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... Freud with a very singular form that our memories take. Whereas he initially insisted that repressed memories had to be uncovered through verbal representation (Breuer & Freud, 1893-1895, he later appreciated that memories are often enacted rather than verbalized (Freud, /1962b. He wrote, "When memory is repressed, the person is obliged to repeat the repressed material as a contemporary experience instead of. . ...
... Repetition and enactment are ways we show that we remember. Freud ( /1962b) explained that "this is why we sometimes say that the patient does not remember anything of what he has forgotten and repressed, but acts it out. He reproduces it not as a memory but as an action; he repeats it, without, of course, knowing that he is repeating it" (p. ...
In the past 20 years, much has been written about the death of psychoanalysis and, along with it, its founder, Sigmund Freud. In this article, it is argued that a great deal of what has been erased is Freud’s thinking on the importance of memory and the uncovering of repression for the therapeutic process and for mental health. From the beginning of his psychoanalytic writings, Freud was interested in the function that memory played in psychoanalysis, both as theory and as therapeutic technique. Although he continued to develop and revise his theory well into his eighties, Freud never ceased to believe in the utmost significance of uncovering repression for the human psyche. The aim here is to revive what is believed to be some of Freud’s most important contributions on the subject of memory and to offer some suggestions as to why these intellectual gems have been neglected in recent years or, when not neglected, divorced from their originator.
... Trauma implies the act of forgetting and repetition. According to Freud (1959), a trauma victim not only remembers forgotten and repressed events but also reproduces them in his behaviour, often without being aware of it. (Freud, Recollection, Repetition and Working Through). ...
This thesis examines the concept of historical amnesia as a societal response to trauma in PostApartheid South Africa, delving into the complex interplay of memory, identity, and reconciliation. It investigates how the South Aftrican society transitioning from periods of conflict and trauma deal with their pasts, struggling with the need to both remember and forget while seeking to forge a new collective identity. At the core of this investigation is the establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), a critical institution aimed at exposing apartheid atrocities and laying the ground for potential healing and reconciliation. The study juxtaposes the TRC's objectives with the government's controversial amnesty policy that offered impunity to perpetrators of apartheid-era crimes under particular conditions, thereby influencing the narrative of accountability and justice. The research also looks into Thabo Mbeki's iconic speech, "I am an African," as a reflection of the pride and resilience inherent in the African identity amidst the ongoing effort to reconcile this identity with the legacy of division and trauma left by apartheid. This juxtaposition highlights the inherent contradictions and challenges that South Africa faces on its path toward national unity and healing, demonstrating that historical amnesia, while providing a temporary cover for the scars of the past, cannot eliminate the need for a truthful engagement with history. The study shows that the journey to reconciliation and identity reconstruction in PostApartheid South Africa is multifaceted, with processes of remembering and forgetting inextricably tied to the larger struggle for justice, healing, and unity. It maintains that while historical amnesia may serve as a coping mechanism for previous traumas, a society's ultimate reconciliation with its past requires a careful balance of remembrance and forgetfulness, highlighted by a dedication to justice and the recognition of historical realities. Through this lens, the study adds to a better understanding of the dynamic and continuous process of constructing a unified national identity in the aftermath of significant social trauma.
... Enactments occur when traumatic experience cannot be remembered and put into words (Freud, 1914). A core principle of the US relational and interpersonal analytic schools, influenced by Ferenczi, is that in any treatment, there are two unconsciouses in the room. ...
... The dream exposes her inner psychology and unfolds her secretly subconscious fears. Freud (1946) asserts that ''the hidden conflicts may be revealed through slips of the tongue, or dreams'' (p.3). In the dream, Honey's repressed fears are transformed into images conveyed via what Freud terms as ''formal regression.'' ...
This study examines the influence of past traumatic experiences about sex and motherhood
as well as internal conflicts, buried deep in the subconscious, on an individual's
marital life through the analysis of the character of Honey in Edward Albee's
Who is Afraid of Virginia Woolf?.
... In 1914, Freud (1946) wrote that acting out may occur in psychoanalysis when the patient expresses in action what is forgotten or repressed . Various amplifications and correlates of acting out have been considered (Altman, 1957;Fenichel, 1945;Greenacre, 1950;Kanzer, 1957;Rosenfeld, 1966), but the concept seems to be used in a vague , ill-defined way on many occasions. ...
Is the term sexual acting out used only to describe something about the patient, or does it have an implicit moral condemnation as well? To clarify the implicit meaning of the term, its use was studied at a state mental hospital and at a university psychology clinic. Significant findings included the following: (1) sexual acting out was seldom used to describe males, and was almost exclusively applied to females, and (2) sexual acting out was used in a negative, condemning way. Implications of the results are discussed.
... In this excerpt, we see how the analyst clarifies and interprets one of the main core problematic relational patterns and conflicts in Penny's romantic life, connecting her present and past relationships, explaining the defensive function of some of her romantic proclivities and empathizing with her past and present suffering. Moreover, the analyst explains to Penny one of the mutative factors of psychoanalysis, the working through (Freud, 1914), and is slightly confrontational toward her difficulty in relinquishing the infantile link with her husband. He is straightforward, warm, attuned, and engaged. ...
The aim of this article is to assess the difference in the analytic processes between two patients with similar personality profiles, who were in analysis during the same time, by two analysts with similar training and working in a similar setting. We explored patients' personality and changes with the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF; APA, 2000) and the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-200 (SWAP-200; Westen & Shedler, 1999a, 1999b) applied by two pairs of independent raters in 16 sessions. In addition, we assessed therapeutic processes with the Analytic Process Scales (APS; Waldron, Scharf, Hurst, Firestein, & Burton, 2004b) and the Dynamic Interaction Scales (DIS; Waldron, Gazzillo, Genova, Lingiardi, 2013) applied by three independent raters to 20 sessions, as well as the Helping Alliance Rating Scale (HAR; Luborsky, Crits-Cristoph, Alexander, Margolis, & Cohen, 1983) applied to eight sessions from the beginning of each therapy. Our results showed striking differences between the outcomes of these two psychoanalyses that are paralleled by differences in their therapeutic process. We provide verbatim clinical interactions to illustrate these differences and explore the potential implications of these findings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
... Although psychoanalytic theory postulates that appropriate interpretations increase the patient's awareness of and access to his experience, it does not postulate that the course of psychotherapy is characterized by a smoothly continuous reduction of defenses and resistances. Freud (1914) stated that interpretations successfully made frequently have to be made again and Fenichel (1939) said that the process of psychotherapy might be considered analogous to the work of mourning, in which distressing memories continue to recur even while their pain is being reduced. But the overall therapeutic process must surely be considered cumulative in that the reduction of resistances to the expression of impulses and the improvement of ego functioning in obtaining satisfaction of those impulses are important goals of psychotherapy. ...
Describes the development of 2 scales dealing with the process of psychotherapy. The study postulated that progress in client-centered psychotherapy requires of the patient both an experiencing of affects (openness) and a reflective, reasoning activity (awareness). Segments of recorded sessions with 6 neurotic patients were selected, and a demonstration tape to train raters was constructed. The 2 5-point scales measured openness to experience and degree of self-reflection. Four other neurotic patients were used to judge the interrater reliability of the scales. Coefficients for the openness scale ranged from .50 to .64; for awareness from .51 to .73. The ratings of openness and awareness were significantly related to therapist supervisor judgments about the outcome of treatment; a lack of uniformity was noted, however, in the results for individual patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... INTRODUCTION Since Freud's (1912/1959, 1914/1959 seminal formulations, the concept of resistance has been a subject of much concern in psychotherapy (see Arkowitz, 2002a). While Freud sometimes used resistance and defense synonymously, he eventually ". . . ...
The characterological resistance of the psychotherapy supervisor to engage in authentic relatedness with psychotherapy supervisees is examined. Three types of supervisor resistances are considered: Autonomy based, shame based, and narcissism based. These resistances are placed within a developmental context and are viewed as particularly problematic for supervisors new to the role of supervising. While these resistances can subside over time, they still have a decidedly negative impact on the supervision experience and can restrain supervisee learning and growth as a therapist. Self-analysis, psychotherapy, psychotherapy supervision coursework, and the supervision of supervision are presented as methods by which supervisor characterological resistances can be attacked.
... The compulsive element in the repetition of earlier behavioural patterns is most strikingly demonstrated in the phenomenon described as â€oe¿ acting out in the transference― (Freud, 1914). Instead of recalling a particular memory or series of memories, the patient behaves in specific ways either inside or outside the con sulting room. ...
This paper has three separate yet interrelated aims. First, it sets out to describe a series of clinical phenomena and attempts to show that they arise from a common source. Secondly, the consideration of this data may possibly amplify statements which have been made in the past regarding the nature of mental activity. Thirdly, there seems reason to believe that some of the phenomena described may help to provide a more rigorous definition of the transference concept.
This thesis explores the working with maps and the agency and effects of mapping. It aims to inspect on what basis mapping qualifies as one critical spatial practice. The theory of participatory mapping tends to overlook its account for the functioning of mapping as experience. This account is crucial since maps and mapping can assign the power they are assumed to have. It means to ask, from the standpoint of a transdisciplinary perspective informed by the theory and practice of psychoanalysis, what are the functions of mapping and the work of and with maps. To make sense of these functions, I devise categories through which to approach maps, mapping and their effects. A better knowledge of these enables researchers, educators, and academics to grasp the complexities and potentials of mapping as a method for participatory initiatives. From a practice of mapping in which the dwellers of an informal urban settlement became mapmakers, I glimpsed the functioning of mapping as chinks and catalysts through which to transform realities. This thesis shows mapping being applied as a practice of space and as a dialogic participatory method. This research applied three methods: i) semi-structured mapping interviews in which the respondent interacts with a paper basemap; ii) transect walks; iii) participatory photography. These methods form a descriptive, experimental, qualitative research focused on the discovery and observation of phenomena. The significance of this study is that it improves the theoretical and empirical grasp of how maps and mapping function. It shows that they catalyse the representations in space, channelling, along the process, the mapmakers’ recognition of their objective and subjective circumstances. The categories outlined here about the transitional functions of mapping provide to future applications in which the agency of maps and mapping can contribute to the mapmakers’ transformation of their realities.
The paper describes a treatment pilot for gambling and compulsive addiction within an NHS problem gambling clinic. The pilot study used a brief relational psychodynamic treatment protocol specifically designed to meet the needs of a group of patients who had not responded to CBT and who had other addictions or co-morbidities. Seventy two (n= 72) patients were offered 12 sessions of therapy by four psychodynamic counsellors. Results were assessed using pre and post treatment PHQ-9, GAD-7 and PGSI scores. Weekly feedback and supervision from counsellors and patients was used to assess the treatment model. The results highlighted that the Psychodynamic Addiction Model (PAM) was associated with reduced depression (Mean=14.9; SD 6.7), anxiety (Mean=11.5; SD 5.9) and gambling severity (p <. 001), suggesting that a relational psychodynamic treatment is needed for complex patients with compulsive addiction, where CBT had not been successful. These results also highlight the importance of the therapeutic relationship as a critical factor in the treatment of patients with compulsive addiction problems.
Humour not only seems unsuited for the representation of an event of such cataclysmic dimensions as the Holocaust, but also inappropriate for the realization of the two most persistent demands regarding Holocaust representation: to document objective historical truth or facts and to honour and preserve in appropriately solemn fashion the memory of the Holocaust. Representations involving some form of humour tend to subvert this task through intentional distortion, ambiguity, or false appearance. Humour partakes in deliberately veiled language and in some form of deception or play.
This article dwells on the imperative to say “nothing”, concentrating its attention, for the most part, on Worstward Ho. It aims to illuminate the imperative’s temporality as well as to account for its origin. It is suggested that Beckett’s late writing is best approached not by way of phenomenology but from what Walter Benjamin calls the “fundamental problem of the theory of language” (2007: 316; trans. modified): the question of the medial matter of language as such.
Opsomming
Hierdie artikel wei uit oor die imperatief “om niks te sê nie” en fokus grotendeels op Worstward Ho. Die doel van die artikel is om lig te werp op die imperatief se tydelikheid en ook om die oorsprong daarvan te probeer verklaar. Daar word aangevoer dat die beste benadering tot Beckett se laat werke nie in die fenomenologie lê nie maar wel in wat Walter Benjamin die fundamentele probleem van die taalteorie noem (2007: 316), naamlik die kwessie van die bemiddelende aard van taal as sodanig.
This essay argues that Chang-rae Lee's novel A Gesture Life exemplifies both the conceptual gains and the potential pitfalls of current Asian American literature's transnationalism. The first section of the essay discusses the interlocking of psychoanalytic theory and political philosophy, specifically Freud's uncanny and Arendt's banality of evil, in Lee's portrait of the psychology of criminal repression. The second section juxtaposes Lee's novel against real-life comfort women's survivor testimonies to probe broader questions of historical memory, politicized historiography, and the modes of circulation and authority in contemporary international comfort women discourse. The final section, which recontextualizes Lee's novel within current debates in Asian and Asian American Studies, argues against a paradigm of alterity vis-à-vis the comfort women and proposes instead a transnational aesthetic premised on the human.
The author draws on movement theory and nonverbal research to show that there is a kinetic text, made up of all action and interaction, inclusive of speech action, that is as palpable and affecting as the verbal text. In this close description of a case, the author introduces the concept of the kinetic transference and countertransference, an aspect of the kinetic text and part of the overall transferential context of psychoanalysis. The author applies the theories and technical language of movement theory and nonverbal research to highlight the fundamental physicality of the psychoanalytic situation, and to bring this focus into the contemporary move to explore and comprehend action as an inevitable component of our enterprise. Through the author's report on the course of several treatment phases with one patient, she shows a level of practical convergence between nonverbal studies and psychoanalytic studies that, through the lens and corollary praxis of the kinetic transference and countertransference analysis, offers valuable leverage in psychoanalytic treatment.
Psychodynamic treatment of addictive disorders centers on helping patients understand the meaning of the manifest symptoms in context to the individual's life. Such intervention is aimed at finding ways to master maladaptive modes of coping and to improve overall quality of life. Many addicts also have physical problems that become chronic, leading to compulsive use of pain medication, disturbed body image, and curtailed function. In these patients, the addiction is often found to be the most overt or dramatic expression of a complicated psychiatric picture. Psychodynamic interventions aim at teasing apart the vast array of potential developmental antecedents of the illness, including childhood and adult traumas, losses that have not been fully mourned, the impact of parental missteps, failed attempts at completing age-appropriate separation-individuation processes, and lack of affirmation of the self at crucial developmental periods. Worthy of note is the natural nexus between Twelve Step philosophy and psychodynamic psychotherapy. When a patient begins to face the powerlessness and character defects talked about in The Steps, he is outlining a distinctly psychodynamic formulation for himself designed to relieve him or her from emotional pain. When addicts are challenged with morbid states that impede progress, psychodynamic psychotherapy is uniquely suited to help the patient on his way to recovery by utilizing all the tools at his disposal in the form of medications, motivation for diet and exercise, talk therapy, and the use of support groups.
Otto Rank's approach to psychotherapy, developed after his separation from Freud, encourages living life fully in spite of death and limitation. In his emphasis on the here and now, new experience in the therapeutic relationship, and collaboration and creativity in the therapy process, Rank was ahead of his time. As a theorist of personality and of creativity, his work is well known, but his influence on the practices of humanistic, existential, and post-psychoanalytic relational therapists is largely unacknowledged. Rank's creative legacy is an approach to psychotherapy that calls forth artistry and collaboration between therapist and client.
Otto Rank's work has had an indirect influence on much of existential‐humanistic psychology, yet his contribution has been unevenly acknowledged. Seeing Rank as a developing artist helps to put his creative contributions to psychoanalysis, post‐psychoanalytic critique, and existential‐humanistic psychotherapy, in perspective. After his separation from Freud, Rank's innovative thought blossomed; his later works have deep and lingering humanistic import. A look at convergences and divergences between Freud and Rank shows that Rank's art (of living, of theorizing, and of practicing therapy) is an uncannily familiar and inspiring model of humanistic practice in the world. The continuing relevance of Rank's ideas about art and artists is explored, and Rank is re‐introduced to humanistic psychologists who may recognize aspects of his work as consonant with their own.
Discusses the use of "joining techniques" which may be used by therapists as a breakthrough device when confronted by children or adolescents who exhibit resistance, i.e., lengthy silence, stereotyped and repetitive talk or play, and objection and refusal to attend sessions. Clinical illustrations are cited in the description of several techniques; they include (a) hypervaluation; (b) use-abuse (showing the S the inappropriateness of his defense resistance); (c) ordering; (d) suggesting; (e) consultation; (f) countermanding a parental resistance; (g) mirroring, reflecting or imitating; and (h) being tutored. In all of the techniques the therapist identifies the resistance, communicates his understanding of the S's need for the resistance, and communicates his acceptance of the resistance until the S has the awareness and ego strength to replace it with a more adaptive behavior pattern. A knowledge of family dynamics is considered essential in determining the appropriate joining technique which is not considered to be an end in itself, but a means of furthering the total treatment process. (17 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The psychic problem of having a narcissistic mother has been developed in the literature. Little attention has been given to the additional problems presented when the father of the female child operates in tandem with the narcissistic mother further exacerbating the psychic damage to the female offspring.
A summary of what has preceded takes as its point of departure the frame of reference of psychoanalysis. A neurosis, being the result of an inner conflict, can be mitigated by forces acting in a certain way on that conflict. In psychotherapy, the main forces used are: (1) the patient's transferences to the physician; and (2) the patient's capacity for testing reality. Wherever possible, the therapist manipulates the transference to mitigate the conflict and increase the patient's ability to recognize reality. Interpretations are given on appropriate levels (conscious and preconscious, rather than unconscious); and insight is aimed at the patient's understanding of new and more appropriate relationships, rather than in the attaching of the emotion at its deepest level to the idea at that level. The foundation of all psychotherapy is the transference (no matter what else we may choose to call it). As Freud has said: We may treat a neurotic any way we like, he always treats himself psychotherapeutically, that is to say, with transferences (quoted by Ferenczi5).
Far from disproving the model of mind functioning proposed by psychoanalysis, the recent advances in neuropsychiatrical research confirmed the crucial ideas of Sigmund Freud. The hypothesis that the origin of mental illnesses lies in the impossibility for a subject to erase the long-term effects of a remote adverse event is in tune with the view that several psychiatric disturbances reflect the activation of aberrant unconscious memory processes. Freud's insights did not stop here, but went on to describe in an extremely precise manner the neural mechanisms of memory formation almost a century before the description of long-term synaptic potentiation.
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