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PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
ISSN 2454-5899
© 2017 The author and GRDS Publishing. All rights reserved.
Availa ble Onl ine at: http://grdspublishing.org/
188
Elizelle Juaneé Cilliers
Special Issue Volume 3 Issue 1, pp. 188 - 198
Date of Publication: 21st January, 2017
DOI-https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2017.31.1 88198
THE CHALLENGE OF TEACHING GENERATION Z
Elizelle Juaneé Cilliers
Urban and Regional Planning, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West
University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
juanee.cilliers@nwu.ac.za
Abstract
Incredible technology changes are defining our current reality, impacting on our approach to
society, to planning and to breaking new ground in terms of education. There is a rise of a new
generation that is "location-aware" and speaks a “technological-language”. This has a great
impacts on the teaching-learning environment within the current university structures, as
students (the new Generation Z learners) are more equipped with technology, than typical
Generation X (lecturers), which increase complexity of education processes involving
instruction, guidance, and supervision. This study investigated the preferences of the new
Generation Z student, in terms of technology usage within formal educational systems, based on
the surveys conducted among the Urban Planning students on the Potchefstroom campus of the
North-West University, South Africa, over a 7 year period. It also tested perspectives and
technology usage and preferences of current lecturers (of the same group of students), in order
to reveal some of the complex realities and challenges faced when teaching Generation Z. The
research concluded with the viewpoints of both groups and presented some solutions to bridge
the gaps and enhance teaching-learning strategies.
Keywords
Generation X, Generation Z, Urban Planning, Technology hype
PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
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1. Introduction
During the time of writing this paper, Pokemon Go was released, and what better proof of
illustrating the incredible technology changes and era we are currently living in. Pokemon Go
introduced the reality of blending the physical and virtual spaces (Lopez, 2016), but at the same
time the great number of people playing this game, revealed something about the changing
societal needs. The digital world is a game changer for life as we know it.
The use of YouTube, web blogs, mobile mapping and bar-codes on smart phones is
increasing in the everyday life. Spatial representations have been inflected by electronic
technologies (radar, sonar, GPS, WLAN, Bluetooth etc.) which was traditionally only used in
mapping, navigation, and location and proximity sensing. Social media is transforming society
(Sinaga, 2015) and there is a rise of a new generation that is "location-aware" (De Varco, 2004)
and “business as usual” is being rewritten by this younger generation of internet users (Van Zyl,
2009). This is also true when considering methods of teaching and learning and communication
structures associated therewith.
This paper explored the broad characteristics of Generation Z, along with the technology
preferences of this group (with specific reference to social media usage) and possible strategies
to bridge the technology-gap with previous generations and enhance the current teaching-
learning environment.
The empirical investigation was based on surveys conducted among 3rd year Urban
Planning students of the North-West University (NWU) in 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2016, in order
to compare differences and illustrate advances, changing needs and preferences with regard to
technology usage of Generation Z. The viewpoints of previous generations was captured by
means of surveys distributed amongst the Urban Planning lecturers of the said group of students.
2. Who is this generation Z?
The generation typology is well covered in various sources. Five general trends can be
identified, broadly referring to: (1) The traditionalists, born between 1928 and 1944, who values
authority and a top-down management approach; (2) The baby boomer generation, born between
PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
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1945 and 1965 who tend to be workaholics; (3) Generation X, born between 1965 and 1979, a
generation who is comfortable with authority and view the work-life balance as important, (4)
Generation Y, been born between 1980 and 1995 and who generally grew up in prosperity and
have technology savvy and (5) Generation Z, born after 1995, who is still to come into the
workforce, but tend to be digital natives, fast decision makers, and highly connected
(Consultancy.uk, 2015; Dauksevicuite, 2016) (refer to Figure 1). Based on the recent statistics of
Pokemon Go players, the digital preferences of Generation Z is substantiated, with the greatest
number of players (46%) aged between 19 and 29 years (in comparison to 22% aged between 13
and 17 years, 25% between 30 and 50 and 6% above 50 years) (Forbes, 2016).
Figure 1. Generation typology
Source: Consultancy.uk (2015)
The typical Generation Z person, or digital natives as often referred to (Dauksevicuite,
2016; Rothman, 2016) was the first generation born into a globally (internet) connected world
and therefore “live and breathe” technology. This is also true for the higher education
environment where Generation Z students rely on PC-recordings instead of taking notes, are
more tend to raise questions online, see a lecture as “come and entertain me” and does not like
waiting for a response but demand instant information and communication (Dauksevicuite, 2016;
Rothman, 2016).
Some research illustrated that the brains of Generation Z are structurally different than
those of earlier generations, not as a result of genetics, but as a result of the external environment
and how our brains respond to such (Rothman, 2016). “The brains of Generation Zs have
become wired to sophisticated, complex visual imagery, and as a result, the part of the brain
responsible for visual ability is far more developed, making visual forms of learning more
PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
ISSN 2454-5899
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effective” (Rothman, 2016). Auditory learning, such as lectures and discussions, is very strongly
disliked by this group, whereas interactive games, collaborative projects, advance organizers,
and challenges, are appreciated (Rothman, 2016).
The technology preferences of the Generation Z student was tested in a local case study
conducted among 3rd year Urban Planning students at the North-West University in South Africa.
The preferences and technology usage of lecturers of this group of students were also tested in
order to shed some light on the teaching-learning challenges associated with educating
Generation Z. Findings of these surveys (over a 7 year period) are presented accordingly.
3. Technology preferences case study
3.1 Student preferences
Since 2011 technology preferences were tested among 3rd year Urban Planning students
of the North-West University (NWU). Surveys was conducted in 2011, 2013, 2015 (on typical
Generation X students) and for the first time in 2016 on Generation Z students, born in 1995.
Students completed anonymous questionnaires capturing their preferences with regard to
technology use as part of teaching-learning strategies. This research aimed to compare the
findings over the different time periods in order to draw some conclusions with regard to the
change in need and expectations when considering technology usages (and social media) as part
of formal education structures. All (100%) students within al the survey years, indicated that they
own their own computer and smart phone, and use such to access social media.
It was evident that the use of social media increased as not all students (94% in 2013 and
93% in 2015) had Facebook accounts, but this increased to 100% in the 2016 survey. Students
also contacted their lecturers through social media, and 75% of the 2016 survey identify
WhatsApp as the preferred method (none used Facebook for such purposes). 57% of students in
the 2015 survey also indicated that WhatsApp improves their learning environment, while 100%
(in both 2015 and 2016) agreed that they use WhatsApp to receive academic information from
their classmates.
PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
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Figure 2: Student-lecturer communication methods
It was interesting to note that most students prefer writing written examinations and not
electronic examinations, although the trend is picking up and more students are voting in favor of
electronic (online) examinations. The same trend was evident with regard to electronic study
material, with 63% opting for this option in 2016 (refer to Figure 3)
Most students, in all the survey years, stated that they would rather have more lectures and
viewer assignments. The option for lectures (physical contact sessions) increased per survey and
88% of students chose this option in the 2016 survey, as captured in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Student preferences with regard to formal study material
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Contact lecturers via
Facebook WhatsApp Not via social media
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2013 2015 2016
Prefer electronic examinations
Prefer electronic literature
Prefer more lectures
PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
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The perceptions of students regarding the technology know-how of lectures decreased in every
survey year, and in the 2016 survey, 100% of students were confident that they know more of
technology than (all 14%, most 42% and some 42%) their lecturers (refer to Figure 4).
Figure 4: Student perceptions
71% of the students of the 2016 survey indicated that they would like even more technology-
usage as part of their modules. This findings correlate with previous research of Olivier (2013)
indicating that 83% students on the Potchefstroom Campus of the NWU agree that technology
elevates the level of teaching and learning.
Since 2011 a change in technology trends were observed in terms of:
Wifi is more freely available on campus in 2016, enhancing the connectedness of students.
In 2011 it was valid to ask if students have a smart phone and internet connected computer,
whereas in 2016 this was a given for all students.
In 2016 all students engage in social media and even feel comfortable to contact their
lecturers through the use of social media, a trend that is definitely increasing over time.
There is a growing trend in students opting for electronic study material and electronic
examinations.
There is a growing trend illustrating that students prefer more contact sessions and lectures.
Student increasingly believe they have more technology know-how than their lecturers.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
I have more technology know-how than my lecturers
2013 2015 2016
PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
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Students are requesting more technology-usage as part of their modules.
3.2 Lecturer preferences
In 2016 the technology-usage survey was extended to include the viewpoints of the
lecturers teaching the students included in the survey (3rd year Urban Planning students of the
NWU). The identified lecturers completed anonymous questionnaires capturing their preferences
with regard to technology use as part of teaching-learning strategies. This research aimed to
identify the current reality of technology-usage as part of formal education structures and
comparing that to the needs and expectations of the students.
All lecturers indicated that they use technology within the module they teach. 80% of
lecturers indicated that they use social media to contact students, but none of them use
WhatsApp for academic purposes and only 20% use FaceBook for academic purposes.
None of the lecturers prefer electronic examinations and 100% agree to have more lectures and
fever assignments. 80% believe they have less technology know-how in comparison to the
students they teach, as captured in the following figure, identifying the correlation between the
lecturer and student preferences.
Figure 5: Student-lecturer correlations
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Use social media for
contact
Prefer electronic
examinations
More lectures Student more
technology know-
how
Lecturer Student
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60% of the lecturers believe that social media can enhance teaching-learning strategies. 60% of
the lecturers stated that they are aware of the preferences (understanding, expectations and
challenges) of Generation Z, although 100% of them indicated that they are interested to learn
more about such realities.
4. Teaching-learning strategies and way forward
The Generation Z students will from now on fill our classrooms, and expect a teaching
environment in which they can interact in a similar way they do in their virtual worlds. This
imply a demand for instant information, visual forms of learning, and replacing
“communication” with “interaction”.
Findings presented in this study support the statement of Du Plessis (2011:28) that “there
is a need to explore and understand the elements of technology, social media and social
networking that students find so compelling and to incorporate those elements into teaching and
learning”. This does not only imply integrating technology as part of teaching-learning, but
seeking a “creative classroom setup" with unique initiatives that introduce more visual-teaching
methods and interesting, quick-result participatory methods. Student-centered learning has power
(Du Plessis: 2011:71) and technology advances and social media can further enhance such
approaches.
The teacher however, needs to think critically and creatively and establish a classroom
environment that is conducive to thinking and creating. The creation of the proper learning
environment is crucial. New designs for classrooms, desks facing each other to enhance
interaction, outdoor teaching possibilities, inclusion of interactive technology and field trips
should form part of this new thinking (Stern, 2014).
Table 1 captures a summary of the students-view and lecturers-view as perceived in this
research, and offers a possible solutions to bridge these different worlds and viewpoints, and
create a way forward for teaching-learning strategies accommodating Generation Z students.
PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences
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Table 1. Bridging the student-lecturer view
Student view
Lecturers view
Possible bridge
Know they have more
technology know-how
than their lecturers
Realize that they teach a
student with more
technology know-how
Instructors teaching Generation Z must be
prepared to teach using software, hardware,
and digital, technological and social media.
Creative classroom setups will need to form
part of the education process.
Online connected
throughout the day
resulting in quick
information
Include some technology in
teaching, but it is limited.
Explore the Internet as a communication tool
in a group decision-making process and seek
to not work in isolation, but enhancing the
interconnectedness of the group.
Requesting more
technology-usage as part
of their modules
They realize that social
media can benefit teaching-
learning strategies, but
don’t have the knowledge
to implement such
initiatives
Research social networks and their impact on
the traditional approach to urban planning as
possible integration method. Explore virtual
place-making processes and creative
classroom setups.
Growing interest in online
examinations, online
study material
Believe traditional teaching
methods (such as written
examinations and formal
contact sessions) are best
strategies.
Explore applications and supporting software
to implement a gradual change. Replace
PowerPoints with open discussions, lively
debate and structured group work.
Prefer more contact
sessions
Prefer more (traditional)
contact sessions
Move away from traditional teaching
approaches to more learner-based learning.
Include visual methods and creative teaching
sessions (indoors and outdoors).
Born into the internet-era
and does not understand a
different view
They are not fully aware of
the characteristics,
challenges and preferences
of the Generation Z student
but are willing to learn
Some lecturers will need professional
development support to help them move from
a traditional to a transformational learning
model.
Source: Based on Stern (2014); Rothman (2016); Streetline (2013); Hanzl (2007)
The challenge of teaching Generation Z is to move beyond traditional teaching-learning
strategies and seek ways to teach in order to grasp the imagination, interest and understanding of
this “connected” generation Z.
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Acknowledgements
This research (or parts thereof) was made possible by the financial contribution of the NRF
(National Research Foundation) South Africa. Any opinion, findings and conclusions or
recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and therefore the NRF
does not accept any liability in regard thereto.
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