da Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS). O estudo é de cunho quantitativo, realizado por meio dos dados de uma coorte de 1.391 estudantes ingressantes em 2013. A investigação estatística é conduzida a partir de análise de sobrevivência. Os principais resultados apontam que: a evasão de curso ocorre de forma mais acentuada no primeiro ano; notas mais altas antes e durante o curso, apoio social e o ingresso na primeira opção de curso reduzem as chances de evasão; e homens e negros evadem mais frequentemente. De modo mais amplo, as evidências sugerem que, mesmo em uma universidade federal menos seletiva, como a UFFS, o nível socioeconômico dos alunos não é um forte preditor da evasão de curso.
... Finally, and of particular importance, multilevel analysis allows the differentiation of between-subject and within-subject effects, for example, by centring on the mean of an individual (within-subject centring; cf. Curran & Bauer, 2011;Singer & Willett, 2003). The differentiation of these effects allows a finer-grained view of influencing variables at different levels. ...
... consisted of 24 daily repeated questionnaires and was statistically analysed using multilevel models. The daily measurement points were recorded on Level 1 and the participants' reactions on Level 2 (Singer & Willett, 2003). As participants answered the questionnaire only during workdays, this fact results in unequal periods between the measurement times. ...
... Therefore, individual values for the measured job demands and job resources were centred before being entered as predictors in the multilevel models (within-subject centring; cf. Curran & Bauer, 2011;Singer & Willett, 2003). This procedure resulted in two different predictors. ...
... Data will be examined for missingness and outliers and tested for normality, linearity, and homoscedasticity. Corrective strategies will be used as appropriate but may not be necessary given the robustness of mixed-effects modeling to various assumption violations [50,52]. Data will be analyzed to generate descriptive statistics (e.g., frequencies, central tendencies, and variabilities) and diagnostic plots (e.g., bar charts and contingency tables) of capacity. ...
... The growth curve models will allow us to assess individual-and hospital-level associations with changes in capacity. Moreover, because capacity will be measured at many time points [5][6][7][8][9], the growth curve models will allow us to identify the linear and nonlinear change patterns of sustainability [52]. This rich description of changes in capacity is an important contribution of this study. ...
Background
More than 90% of children with cancer live in low-resourced settings, where survival is only 20%. Sustainable evidence-based (EB) interventions yielding ongoing beneficial patient outcomes are critical to improve childhood cancer survival. A better understanding of factors promoting intervention sustainability in these settings is urgently needed. The aim of this study is to provide an empirical understanding of how clinical capacity for sustainability, or the resources needed to sustain an intervention, impacts the sustainment of Pediatric Early Warning System (PEWS), an EB intervention that improves pediatric oncology outcomes in low-resource hospitals by detecting clinical deterioration and preventing the need for more intense treatment.
Methods
We will conduct a prospective, longitudinal study of approximately 100 resource-variable hospitals implementing and sustaining PEWS participating in Proyecto EVAT, a quality improvement collaborative of Latin American pediatric oncology centers. Aim 1: We will evaluate how clinical capacity for sustainability changes over time through 5 to 9 prospective measurements of capacity via survey of clinical staff using PEWS (approximately n = 13 per center) during the phases of PEWS adoption, implementation, and sustainability using the Clinical Sustainability Assessment Tool (CSAT). Aim 2: We will determine the relationship between capacity and a) PEWS sustainment and b) clinical deterioration mortality among pediatric oncology patients at centers sustaining PEWS for 2 to 10 years using chart review and an existing patient outcomes registry. Aim 3: We will develop novel strategies to promote sustainability by gaining a deeper understanding of perceived challenges to building capacity and PEWS sustainment. In combination with quantitative outcomes, we will conduct 24 focus groups with staff (doctors, nurses, and administrators) from hospitals with both high (n = 4) and low capacity (n = 4). We will then use implementation mapping to generate theoretically driven, empirically-supported sustainability strategies.
Discussion
This study will advance implementation science by providing a theoretically driven, foundational understanding of factors that predict sustainability among a large, diverse cohort of hospitals. We will then use this knowledge to develop sustainability evidence-informed strategies that optimize capacity and promote long-term sustainment of PEWS and improvements in patient outcomes, thus promoting equity in childhood cancer care globally.
... As observed for each cell line, changes in copy number status (i.e. from amplification to deletion or from deletion to amplification) were observed for a very small and negligible number of genes (< 5%). To assess and compared trend over time, in vitro GSCs growth curves and in vivo GSCs-tumors growth rate across GBM clusters was analyzed with hierarchical linear models for repeated measurements by SAS Statistical Package Release 9.4 (SAS Institute) [41,42]. As outcome, the logtransformed number of cell number. ...
... As outcome, the logtransformed number of cell number. Unequally spaced time occasions within the experiments were counted by a spatial power correlation type [41]. A 5% cutoff was applied to validate data significance. ...
Background
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant among gliomas with an inevitable lethal outcome. The elucidation of the physiology and regulation of this tumor is mandatory to unravel novel target and effective therapeutics. Emerging concepts show that the minor subset of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) accounts for tumorigenicity, representing the true target for innovative therapies in GBM.
Methods
Here, we isolated and established functionally stable and steadily expanding GSCs lines from a large cohort of GBM patients. The molecular, functional and antigenic landscape of GBM tissues and their derivative GSCs was highlited in a side-by-side comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic characterization by ANOVA and Fisher’s exact tests. GSCs’ physio-pathological hallmarks were delineated by comparing over time in vitro and in vivo their expansion, self-renewal and tumorigenic ability with hierarchical linear models for repeated measurements and Kaplan–Meier method. Candidate biomarkers performance in discriminating GBM patients’ classification emerged by classification tree and patients’ survival analysis.
Results
Here, distinct biomarker signatures together with aberrant functional programs were shown to stratify GBM patients as well as their sibling GSCs population into TCGA clusters. Of importance, GSCs cells were demonstrated to fully resemble over time the molecular features of their patient of origin. Furthermore, we pointed out the existence of distinct GSCs subsets within GBM classification, inherently endowed with different self-renewal and tumorigenic potential. Particularly, classical GSCs were identified by more undifferentiated biological hallmarks, enhanced expansion and clonal capacity as compared to the more mature, relatively slow-propagating mesenchymal and proneural cells, likely endowed with a higher potential for infiltration either ex vivo or in vivo. Importantly, the combination of DCX and EGFR markers, selectively enriched among GSCs pools, almost exactly predicted GBM patients’ clusters together with their survival and drug response.
Conclusions
In this study we report that an inherent enrichment of distinct GSCs pools underpin the functional inter-cluster variances displayed by GBM patients. We uncover two selectively represented novel functional biomarkers capable of discriminating GBM patients’ stratification, survival and drug response, setting the stage for the determination of patient-tailored diagnostic and prognostic strategies and, mostly, for the design of appropriate, patient-selective treatment protocols.
... Data analysis was realized using descriptive statistics as well as individual graphical growth plots to provide transparency of raw data and avoid the superficiality of average growth trajectories [16]; in addition, we plotted 95% confidence intervals to have robust measures of dispersion and to illustrate information of significance testing [17]. To test main and interaction effects for statistical significance, we conducted repeated measures ANOVA (2 × 2) and enhanced these findings with effect size ω 2 due to our small sample size [18]. ...
... Literature on null hypothesis testing as well as on longitudinal data analysis recommends an initial examination of empirical growth plots before computing inferential statistics. This corresponds with a first exploratory impression of change over time and has been conducted with confidence intervals (95%) for each dependent variable [16,22]. They are presented in Fig. 2a-c. ...
Purpose
The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of mobility training with FIVE® devices in combination with device-supported strength exercises for shoulder mobility and strength of the upper extremities in women with breast cancer.
Methods
We conducted a pretest-posttest intervention study with female breast cancer patients (n = 41) who were randomly assigned to two groups by lot during their stationary follow-up treatment at a rehabilitation clinic in the south of Germany between February and March 2020. As part of exercise therapy, the intervention group (n = 24) performed a mobility training with FIVE® devices combined with device-supported strength training, whereas the control group (n = 17) completed device-supported strength training. Before and after the 3-week intervention (3 training sessions/week), shoulder mobility and isokinetic maximal strength were tested.
Results
Both groups achieved significant improvements in shoulder mobility in the frontal and sagittal plane (between 3.8 and 15.35%; p < 0.05) and in strength performance (31.36% [IG] vs. 51.24% [CG]; p < 0.001). However, no robust evidence could be determined about potential interaction effects.
Conclusion
A combined device-supported strength and mobility training (FIVE®) showed no advantages. Therefore, a variety of exercise methods is possible in exercise therapy of breast cancer patients.
Clinical trial registration number
Since the University of Education Weingarten does not assign clinical trial registration numbers or ethical approval numbers, none could be assigned for this study.
... More details on NSS weighting are reported elsewhere (Kessler et al., 2013). Using the survey-linked administrative data, person-month records were created by coding each month of a soldier's career for each administrative variable and allowing values to change over time (Singer & Willett, 2003;Willett & Singer, 1993). Respondents were followed via administrative data throughout their time on active duty during their first 4 years of service (up to 48 months). ...
... Analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., 2013). Person-month data were analyzed using discrete-time survival analysis with a logistic link function (Singer & Willett, 2003;Willett & Singer, 1993). A series of logistic regression analyses separately examined the association of each attachment style with first documented SA during the first 4 years of Army service, before and after adjusting for socio-demographic variables, service-related variables, and MH-Dx. ...
Background:
Insecure attachment styles are associated with retrospectively reported suicide attempts (SAs). It is not known if attachment styles are prospectively associated with medically documented SAs.
Methods:
A representative sample of US Army soldiers entering service (n = 21 772) was surveyed and followed via administrative records for their first 48 months of service. Attachment style (secure, preoccupied, fearful, dismissing) was assessed at baseline. Administrative medical records identified SAs. Discrete-time survival analysis examined associations of attachment style with future SA during service, adjusting for time in service, socio-demographics, service-related variables, and mental health diagnosis (MH-Dx). We examined whether associations of attachment style with SA differed based on sex and MH-Dx.
Results:
In total, 253 respondents attempted suicide. Endorsed attachment styles included secure (46.8%), preoccupied (9.1%), fearful (15.7%), and dismissing (19.2%). Examined separately, insecure attachment styles were associated with increased odds of SA: preoccupied [OR 2.5 (95% CI 1.7-3.4)], fearful [OR 1.6 (95% CI 1.1-2.3)], dismissing [OR 1.8 (95% CI 1.3-2.6)]. Examining attachment styles simultaneously along with other covariates, preoccupied [OR 1.9 (95% CI 1.4-2.7)] and dismissing [OR 1.7 (95% CI 1.2-2.4)] remained significant. The dismissing attachment and MH-Dx interaction was significant. In stratified analyses, dismissing attachment was associated with SA only among soldiers without MH-Dx. Other interactions were non-significant. Soldiers endorsing any insecure attachment style had elevated SA risk across the first 48 months in service, particularly during the first 12 months.
Conclusions:
Insecure attachment styles, particularly preoccupied and dismissing, are associated with increased future SA risk among soldiers. Elevated risk is most substantial during first year of service but persists through the first 48 months. Dismissing attachment may indicate risk specifically among soldiers not identified by the mental healthcare system.
... Significant differences were found in relation to caregivers' age, education, and relationship status; however, the effect sizes of these relationships were trivial (d age = 0.03; Phi education = 0.02; Phi relationship = 0.05). Given that multilevel modeling using restricted maximum likelihood estimation is robust to missing data, we included all participants who completed one or more weeks of diary study (Singer & Willett, 2003). Moreover, sensitivity analyses were run, including 1) caregivers who completed 5 or fewer weekly diary assessments, (2) caregivers who completed between 6 and 12 weekly diary assessments, and (3) caregivers who completed more than 12 weekly diary assessments. ...
... This type of variance-covariance matrix applies no restrictions to the variance components and thus can better fit the data than methods with restrictions (e.g. autocorrelation, compound symmetry; Singer & Willett, 2003). Alternative variance-covariance structures were explored; however, none provided a significantly better fit than the unstructured. ...
Objective:
Informal caregivers are expected to be willing to care for relatives with care needs. Little is known about whether and how willingness to care changes over time. Using a weekly diary study, we examined changes in the willingness of 955 caregivers from nine countries. Caregivers provided information on their caregiving context, relationship type, and relationship satisfaction with the care recipient.
Methods and measures:
For 24 consecutive weeks, caregivers evaluated willingness to care as it was 'right now'.
Results:
Willingness differs from one caregiver to another (68% between-level variability) but also fluctuates in the same caregiver from week to week (32% within-level variability), with a decrease over 6 months (intercept = 8.55; slope = -0.93; p < .001). Regardless of individual differences in average willingness to care based on caregiving context and relationship satisfaction, caregivers reported decreases in willingness. Caregivers who presented one or more health conditions themselves reported higher weekly fluctuations in willingness than caregivers with no health conditions.
Conclusion:
Willingness is not a stable attitude because it decreases and caregivers experience fluctuations from week to week. A clearer understanding of weekly processes is optimal for monitoring the caregivers' well-being and tailoring interventions in line with weekly individual variations.
... [u 0j ] ∼ N(XB, Ω u ): Ω u = [r 2 u0 ] [e 0ij ] ∼ N(XB, Ω e ): Ω e = [r 2 e0 ] All variables were grand-mean centered (except the time variable) as this is advised when including Psychotherapy Research 7 interaction terms (Singer & Willett, 2003). Independent variables and interaction terms were added stepwise to the null model (i.e., the unconditional model) and compared against each other using −2loglikelihood as indicator of goodness of fit (Singer & Willett, 2003). ...
... [u 0j ] ∼ N(XB, Ω u ): Ω u = [r 2 u0 ] [e 0ij ] ∼ N(XB, Ω e ): Ω e = [r 2 e0 ] All variables were grand-mean centered (except the time variable) as this is advised when including Psychotherapy Research 7 interaction terms (Singer & Willett, 2003). Independent variables and interaction terms were added stepwise to the null model (i.e., the unconditional model) and compared against each other using −2loglikelihood as indicator of goodness of fit (Singer & Willett, 2003). Lower values on this index indicates better model fit to the data. ...
Objective: Psychodynamic child psychotherapy is an evidence-based approach for a range of child mental health difficulties and needs to constantly adapt to meet the needs of children. This study is the first to investigate whether the use of mentalization-based interventions (i.e., a focus on promoting attention control, emotion regulation, and explicit mentalization) predicted a good therapeutic outcome in online psychodynamic child therapy sessions conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The sample included 51 Turkish children (Mage = 7.43, 49% girls) with mixed emotional and behavioral problems. Independent raters coded 203 sessions from different phases in each child's treatment using the Mentalization-Based Treatment for Children Adherence Scale (MBT-CAS). Results: Multilevel modeling analyses showed children with higher emotional lability benefited more from attention control interventions compared to those with lower emotional lability. Discussion: Interventions that focus on developing the basic building blocks of mentalizing may be effective components of therapeutic action for online delivery of psychodynamic child psychotherapy, especially for children with greater emotional lability.
... Compared to these designs, studies with three or more waves (multi-wave designs) have several important advantages for validity and reliability. They can more effectively distinguish true change from measurement error, inform the shape of individuals' exposure or outcome trajectories, and investigate links between prior predictor status and outcomes -better controlling for reverse causality [54,55]. Aiming to inform the design of future structural interventions for HIV prevention in adolescents, we used a multi-wave analysis to evaluate the longitudinal associations between six time-varying protective factors and five sexual risk behaviours linked to HIV transmission among adolescents. ...
... We included eight covariates to account for evidencebased correlates of sexual risk behaviour, the increased probability of some households having access to social grants, and time in our models: HIV status at baseline, age, rural/urban household location, informal/shack housing, number of household residents (including participant), maternal orphanhood, and paternal orphanhood, and an indicator of study wave [55,67,68]. For adolescents recruited via municipality health facilities, HIV status was assessed using clinical files. ...
Background: Structural interventions are endorsed to enhance biomedical and behavioural HIV prevention programmes for adolescents. Aiming to inform future interventions, we evaluated longitudinal associations between six protective factors that link closely to existing structural HIV prevention interventions, and five sexual risk behaviours for HIV transmission in a cohort of adolescents in South Africa.
Methods: We used three rounds of data between 2014–2018 on 1046 adolescents living with HIV and 473 age-matched community peers in South Africa’s Eastern Cape (Observations = 4402). We estimated sex-specific associations between six time-varying protective factors − number of social grants, education enrolment, days with enough food, caregiver supervision, positive caregiving, and adolescent-caregiver communication; and five HIV risk behaviours − multiple sexual partners, transactional sex, age-disparate sex, condomless sex, and sex on substances. HIV risk behaviours were analysed separately in multivariable random effects within-between logistic regression models that accounted for correlation of repeated observations on the same individual. We calculated prevalence ratios (PR), contrasting adjusted probabilities of HIV risk behaviours at ‘No’ and ‘Yes’ for education enrolment, and average and maximum values for the other five protective factors.
Results: The sample mean age was 15.29 (SD: 3.23) years and 58% were girls. Among girls, within-individuals, increases from mean to maximum scores in positive caregiving were associated with lower probability of transactional sex (PR = 0.79; 95%CI = 0.67–0.91); in caregiver supervision were associated with lower probability of transactional sex (PR = 0.75; 95%CI = 0.66–0.84), and age-disparate sex (PR = 0.84; 95%CI = 0.73–0.95); in adolescent-caregiver communication were associated with higher probability of transactional sex (PR = 1.70; 95%CI = 1.08–2.32); and in days with enough food at home were associated with lower probability of multiple sexual partners (PR = 0.89; 95%CI = 0.81–0.97), and transactional sex (PR = 0.82; 95%CI = 0.72–0.92). Change from non-enrolment in education to enrolment was associated with lower probability of age-disparate sex (PR = 0.49; 95%CI = 0.26–0.73). Between-individuals, relative to mean caregiver supervision scores, maximum scores were associated with lower probability of multiple sexual partners (PR = 0.59; 95%CI = 0.46–0.72), condomless sex (PR = 0.80; 95%CI = 0.69–0.91), and sex on substances (PR = 0.42; 95%CI = 0.26–0.59); and relative to non-enrolment, education enrolment was associated with lower probability of condomless sex (PR = 0.59; 95%CI = 0.39–0.78). Among boys, within-individuals, increases from mean to maximum scores in positive caregiving were associated with lower probability of transactional sex (PR = 0.77; 95%CI = 0.59–0.96), and higher probability of condomless sex (PR = 1.26; 95%CI = 1.08–1.43); in caregiver supervision were associated with lower probability of multiple sexual partners (PR = 0.73; 95%CI = 0.64–0.82), transactional sex (PR = 0.63; 95%CI = 0.50–0.76), age-disparate sex (PR = 0.67; 95%CI = 0.49–0.85), and sex on substances (PR = 0.61; 95%CI = 0.45–0.78), and in days with enough food at home were associated with lower probability of transactional sex (PR = 0.91; 95%CI = 0.84–0.98).
Conclusion: Effective structural interventions to improve food security and education enrolment among adolescent girls, and positive and supervisory caregiving among adolescent girls and boys are likely to translate into crucial reductions in sexual risk behaviours linked to HIV transmission in this population.
... Finally, potential predictors of the intercepts and slopes of the SI and depressive symptom severity growth models were included in each model using a taxonomic approach (Singer & Willett, 2003). Specifically, as prior SIBs are among the strongest predictors of future suicide risk (Franklin et al., 2017;Ribeiro et al., 2016), the dummy variables for history of SIBs were included in the models first. ...
... Age and treatment site were included last. Non-significant predictors of either the intercept and/or slope were then removed to create the final, parsimonious models (see Singer & Willett, 2003). Of note, traditional fit indices (e.g., chi-square statistic, comparative fit index [CFI], etc.) are not calculated for growth models with individually-varying times of observation (Muthén & Muthén, 1998. ...
Partial hospital programs (PHPs) are a vital mental health service for youth at risk for suicide. Yet, few studies have examined trajectories of suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms, two important risk factors for suicidal behavior, over the course of care. Moreover, little is known about factors that may impact these trajectories among youth in PHPs. The current study examined trajectories of suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms, as well as clinical and demographic predictors of these changes, among youth enrolled in two PHPs. A sample of 253 youth (Mage = 15.3; SD = 1.4; range = 12-18; 68.8% female; 63.2% White; 75.1% Non-Hispanic/Latino/a/x) completed repeated measures of suicidal ideation severity and depressive symptoms during treatment. Trajectories of these outcomes were examined using two separate latent growth models. Recent history of self-injurious behaviors and demographics were tested as predictors of trajectories using a taxonomic approach. Overall, suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms declined over the course of care. Sex, history of self-injury, and sexual identity were associated with variability in one or both trajectories of change. Results suggest individual variability in rate of change among youth in PHPs. Such information may be used to aid in treatment planning and quality improvement efforts within PHPs.
... All analyses were conducted using the SAS PROC MIXED procedure (Singer, 1998;Singer and Willett, 2003). Tests for (Singer and Willett, 2003). ...
... All analyses were conducted using the SAS PROC MIXED procedure (Singer, 1998;Singer and Willett, 2003). Tests for (Singer and Willett, 2003). ...
Environmental sounds are a key component of the human experience of a place as they carry meanings and contextual information, together with providing situational awareness. They have the potential to either support or disrupt specific activities as well as to trigger, to inhibit, or simply to change human behaviors in context. The experience of acoustic environments can result in either positive or negative perceptual outcomes, which are in turn related to well-being and Quality of Life. In spite of its relevance to the holistic experience of a place, the auditory domain is often not given enough prominence in environmental psychology studies. Environmental sounds are typically considered in their negative perspective of “noise” and treated as a by-product of society. However, the research (and practice) focus is gradually shifting toward using environmental sounds as mediators to promote and enrich communities’ everyday life. Designers explore how natural sounds can be mixed into urban life.
While there is a lot of research happening in this area, the underlying mechanisms connecting environmental sounds, the physical and social context where they occur, and their perceptual effects on users, are still not fully understood (Axelsson et al., 2019). Furthermore, when exploring the aforementioned relationships, more challenges arise in terms of psychometrics and ecological validity of the methodologies involved. All such issues need to be addressed by researchers and practitioners of the built environment. For this reason, a broad spectrum of submissions was invited for this Research Topic. Article types ranged from conceptual analyses, to reviews and research papers. The studies presented here dealt with the characterization and perception of single environmental sounds or complex acoustic environments, as well as their management and design implications for the urban realm. The focus could either be on theoretical aspects (e.g., relationships between sounds and psychological and physiological aspects) or methodological aspects (e.g., protocols and procedures to gather objective and subjective data).
... To assess longitudinal relationships of adherence to ICS-based maintenance treatment and inhalation technique with outcomes, we followed established procedures for hierarchical longitudinal modeling [76]. Four multilevel longitudinal mixed models were constructed separately for asthma symptom control, exacerbation occurrence, EQ-5D, and PROMIS-PAIS (as dependent variables). ...
Introduction: We aimed to evaluate the longitudinal relationships, both at between–and within–person levels, that adherence to inhaled corticosteroids–based maintenance treatment and inhalation technique present with symptom control, exacerbations, and health – quality of life (HRQoL) in children and adolescents with asthma.
Methods: Participants (6–14 years old) from the ARCA (Asthma Research in Children and Adolescents) cohort – a prospective, multicenter, observational study (NCT04480242) – were followed for a period from 6 months to 5 years, via computer–assisted telephone interviews and a smartphone application. The Medication Intake Survey–Asthma (MIS–A) was administered to assess the implementation stage of adherence; and the Inhalation Technique Questionnaire (InTeQ) to assess the five key steps when using an inhaler. Symptoms control was measured with the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ), and HRQL with the EQ–5D and the PROMIS–Pediatric Asthma Impact Scale (PROMIS–PAIS). Multilevel longitudinal mixed models were constructed separately with symptom control, exacerbation occurrence, EQ–5D, and PROMIS–PAIS as dependent variables.
Results: Of 360 participants enrolled, 303 (1203 interviews) were included in the symptom control and exacerbation analyses, 265 (732) in the EQ–5D, and 215 (619) in the PROMIS–PAIS. Around 60% of participants were male and most underwent maintenance treatment with inhaled corticosteroids plus long–acting β–agonists in a fixed dose (68–74%). Within–person variability was 83.6% for asthma control, 98.6% for exacerbations, 36.4% for EQ-5D and 49.1% for PROMIS-PAIS. At within–person level, patients with higher adherence had better symptom control (p=0.002) and HRQoL over time (p=0.016). Patients with better inhalation technique reported worse HRQoL simultaneously (p=0.012), but better HRQoL in future assessments (p=0.012). Frequency of reliever use was associated with symptom control (p<0.001), exacerbation occurrence (p<0.001), and HRQoL (p=0.042); and boys were more likely to present better symptom control and HRQoL than girls.
Conclusion: Our results confirm longitudinal associations at within–person level of the two indicators of quality use of inhalers: for adherence to maintenance treatment with symptom control and HRQoL, and for inhalation technique with HRQoL. Although treatment adherence showed to be excellent, a third part of participants reported a suboptimal inhalation technique, highlighting the need of actions for improving asthma management of pediatric population.
... Developmental growth over time in populations is best discerned by estimating trajectories of changing competencies and skills. Such work is conducted most often using quantitative methods (Collins & Sayer, 2001;Singer & Willett, 2003). ...
Multiple methods are vital to understanding development as a dynamic, transactional process. This article focuses on the ways in which quantitative and qualitative methodologies can be combined to enrich developmental science and the study of human development, focusing on the practical questions of “when” and “how.” Research situations that may be especially suited to mixing qualitative and quantitative approaches are described. The authors also discuss potential choices for using mixed quantitative–qualitative approaches in study design, sampling, construction of measures or interview protocols, collaborations, and data analysis relevant to developmental science. Finally, they discuss some common pitfalls that occur in mixing these methods and include suggestions for surmounting them.
... The primary outcome WBQ (weekly LOC) and the secondary outcome BDI-FS (depressive symptoms) were assessed regularly (altogether 17 times), thereby allowing us to analyze their weekly temporal course using a discontinuous multilevel model [69], covering three study periods for WBQ and BDI-FS (waitingtime, active treatment and follow-up). The secondary outcomes EDE-Q (eating disorder pathology) and ARS-D (appearance-based rejection sensitivity) covered two study periods (from pretreatment to posttreatment, including waiting-time and active treatment, and from posttreatment to post follow-up). ...
Background
Loss of Control Eating (LOC) is the most prevalent form of eating disorder pathology in youth, but research on evidence-based treatment in this group remains scarce. We assessed for the first time the effects and acceptance of a blended treatment program for youth between 14 and 24 years with LOC (Binge-eating Adolescent Treatment, BEAT).
Methods
Twenty-four youths (mean age 19.1 years) participated in an active treatment of nine-weeks including three face-to-face workshops and six weekly email-guided self-help sessions, followed by four email guided follow-up sessions, one, three, six and 12 months after the active treatment. All patients completed a two-weeks waiting-time period before treatment begin (within-subject waitlist control design).
Results
The number of weekly LOC episodes substantially decreased during both the waiting-time (effect size d = 0.45) and the active treatment (d = 1.01) period and remained stable during the subsequent 12-months follow-up (d = 0.20). The proportion of patients with full-threshold binge-eating disorder (BED) diagnoses decreased and transformed into LOC during the study course, while the abstainer rate of LOC increased. Values for depressive symptoms (d = 1.5), eating disorder pathology (d = 1.29) and appearance-based rejection sensitivity (d = 0.68) all improved on average from pretreatment to posttreatment and remained stable or further improved during follow-up (d between 0.11 and 0.85). Body weight in contrast remained constant within the same period. Treatment satisfaction among completers was high, but so was the dropout rate of 45.8% at the end of the 12-months follow-up.
Conclusions
This first blended treatment study BEAT might be well suited to decrease core symptoms of LOC, depressive symptoms and appearance-based rejection sensitivity. More research is needed to establish readily accessible interventions targeted more profoundly at age-salient maintaining factors such as appearance-based rejection sensitivity, while at the same time keeping dropout rates at a low level.
Trial registration
The trial was registered at the German Clinical Trials Register (ID: DRKS00014580; registration date: 21/06/2018).
... Following Singer and Willet [51], when constructing the longitudinal models we will (a) examine empirical growth plots; (b) fit an unconditional means model; (c) fit an unconditional linear growth model; (d) fit unconditional non-linear models; and (e) compare models of longitudinal change using the Akaike Information Criterion. Condition, time (coded in months since posttest), and a condition × time interaction will be added to the unconditional model. ...
Background
Eating disorders (EDs) are a group of mental illnesses associated with significant psychological and physiological consequences. Overall, only about one-fifth of individuals with EDs receive treatment and treatment is effective for only about one-third for those who receive care. The development and implementation of effective prevention approaches for those at risk is therefore pivotal. The Body Project is the most effective ED prevention program for at-risk women according to several meta-analyses, but reach is limited since delivery, traditionally, has been in-person. Moreover, peer-led Body Project groups have been reported to produce stronger effects than clinician-led Body Project groups when delivered in-person. This has not yet been examined for virtually delivered Body Project groups. This study therefore seeks to investigate the effect of virtual Body Project groups delivered by peers versus clinicians on ED risk factors, ED symptoms, and prospective ED onset.
Methods
Young women with body image concerns aged 16–25 years (N = 441) will be included in the study and randomized to three conditions: (i) virtually delivered Body Project groups led by clinicians; (ii) virtually delivered Body Project groups led by peers; and (iii) psychoeducational control group. Participants will complete assessments at five timepoints over two years (pretest, posttest, 6-months, 1-year, and 2-years).
Discussion
Further research is needed to examine approaches to increase the potential for broad implementation of prevention of EDs. The virtual modality of the Body Project could markedly expand the reach for young women at risk. If findings confirm that peers can deliver virtual Body Project groups as effectively as clinicians, this will further enhance the implementation potential.
Trial registration: The present study has been registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05993728).
... Next, the interaction effect (i.e., bullying media exposure × anti-bullying attitude) was added to the model (Model 3). Model fits included the -2 log likelihood (-2LL), Akaike information criterion (AIC), and Bayesian information criterion (BIC; Burnham & Anderson, 2004;Singer & Willett, 2003). Moreover, we used likelihood ratio tests to compare the models when adding layered models. ...
Although the effect of media violence on aggression has garnered major attention, little is known about the link between bullying-related media exposure and bullying behaviors. Across three studies, we examined this association among Chinese adolescents. Study 1 used a large sample of adolescents (n=10,391, 51.4% boys) to investigate the link between bullying-related media exposure and bullying perpetration. Using another adolescent sample (n=3,125, 49.5% boys), Study 2 replicated the findings from Study 1 and extended the investigation from traditional bullying to cyberbullying perpetration. Study 3 examined the longitudinal associations between bullying-related media exposure and (cyber)bullying perpetration six months later (n=2,744, 47.0% boys). The results suggested a positive, albeit small, association between exposure to bullying-related media and (cyber)bullying perpetration. Importantly, personal anti-bullying attitudes moderated this link, with a significant association observed among adolescents holding weak anti-bullying attitudes. Findings are discussed with respect to the media's effect on bullying behaviors.
... Model 4 was estimated to allow trajectory shapes to change across time, and quadratic and cubic variances were fixed to zero within groups to allow for model estimation [92]. For model 5, given that at least three time points are needed to identify each piece (see [90,93]), and that we did not have a-priori hypotheses of where to place the "knot" or "turning point", two piecewise models were developed: model 5a with a knot placed at T3 (i.e., approximately at child age 13) and model 5b with a knot placed at T4 (i.e., approximately at child age 14). When the knot was placed at T3, the loadings for the first slope factor were set to 0 (T1), 1 (T2), 4 (T3), 4 (T4), 4 (T5), 4 (T6), 4 (T7) and the loadings for the second slope factor were set to 0 (T1), 0 (T2), 0 (T3), 1(T4), 2 (T5), 3 (T6), and 4 (T7). ...
Parental self-efficacy (PSE) captures parents’ beliefs in their ability to perform the parenting role successfully and to handle pivotal issues of specific developmental periods. Although previous studies have shown that, across the transition to adolescence, parents show decreasing levels of PSE while adolescents exhibit increasing engagement in rule-breaking (RB) behaviors, there is a paucity of studies investigating whether and how changes in PSE are related to late adolescents’ RB behaviors across development. The present study examined the developmental trends of PSE among Italian mothers and fathers over seven waves (representing children’s transition from late childhood to late adolescence; approximately from 9 to 18 years old) as well as the longitudinal associations between PSE and RB behaviors during late adolescence. Data were drawn from seven waves of the Parenting Across Cultures (PAC) project, a large-scale longitudinal, cross-cultural study, and included 200 Italian children ( M AgeAtTime1 = 9.80, SD = 0.65; 50.5% girls) and their parents (200 mothers; 190 fathers). PSE was measured across all seven time-points (from T1 to T7), while adolescents’ RB behaviors were measured at the first and last assessment (T1 and T7). Results of univariate latent growth models showed a cubic trend of mothers’ PSE, which revealed a decreasing pattern characterized initially by a slight decline, followed by a rebound before continuously decreasing. By contrast, fathers’ PSE followed a linear decrease over time. Finally, our findings evidenced that only the slope of mothers’ PSE negatively predicted adolescents’ RB behaviors at T7, implying that mothers who maintained higher levels of PSE over time had children who later engaged in lower RB behaviors. The study implications are discussed.
... The FIQ-NI was used to set the metric for the parenting stress latent variable, which was defined by three indicator variables: the PSI-PD, FIQ-NI, and PDH. The data met the assumptions of multilevel modeling (e.g., Singer & Willett, 2003). Detailed missing data analyses as well as estimation and imputation methods using Blimp 3 (Keller & Enders, 2021) are reported in Neece et al. (2023). ...
Objectives
Parents of autistic children experience elevated stress relative to parents of children with neurotypical development and children with other intellectual and developmental disabilities. Adverse effects of parenting stress on parent, child, and family functioning may be especially heightened for marginalized families. We conducted a randomized controlled trial that demonstrated the efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) relative to psychoeducational support (PE) for reducing stress in diverse and underserved parents of autistic preschoolers. This paper presents implementation data, and examines efficacy across in-person and virtual intervention modalities.
Method
Primary caregivers (n = 117; 91% female, 51% Latinx, 44% income < US $50,000) of 3- to 5-year-old autistic children (80% male, 68% with intellectual disability) were randomly assigned to MBSR (n = 59, 46% virtual) or PE (n = 58, 41% virtual). Assessments were conducted at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and at 6 and 12 months post-intervention.
Results
Both MBSR and PE demonstrated strong feasibility, acceptability, and utility for our diverse families. Comparable efficacy was observed across modalities. However, attendance was significantly better for virtual groups than for in-person groups. Parents participating in virtual MBSR also reported less difficulty completing homework and utilizing learned skills in everyday life than did in-person MBSR participants.
Conclusions
MBSR and PE appear feasible, acceptable, and efficacious for diverse and underserved parents of young autistic children. Preliminary evidence of comparable efficacy across virtual and in-person modalities indicates the potential to expand access to vital stress-reduction interventions through use of telehealth technology.
Preregistration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03459625.
... As described in detail below, our quantitative design used seven consecutive days of assessment and a multilevel approach to modeling outcomes. 49 Our qualitative design combined inductive and deductive approaches: our semi-structured interview and initial set of codes were primarily guided by existing theory and our research questions, with flexibility for exploring additional aspects of participants' experiences (during both interviews and the coding process). 33,34 We attended to the guiding principles of reflexive thematic analysis throughout the qualitative data analysis process, 50 and we include a researcher positionality statement to give context to our interpretations. ...
... Longitudinal approaches are recognized as the gold standard for growth modeling 49,50 . As discussed above, however, longitudinal studies incur significant costs in terms of resources and participant commitment. ...
Dense, longitudinal sampling represents the ideal for studying biological growth. However, longitudinal samples are not typically possible, due to limits of time, prohibitive cost, or health concerns of repeat radiologic imaging. In contrast, cross-sectional samples have few such drawbacks, but it is not known how well estimates of growth milestones can be obtained from cross-sectional samples. The Craniofacial Growth Consortium Study (CGCS) contains longitudinal growth data for approximately 2000 individuals. Single samples from the CGCS for individuals representing cross-sectional data were used to test the ability to predict growth parameters in linear trait measurements separately by sex. Testing across a range of cross-sectional sample sizes from 5 to the full sample, we found that means from repeated samples were able to approximate growth rates determined from the full longitudinal CGCS sample, with mean absolute differences below 1 mm at cross-sectional sample sizes greater than ~ 200 individuals. Our results show that growth parameters and milestones can be accurately estimated from cross-sectional data compared to population-level estimates from complete longitudinal data, underscoring the utility of such datasets in growth modeling. This method can be applied to other forms of growth (e.g., stature) and to cases in which repeated radiographs are not feasible (e.g., cone-beam CT).
... Results of the Framingham study showed that as small an increase as 10 mg /L of HDL-C is associated with a 2-3% reduction in CHD risk [24]. Moreover, HDL-C has a protective role in the incidence rate of CHD [25]. However, it remains currently unclear if treatment of MI patients with low serum levels of HDL has cardiovascular benefits [26]. ...
Objective
Unfavorable blood lipid profiles are robust risk factors in predicting atherosclerotic disease. Studies have shown that positive affect (PA) is associated with a favorable lipid profile. However, longitudinal studies regarding the course of PA and lipid profiles in myocardial infarction (MI) patients are lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to prospectively explore the association between PA and blood lipid levels across three inv estigations over 12 months following acute MI.
Methods
Patients following an acute MI were examined at hospital admission (n = 190), and at 3 months (n = 154) and 12 months (n = 106) thereafter. Linear mixed effect regression models were used to evaluate the relation between PA, assessed with the Global Mood Scale, and blood lipid levels. Potential confounding variables were controlled for in the analysis.
Results
Higher PA was significantly associated with higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and a lower total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C ratio over time, independent of demographic factors, indices of cardiac disease severity, comorbidity, medication use, health behaviors, serum cortisol and negative affect (p≤0.040). No association was found between PA and the two blood lipids low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG).
Conclusions
Positive affect was independently associated with HDL-C levels and the TC/HDL-C ratio in patients up to 1 year after MI. The findings support a potential role of PA for cardiovascular health through an association with a favorable blood lipid profile.
... We regressed each outcome separately (i.e., parental math talk, home math activities, and child math skills at post-test) on the treatment assignment variable and included a set of covariates as follows: child age at pre-test (in months), child sex (dummy variable with reference group female), child language skills (ROWPVT raw scores), parent education (dummy variable with reference group completed 4-year-college or greater) and the corresponding pre-test score (either parent math talk, home math activities or child math skills). By including child pre-test scores as a covariate, we were able to: 1) remove the existing relation between condition and math skills at pre-test; and 2) examine the effect of condition on change in math skills from pre-to post-test (Singer & Willett, 2003). Because child age was included as a separate covariate, raw scores on the ROWPVT were included in analyses (rather than standardized scores, which inherently control for child age). ...
... At each step, we assessed change in model fit by computing likelihood ratio tests and computed reduction in intercept and residual variances as effect size measures. These provide R 2 -type measures typically recommended for multilevel analysis (Singer & Willett, 2003). For each outcome variable, the distribution of residuals in the final model was also visually checked for normality and linearity. ...
A defining feature of biculturalism is the experience of switching back and forth between different cultural ways of being and acting in the world. This work investigates antecedents of this switching process using a cultural adaptation of the Day Reconstruction Method, in which participants divide the previous day into episodes and then rate these episodes on various criteria. We hypothesized that episode characteristics (specifically, language used) and stable personal dispositions (specifically, mainstream and heritage cultural orientations) would independently and interactively predict migrants’ cultural identification during an episode. We examined three types of identification among Russian-speaking migrants to Canada ( N = 109): mainstream (“Canadian”); heritage (“Russian”); and mainstream–heritage hybrid (“Russian-Canadian”). Results of multilevel regression analyses supported our hypotheses overall. A more positive orientation to a given cultural group and the use of that group’s language(s) were associated with stronger identification with that group during an episode. Language Use × Cultural Orientation interactions were evident for heritage and hybrid situational identification. The positive association between heritage orientation and situational heritage identification was stronger during episodes when the heritage language was not used than when it was used. A positive heritage orientation was associated with greater situational hybrid identification only during episodes when a mainstream language was used. The results are consistent with the perspective that acculturation is a multifaceted, contextual, and dynamic process whereby people acquire and flexibly use multiple cultural repertoires to meet both their general goals and the cultural demands of specific situations.
... effets mixtes(39) sur les espèces les plus fréquentes, c'est-à-dire présentes dans au moins 10 % des placeaux de chaque milieu. Pour chaque stade de développement, l'existence d'effet aléatoire dans les données a été analysée par ajustement au modèle mixte(45). La corrélation intra-classe était respectivement 0,13; 0,14 et 0,19 pour les stades de développement régénération, jeune arbre et arbre. Ces valeurs indiquent que 13 %, 14 % et 19 % de la variance totale sont expliquées par l'espèce à laquelle appartient l'individu ligneux respectivement aux stades de développement régénération, jeune arbre et arbre. ...
Sericostachys scandens Gilg & Lopr. (Amaranthaceae), liane envahissante, représente une menace pour les espèces ligneuses des forêts tropicales. Cette étude vise à comparer les paramètres dendrométriques des peuplements ligneux entre les milieux envahis par S. scandens et les milieux non envahis, puis à estimer l’influence de S. scandens sur les stades de développement des espèces ligneuses (régénération, jeune arbre, arbre) dans le Parc National de la Kibira (PNK) au Burundi. L’abondance de S. scandens et des autres espèces ligneuses a été évaluée dans 100 placeaux de 50 m x 50 m (équitablement répartis entre les milieux envahis et les milieux non envahis du PNK) et soumise à une analyse de la covariance, à un test t de Student et à un modèle linéaire mixte avec pente et ordonnée à l’origine aléatoires. Les paramètres dendrométriques (densité, diamètre, hauteur et surface terrière) sont significativement plus élevées dans les milieux non envahis comparativement aux milieux envahis. La prolifération de S. scandens a un effet négatif sur la densité de tous les stades de développement. S. scandens affecte négativement les peuplements forestiers du PNK. Le contrôle de S. scandens pourrait améliorer le recrutement des espèces ligneuses.
... Second, we examined how changes in economic activity were associated with mental distress across waves using linear mixed modelling (LMM). LMMs were tested in three main steps for each main predictor, testing: 1) current economic activity or changes in economic activity (both time-varying), with time (i.e., waves C1-C4, and C5-C8) and a random intercept; 2) the same model, now controlling for covariates collected at baseline (UKHLS main wave 9); 3) the same model, now also adding interaction terms between time and the time-varying predictor to test if the magnitude of associations changed within waves C1-C4 and C5-C8 [38]. Finally, we plotted adjusted predicted scores from the interaction models across 16 "categories" (i.e., four activity categories across four time points) to better interpret interactions [39]. ...
Background
While infection rates, lockdown policies, and labor market conditions substantially varied across COVID-19 waves, the majority of evidence on young adults’ mental health remains focused on initial responses in early 2020. The variability of the relationship between economic activity and mental health over time therefore remains poorly understood in this age group.
Methods
Using linear mixed models, we investigated the relationship between current activity and changes in activity and mental distress (GHQ-12) among 1,390 young adults aged 16–34 via the UK Household Longitudinal Study COVID-19 survey. The association was explored in the first (from April to July 2020) and second (from September 2020 to March 2021) infection waves. Current activity was defined as “not working”, “working <17.5 hours/week”, “17.5–35 hours/week”, and “> = 35 hours/week”. Changes in activity were derived from current and pre-pandemic working hours and divided into four categories: “working with no reduced hours”, “working fewer hours”, “no longer working”, and “did not work before the pandemic”.
Results
During the first wave, no association reached statistical significance. During the second wave: 1) compared to “currently not working”, working 35 or more hours was associated with decreased distress ( b = -1.54; 95%CI -2.39, -0.69) and working less than 17.5 hours was not ( b = -0.62; 95%CI -1.66, 0.41); 2) compared to “working with no reduced hours compared with before the outbreak”, no longer working was associated with increased distress ( b = 1.58, 95%CI 0.61, 2.55) and working with reduced hours was not ( b = 0.47, 95%CI -0.24, 1.17).
Conclusion
Above the mental health inequalities experienced at the start of the pandemic, full-time work–even with variation in work hours–continued to be a protective factor against mental distress among young adults during the second wave in the UK. Stable, full-time work can better support this age group’s mental well-being over time.
... Preliminary findings have shown that the DUI is usually a highly skewed dependent variable . Therefore, we evaluated the effects of the independent variables on the DUI using Cox Regression (Singer & Willett, 2003). We used the DUI in months to describe time until the occurrence of an event (treatment initiation). ...
Introduction
The duration of untreated illness (DUI), that is, the interval between the onset of anorexia nervosa (AN) symptoms and start of specialized treatments, has a strong influence on the prognosis.
Objective
To quantify modifiable predictors of the DUI and to derive recommendations for secondary prevention strategies.
Methods
Within a multicenter, multi‐informant study, DUI was assessed in interviews with patients undergoing first specialized AN treatment. Modifiable factors were assessed perspectives of AN‐patients, their relatives, and primary care practitioners [PCPs]) with the FABIANA‐checklist (Facilitators and barriers in anorexia nervosa treatment initiation). The effect of FABIANA‐items on the DUI for each perspective was calculated using Cox Regression (control variables: age, eating disorder pathology, health care status, migration background, body mass index [BMI]).
Results
We included data from N = 125 female patients with AN (72 adults, 53 adolescents, M age = 19.2 years, SD = 4.2, M BMI = 15.7 kg/m ² , SD = 1.9), N = 89 relatives (81.8% female, 18.2% male, M age = 46.0 years, SD = 11.0) and N = 40 PCPs ( M age = 49.7 years, SD = 9.0). Average DUI was 12.0 months. Watching or reading articles about the successful treatment of other individuals with AN (patients' perspective) and regular appointments with a PCP (PCPs' perspective) were related to a shorter DUI (HR = 0.145, p = .046/ HR = 0.395, p = .018). Patients whose relatives rated that PCPs trivialized patients' difficulties had a longer DUI (HR = −0.147, p = .037). PCPs and relatives rated PCPs' competence higher than patients did.
Discussion
It is recommended (a) to incorporate treatment success stories in prevention strategies, (b) to inform PCPs about potential benefits of regular appointments during the transition to specialized care, and (c) to train PCPs in dealing with patients' complaints.
Public Significance
Many individuals with AN seek treatment very late. Our study shows that a promising approach to facilitate earlier AN treatment is to inform patients about successful treatments of affected peers, to foster regular appointments with a PCP and, to motivate these PCPs to take individuals' with AN difficulties seriously. Thus, our study provides important suggestions for interventions that aim to improve early treatment in AN.
... For effects with 1 degree of freedom, we used Cohen's d as an approximate effect size. For effects with more than 1 degree of freedom, we used partial eta squared (η p 2 ) as an approximate effect size (Singer & Willett, 2003; see also Dinulescu et al., 2020). ...
... One outlier in SHAPS (i.e., anhedonia) scores was detected and removed. The effect of group assignment (Savoring vs. Slow Breathing) on affective outcomes was tested using intent-to-treat linear mixed-effects models allowing for random intercepts in accordance with recommended procedures in longitudinal analysis [55]. We first examined the effect of time (i.e., baseline to post-treatment) within Savoring and Slow Breathing groups separately. ...
Positive emotions are a promising target for intervention in chronic pain, but mixed findings across trials to date suggest that existing interventions may not be optimized to efficiently engage the target. The aim of the current mechanistic randomized controlled trial was to test the effects of a single skill positive emotion-enhancing intervention called Savoring Meditation on pain-related neural and behavioral targets in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Participants included 44 patients with a physician-confirmed diagnosis of RA (n=29 included in fMRI analyses), who were randomized to either Savoring Meditation or a Slow Breathing control. Both meditation interventions were brief (four 20-minute sessions). Self-report measures were collected pre- and post-intervention. An fMRI task was conducted at post-intervention, during which participants practiced the meditation technique on which they had been trained while exposed to non-painful and painful thermal stimuli. Relative to Slow Breathing, Savoring significantly reduced experimental pain intensity ratings relative to rest (p<.001), increased cerebral blood flow in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and increased connectivity between the vmPFC and caudate during noxious thermal stimulation (z=2.3 voxelwise, FDR cluster corrected p=0.05). Participants in the Savoring condition also reported significantly increased positive emotions (ps<.05) and reduced anhedonic symptoms (p<.01) from pre- to post-intervention. These findings suggest that that Savoring recruits reward-enhancing corticostriatal circuits in the face of pain, and future work should extend these findings to evaluate if these mechanisms of Savoring are associated with improved clinical pain outcomes in diverse patient populations.
... Additionally, because of missing data at some time points, the dataset is an unbalanced panel dataset where cases are unevenly distributed across countries. The multilevel random slope model is appropriate for fitting models to unbalanced data (Singer & Willett, 2003). ...
This interim report presents the initial findings of the research project, "International Mobility and World Development," which seeks to assess the systemic impact of ECA-sponsored international exchanges on both individuals and their home countries. The research project combines quantitative analysis with qualitative insights to examine the intricate connections between international mobility and national development.
In this interim analysis, we focus on the quantitative aspects, leveraging a unique cross-national time-series dataset (Dataset 1) that integrates data on world development indicators, ECA-sponsored international exchanges to the United States, and total student mobility to the United States, China, and Russia. The dataset allows us to explore the diverse impacts of different types of mobility – student mobility (SM), professional mobility (PM), and youth/cultural mobility (YCM) – on various facets of development.
Key findings from this interim report include:
a. The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA)-sponsored student mobility (SM) has a stronger link to opportunities for women, justice and freedoms, population health, and educational opportunities in the home country than other mobility types.
b. ECA-sponsored professional mobility (PM) has a stronger association with economic development than other mobility types.
c. ECA-sponsored youth/cultural mobility (YCM) does not have a robust association with the five areas of development examined in this study.
d. The link between total ECA-sponsored mobility and national development differs by region. Economic development was found to be most closely associated with ECAsponsored mobility in Europe and Eurasia (EUR); opportunities for women in East Asia and Pacific (EAP); justice and freedoms in Western Hemisphere (WHA); population health in Sub-Saharan Africa (AF); and educational opportunity in EAP.
e. The proportion of students studying in the United States — both self-funded and
scholarship-sponsored (ECA- and non-ECA-sponsored) degree exchanges — is associated with improved opportunities for women, justice and freedoms, population health, and educational opportunities. In contrast, having larger proportions of individuals pursuing higher education in China and Russia is linked with negative to no association with development of student home countries.
... In addition, u0i and u1i were variances reflecting individual differences from the sample average level of cortisol and cortisol response to discrimination estimates, respectively. Empirical Bayes (model-based) slopes were calculated for each individual by adding the sample average effect of daily discrimination on cortisol (γ10) with individualized random slopes (u1i, Singer & Willett, 2003). Therefore, each person had unique regression parameters, representing their own relation between discrimination and cortisol. ...
Discrimination experiences are a salient contributor to the health disparities facing Latina/x/o youth. The biopsychosocial model of minority health posits that discrimination influences health through wear and tear on the biological stress responses, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is a primary stress response system in the body. Emerging evidence suggests that discrimination alters the secretion of cortisol, the end product of the HPA axis, yet, whether the daily processes between discrimination and diurnal cortisol response influence mental and sleep health remains unanswered. This study integrated daily diary and post-diary survey data to examine whether daily diurnal cortisol responses to discrimination influence adolescents’ mental (depressive symptoms, anxiety) and sleep (sleep quality, duration) health in a sample of Mexican-origin youth (N = 282; Mage = 17.10; 55% female). Results showed that adolescents who experienced more discrimination across the four-day diary period exhibited steeper diurnal cortisol slopes and lower evening cortisol; however, such physiological responses tended to be associated with poorer adolescents’ mental and sleep health. The current study underscores the potential adaptation cost associated with short-term cortisol adaptation in the face of discrimination.
... A gyógyszerperzisztencia-adatokat 30 napos időközönként tudtuk elérni az OEP adatbázisában, és diszkrét idejű túlélést becsültünk, majd ezt ábrázoltuk az idő függvényében. Komplementer log-log link függvényt használó általánosított lineáris modellt becsültünk a modellezéshez, amely a jól ismert (folytonos idejű) túlélés-elemzés bevált diszkrét idejű megfelelője volt [6,7]. Az egyes készítmények közötti hazárd proporcionalitást úgy ellenőriztük, hogy hozzáadtuk a modellhez a gyógyszer és az eltelt idő interakcióját, majd összehasonlítottuk ennek a -szaturált -modellnek az illeszkedését az eredeti modellével. ...
Introduction:
Various fixed combinations of antihypertensive agents are highlighted in European and Hungarian hypertension guidelines. A renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system antagonist (RAAS inhibitor) in combination with calcium channel blockers (CCBs) or diuretics are recommended as the first step in antihypertensive therapy.
Objectives:
The aim of the authors was to compare the one-year persistence of RAAS inhibitor fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) in hypertension.
Method:
The authors have analyzed the prescription database of the National Health Insurance Fund and selected patients who first filled prescriptions for any RAAS inhibitor FDC between October 1, 2012, and September 30, 2013, and who did not redeem prescriptions for similar preparations in the year preceding the selection period. Apparatus of survival analysis was used, where "survival" was the time to abandon the medication.
Results:
A total of 443 149 patients met the selection criteria. The one-year persistence of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor)/CCB FDCs was 44.59%, while that of angiotensin II receptor inhibitor (ARB)/thiazide diuretic (HCT) FDCs was 42.52%. This was followed by ACE inhibitor/indapamide FDCs at 37.27%, ARB/CCB FDCs at 29.04%, and ACE inhibitors/HCT FDCs at 27.47%. Compared to ACE inhibitor/indapamide FDCs (reference), the risk of discontinuing ACE inhibitor/CCBs was 31 percentage points lower (HR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.6855-0.6996, p<0.0001), and the risk of discontinuing ARB/HCT FDCs was 18 percentage points lower (HR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.8096-0.8267, p<0.0001). However, the risk of discontinuing ACE inhibitor/HCT FDCs was 17 percentage points higher (HR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.1562-1.1825, p<0.0001), and the risk of discontinuing ARB/CCB FDCs was 20 percentage points higher (HR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.17316-1.2239, p<0.0001). The average medication adherence time limited to 360 days was 239.9 days for ACE inhibitor/CCB FDCs, 214.8 days for ARB/HCT FDCs, 193.8 days for ACE inhibitor/indapamide FDCs, 178.8 days for ARB/CCB FDCs, and 177.6 days for ACE inhibitor/HCT FDCs.
Conclusions:
The authors have demonstrated that the one-year persistence of RAAS inhibitor FDCs varies significantly in hypertensive patients. ACE inhibitor/CCB FDCs were found to be the most advantageous. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(34): 1337-1341.
... We tested our hypotheses using multilevel models to account for repeated measurements nested within individuals (Singer & Willett, 2003). We began with unconditional means models with no predictors and proceeded to hypothesis-testing models. ...
Parents are inundated with suggestions to improve their relationships with their children and promote child development, but improving caregiver well-being is often overlooked despite being considered one of the most important methods to promote healthy child development. Drawing on the robust literature on the emotional and relationship benefits of gratitude, we present two studies demonstrating the advantages of gratitude for parents' well-being and family functioning. First, in a 7-day daily experience study conducted in 2018 (N = 270), daily gratitude predicted greater well-being and family functioning, controlling for daily happiness, coder-rated care difficulty, and sociodemographics. Second, in a short-term longitudinal experiment conducted in 2018 (N = 619), participants were randomly assigned to write a gratitude letter or to complete a control activity. In this study, expressing gratitude predicted greater well-being and family functioning 1 week later via increases in positive emotions. Notably, across both studies neither felt nor expressed gratitude referred to one's children; however, the results of our studies suggest that gratitude in general improves parent-child relationships and family well-being. This work provides insights regarding ways to improve parents' well-being without requiring greater effort, energy, or attention to one's children, and it suggests that promoting parents' gratitude in general may benefit the entire family. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
... The data were evaluated for and met the assumptions of multilevel modeling (e.g. Singer & Willett, 2003). ...
Parents of autistic children often experience high levels of parenting stress, which can have negative mental and physical effects on both the parent and child. This study tested the efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction in reducing parenting stress in parents of preschool-aged autistic children compared to a psychoeducation and support intervention. We assessed parenting stress before and after the interventions and at 6- and 12-month follow-up. Both interventions significantly decreased parenting stress, but mindfulness-based stress reduction reduced stress more than did psychoeducation and support, with the strongest effect observed 1 year later. This suggests that the stress-reducing benefits of mindfulness-based stress reduction persist and may increase over time.
... Calculation of posttraumatic stress, problematic anger, and depression trajectories in the PPDS was based on mixed-effect growth models using the nlme package (Pinheiro et al., 2022) in R (R Core Team, 2022). Mixed-effect growth models estimate trajectories over time (Singer and Willett, 2003) and can be used to extract empirical Bayes estimates of the intercept (average) and slope for each individual. We followed a four-step model building procedure (Bliese and Ployhart, 2002) detailed in Supplementary Methods, Supplementary Results, and Supplementary Table 1. ...
Background:
Many servicemembers experience difficulties transitioning from military to civilian life. We examined whether changes in mental health observed during active duty were associated with indices of post-military adjustment.
Methods:
Survey data from the multi-wave Army STARRS Pre/Post Deployment Study (PPDS; conducted 2012-2014) were linked to follow-up data from wave 1 of the STARRS Longitudinal Study (STARRS-LS1; conducted 2016-2018). Empirical Bayes estimates of intercepts and slopes of posttraumatic stress, problematic anger, and depressive symptoms during the PPDS were extracted from mixed-effects growth models and evaluated as predictors of life stress among 1080 participants who had separated or retired from the Army at STARRS-LS1; and of job satisfaction among 586 veterans who were employed at STARRS-LS1.
Results:
Higher average levels and larger increases in posttraumatic stress, anger, and depression over the deployment period were each associated with increased stress and (in the case of anger and depression) reduced job satisfaction. Posttraumatic stress and anger slopes were associated with overall stress (b = 5.60, p < 0.01 and b = 15.64, p = 0.04, respectively) and relationship stress (b = 5.50, p = 0.01 and b = 22.86, p = 0.01, respectively) beyond the average levels of those symptoms.
Limitations:
Some transition-related difficulties may have resolved before outcome assessment; some measures were not previously validated.
Conclusions:
Larger increases in posttraumatic stress and anger over a deployment period were associated with increased stress after leaving the Army, even after controlling for average symptom levels during the same period. Monitoring changes in mental health during active duty may help identify personnel who need additional support to facilitate the military-to-civilian transition.
... ICC is also a measure of the average autocorrelation of the outcome variable over time (Singer & Willett, 2003). ...
The current high-choice media environment is characterized by increasingly intense competition for audience resources among media products. Drawing on research in organizational ecology and communication, audience behavior, and media economics, this study provides an ecological explanation for audience size in the digital media system. The analysis of Comscore's aggregate audience data on the use of 64 digital media platforms over a 38-month period from 2019 to 2022 shows that a platform's audience size is negatively associated with its niche overlap with another platform. This competitive effect of niche overlap on a platform's current audience size is moderated by its previous audience size (size dependence) and species membership in the environment (species dependence). The results also support the short-and long-term stability of audience size.
... Our study refers to observations conducted at twotime points; thus, the present study cannot be considered a longitudinal study (Singer, & Willett, 2003). For observations at two-time points, change score and correlation/regressions techniques are appropriated (Garcia, & Marder, 2017). ...
There is strong scientific evidence that intelligence remains stable from childhood to adulthood; however, no study has examined the generalizability of these findings for native Brazilian samples. Here we present a study carried out in 2002 and from 2014-2017 (average timespan of 15 years) in order to verify the stability of psychometric intelligence. A sample of 120 participants (mean age Time 1 = 10.0 yrs, mean age Time 2 = 23.6 yrs) was assessed using the Raven's Progressive Matrices and verbal subtests from the WISC-III and WAIS-III. The results indicated a moderate coefficient (around .50) for intelligence differential stability independent of the measurement administered. Regarding absolute stability, real cognitive gains were observed from Time 1 to Time 2, despite controlling the effect of the regression toward the mean. Finally, sex (female) and intelligence were statistically significant predictors of rapid educational progression.
... Aim 1 Analysis: All analysis will be performed using SAS 9.4 with a significance level of 0.05. Evaluation of the primary and secondary outcomes will be performed using general or generalized linear mixed effects models [51,52] for the continuous outcomes including change in Table 3 Outcome measures for GLB-TBI telehealth project. ...
Obesity rates after traumatic brain injury (TBI) are high and are associated with greater risk of morbidity (diabetes, hypertension) and mortality when compared to the general population. Evidence-based interventions for this population are needed and our work modifying and examining the efficacy of the Diabetes Prevention Program Group Lifestyle Balance (GLB-TBI) are promising. Our recent randomized controlled trial included 57 adults with TBI who completed the GLB-TBI in-person and lost 17.8 ± 16.4lbs (7.9% body weight) compared to the attention control (0%). To broaden the accessibility of the intervention we will complete an RCT to assess the efficacy of telehealth delivery (tGLB-TBI) by enrolling 88 participants over a 3 year period. Results will provide a scalable telehealth weight-loss program that clinicians and community workers across the country can use to help people with TBI lose weight and improve health. The long-term goal is to reduce health inequities and broaden program dissemination to people with TBI that lack access due to environmental barriers, including living rurally or lacking transportation.
... Preliminary efficacy outcomes were assessed using intention-to-treat analyses for all participants providing data at baseline and at least one of the post-intervention or follow-up assessments. Data were modeled using longitudinal mixed-effects models (Singer & Willett, 2003) and estimated within a Bayesian framework (Gelman et al., 2014) using the brms software package (Bürkner, 2017). Treatment group was effect coded (0.5 = LARKSPUR, -0.5 = Control). ...
Background and Objectives
To examine the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a positive affect skills intervention for middle-aged and older adults with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS).
Research Design and Methods
Ninety-five participants with FMS aged 50 and older (94% female) were randomized to one of two conditions: (1) Lessons in Affect Regulation to Keep Stress and Pain UndeR control (LARKSPUR; n = 49) or (2) emotion reporting/control (n = 46). LARKSPUR included 5 weeks of skill training that targeted eight skills to help foster positive affect, including (1) noticing positive events, (2) savoring positive events, (3) identifying personal strengths, (4) behavioral activation to set and work toward attainable goals, (5) mindfulness, (6) positive reappraisal, (7) gratitude, and (8) acts of kindness. Outcome data were collected via online surveys at baseline, post-intervention, and 1-month follow-up.
Results
Completion rates (88%) and satisfaction ratings (10-point scale) were high (LARKSPUR: M = 9.14, SD = 1.49; Control: M = 8.59, SD = 1.97). Improvements were greater in LARKSPUR participants compared to control participants on measures of positive affect (Cohen’s d = 0.19 [0.15, 0.24]), negative affect (Cohen’s d = -0.07 [-0.11, -0.02]), and pain catastrophizing (Cohen’s d = -0.14 [-0.23, -0.05]). Improvements in positive affect (Cohen’s d = 0.17 [0.13, 0.22]) and negative affect (Cohen’s d = -0.11 [-0.15, -0.06]) were maintained at 1-month follow-up. Dose-response analyses indicated that intervention engagement significantly predicted pre-to-to post and post to follow-up reductions in pain catastrophizing.
Discussion and Implications
The current preliminary findings add to existing literature and highlight the specific potential of internet-delivered positive affect skills programs for adults with FMS.
The nature-versus-nurture debate in the realm of talent development (TD) research has persisted for decades, with extreme reductionist views at opposite ends of the spectrum. This chapter explores various research methodologies that aim to shed light on the origins and progression of talent. Emphasizing the significance of Type 2 Research, which focuses on short-term differential learning and long-term developmental trajectories, this chapter reviews and evaluates a variety of research endeavors emphasizing interindividual differences in talent and TD. These encompass behavioral genetics research, gifted and talented placement-prediction research, expertise development research, and research on modeling long-term differential patterns in talent domains. In conclusion, this chapter highlights the contributions and issues surrounding Type 2 Research in talent development. It emphasizes the importance of considering nature and nurture in understanding talent, offering valuable insights into the complex interplay of factors that shape high-level performance.
Recognizing the importance of adaptation, previous studies have revealed substantial differences between native-born and migrant descendants in their reproductive behavior, sometimes aligning with behavior in the country of origin, and other times deviating from it. To gain insight into this puzzle, we make use of register data from Finland to analyze the timing of parenthood (first parity) of different groups of migrant descendants, in comparison to that of native-born individuals. Employing discrete-time logistic regressions, complemented by matching and mediation analyses, our research uncovers significant differences between migrant descendants with two foreign-born parents and those with one foreign-born and one native-born parent (2.5-generation), even when they partly originate from the same regions. Moreover, our study challenges the conventional choice of native-born individuals as the reference category, highlighting the importance of considering the unique urban profile of migrant descendants. The examination of the mediating effects of education and partnership status reveals that education does not appear to slow down the pace of female migrant descendants compared to native-born women. However, among male migrant descendants, higher levels of education correlate with a delayed age at which they have their first child, as compared to native-born men. Furthermore, we identify a substantial deceleration through partnership status for both male and female migrant descendants. This suggests that challenges in finding suitable partners in the host country can contribute to a delay in the age at which migrant descendants have their first child; a phenomenon that seems to extend even to those with one native-born parent.
Much existing research in marketing examines theory using between-persons research designs, yet draws implications that are based on within-person causal logics. This mismatch is problematic in developing marketing knowledge, and in impacting marketing practice effectively. The present article discusses the importance of conducting within-person research in marketing, alongside suggesting marketing constructs that could benefit from within-person analyses. We provide details on how to conceptualize within-person theories, and compare them with the more common between-persons approach. Furthermore, a set of important methodological considerations and recommendations for designing within-person studies is elaborated on, and theoretical and empirical principles are applied to an empirical demonstration. The results show how theories and relationships can sometimes differ across levels, but in other instances can remain consistent. We draw out a set of important implications and directions for future marketing research, and encourage researchers to incorporate within-person approaches into their toolkit of theoretical and empirical methods.
Background
Long COVID is a multisystemic condition which affects quality of life and implies a multidisciplinary treatment approach. There is still limited evidence on management techniques for this syndrome. “Telerehabilitation” could be an important tool when addressing the symptoms of this patients with the aim of increasing their quality of life. The purpose of this trial is to analyse the effectiveness of an online multimodal rehabilitation programme to improve the symptomatology of people with long COVID and their quality of life.
Methods
A pragmatic randomised controlled trial will be performed with two parallel groups: (1) usual treatment by the primary care practitioner (Treatment as usual, TAU; control group) and (2) TAU plus the use of an online multimodal rehabilitation programme, including videoconferences and content published on a Moodle platform (intervention group). The data will be collected before and after the intervention. A follow-up will take place 3 months later.
Discussion
There is still a lack of knowledge regarding the management of the symptoms of long COVID. This creates the need to add scientific evidence about the care of this disease, considering that multidisciplinary social and health teams can offer the necessary care so that these patients can recover their previous quality of life.
Clinical trial registration: The protocol for this study was registered with the ISRCTN Registry [registration number: ISRCTN15414370] on 28 December 2022.
The coronavirus pandemic has brought about a number of partly improvised, partly only temporary, but in every respect diverse and often unprecedented social policy measures in Europe. The edited volume provides an encompassing and longer-term analysis of social policy responses during the COVID-19 crisis in order to ask in which direction the European welfare states on the one hand, and EU social policy on the other hand, are developing as a result of the pandemic with respect to polity, politics, and policy instruments. The book focuses on the tension between continuity and change from different interdisciplinary and theoretical perspectives. Contributions range from single case studies to comparative policy analyses. The chapters in this book study (1) welfare state change during the pandemic in order to contribute to welfare state and regime theory; (2) policy responses in specific social policy domains, their socio-structural effects for particular social groups; and their potential future effects on the social security systems in different countries; and (3) social policymaking as a multilevel process, analyzing different crises responses and discussing the implications for European integration and EU social policy. Overall, the different social policy areas, European countries, and social groups studied in this volume show not only that the welfare state is here to stay, but also that social policy may potentially develop and expand its competences at the European level.
The coronavirus pandemic has brought about a number of partly improvised, partly only temporary, but in every respect diverse and often unprecedented social policy measures in Europe. The edited volume provides an encompassing and longer-term analysis of social policy responses during the COVID-19 crisis in order to ask in which direction the European welfare states on the one hand, and EU social policy on the other hand, are developing as a result of the pandemic with respect to polity, politics, and policy instruments. The book focuses on the tension between continuity and change from different interdisciplinary and theoretical perspectives. Contributions range from single case studies to comparative policy analyses. The chapters in this book study (1) welfare state change during the pandemic in order to contribute to welfare state and regime theory; (2) policy responses in specific social policy domains, their socio-structural effects for particular social groups; and their potential future effects on the social security systems in different countries; and (3) social policymaking as a multilevel process, analyzing different crises responses and discussing the implications for European integration and EU social policy. Overall, the different social policy areas, European countries, and social groups studied in this volume show not only that the welfare state is here to stay, but also that social policy may potentially develop and expand its competences at the European level.
The issue of bad data and the potential misinterpretation of that data is becoming part of a growing debate within the wildlife conservation field. However, research on this topic has been limited compared to other fields. Therefore, to overcome these issues, this study followed an inductive data-driven approach using mixed-effects longitudinal methods for count-based data. This study adds to this growing debate by attempting to discern the potential causes of elephant poaching in African countries utilizing potentially unreliable data. Because wildlife crime is a societal problem, this study measured the probability of a wildlife reserve reporting illegally killed elephants found on MIKE (monitoring of illegally killed elephants) sites, given country-level factors—such as the amount of gross domestic product (GDP), the rate of urbanization, the total percentage of forest area in a country, and the perception of corruption in the country—and wildlife reserve-level factors, such as the size of the MIKE sites and the population estimates for the number of elephants within these MIKE sites. This study also looked at other controlling factors, such as misreporting information, the reliability of reporting information, and the international effect on elephant poaching. As a result, this study found that several factors attributing to economic demand, urbanization, corruption in the country, and the elephant population size on a designated MIKE site contributed to the odds of elephants being reported as having been illegally killed despite issues with reporting, international pressure, and efforts to crack down on corruption in end-market countries like China.
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