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Die sozialen Dimensionen von Klimawandel und Klimapolitik
Abstract
Kindern erklärt man den Klimawandel gern über den Vergleich mit einer Fiebererkrankung: Zwei Grad Temperaturerhöhung erscheinen ganz gering, sind aber schon ernst, sowohl beim Körper als auch beim ganzen Planeten, jedenfalls wenn es um die globale Mitteltemperatur geht. Dramatisch wird es jeweils bei drei oder mehr Grad Temperaturerhöhung. Die Analogie geht noch weiter: Wie in der modernen Medizin verfügen die KlimaexpertInnen über ausgeklügelte äußerst komplizierte Verfahren zur Diagnose. Die entsprechend hochtechnisierten Therapieansätze sind jedoch in ihrer Wirkung begrenzt: Oft behandeln sie nur die Symptome, aber nicht die tieferen Ursachen. Will man zu einer wirklichen Lösung des Problems gelangen, sind die Menschen und ihre aktive Beteiligung der Schlüssel zum Erfolg, ihre Befindlichkeit und inneren Konflikte, ihre Motivation und ihr sozialer Kontext.
... Sozioökonomische Einflussgrößen wie Einkommens-und Eigentumssituation, Geschlechterrollen, Alter, Bildung und Gesundheitszustand spielen daher eine zentrale Rolle für die Widerstandsfähigkeit von Menschen mit großen Veränderungen umzugehen. Sie sind es die die Möglichkeiten und Chancen maßgeblich mitbestimmen wie Betroffene auf die Auswirkungen des Wandels vorbereiten, umgehen, gestalten und sich mittel-und langfristig einstellen können (Alber 2014). ...
... Eine sozial gerechte Transformation oder ein "gerechter Übergang" verlangt daher mehr als das Setzen auf rein technologische Lösungen. Sie muss den Menschen mit seinen sozialen Beziehungen, Befindlichkeiten, Motivationslagen und auch Widersprüchlich-keiten in den Fokus nehmen (Alber 2014) und eine enge Verknüpfung zwischen sozialen Fragen und ökologischer und technischer Dimension herstellen. Damit einhergehend verbunden ist auch die Entwicklung neuer Identitäten und Zielvorstellungen (vgl. ...
Energie- und Klimakrise, Pandemie, Preissteigerungen, Knappheiten und Krieg in Europa. Multiple Krisen, die sich lokal abspielen, zeitgleich global auswirken und bei denen althergebrachte Mittel und Lösungen der Politik an ihre Grenzen stoßen oder nicht ausreichen, um sozialen Zusammenhalt, Teilhabe und positive Zukunftsaussichten zu erhalten. Die Kumulation disruptiver Entwicklungen bringt dabei Menschen, Institutionen und die internationale Diplomatie an ihre Grenzen und stellt, zumindest ein Stück weit, ideologische und ökonomische Fundamente der letzten Jahrzehnte zur Disposition. Die Krisen werden damit nicht nur eine Überlebensfrage des "neoliberalen" Gesellschaftsmodells, sondern für die Demokratie, Wirtschaftsordnung und unsere Lebensgrundlagen. Transformation aber wie: Design oder Desaster? Wir befinden uns, wie der Titel dieser Ausgabe schon andeutet, "in Transformation".
... Sustainable development and sustainability research usually refer to the so-called three pillars of sustainability (ecological, economic, social-Ott, 2009). These were initially promoted by civil organizations and NGO, local governments consequently committed voluntarily to sustainability (Alber, 2013). Since then, a large number of positive and-to a lesser extent negative-local experiences have been gained. ...
In recent years, many academic and technical discussions about cities have been shaped by two topics: sustainability and smartness. While these two areas are evolving, there are definitely common grounds to be found in discourses on sustainability and smartness. First of all, this is the realization that any comprehensive transformation of long-term, complex processes requires governance and integration of topics and institutions, and second, that there can be no uniform approach to successfully becoming more sustainable or smarter. However, different directions of development can be identified that may—or may not—go together. Urban mobility has to deal with different definitions of and approaches to sustainability and smartness too. A specific format developed during the transdisciplinary project “Neue Mobilität Berlin” (New Mobility Berlin, http://neue-mobilitaet.berlin/) addresses these questions. Research results suggest, for one, that there are very practical technical issues that complicate a transition from existing mobility systems toward more sustainable and smart ones. For another, the results suggest that a comprehensive sustainable and smart urban mobility system will need more integration and coordination. This contribution takes off from project findings and discusses implications for the implementations of and discourses on smart and sustainable urban mobility.
... energy users and producers, and (c) an increasing request for civil society participation in energy affairs, along with the aim of actively supporting the fight against climate change and energy resource scarcity (e.g. Müller, Rommel 2010, p. 191;Flieger 2011aFlieger , pp. 58ff., 2011bMaron, Maron 2012, p. 19;Klemisch, Boddenberg 2012, pp. 576ff.;Alber 2014). The majority of German citizens prefers a decentralised energy system that is managed by many smaller firms (Berlo, Wagner 2013, p. 23). ...
Neue öko-soziale Wirtschaftsformen und Genossenschaften sowie Strategien zur Einbettung der Ökonomie und zum Schutz der globalen öffentlichen Güter gewinnen seit der Finanzkrise an Bedeutung. Die jahrzehntelange ökonomische Doktrin des Vorrangs individueller wirtschaftlicher Vorteile weichen Vorstellungen einer öko-sozialen Transformation, die solidarische Wirtschaftsformen ins Zentrum stellt. Gerade die genossenschaftlichen Prinzipien und Werte wie Solidarität, Demokratie und Nachhaltigkeit passen sich besonders gut in diese neuen Visionen ein. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Ursprünge und Besonderheiten des genossenschaftlichen Modells, d. h. die wichtigsten Prinzipien, aktuelle Zahlen und Fakten. Darüber hinaus werden die unterschiedlichen Bereiche, in denen Genossenschaften gegründet werden, beleuchtet und einige Fallbeispiele näher beschrieben.
Von den Folgen des Klimawandels werden Städte, Kommunen und die Wohnungs- und Immobilienwirtschaft unweigerlich und unmittelbar betroffen sein. Das Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung (BMVBS) und das Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung (BBSR) haben dazu entsprechende Forschungsprogramme (z. B. ExWoSt) und Forschungsfelder (z. B. Immoklima, ImmoRisk, BBSR 2012) initiiert. In diesen Programmen werden Wohnungsunternehmen zentral angesprochen. Sie sind jedoch nicht nur Betroffene einer Klimaveränderung und müssen als solche mit Anpassungsstrategien (Adaptation) reagieren (vgl. Alber in diesem Band), z. B. durch Entsiegelung oder die Schaffung von Frischluftzonen auf ihren Flächen zur Reduzierung des städtischen Hitzeinseleffektes. Vielmehr sind sie auch Akteure, die in vielfältiger Weise – direkt und indirekt – Vermeidungsstrategien (Mitigation) umsetzen können, zum Beispiel durch Investitionen in Energiesparmaßnahmen zur Verringerung des Energieverbrauchs. Diese Maßnahmen sind von hoher Relevanz, da Wohnen etwa ein Drittel des Gesamtenergiebedarfs in Deutschland verursacht: 88,6 % des Endenergieverbrauchs wird dabei für Wärme in Form von Raumwärme (71,3 %), Warmwasser (12 %) und sonstiger Prozesswärme (5,3 %) aufgewendet (BDEW 2008). So wundert es auch nicht, dass ein Meilenstein im Energiekonzept der Bundesregierung ein klimaneutraler Gebäudebestand durch Neubau und Modernisierungen bis 2050 (BMU 2010: 24) ist. Diese Akteursrolle ist den Wohnungsunternehmen auch bereits bewusst (GDW 2012c: 2f.).
Die steigende Ressourcenknappheit, der fortschreitende Klimawandel und der Ausstieg aus der Atomenergie haben in den letzten Jahren in Deutschland zu einem verstärkten Ausbau erneuerbarer Energieversorgungsstrukturen geführt. Dennoch wird ein Großteil der Energie immer noch aus nicht-erneuerbaren Ressourcen gewonnen. Im Jahr 2014 wurden 88,9 Prozent des deutschen Primärenergieverbrauchs mithilfe von konventionell produzierter Energie gedeckt (Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie 2015: 11).
Cooperatives offer promising conditions for an economically, ecologically, and socially sustainable future, even more so as several recent societal trends favor a stabilization and even a boom in collective approaches with long(er)-term outcomes. Based on recent research results on German cooperatives, and with a focus on practical approaches to local climate protection, this chapter analyzes actual and potential roles of cooperatives in transition processes towards more sustainable societies.
The replacement of appliances and other energy using products by more efficient ones is generally regarded as an effective strategy to reduce energy demand. However, the savings realized by this strategy may be lower than those theoretically expected or calculated from a technological point of view due to changes of behaviour following the acquisition. This phenomenon is known as the rebound effect. While scientists generally agree on the existence of rebound effects, size, relevance and explanations of such effects are controversially discussed. This paper discusses concepts to explain rebound effects from a psychological as well as sociological point of view. In particular, an approach which combines variables from psychological action theories with the sociological life-style concept is suggested as a framework for studying determinants of rebound effects. --
In the past half-century, the practice and study of global environmental politics and governance have been dramatically rescaled. They have become increasingly complex and interconnected with respect to the level (between local and global) at which they take place, the range of actors engaged in them, and the linkages between them and nominally nonenvironmental issues. Global environmental politics and governance have been rescaled vertically down toward provincial and municipal governments and up toward supranational regimes. They have also been rescaled horizontally across regional and sectoral organizations and networks and across new issues, such as development, security, and trade among others. This rescaling reflects shifts in the magnitude, complexity, and interconnectedness of the global environmental problems humans face as well as epistemological shifts in how humans understand and respond to these problems, and rescaling has implications for both the practice and study of global environmental politics.
Based on the results of both existing research and recent developments in OECD countries, this study focuses on two issues: the local and the multi-level dimensions of urban climate governance. Starting from the distinction between different modes of climate governance (self-governing, governing through enabling, governing by provision and governing by authority), we discuss the relevance of these modes for both mitigation and adaptation policies. These modes are distinct in terms of their governing capacities, which range from soft forms of governing to traditional forms of state intervention. The development in many countries suggests that municipalities do not fully exploit their authoritative powers and are reluctant to apply authoritative modes of governing through regulative measures and strategic planning.
Natural disasters do not affect people equally. In fact, a vulnerability approach to disasters would suggest that inequalities in exposure and sensitivity to risk as well as inequalities in access to resources, capabilities and opportunities systematically disadvantage certain groups of people, rendering them more vulnerable to the impact of natural disasters. In this article we address the specific vulnerability of girls and women with respect to mortality from natural disasters and their aftermath. Biological and physiological differences between the sexes are unlikely to explain large-scale gender differences in mortality rates. Social norms and role behavior provide some further explanation, but what is likely to matter most is the everyday socio-economic status of women. We analyze the effect of disaster strength and its interaction with the socio-economic status of women on the change in the gender gap in life expectancy in a sample of up to 141 countries over the period 1981 to 2002. We find, first, that natural disasters lower the life expectancy of women more than that of men. In other words, natural disasters (and their subsequent impact) on average kill more women than men or kill women at an earlier age than men. Since female life expectancy is generally higher than that of males, for most countries natural disasters narrow the gender gap in life expectancy. Second, the stronger the disaster (as approximated by the number of people killed relative to population size), the stronger this effect on the gender gap in life expectancy. That is, major calamities lead to more severe impacts on female life expectancy (relative to that of males) than smaller disasters. Third, the higher women’s socio-economic status, the weaker this effect on the gender gap in life expectancy. In other words, taken together our results show that it is the socially constructed gender-specific vulnerability of females built into everyday socio-economic patterns that lead to the relatively higher female disaster mortality rates compared to men.
In the three decades to the recent economic downturn, wage gaps widened and household income inequality as measured by GINI increased in a large majority of OECD countries. This occurred even when countries were going through a period of sustained economic and employment growth. This report analyses the major underlying forces behind these developments. It examines to which extent economic globalisation, skill-biased technological progress and institutional and regulatory reforms have had an impact on the distribution of earnings. The report further provides evidence of how changes in family formation and household structures have altered household earnings and income inequality. And it documents how tax and benefit systems have changed in the ways they redistribute household incomes. The report discusses which policies are most promising to counter increases in inequalities and how the policy mix can be adjusted when public budgets are under strain. "Analyses rely on simple statistical techniques that are accessible to a large readership... the graphic and charts are of great help to gain a quick visual grasp of the various issues addressed."
We explore how the Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) program, a network that is simultaneously global and local, state and nonstate, could be conceptualized as part of global environmental governance. We suggest that traditional approaches to international relations—regime theory and transnational networks—offer limited conceptual space for analyzing such networks. These approaches obscure how the governance of global climate change takes place through processes and institutions operating at and between a variety of scales and involving a range of actors with different levels and forms of authority. We contend that it is only by taking a multilevel perspective that we can fully capture the social, political, and economic processes that shape global environmental governance.
Abstract The first half of the Review focuses on the impacts and risks arising from uncontrolled climate change, and on the costs and opportunities associated with action to tackle it. A sound understanding of the economics of risk is critical here. The Review ...
Cities across the globe have conducted greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories and set emission targets as part of climate protection activities. Based on official information and questionnaire data from 40 cities, this study analyses local GHG inventorying and urban emission trends in Germany. All cities do inventories or are preparing inventories. Comparability of reporting data between cities is limited due to varying methodologies and frequency. Many cities have adopted ambitious emission targets. However, most cities in Germany do not use their GHG reporting and emission targets as meaningful GHG management tools: the majority of targets are not city specific and almost half of the cities do not report base year emissions. Urban mitigation performance is limited and correlated to the overall German mitigation performance: Eastern German cities clearly outperform Western German cities because of ‘wall-fall profits’ in the 1990s. No single Western German city is on course to reach its emission target. Regular emission reporting based on city-specific data and a uniform reporting format would enable cities to set realistic targets and control for target achievement. Other policy levels could provide funding, make reporting obligatory and collect cities' inventories in a common, comparable database. City networks could accompany this process.
The paper contributes to the research on understanding local global warming politics. Strategic documents from The Cities for Climate Protection Campaign (CCPC) are analysed to show how CCPC has constructed climate change protection as a local issue. The paper's premise is that the climate change issue must be translated or framed to enable actors to work with this problem in a local context, and that successful framing requires establishing a coherent method of describing social reality. CCPC emphasises that the different elements of local and global sustainable development agendas can be mutually reinforcing, and that climate change protection can be reconciled with local priorities and initiatives that reduce greenhouse gases (GHG). It is argued that this framing of climate change makes it difficult to see why and how climate change should be an important concern for local communities. The modest reductions of GHG in CCPC cities thus far highlights that finding meaningful new ways of linking the global and the local should be a core concern of CCPC.
The literature on global climate change has largely ignored the small but positive steps that many public and private actors
are taking to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A global policy is frequently posited as the only strategy needed. It is important to balance the major attention on global solutions as the only strategy for coping with
climate change. Positive actions are underway at multiple, smaller scales to start the process of climate change mitigation.
Researchers need to understand the strength of polycentric systems where enterprises at multiple levels may complement each
other. Building a global regime is a necessity, but encouraging the emergence of a polycentric system starts the process of
reducing greenhouse gas emissions and acts as a spur to international regimes to do their part.
KeywordsGlobal public goods–Climate policy–Collective-action theory
{textlessptextgreatertextless}br/textgreaterThe 20th anniversary issue of Global Environmental Change provides an important opportunity to address the core questions involved in addressing "global environmental" problems--especially those related to climate change. Climate change is a global collective-action problem since all of us face the likelihood of extremely adverse outcomes that could be reduced if many participants take expensive actions. Conventional collective-action theory predicts that these problems will not be solved unless an external authority determines appropriate actions to be taken, monitors behavior, and imposes sanctions. Debating about global efforts to solve climate-change problems, however, has yet not led to an effective global treaty. Fortunately, many activities can be undertaken by multiple units at diverse scales that cumulatively make a difference. I argue that instead of focusing only on global efforts (which are indeed a necessary part of the long-term solution), it is better to encourage polycentric efforts to reduce the risks associated with the emission of greenhouse gases. Polycentric approaches facilitate achieving benefits at multiple scales as well as experimentation and learning from experience with diverse policies.textless/ptextgreater
There is now clear scientific evidence that emissions from economic activity, particularly the burning of fossil fuels for energy, are causing changes to the Earth´s climate. A sound understanding of the economics of climate change is needed in order to underpin an effective global response to this challenge. The Stern Review is an independent, rigourous and comprehensive analysis of the economic aspects of this crucial issue. It has been conducted by Sir Nicholas Stern, Head of the UK Government Economic Service, and a former Chief Economist of the World Bank. The Economics of Climate Change will be invaluable for all students of the economics and policy implications of climate change, and economists, scientists and policy makers involved in all aspects of climate change.
Processes causing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions benefit humans by providing consumer goods and services. This benefit, and hence the responsibility for emissions, varies by purpose or consumption category and is unevenly distributed across and within countries. We quantify greenhouse gas emissions associated with the final consumption of goods and services for 73 nations and 14 aggregate world regions. We analyze the contribution of 8 categories: construction, shelter, food, clothing, mobility, manufactured products, services, and trade. National average per capita footprints vary from 1 tCO2e/y in African countries to approximately 30/y in Luxembourg and the United States. The expenditure elasticity is 0.57. The cross-national expenditure elasticity for just CO2, 0.81, corresponds remarkably well to the cross-sectional elasticities found within nations, suggesting a global relationship between expenditure and emissions that holds across several orders of magnitude difference. On the global level, 72% of greenhouse gas emissions are related to household consumption, 10% to government consumption, and 18% to investments. Food accounts for 20% of GHG emissions, operation and maintenance of residences is 19%, and mobility is 17%. Food and services are more important in developing countries, while mobility and manufactured goods rise fast with income and dominate in rich countries. The importance of public services and manufactured goods has not yet been sufficiently appreciated in policy. Policy priorities hence depend on development status and country-level characteristics.
There is now clear scientific evidence that emissions from economic activity, particularly the burning of fossil fuels for energy, are causing changes to the Earth´s climate. A sound understanding of the economics of climate change is needed in order to underpin an effective global response to this challenge. The Stern Review is an independent, rigourous and comprehensive analysis of the economic aspects of this crucial issue. It has been conducted by Sir Nicholas Stern, Head of the UK Government Economic Service, and a former Chief Economist of the World Bank. The Economics of Climate Change will be invaluable for all students of the economics and policy implications of climate change, and economists, scientists and policy makers involved in all aspects of climate change.
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