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Observations on six new species of Cyprinidae, with an outline of a new classification of the family
... Garra nasuta (McClelland, 1838) is redescribed based on the specimens collected from two river basins in the Khasi Hills, Meghalaya. It was described as Platycara nasuta by McClelland in 1828 from Kasya mountains, Assam (now Khasi Hills, Meghalaya). ...
... The type species of Garra nasuta (McClelland, 1838). described from "Kasya mountains", Assam (now Khasi Hills, Meghalaya), does not exist. ...
... described from "Kasya mountains", Assam (now Khasi Hills, Meghalaya), does not exist. Significant diagnostic information of the species is available in neither McClelland's (1838) text nor the accompanying illustration, except mentioning only the presence of a pit between the nares. Menon (1964) attempted to redescribe this stenotopic species based on the specimens from Assam, India; Sittang drainage in southern Shan State Myanmar and from parts of China and had mentioned the presence of a prominent trilobed proboscis which is not mentioned in McClelland (1838). ...
Garra nasuta (McClelland, 1838) is redescribed based on the specimens collected from two river basins in the Khasi Hills, Meghalaya. It was described as Platycara nasuta by McClelland in 1828 from Kasya mountains, Assam (now Khasi Hills, Meghalaya). The type specimens of G. nasuta do not exist, and its identity is not yet clear. The study has been based on morphological, anatomical, and osteological characteristics. A neotype has been designated to solve the taxonomic ambiguities of Garra nasuta. It is distinguished from other congeners in having a trilobed proboscis, a pitlike crease between nares, 33–34 lateral line scales, 9–10 pre-dorsal scales, and 16 circumpeduncular scales.
Keywords: Platycara nasuta, Garra, Khasi Hills, redescription, neotype
... Garra nasuta (McClelland, 1838) is redescribed based on the specimens collected from two river basins in the Khasi Hills, Meghalaya. It was described as Platycara nasuta by McClelland in 1828 from Kasya mountains, Assam (now Khasi Hills, Meghalaya). ...
... The type species of Garra nasuta (McClelland, 1838). described from "Kasya mountains", Assam (now Khasi Hills, Meghalaya), does not exist. ...
... described from "Kasya mountains", Assam (now Khasi Hills, Meghalaya), does not exist. Significant diagnostic information of the species is available in neither McClelland's (1838) text nor the accompanying illustration, except mentioning only the presence of a pit between the nares. Menon (1964) attempted to redescribe this stenotopic species based on the specimens from Assam, India; Sittang drainage in southern Shan State Myanmar and from parts of China and had mentioned the presence of a prominent trilobed proboscis which is not mentioned in McClelland (1838). ...
Garra nasuta (McClelland, 1838) is redescribed based on the specimens collected from two river basins in the Khasi
Hills, Meghalaya. It was described as Platycara nasuta by McClelland in 1828 from Kasya mountains, Assam (now
Khasi Hills, Meghalaya). The type specimens of G. nasuta do not exist, and its identity is not yet clear. The study has
been based on morphological, anatomical, and osteological characteristics. A neotype has been designated to solve the
taxonomic ambiguities of Garra nasuta. It is distinguished from other congeners in having a trilobed proboscis, a pitlike crease between nares, 33–34 lateral line scales, 9–10 pre-dorsal scales, and 16 circumpeduncular scales.
Keywords: Platycara nasuta, Garra, Khasi Hills, redescription, neotype
... The new species is compared with 28 valid species of the 'proboscis species group' distributed in four river basins (Brahmaputra, Chindwin, Barak, and Kaladan) draining Northeast India and adjoining regions in Bhutan, Tibet (China), and Bangladesh. These species are: G. gotyla (Gray, 1832); G. nasuta (McClelland, 1838); G. kalpangi Nebeshwar, Bagra & Das, 2012;G. arunachalensis Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2013;G. ...
Garra hexagonarostris, a new member of the ‘proboscis species group’, is described from the Chakpi River of Chindwin basin in Manipur, India. The new species is distinguished by the following combination of characters: a prominent hexagon-shaped unilobed proboscis with five large-sized conical tubercles on anterior margin, and three or four medium-sized conical tubercles on anteroventral region; transverse lobe with 13−35 small- to medium-sized conical tubercles; lateral surface of snout swollen with 8−18 small- to medium-sized conical tubercles; 31−32 lateral-line scales including three pored scales on caudal fin; and a large arch-shaped black spot on each side of opercle, immediately anterior to upper angle of gill opening. The taxonomic status of several species of Garra from Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram, is reviewed and accordingly Garra minimus is considered as a junior synonym of G. quadratirostris; G. nigricauda as a junior synonym of G. arunachalensis; G. alticaputus and G. kimini as junior synonyms of G. birostris; and G. tyao as a junior synonym of G. rakhinica.
... Meghalaya is drained by two drainage system i.e., Brahmaputra River drainage and Barak-Surma-Meghna River drainage system. Khynriam & Sen (2014) listed 12 species of Schistura from Meghlaya viz., Schistura beavani (Gunther, 1868), S. cinticauda (Blyth, 1860), S. devdevi (Hora, 1935), S. multifasciata (Day, 1878), S. papulifera Kottelat et al., 2007, S. prashadi (Hora, 1921), S. reticulofasciata (Singh & Bănărescu, 1981), S. rupecula McClelland, 1838, S. scaturigina McClelland, 1839 (Menon, 1987), S. sikmaensis (Hora, 1921) and S. vinciguerrae (Hora, 1935). ...
The present study is based on the comparative osteology among Schistura fishes with incomplete lateral line found in Meghalaya. Six species are studied for osteology, three already described ones and three unknown species. The clearing and staining of this species group showed variations and similarities in their neurocranium structure, ceratobranch structure, air bladder capsule structure, vertebrae number, fin insertions and caudal vertebrae complex in all cases. The study revealed that Schistura fasciata has a total of 37 vertebrae, S. reticulofasciata with 35–36, S. syngkai with 34–35, S. sp. 1 with 35, S. sp. 2 with 37 and S. sp. 3 with 32 vertebrae.
Keywords: Schistura, Nemacheiline fish, comparative osteology, Meghalaya
... Fishes of the genus Schistura McClelland (1838) in the family Nemacheilidae are predominantly small sized with attractive coloration; medially interrupted lower lip without forming two lateral triangular pads; moderately arched mouth, 2.0-3.5 times wider than long; usually a black bar (sometimes dissociated) on caudal-fin base; dorsal fin with one or two black marks along its base (Kottelat 1990;Vishwanath & Laishram 2001). They inhabit running fresh waters of hill streams of most parts of continental Asia and adjacent islands (including Greater Sunda Islands), of Europe and northeast Africa (Ethiopia). ...
A new nemacheilid loach, Schistura obliquofascia, is described from Kalsa, a stream near Chanfi, tributary of Gola River, Ganga basin in Uttarakhand, India. The new species is readily distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: 12-14 oblique olivaceous dark bars on the body and three rows of black spots on the dorsal fin; lateral line complete with 104-112 pores, dorsal fin with 3-4 simple and 8 1/2 branched rays; 8+8 branched rays in caudal fin; dorsal adipose crest prominent; males lacking suborbital flap; and 10-11 pores in preoperculo-mandibular canal. The sequence of the cytochrome b gene of length 307 base pairs was used for molecular characterization of the species.
... As is the case for all of the Gangetic fishes he described, Hamilton did not preserve specimens of C. sucatio and consequently no type material is available (Hora, 1929). In 1839, M'Clelland transferred C. sucatio (together with C. balitora) to Psilorhynchus (a generic name published one year earlier; M'Clelland, 1838), accompanied by a brief description derived from Hamilton's earlier account of the species and an illustration prepared (but not published) by Hamilton. Subsequent to M'Clelland (1839), P. sucatio has been redescribed on a number of separate occasions (Day, 1871; Hora, 1921; Shaw & Shebbeare, 1938 Shrestha, 1980) and two subspecific taxa, P. s. damodarai and P. s. nudithoracicus have been described as a " variety " and " subspecies " of P. sucatio, respectively, by David (1953) and Tilak & Husain (1980). ...
Psilorhynchus sucatio (Hamilton) is redescribed based on the examination of 462 specimens, 13-67 mm standard length (SL). Psilorhynchus nudithoracicus Tilak & Husain is redescribed based on the examination of 97 specimens, 10-68 mm SL. Psilorhynchus gracilis Rainboth is placed in the synonymy of P nudithoracicus. Psilorhynchus hamiltoni, a new species and a member of the P. balitora species group, is described from the Tista River in West Bengal, India. It is distinguished from all other members of the P. balitora species group by having a well-developed lateral stripe, 6-7 poorly developed saddles that do not make contact with the lateral blotches, 7-11 lateral blotches, 34-35 lateral line scales, 9+8-9 principal caudal-fin rays, 36 total vertebrae, and the ventral surface between paired fins with a broad rectangular scaleless patch. A key to the species groups of Psilorhynchus is also provided, as are revised diagnoses for the P. balitora and P. nudithoracicus species groups.
... Freyhof et al. (2015) provided the diagnostic characters for all eleven recognized species including Paraschistura nielseni and treated Metaschistura Prokofiev, 2009 as a synonym of Paraschistura Prokofiev, 2009. Many members of this genus were previously described in the genus Schistura (McClelland 1838). ...
Paraschistura Prokofiev, 2009 is a newly described genus based on osteological characters, but detailed information for all species of the genus is not available. To describe osteological characteristics of the endemic species of Paraschistura nielseni, twelve specimens were collected from the Shapur River of Persis basin which drains to the Persian Gulf and their osteological characteristics were examined. According to the results, P. nielseni is characterised by bearing a square-shaped prevomer, four basibranchials, a semi-ossified sesamoid, a non-alveolar bony swim bladder capsule, and separated pelvic bone bases. Based on these features, P. nielseni could be distinguished from other loaches species.
... Latia populations from eastern Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India have long been identified as Gangetic Latia, Crossocheilus latius (Hamilton, 1822) with two subspecies in Iran, i.e. C. l. latius (Hamilton, 1852) and C. l. diplochilus (Heckel, 1838) (see Bănărescu, 1986). Recently, Yang et al. (2012) revalidated the genus Gonorhynchus McClelland, 1838, which was treated previously as a synonym of Crossocheilus Kuhl & van Hasselt 1823, to accommodate a phylogenetic lineage detected by their study. Yang et al. (2012) included Crossocheilus latius (Hamilton, 1822), Crossocheilus burmanicus Hora, 1936 and Akrokolioplax bicornis (Wu, 1977) in the genus Gonorhynchus . ...
Small and silvery cyprinid species from eastern Iran which are usually known as Crossocheilus latius are reviewed based on morphological and molecular characters of the mtDNA COI barcode region. We demonstrate that fishes which had been identified as Crossocheilus Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1823 in Iran actually belong to the genus Gonorhynchus McClelland, 1838 with two species: G. adiscus (Annandale, 1919) and G. diplochilus (Heckel, 1838), which are rediagnosed here. Both species are well distinguished by gill raker counts, number of scales between anus and anal fin, barbel size and minimum body depth. G. adiscus and G. diplochilus are also distinguished by molecular characters of the mtDNA COI barcode region. Both species are phylogenetically close to Gonorhynchus latius (Hamilton, 1822) which is restricted to India, Nepal and Bangladesh and to G. burmanicus (Hora, 1936), restricted to India and Myanmar. All of these four related taxa are phylogenetically closer to the genus Garra than the genus Crossocheilus (restricted to south-east Asia).
... sarana group of fish to the genus Systomus(McClelland, 1838). Species of the P. filamentosus group was included under the genus Dawkinsia (except P. denisonii and P. chalakkudiensis). ...
Role of visual and olfactory cues in reproductive behaviour as well as gonad maturation is studied. Phylogenetic relationships and reproductive isolation mechanisms between similar congeneric species also explored.
Koima, a new genus of nemacheilid loach, is described for Mesonoemacheilus remadevii Shaji 2002, and Nemacheilus monilis Hora 1921, both of which are endemic to the Western Ghats of southern peninsular India. Koima is distinguished from all other genera of family Nemacheilidae by its unique colour pattern comprising a yellowish-brown ground colour, single row of black spots on lateral line, all fins hyaline, and absence of a uniform banding pattern on dorsal side. Koima remadevii was initially identified as a species of Mesonoemacheilus Bănărescu & Nalbant 1982, from which it can be distinguished by the presence of a lower adipose crest, and an absence of a banding pattern on the dorsal side and on the caudal fin, while Koima monilis was initially identified as a species of Nemacheilus Bleeker 1863, from which it can be distinguished by the presence of a lower adipose crest, a narrow and deeply incised upper lip and having the fins hyaline. In the multi-gene phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences, Koima remadevii and K. monilis were recovered in a monophyletic group, sister to the endemic peninsular Indian nemacheilid, Schistura denisoni. Resolution of the identity of Koima remadevii and K. monilis contributes to our understanding of the phylogenetics of family Nemacheilidae, which is widely considered to be a polyphyletic group.
A new species of Garra (Labeoninae) is described from the Zubza River, a headwater of the Brahmaputra River basin, in Kohima district of Nagaland, North-eastern India. The new species is distinguished by the following combination of characters: a black spot located on the principal ray and first three branched rays of the dorsal (upper) lobe distal part, as well as a black submarginal V-shaped band on the principal ray and whole branched rays of the ventral (lower) lobe of caudal fin; snout with weakly-developed proboscis represented by slightly upwards elevated hump, with no transverse groove and no transverse lobe, and with 10–12 small tubercles on anterodorsal marginal aspect; 34 lateral-line scales including two pored scales on caudal fin; absence of scales on chest and presence of poorly developed scales on belly; relatively shorter caudal peduncle (10.7–12.5 % SL), and snout (34–35 % HL); and relatively larger eye (31–32 % HL).
Nestled amidst the grandeur of the mighty Himalayas, Northeast India emerges as a realm of unique biodiversity in its flora and fauna. This study presents findings encompassing 414 species across 99 genera and 25 families, denoting a remarkable diversity within the region. Notably, the report excludes widely distributed species, concentrating instead on those exclusive to specific basins, highlighting the region's distinctiveness. Emphasizing the significance of integrative taxonomy, the report underscores the limitations of relying solely on morphology, as it sometimes fails to capture the distinguishing characteristics among different species. The notion that species can differ in identity while sharing strong similarities poses challenges within morpho-taxonomy. However, these enigmatic situations have often found resolution through molecular studies. Additionally, recognizing the importance of investigating the histology and biology of specific cultivable species is crucial. Undoubtedly, a collaborative approach involving biologists and taxonomists holds the potential to significantly enhance our understanding of the region's diversity. The report also provides the IUCN statuses of certain fish species, further contributing to the comprehensive understanding of the area's ecological landscape.
Physoschistura mango, new species, is described from Shan State, Myanmar. It is distinguished from congeners by having an extremely short and incomplete lateral-line canal on the body, with only 5-6 pores; several reductions in the cephalic lateral-line canal system; and by features of the colour pattern, including a dark black to brown horizontal stripe along body side combined with a bright orange-reddish background colour in mature males. With a maximum recorded length of 23.4 mm SL, it represents one of the smallest members of the family Nemacheilidae.
Systomus deliciosus was synonymised (Menon 1999) with Systomus sarana and the resurrection of this species is based on three specimens from Assam and hence redescribed as a valid species. Also Systomus immaculatus is described based on four specimens from the same locality.
A species of the genus Garra is described from the Langlung
River, Brahmaputra basin, Nagaland, India. The new species is
distinguished from its congeners in having weakly-developed
unilobed proboscis, a distinct transverse lobe with 8–12 small sized
unicuspid acanthoid tubercles, 30–32 lateral line scales, and 13–15
circumpeduncular scales.
Garra ranganensis, is described from the Ranga River in the upper Brahmaputra River drainage in Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. Garra ranganensis is distinguished from its congeners belonging to Brahmaputra, Chindwin-Irrawaddy basins in north eastern India, from the Upper Irrawaddy basin, China and Southeast Asia (those bearing well developed transverse lobe and proboscis) in having a bilobed proboscis (except G. birostris, G. bispinosa and G. cornigera,), with a large unicuspid acanthoid tubercle at the end of each lobe. Further, can be distinguished from its congeners in exception of G. quadratirostris, G. rotundinasus, and G. minimus in having more and fewer lateral line scales (36–37 vs. 32–35; 39–40 in G. elongata; 40–42 in G. magnidiscus). Other combinations of characters are detailed in discussion section.
Schistura kottelati, new species, is described from the Hung Dang Valley (Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park) in central Vietnam. It is distinguished from all other species of Schistura known from Vietnam and adjacent areas in Laos by a unique combination of characters, including features of lateral line and body pigmentation, counts of fin rays, and barbel and body measurements.
Garra tamangi, a new species of labeonine cyprinid fish is described from the Dikrong River, Brahmaputra River drainage in Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. Garra tamangi is distinguished from all its congeners in the Ganga-Brahmaputra River drainage in having roughly a triangular proboscis, trilobed with two small lobes that are more or less anteriorly free and a large median lobe anteroventrally tuberculated, moderately protruding forming a short horizontal notch between it and inferior side of the snout. Other distinguishing combinations of characters are given against its respective congeners in the discussion section.
The cyprinid genus Garra includes small to medium-sized, benthic fish species that are usually found in fast-flowing rivers and streams. Fish of this genus have a modified lower lip forming a mental adhesive disc and horizontally placed pectoral and pelvic fins with a flat ventral profile. The genus Garra is vast and wide with each species exhibiting various differences at the morphological and molecular level. Reports on the exploration and investigation of the genus in Mizoram are few and those that are reported need certain validation and clarifications. Re-collection and elaborated review of this genus are obligatory. Therefore, meticulous analysis of these freshwater fish using morphological as well as molecular methods is required to validate previous findings. Furthermore, the review paper will shed a light on the diagnosis of the fish, status of research, and research prospects in Mizoram.
Garra chathensis, a new species, is described from the Chathe River, Nagaland, India. The new species is distinguished from its congeners in having a bilobed proboscis, a black spot at the upper angle of the gill opening, 3½/1/ 3 transverse scale rows, 16 circum peduncular scales, 9-10 predorsal scales and 32-33 lateral line scales.
Garra ranganensis, is described from the Ranga River in the upper Brahmaputra River drainage in Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern
India. Garra ranganensis is distinguished from its congeners belonging to Brahmaputra, Chindwin-Irrawaddy basins in north eastern
India, from the Upper Irrawaddy basin, China and Southeast Asia (those bearing well developed transverse lobe and proboscis) in
having a bilobed proboscis (except G. birostris, G. bispinosa and G. cornigera,), with a large unicuspid acanthoid tubercle at the end
of each lobe. Further, can be distinguished from its congeners in exception of G. quadratirostris, G. rotundinasus, and G. minimus in
having more and fewer lateral line scales (36–37 vs. 32–35; 39–40 in G. elongata; 40–42 in G. magnidiscus). Other combinations of
characters are detailed in discussion section.
Kayahschistura lokalayensis, new genus and species, is described from Lokalay Loku Gu Cave, Kayah State, Myanmar. It is related with species of the genera Mustura, Pteronemacheilus, Physoschistura, Petruichthys and Rhyacoschistura, but cannot be placed in any of the presently named genera. It is distinguished by the absence of colour pattern, the eye very regressed and at the bottom of a longitudinal slit, the presence of a suborbital flap, the forked caudal fin, the presence of a large posterior chamber of the air bladder in the abdominal cavity, and the modified pectoral-fin rays, especially the presence of numerous small tubercles on the dorsal surface of branched rays 1-3 and membranes between them.
Garra surinbinnani, new species, is described from the Mae Khlong basin of western Thailand. It is the fourth species of Garra known from the basin and occurs syntopically with the other three species in fast-flowing rocky riffles. Within the Mae Khlong basin, it is most similar to G. fuliginosa from which it differs most obviously in having a bilobed (vs. trilobed) proboscis on the snout and 12-13 (vs. 15-16) circumpeduncular scales. Garra surinbinnani is readily distinguished from other species of Garra with a proboscis in Southeast Asia-G. notata and G. salweenica in the Salween basin, and G. cyrano in the Mekong basin-in having 12-13 (vs. 15-16) circumpeduncular scales, and from all species of Garra outside Southeast Asia with a bilobed proboscis and 12-13 circumpeduncular scales by having 28-31 (vs. 34 or more) lateral-line scales.
A new species of the genus Garra is described from the Ranga River of the Brahmaputra basin, Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. Garra magnacavus, new species, differs from its congeners in having an incipient proboscis with a transverse lobe, 15−19 rounded large pits on the snout, weakly developed non-fleshy central callous pad, and an elongate body with 42 lateral-line and 14−16 predorsal scales.
Garra simbalbaraensis, new species, is described from the Simbalbara River, Himachal Pradesh, India. The new species is distinguished from its congeners in having a combination of following characters: a prominent short, thick, unilobed and rounded proboscis, distinctly projecting downwards above the transverse groove; a black spot at the upper angle of the gill opening, 32−33 lateral line scales and 32 total vertebrae.
A new species of Garra with a rostral proboscis is described from the Barak River drainage in Manipur, India. Garra paratrilobata, new species, is distinguished from its congeners in having the combination of the following characters: a prominent trilobed proboscis, the median lobe with 5–7 uni- to tricuspid tubercles on its anterior margin and 4–6 minute tubercles on its anteroventral margin; lateral lobe of the proboscis with 3–4 minute tubercles; lateral surface of the snout lobular, with 6–9 tubercles; 33–34 lateral-line scales; and the rostral surface concave, creased and depressed.
Two new species of the fish genus Garra (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) are described from the lower Yarlung Tsangpo River drainage in southeastern Tibet, China. Garra motuoensis, a member of the proboscis species group, is primarily distinguished from the members of this group by having a prominent, quadrate, and slightly bilobed proboscis; 6-20 small to middle-sized unicuspid tubercles on the anterior region of the proboscis, some middle-sized unicuspid tubercles on the transverse lobe of the snout, and several small unicuspid tubercles on the lateral surface of snout; the anus situated slightly closer to the anal-fin origin than to the pelvic-fin origin (distance from anus to anal fin 36-46% of pelvic-anal distance); 36-37 lateral-line scales; and 12 circumpeduncular scales. Garra yajiangensis, a member of the proboscis species group, is primarily distinguished from the members of this group by having a prominent, quadrate, and slightly bilobed proboscis, covered with 2-7 middle-sized unicuspid tubercles, including two large-sized tubercles on anterior margin of each lobe; some small unicuspid tubercles on the transverse lobe and the lateral surface of snout; the anus situated substantially closer to the anal-fin origin than to the pelvic-fin origin (distance from anus to anal fin 19-24% of pelvic-anal distance); 34-36 lateral-line scales; and 12 circumpeduncular scales. The validities of these two new species were also corroborated by molecular phylogenetic analysis based on Cyt b gene sequences.
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Introductory Summary
The advancement of phylogenetic systematics sometimes gives rise to changes in scientific names of model fishes. These changes disturb information retrieval systems and laboratory animal research communities, as scientists may miss some of the papers in publication outflow. I briefly review past changes of scientific names for several model fishes that are widely used by non-taxonomists and non-ichthyologists. Because of the priority rule, some name changes or reassignments are unavoidable. The modern principle of classification requires monophyletic groups to be assigned to higher taxonomic ranks, such as genera and families (Ruggiero et al. 2015). At the same time, however, there is no general rule about how close or distant species should be when placed in higher ranks, as long as the lumping or splitting complies with inclusion criteria. Hence, some other changes at higher ranks are avoidable, either by assembling or dismissing groups at a higher rank. I propose a feasible solution from the standpoint of avoiding taxonomic name changes if possible, especially with respect to the zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822), whose family name could change.
Garra dengba is here described from the Chayu-Qu, a tributary flowing into the Brahmaputra River, in Chayu County, eastern Tibet, China. It shares the presence of an incipient proboscis on the snout with G. arupi, G. elongata, G. gravelyi, G. kalpangi, and G. rotundinasus, but is distinguished from these five species in having, among other features, fewer branched dorsal- and anal-fin rays and more perforated lateral-line scales. Its validity was also confirmed by a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the cytochrome b gene.
A new species Garra chindwinensis i.e., of cyprinid fish is described from the Chindwin basin in Manipur, northeast India. The details on their diagnosis, description, colour, morphometric date and distribution are also provided.
Schistura kottelati, new species, is described from the Hung Dang Valley (Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park) in central Vietnam. It is distinguished from all other species of Schistura known from Vietnam and adjacent areas in Laos by a unique combination of characters, including features of lateral line and body pigmentation, counts of fin rays, and barbel and body measurements.
Schistura kottelati, new species, is described from the Hung Dang Valley (Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park) in central Vietnam. It is distinguished from all other species of Schistura known from Vietnam and adjacent areas in Laos by a unique combination of characters, including features of lateral line and body pigmentation, counts of fin rays, and barbel and body measurements.
Schistura stala, new species, is described from the Mekong drainage in Dali, Yunnan Province, China. The new species is readily distinguished from congeners in the upper Mekong and adjacent drainages by having the caudal-fin bar reduced, stretching over the median ⅓ of the fin base. The species can be further diagnosed by a deep body; a short caudal fin, head and pelvic fin; 38 vertebrae modally; 9–12 faint irregular flank bars, that are often anastomotic or dissolved; and few scales scattered on the anterior part of the body.
Members of the genus Garra are divided into five species groups based on snout morphology, viz., a smooti snout species group; a transverse lobe species group; a rostral flap species group; a rostral lobe species group and a proboscis species group. Two new species are described from the Koladyne River basin in Mizoram, India Garra koladynensis, a member of the proboscis species group, is distinguished by the following combination o. characters: A prominent trilobed proboscis with three large-sized bi-to hexacuspid acanthoid tubercies on anteriol marginal aspect and two medium-to large-sized bi-to pentacuspid tubercles on anteroventral marginal aspect 30-31 + 3 lateral-line scales; 81/2 branched dorsal-fin rays; 51/2 branched anal-fin rays; mental adhesive disc mediall) positioned, extending anteriorly to three-fourths of length of lower jaw; and anterior and posterior halves of thc central callous pad equally rounded. Garra matensis, a member of the rostral flap species group, is distinguishec by the following combination of characters: A small rostral flap with 4-7 small conical tubercles; dorsolateral anc ventrolateral free margins of the rostral flap equally extended; 27-28 + 3 lateral-line scales; 61/2 branched dorsal-fir rays; 41/2 branched anal-fin rays; mental adhesive disc anteriorly positioned, extending anteriorly half length o lower jaw; anterior half of central callous pad more rounded than posterior half of central callous pad; caudal fir with a distinct W-shaped black band; and dorsal fin with a distinct black submarginal band. Garra 1nanipurensi is redescribed and a note on G. rakhinica is given based on the specimens from the Koladyne River basin anc G. vittatula is regarded as a junior synonym of C. lnanipurensis.
Garra clavirostris, a new cyprinid fish, is described from the Dilaima River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra in the Dima Hasao district, Assam. The new species is distinguished from all its congeners in northeast India in having a combination of the following characters: a prominent unilobed club-shaped proboscis overhanging the depressed rostral surface, with 5–9 medium to large uni- to multi-cuspid tubercles on the anterior margin and 5–6 uni- to multi-cuspid tubercles on the anteroventral marginal aspect; a prominent transverse lobe on the snout, with 17−25 small- to large-sized multicuspid tubercles; and presence of a black spot at the upper angle of the gill opening.
River loaches of the genus Schistura McClelland 1838 are small, elongated, benthic fishes of the family Nemacheilidae. Species in the genus are part of a subsistence fishery in several Southeast Asian countries due to their tasty flesh and relative abundance in suitable habitats. Fluvial environments with gravelly bottoms in tropical and subtropical regions can be co-inhabited by several species of nemacheilid loaches. Kottelat (1990) reported up to six different species coexisting in Indochinese streams in some instances. With about 200 valid taxa, Schistura is the most diverse genus within the family Nemacheilidae (Kottelat 2012). Species allocated within this genus share a moderately arched mouth, a medially notched lower lip, lack lateral labial pads, possess an air bladder without a secondary chamber, and reach a maximum standard length between 19 and 120 mm (Kottelat 1990; Ou et al. 2011).
Garra mini, new species, is described from the Shuvolong, Shailopropat and Chingthong waterfalls in the Karnafuli and Sangu River drainages. The largest specimens recorded is 46.8 mm SL and specimens over 40 mm SL have reached reproductive size. Alongside G. ethelwynnae (28 mm SL) and G. poecilura (44.5 mm SL), G. mini is one of the smallest species in the genus. Garra mini is diagnosed by morphological and meristic characters in combination, particularly the numerous small predorsal scales and the presence of a contrasted dark stripe along the middle of the side, and also by the DNA barcode sequence (cytochrome oxidase subunit I, COI) with three unique substitutions.
The supposed cyprinid genus 'Gonorhynchus McClelland, 1838' does not exist; the name refers to Gonorhynchus Cuvier, 1816, which is a junior objective synonym of Gonorynchus Scopoli, 1777. The correct family-group name, authorship and date are: Gonorynchidae Fowler, 1941 (1848). Tariqilabeo Mirza and Saboohi, 1990 is the valid genus name for the South Asian species earlier placed in Crossocheilus or 'Gonorhynchus'. The family-group names Garrae Bleeker, 1863 and Labeonini Bleeker, 1859 are declared nomina protecta and Platycarinae Macleay, 1841 is declared nomen oblitum
Psilorhynchus tysoni, new species, is described on the basis of 10 specimens, 23.3-53.8 mm SL from the Mae Nam Moei and Hue Mae Song Rivers, in the Salween River drainage in western Thailand. It belongs to the P. nudithoracicus species group and can be distinguished from other members of this group by a combination of characters, including features of body and fin coloration, head shape, and caudal fin-ray, vertebrae, and cephalic lateral-line canal pore counts. Phylogenetic analyses of a mitochondrial DNA data set (comprising 642 bp of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and 1140 bp of cytochrome b) for 12 species of Psilorhynchus and one outgroup taxon resulted in phylogenetic hypotheses in which P. tysoni is a member of a clade equivalent to the P. nudithoracicus species group. Within this group P. tysoni is placed as the sister taxon of a putatively undescribed species of Psilorhynchus from Myanmar.
A new diagnosis of the genus Gonorhynchus McClelland 1838 from South Asia is proposed. Seven species are contained in the genus: G. latius (Hamilton 1822), G. diplochilus (Heckel 1838), G. wattanah (Sykes 1839), G. macmahoni (Zugmayer 1912), G. burmanicus (Hora 1936), G. bicornis (Wu 1977), and G. periyarensis (Menon & Jacob 1996). Gonorhynchus latius, a senior synonym of the type species G. brevis M'Clelland 1839 is redescribed. Crossocheilus gohama (M'Clelland 1839) and Crossochilus rostratus Günther 1868 are considered junior synonyms of G. latius, and a neotype is designated for G. latius. Gonorhynchus wattanah (Sykes 1839) from the Krishna and Godavari River basins in western India is revalidated and redescribed with the designation of a neotype. Akrokolioplax Zhang & Kottelat 2006 is a junior synonym of Gonorhynchus.
Sasanidus, new genus, is described for Noemacheilus kermanshahensis BǍnǍrescu & Nalbant, endemic to the Karkheh and Karun drainages in Iran. Sasanidus kermanshahensis was initially identified as a species in Oxynoemacheilus, from which it is distinguished by the absence of an external sexual dimorphism (i.e. longer pectoral fin, and nuptial tubercles on fins, head and back in males). Sasanidus is distinguished from all other genera of Nemacheilidae in the Middle East by a combination of the following character states: pelvic-fin origin behind of a vertical of the dorsal-fin origin, anus about one eye diameter in front of the anal-fin origin, dorsal adipose keel absent, a high crest on the bony capsule of the swim bladder present and colour pattern marbled or mottled or with an irregularly shaped midlateral stripe. Ilamnemacheilus longipinnis was examined and no difference could be found between Ilamnemacheilus and Oxynoemacheilus. Therefore, Ilamnemacheilus is treated as a synonym of Oxynoemacheilus. COI barcode sequences from all nemacheilid loach genera occurring in the Middle East and western India are analysed jointly for the first time. The view that Schistura is a para-phyletic assemblage is supported by the clustering of DNA sequences from 45 specimens placed in at least 20 species in the genus Schistura analysed here.
A review of the tumultuous history of the alpha- and genus-level taxonomy of the hexaploid African Torini, i.e. Labeobarbus s.l. (synonym: Varicorhinus), as well as of the closely related monospecific genera Acapoeta and Sanagia, is provided. The main purpose of the present paper is to provide a continental framework for multidisciplinary research on this megadiverse vertebrate group. Based on the inspection of almost all relevant type specimens, a complete and fully annotated checklist of all valid species and junior synonyms is provided for each of the four nominal genera. It comprises ∼275 nominal taxa, 125 of which are valid African Labeobarbusspp. and three of which are formally named hybrid phenotypes. Particular attention is drawn to the diversity and taxon-specific distribution of mouth phenotypes, which previously served as generic identification characters, i.e. 'rubberlips' with strongly developed, sometimes hypertrophied lips and a mental lobe, and 'chiselmouths' (former Varicorhinusspp.) with a cornified sharp cutting edge on their lower jaw. Interestingly, many species are polymorphic and include a large array of intermediate mouth phenotypes. The recurrent occurrence of similar mouth phenotype diversity within, but also far beyond, the borders of Labeobarbuss.l. is highlighted, raising numerous evolutionary questions.
Two new species of the genus Garra, are described from the Sanalok River of the Chindwin basin, Manipur state, India. Garra trilobata, new species, differs from its congeners of the Chindwin-Irrawaddy drainage in having a broadly rounded snout with trilobed proboscis and a distinct short lateral groove dorsoposteriorly to the sublachrymal groove. Garra cornigera, new species, also differs from its congeners of the same drainage in having a slightly pointed snout, a depressed rostral surface with 3-4 transverse ridges and a prominent biloed proboscis, each with a large unicuspid acanthoid tubercle.
Three new species of Garra previously identified as G. gotyla are described from the eastern Himalayan foothills. They have a prominent proboscis, a transverse lobe on the snout with tubercles and black spots on the base of the dorsal-fin rays. Garra arunachalensis, new species, is distinguished in having a prominent quadrate proboscis with two large unicuspid acanthoid tubercles, one on each anterolateral marginal corner and one small tubercle in between; and in the absence of an anterolateral lobe. Garra birostris, new species, is distinguished in having a prominent bilobed proboscis with one large tri- or tetracuspid acanthoid tubercle on each lobe, and a distinct black spot at the upper angle of gill opening. Garra quadratirostris, new species, is distinguished in having a prominent quadrate proboscis with three or four small- to medium-sized tubercles on the anterior margin, and a faint blackish spot immediately anterior to the upper angle of the gill opening. Garra gotyla is redescribed based on materials from the Tista River in Sikkim. It is distinguished in having a prominent quadrate proboscis, its anterior region with 4-13 small- to medium-sized tubercles scattered on two or three rows; upper lip as a narrow band of papillae arranged in two transverse ridges; and a black spot at the upper angle of gill opening.
South East Asia includes all of the Asian continent south-east of the Tibetan Plateau. Within this region are Burma, the Indo-Chinese and Malay peninsulas, the Philippine and Indo-Malayan archipelagos. The river systems of South-East Asia begin with the Tonkin Gulf drainages at the north-east and encompass all basins further south and continental islands of the Sunda shelf (Fig. 6.1). The region extends westward across the southern part of the continent to the Irrawaddy River of Burma. For purposes of Zoogeographic comparison, the faunas of the three areas surrounding and adjoining South East Asia will be included also. Directly west of South East Asia is the Indian subcontinent, and to the north-west is the Tibetan Plateau. North of South East Asia is Central East Asia. Comparisons with neighbouring faunas to the north and west will include all basins from the Yangtze River, the Tibetan Plateau and the Tarim basin north of Tibet, southward to Baluchistan. This chapter provides an overview of the Cyprinidae in an area where cyprinid diversity reaches its zenith. The geography and the geological history of South East Asia will be summarized first, then the faunal changes that occur from the South East Asian Zoogeographic region through to adjoining parts of Asia will be examined. Finally, interesting aspects of the biology and ecology of South East Asian cyprinids will be presented.
Two new species of Garra with smooth snout are described from the Chindwin River basin in Manipur, India. Garra chakpiensis, new species, is distinguished from its congeners, among others, by having 38-40 lateral-line scales; the upper lip as a transverse flap-like non-papilliferous fleshy tissue; chest and median region of abdomen scaled; central callous pad relatively anteriorly-placed; and presence of pleated papuliferous fold on each side. Garra nkhruletisis, new species, is distinguished from its congeners, among others, by having 40-41 lateral-line scales; presence of upper lip as one thick transverse band of nonpapilliferous and papuliferous fleshy tissue arranged in 2-4 transverse ridges; chest and median region of abdomen naked; central callous pad relatively posteriorly-placed; and presence of pleated papuliferous fold on each side. The characters of some nominal species earlier reported under various generic names are discussed based on their original description and some type materials.
A new loach, Schistura liyaiensis, is described from the upper reaches of the Barak River at Liyai village, Senapati District, Manipur, India. It is distinguished from its congeners in having a unique combination of characters: 7-9 brown saddles each continuing onto the flank and forming 7-8 broad to slightly narrow bars with a rounded ventral margin, incomplete lateral line, 4 simple and 8½ branched dorsal-fin rays, a black spot at the origin of dorsal fin, a black basicaudal bar, pectoral and pelvic fins sub-acuminate, respectively, with 10 and 7 rays, prominent processus dentiformis.
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