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Learning for Life Through Practice-Based Education Curricula
Abstract
While the focus of practice-based education (PBE) is on students becoming practising professionals, we contend that professionals inevitably and desirably bring their life experience to their practice, and so PBE curricula should also encompass learning for life. We want professionals to engage with the people and communities they work alongside, to be productive global citizens and to be enriched as people from their work as professionals.
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The volume ‘Reform of Higher Education in Europe’ is published in celebration of CHEPS’ 25th anniversary. All contributors to this book are working at CHEPS, and bring their extensive knowledge of the deep-seated reforms and changes to the field of higher education and research over the last 25 years. The chapters are each devoted to a detailed policy analysis deeply rooted in CHEPS’ quarter-century programme of theoretical and empirical research. Some contributions cover key themes of concern since CHEPS’ early years, including state-university relationships, quality assurance and funding. Other contributions cover more contemporary higher education policy issues, including European reform initiatives (innovation, the Bologna Process, doctoral training and the Erasmus programme) and debates around higher education institutions’ evolving functions, including the university’s third mission and the research function of universities of applied sciences. What unifies all chapters is their recognition that policy success is dependent on smart implementation grounded in a comprehensive understanding of highly complex policy processes. The book as a whole offers clear descriptions and analyses of how policy processes are implemented through co-ordinated institutional and stakeholder interventions. This volume seeks to enhance academic and policy-maker understanding of Europe’s evolving higher education system as it emerges as a cornerstone of the contemporary knowledge society.
Nowhere today is higher education undergoing more substantial change than in Europe. As countries pursue policies designed
to integrate their economies, political systems and social structures, it is becoming increasingly clear that higher education,
research and innovation are critical components to fully realising the potential gains stemming from the changes ahead. This
very idea has been espoused in several highlevel European wide processes and has given rise to a series of ambitious goals
and objectives designed to ensure long term European pre-eminence as both a knowledge producer and transmitter. European higher
education systems have shown themselves to be no stranger to political reform: for the better part of three decades the sector
has been included in the much broader national and international–even global–reforms in Western and Eastern Europe. In order
to celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of our Center for Higher Education Policy Studies, former and current CHEPS staff
have written the chapters of this book analysing and reflecting on issues of reform in European higher education. This introduction
provides a brief overview of some of the major issues at stake in European higher education and introduces the contributions
to this book.
Many professions have requirements for professional development activities to ensure continuing registration or membership. These commonly focus on participation in a limited range of activities. This paper questions the assumptions behind such approaches and what alternatives might be considered. It explores the suitability of metaphors used for continuing professional education and suggests that continuing professional development might be better conceptualised within practice theory. It identifies what a practice theory view of continuing professional development might involve and discusses the implications, particularly the notion of locating development within the practices of work.
This study uses a sample of 454 teachers engaged in an inquiry science program to examine the effects of different characteristics of professional development on teachers’ knowledge and their ability to implement the program. The authors analyzed results from a survey of teachers served by 28 professional development providers within a hierarchical linear modeling framework. Consistent with findings from earlier studies of effective professional development, this study points to the significance of teachers’ perceptions about how coherent their professional development experiences were for teacher learning and program implementation. The authors also found that the incorporation of time for teachers to plan for implementation and provision of technical support were significant for promoting program implementation in the program.
This paper focuses mainly on theoretical frameworks for understanding and investigating informal learning in the workplace, which have been developed through a series of large‐ and small‐scale projects. The main conclusions are included but readers are referred to other publications for more detailed accounts of individual projects. Two types of framework are discussed. The first group seeks to deconstruct the ‘key concepts’ of informal learning, learning from experience, tacit knowledge, transfer of learning and> intuitive practice to disclose the range of different phenomena that are embraced by these popular terms. The second group comprises frameworks for addressing the three central questions that pervaded the research programme: what is being learned, how is it being learned and what are the factors that influence the level and directions of the learning effort?
Policy debate about whether to maintain public subsidies for higher education has stimulated reconsideration of the public mission of higher education institutions, especially those that provide student places conferring private benefits. If the work of higher education institutions is defined simply as the aggregation of private interests, this evaporates the rationale for higher education institutions as distinctive social foundations with multiple public and private roles. The private benefits could be produced elsewhere. If that is all there is to higher education institutions, they could follow the Tudor monasteries into oblivion. But what is ‘public’ in higher education institutions? What could be ‘public’? What should be ‘public’? The paper reviews the main notions of ‘public’ (public goods in economics, public understood as collective good and Habermas' public sphere) noting the contested and politicised environment in which notions of ‘public’ must find purchase. A turn to global public goods offers the most promising strategy for re-grounding the ‘public’ character of higher education.
Continuing to learn is universally accepted and expected by professionals and other stakeholders across all professions. However, despite changes in response to research findings about how professionals learn, many professional development practices still focus on delivering content rather than enhancing learning. In exploring reasons for the continuation of didactic practices in professional development, this article critiques the usual conceptualization of professional development through a review of recent literature across professions. An alternative conceptualization is proposed, based on philosophical assumptions congruent with evidence about professional learning from seminal educational research of the past two decades. An argument is presented for a shift in discourse and focus from delivering and evaluating professional development programs to understanding and supporting authentic professional learning.
This book has been primarily written for people who are interested and involved in helping students maximise the learning and development they gain from their higher education experience. The authors contributing to this book hope that their attempt to examine and give practical meaning to the idea of lifewideness makes sense to you and helps you support and facilitate development of people in your professional context. We hope also that it might have meaning for you in your own life. The book is also written for people who are helping higher education institutions develop a better understanding of the ways in which students engage in and are shaped by their whole life experience while they are studying. And for those people who are trying to bring about change in institutional practice, particularly those who are finding it challenging, we hope the contributions in this book will reinforce your conviction that this is a worthwhile thing to do. In recent years, Universities in the UK have been encouraged to evaluate what they do through the lens of the students' experience. This has resulted in an increasing institutional interest and awareness in the way in which students integrate higher education with their life beyond the campus. Student Support Services in some universities have been inspired by the visionary report 'Learning Reconsidered: A Campus-wide Focus on the Student Experience' (NASPA and ACPA 2004). We hope that this book will encourage and be of value to those who make decisions or who create policies relating to the student experience. This book has been primarily written for people who are interested and involved in helping students maximise the learning and development they gain from their higher education experience. The authors contributing to this book hope that their attempt to examine and give practical meaning to the idea of lifewideness makes sense to you and helps you support and facilitate development of people in your professional context. We hope also that it might have meaning for you in your own life. The book is also written for people who are helping higher education institutions develop a better understanding of the ways in which students engage in and are shaped by their whole life experience while they are studying. And for those people who are trying to bring about change in institutional practice, particularly those who are finding it challenging, we hope the contributions in this book will reinforce your conviction that this is a worthwhile thing to do. In recent years, Universities in the UK have been encouraged to evaluate what they do through the lens of the students' experience. This has resulted in an increasing institutional interest and awareness in the way in which students integrate higher education with their life beyond the campus. Student Support Services in some universities have been inspired by the visionary report 'Learning Reconsidered: A Campus-wide Focus on the Student Experience' (NASPA and ACPA 2004). We hope that this book will encourage and be of value to those who make decisions or who create policies relating to the student experience.
The book is available to download from the Lifewide Education website. https://www.lifewideeducation.uk/learning-for-a-complex-world.html
Every business and organization today needs to impress stakeholders with its ethics policy. Universities, Ethics and Professions examines how this emphasis on ethics by the professional world is impacting universities, institutions that have long been key contributors to ethical reflection and debate, and shapers of ethical discourse. Changing objectives, globalization, and public concerns continue to bring professionalism, and commercialization, into the dialogue about what ethics mean on campus.
Universities, Ethics and Professions offers an in-depth examination of the changing landscape of academic ethics, with case-study analysis from sociologists, educationalists, management specialists and philosophers. As professionalism becomes an integral part of university teaching, training, and research, this book considers the impact on the ethical practices of academics, and explores the importance of universities remaining sites of open discourse on ethics in the future.
The Good Life of Teaching extends the recent revival of virtue ethics to professional ethics and the philosophy of teaching. It connects long-standing philosophical questions about work and human growth to questions about teacher motivation, identity, and development. Makes a significant contribution to the philosophy of teaching and also offers new insights into virtue theory and professional ethics. Offers fresh and detailed readings of major figures in ethics, including Alasdair MacIntyre, Charles Taylor, and Bernard Williams and the practical philosophies of Hannah Arendt, John Dewey and Hans-Georg Gadamer. Provides illustrations to assist the reader in visualizing major points, and integrates sources such as film, literature, and teaching memoirs to exemplify arguments in an engaging and accessible way. Presents a compelling vision of teaching as a reflective practice showing how this requires us to prepare teachers differently. © 2011 The Author, Philosophy of Education Society of Great Britain. All rights reserved.
In this short and powerful book, celebrated philosopher Martha Nussbaum makes a passionate case for the importance of the liberal arts at all levels of education. Historically, the humanities have been central to education because they have rightly been seen as essential for creating competent democratic citizens. But recently, Nussbaum argues, thinking about the aims of education has gone disturbingly awry both in the United States and abroad. Anxiously focused on national economic growth, we increasingly treat education as though its primary goal were to teach students to be economically productive rather than to think critically and become knowledgeable and empathetic citizens. This shortsighted focus on profitable skills has eroded our ability to criticize authority, reduced our sympathy with the marginalized and different, and damaged our competence to deal with complex global problems. And the loss of these basic capacities jeopardizes the health of democracies and the hope of a decent world. In response to this dire situation, Nussbaum argues that we must resist efforts to reduce education to a tool of the gross national product. Rather, we must work to reconnect education to the humanities in order to give students the capacity to be true democratic citizens of their countries and the world. Drawing on the stories of troubling--and hopeful--educational developments from around the world, Nussbaum offers a manifesto that should be a rallying cry for anyone who cares about the deepest purposes of education.
'To thine own self be true.' From Polonius's words in Hamlet right up to Oprah, we are constantly urged to look within. Why is being authentic the ultimate aim in life for so many people, and why does it mean looking inside rather than out? Is it about finding the 'real' me, or something greater than me, even God? And should we welcome what we find? Thought-provoking and with an astonishing range of references, On Being Authentic is a gripping journey into the self that begins with Socrates and Augustine. Charles Guignon asks why being authentic ceased to mean being part of some bigger, cosmic picture and with Rousseau, Wordsworth and the Romantic movement, took the strong inward turn alive in today's self-help culture. He also plumbs the darker depths of authenticity, with the help of Freud, Joseph Conrad and Alice Miller and reflects on the future of being authentic in a postmodern, global age. He argues ultimately that if we are to rescue the ideal of being authentic, we have to see ourselves as fundamentally social creatures, embedded in relationships and communities, and that being authentic is not about what is owed to me but how I depend on others.
Education for Future Practice engages with the challenge faced by higher education: to envisage probable, possible and desired futures for practice and education and to realise ways of educating practitioners for these futures. Future education involves the pursuit of shared visions and purpose in the midst of the turbulence created by a diverse influences on education and practice. These influences arise from: learners' participation in multiple practice and learning communities, unpredictable workplaces, dynamic education and practice market places, the various demands and interests of stakeholders, higher education imperatives, and unparalleled opportunities and expectations associated with advancing information and communication technologies. The book contains four sections: • Education for practice • Contextualising practice • Contextualising education for practice • Doing education for practice This book is directed to educators, scholars, practitioners and those concerned with how we are preparing people to work in the rapidly changing world of the twenty first century.
In global times, university education policy that holds the greatest promise for social responsibility is the focus here; the argument made is that such policy ought to be conceptualised using a normative human development and capabilities approach, drawing on the work of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum. Their ideas offer a values‐based way of seeing higher education policy and development. Reasons are advanced for the necessary contribution of universities to the public good and to poverty reduction, while the contested purposes of universities are further outlined before human development and capabilities are presented for consideration as a superior approach to that of dominant reductionist human capital policies. The political dimension of policy development is acknowledged and explored to show that different normative frameworks generate different policies. The ideas are operationalised in relation to pedagogical arrangements and in the indexing of policy aims informed by human development, against pedagogies and graduate capabilities.
What is it to learn in the modern world? We can identify four learning epochs through which our understanding of learning has passed: a metaphysical view; an empirical view; an experiential view; and, currently, a learning-amid-contestation view. In this last and current
view, learning has its place in a world in which, the more one learns, the more one is aware of counter positions and perspectives. Here is a conundrum for learning here becomes a kind of un-learning. This learning calls for the development among students of certain kinds of dispositions and
qualities. These dispositions and qualities provide resources that enable students to venture forwards to enquire in a world in which every position and every perspective is subject to contestation. Learning here becomes the formation of a radical-butactive-doubt . Such a view of learning
for the twenty-first century points to a poverty in the notion of 'learning outcomes', if learning is incessant but self-doubting enquiry. This learning has no outcome except the continuing formation – largely a self-formation – of the student's being. This view of learning opens
the way for possibilities in curricula and pedagogy, possibilities that both unsettle students but which also help them to develop the inner resources to go on learning in a difficult world.
In this paper, I reconstruct Alasdair MacIntyre's aretaic, practical philosophy, drawing out its implications for professional ethics in general and the practice of teaching in particular. After reviewing the moral theory as a whole, I examine MacIntyre's notion of internal goods. Defined within the context of practices, such goods give us reason to reject the very idea of applied ethics. Being goods for the practitioner, they suggest that the eudaimonia of the practitioner is central to professional ethics. In this way, MacIntyre's moral theory helps us recover the untimely question, how does teaching contribute to the flourishing of the teacher?
Public education is crucial to the health of democracy. Recent educational initiatives in many countries, however, focus narrowly on science and technology, neglecting the arts and humanities. They also focus on internalization of information, rather than on the formation of the student's critical and imaginative capacities. This article argues that such a narrow focus is dangerous for democracy's future. Drawing on the ideas of Rabindranath Tagore, the paper proposes a three-part model for the development of young people's capabilities through education, focusing on critical thinking, world citizenship, and imaginative understanding.
Commodities and Capabilities presents a set of inter-related theses concerning the foundations of welfare economics, and in particular about the assessment of personal well-being and advantage. The argument presented focuses on the capability to function, i.e. what a person can do or can be, questioning in the process the more standard emphasis on opulence or on utility. In fact, a person's motivation behind choice is treated here as a parametric variable which may or may not coincide with the pursuit of self-interest. Given the large number of practical problems arising from the roles and limitations of different concepts of interest and the judgement of advantage and well-being, this scholarly investigation is both of theoretical interest and practical import.
A diverse range of practice-based approaches has increased our understanding of learning in preparation for work and in the workplace. While these approaches are rich and varied, they generally conceptualise practice as a singular, relational whole, thereby overlooking the multiplicity of practice. Moreover, practice-based approaches commonly adopt an epistemological focus that neglects the ontological
dimension central to learning. In other words, these approaches emphasise the knowledge or activities that are learned, at the expense of attention to who learners are becoming
and what this process of becoming involves. We adopt a lifeworld
perspective in proposing an alternative approach that focuses on development of ‘ways of being,’ such as ways of teaching or managing. Ways of being guide and direct our activities, giving meaning to what we do and who we are. We outline the historical development and key features of this alternative approach. We use empirical material from our research on learning in higher education and the workplace in demonstrating how a lifeworld perspective can provide a new and innovative approach to practice-based learning.
There is a growing interest in practice-based learning in countries with both advanced and developing economies. Much of this interest is directed towards augmenting students’ learning within vocational or higher education programmes of initial occupational preparation
or those for professional development
(i.e., further development of occupational knowledge across working life). The worth of contributions from practice settings
and experiences with authentic instances of occupational practice, of course, has been long acknowledged in the major professions
and trades
. Indeed, most trades and professions have a requirement for individuals to engage in an extensive period of practice prior to being accepted as a tradesperson or professional. So, there is now a growing interest in occupationally specific higher education programmes providing these kinds of experiences for novice practitioners. However, beyond their use in initial occupational preparation, there is a wider set of considerations about the utility of practice-based experiences to promote ongoing development across working life. In particular, occupational practice and experiences in practice settings are now being used as a vehicle for professional development. Increasingly, educational programmes organised by universities, technical colleges, and professional bodies, are often either premised upon or partially based within the learner's occupational practice. Hence, at this time, there is a wide and growing acceptance that the experiences provided in practice settings, usually workplaces or work settings, are essential for developing the knowledge required to effectively practice occupations.
Incl. bibl., abstract This paper reports on a research project investigating the role of universities in South Africa in contributing to poverty reduction through the quality of their professional education programmes. The focus here is on theorising and the early operationalisation of multi-layered, multi-dimensional transformation based on ideas from Amartya Sen's capability approach. Key features of a professionalism oriented to public service, which in South Africa must mean the needs and lives of the poor, are outlined. These features include: the demand from justice; the expansion of the comprehensive capabilities both of the poor and professional capability formation to be able to act in 'pro-poor' ways; and, praxis pedagogies which shape this connected process. This theorisation is then tentatively operationalised in a process of selecting transformation dimensions.
The purpose of professional education programs is to prepare aspiring professionals for the challenges of practice within a particular profession. These programs typically seek to ensure the acquisition of necessary knowledge and skills, as well as providing opportunities for their application. While not denying the importance of knowledge and skills, this paper reconfigures professional education as a process of becoming. Learning to become a professional involves not only what we know and can do, but also who we are (becoming). It involves integration of knowing, acting, and being in the form of professional ways of being that unfold over time. When a professional education program focuses on the acquisition and application of knowledge and skills, it falls short of facilitating their integration into professional ways of being. In addition, through such a focus on epistemology (or theory of knowing), ontology (or theory of being) is overlooked. This paper explores what it means to develop professional ways of being where the focus is becoming, not simply knowing as an end in itself.
In this article, the implications of foregrounding ontology for teaching and learning in higher education are explored. In conventional approaches to higher education programmes, ontology has tended to be subordinated to epistemological concerns. This has meant the flourishing of notions such as the transfer and acquisition of knowledge and skills, either generic or discipline-specific. The authors challenge this emphasis on what students acquire through education by foregrounding instead the question of who they become. They do this through a theoretical/conceptual exploration of an approach to learning that undermines a narrow focus on the intellect by promoting the integration of knowing, acting and being.
Service-learning in higher education: Critical issues and directions
- D W Butin
Educating for moral action: A sourcebook in health and rehabilitation ethics
- R Purtilo
- G M Jensen
- Royeen
Higher education pedagogies: A capabilities approach
- M Walker
Becoming a self: The role of authenticity in Being and Time
- C B Guignon
- CB Guignon
Excellence without a soul: Does liberal education have a future
- H R Lewis
- HR Lewis
Commodities and capabilities. Delhi
- A K Sen