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Chapter 1. Emotions, Evolution, And Adaptive Processes
... Se resalta que el proceso se caracteriza por la combinación de emociones que podemos catalogar como 'agradables' y 'desagradables', sin decir con esto que se considera que existen emociones 'buenas' o 'malas', ya que se entiende que una experiencia emocionalmente sana se constituye por la diversidad de emociones presentes y la gestión que de estas se realice durante la misma experiencia. Igualmente, se destaca la presencia de emociones resultantes de la combinación de tercer orden (Plutchik, 1970(Plutchik, , 2001, en particular alegría-confianza-sorpresa, las cuales en diferentes combinaciones e intensidades producen niveles de disfrute. Esta emoción es particularmente importante en este estudio, ya que como se ha declarado es la que está asociada a una experiencia lúdica (Huizinga, 2007) y autotélica (Csikszentmihalyi, 1998Nakamura & Csikszentmihalyi, 2009. ...
... Los resultados de este caso, además de proporcionar un primer lente para entender y aprender cómo se puede agenciar la microdinámica de las relaciones socio-creativas en redes socioculturales emergentes, a través de la prefiguración y despliegue de experiencias de co-creación lúdica con grupos sociales caracterizados por su pluralidad cultural y diversidad en su quehacer, permitieron también ajustar el método de DP, así como los instrumentos utilizados, tanto para la recolección como para el procesamiento de información. Así mismo, se ajustó la taxonomía de las relaciones, los factores para impulsar la creatividad colectiva y se decidió aplicar en los instrumentos y técnicas el modelo de emociones basado en las experiencias de flujo (Nakamura & Csikszentmihalyi, 2009), en lugar de aquel elaborado por Robert Plutchik (1970Plutchik ( , 2001, ya que el primero relaciona las dimensiones de la actividad humana para vivenciar una experiencia autotélica, es decir, centrada en sí misma, lo que se traduce aquí como disfrute inmersivo o en palabras de Gaver (2009), involucramiento lúdico. ...
El propósito de esta investigación radica en facilitar la generación de relaciones interculturales mediante el diseño participativo, en clave de co-creación lúdica. Se adoptó un enfoque de investigación en diseño que amalgama una variedad de métodos y técnicas, siguiendo una aproximación bricolaje de la investigación en diseño (Rowan & Camps, 2017; Yee & Bremner, 2011). La población de estudio abarcó 10 casos, cada uno conformado por diversas poblaciones en distintas regiones de Colombia, caracterizadas por su diversidad cultural. Los resultados más sobresalientes de este trabajo comprenden la conceptualización de la diversidad cultural como la medida de la diversidad aparente, examinada a través del análisis de redes sociales (ARS), en función de la interacción y satisfactores compartidos entre agentes de diferentes culturas. Además, se logró la creación de un prototipo de modelo de co-creación lúdica (MCL), que sirve a equipos de investigación-creación (I+C), como una herramienta valiosa para diseñar experiencias de co-creación. Asimismo, se identificó el potencial de la co-creación lúdica para promover la interculturalidad como una práctica de I+C que no solo reconoce las asimetrías de poder, sino que también tiene la capacidad de atenuarlas. En resumen, aunque se destaca el potencial de la co-creación lúdica para convertir la diversidad cultural en interculturalidad, enfocándose en la influencia de las emociones en las experiencias de diseño participativo, se reconoce la necesidad de continuar desarrollando este enfoque. Los resultados obtenidos no demuestran, de manera concluyente, la eliminación de las asimetrías de poder presentes en los encuentros interculturales. Este trabajo sienta las bases para futuras investigaciones y acciones que busquen mejorar la efectividad de la co-creación lúdica en contextos de diversidad cultural, contribuyendo así al creciente ámbito de los estudios y prácticas del co-diseño lúdico intercultural.
... This approach has been overshadowed, however, by attempts to specify a few basic emotions and their relationships to derivative emotions (Ekman, 1992). What seemed to be agreement on six primary emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust) has been challenged by proposals that four suffice (collapsing fear with surprise, and anger with disgust) (Jack et al., 2014), that eight are necessary in four pairs (Plutchik, 1970), or that two, or seven or 13 are needed. To make Professor Randolph Nesse structures. ...
... However, because they are products of natural selection, each emotion has multiple functions, including adjusting physiology, signaling, cognition and behavior. This integrated perspective grew with the rise of evolutionary approaches to behavior in the late 20 th century that shifted the focus to how emotions give a selective advantage (Al-Shawaf et al., 2016;(Campos et al., 2006);Evans, 2002;Gilbert, 2015;Keltner & Gross, 1999;Nesse, 1990Nesse, , 2009Nesse & Ellsworth, 2009;Plutchik, 1970;Tooby & Cosmides, 1990, 2008Tracey, 2014). This framework makes it possible to differentiate emotions in terms of their functions of adjusting multiple aspects of the individual in ways that increase the ability to cope with the threats and opportunities present in a situation. ...
Recent quantitative studies have advanced emotions research substantially, but they have done little to resolve enduring large-scale controversies. This article suggests that tacit creationism is at the root of the problem. Envisioning emotions as aspects of a designed machine encourages searching for answers of a kind that do not exist. The quest for the Holy Grail of agreement on the number, nature, and functions of emotions is futile because the emotions are aspects of organically complex systems whose structures and functions are radically different from those of machines. A fully evolutionary foundation for emotions research discourages hopes for simple elegant models but it can nonetheless advance research by dispelling misconceptions and suggesting new questions.
... Anger is a positive emotion insofar as it is approach-oriented and goal-seeking emotion that prioritizes the attainment of favorable outcomes (Tomarken & Zald, 2009). This positive aspect of anger was emphasized by Plutchik (1962Plutchik ( , 1970Plutchik ( , 1980, who saw anger as the primary adaptive reaction, a "moving toward" an objective or goal in a social hierarchy. Anger has subsequently been linked to the "behavioral approach system" (Coan, Allen, & Harmon-Jones, 2001), which is the motivational system that manages appetite, incentive motivation, and approach behavior (Cacioppo & Bernston, 1994;Depue & Iacono, 1989). ...
... Among emotions researchers who admit the existence of foundational, elementary, basic, or primary emotions, nearly everyone beginning with Alexander Shand (1914) has included anger (or rage). In Plutchik's (1958Plutchik's ( , 1962Plutchik's ( , 1970Plutchik's ( , 1980 psycho Affect-spectrum theory (TenHouten, 2007(TenHouten, , 2013(TenHouten, , 2017b) generalizes Plutchik's four existential problems into the four social relations specified in relational-models theory (Fiske, 1991(Fiske, , 2004 ...
The root term angr includes in its meaning anger–rage and sadness–grief, which today are recognized as two primary or basic emotions. Anger involves the brain’s ‘rage system’, an architecture widely represented in the animal kingdom. Anger and its opposite, fear, are the positive and negative adaptive reactions to the existential problem of social hierarchy and associated competition for resources and opportunities. Anger’s valence can be negative insofar as it is unpleasant for all involved but is primarily positive because anger is goal-seeking and approach-oriented. Anger functions to assert social dominance, and detection of anger in others reveals possible challenge intentions. The management and control of anger was considered by Aristotle and is linked to impulsivity, patience, and tolerance. While the Russell–Fehr model views emotions such as aggressiveness, sullenness, and resentment as subcategories of anger, we rather contend that anger is an embedded subcategory of various secondary- or tertiary-level emotions. We model one such emotion, resentment, as a tertiary emotion. Resentment has anger as its key emotion, and includes the primary emotions disgust and surprise, which can combine in pairs to form outrage, contempt, and shock. A classification of 7 secondary and 21 tertiary emotions in which anger is embedded is presented. We argue that the classification of complex emotions is a potential, and necessary, project for the sociology–anthropology of emotions.
... However, organizing an understanding of emotion categories not in terms of actions themselves but in terms of the functions or aims served by those actions has proven far more effective at qualitatively establishing distinct forms of emotional experience. From Dewey (1894Dewey ( , 1895 and McDougall (1926), Bull (1951) andDe Rivera (1977), to Arnold (1960) and Plutchik (1970), Lazarus (1991) and Frijda (1986Frijda ( , 2007, emotion theorists have long argued that an impulse, urge or motivation to act, that is, an action readiness, is central to any conceptualization of emotion. ...
Given its clinical significance, horror should occupy a prominent place within emotion theory. However, conceptualizations of horror within psychological science are relatively underdeveloped and conceptually confused. Through conceptual analysis of the disparate literature on the emotion, we seek to establish horror as a qualitatively distinct mode of engagement with the world and to remedy its over-intellectualization, as evident in many prior accounts. Given its etymology, we first address horror's characteristic immobilization—at the level of stereotypical facial configuration and action readiness—before analyzing horror's formal object and appraisal structure. In the process, we critique schema accounts of the emotion and argue for conceptualizing horror pre-reflectively by grounding it in appraised violations of the practical dynamics of social engagement.
... The definition of what constitutes a basic emotion is different in the Wheel of Emotions (Plutchik 2001) illustrated in Figure 2b. As Scarantino (2016) puts it, based on Plutchik (1970), an emotion is "a patterned bodily reaction of either protection, ...
The most prominent tasks in emotion analysis are to assign emotions to texts and to understand how emotions manifest in language. An important observation for natural language processing is that emotions can be communicated implicitly by referring to events alone, appealing to an empathetic, intersubjective understanding of events, even without explicitly mentioning an emotion name. In psychology, the class of emotion theories known as appraisal theories aims at explaining the link between events and emotions. Appraisals can be formalized as variables that measure a cognitive evaluation by people living through an event that they consider relevant. They include the assessment if an event is novel, if the person considers themselves to be responsible, if it is in line with their own goals, and so forth. Such appraisals explain which emotions are developed based on an event, for example, that a novel situation can induce surprise or one with uncertain consequences could evoke fear. We analyze the suitability of appraisal theories for emotion analysis in text with the goal of understanding if appraisal concepts can reliably be reconstructed by annotators, if they can be predicted by text classifiers, and if appraisal concepts help to identify emotion categories. To achieve that, we compile a corpus by asking people to textually describe events that triggered particular emotions and to disclose their appraisals. Then, we ask readers to reconstruct emotions and appraisals from the text. This set-up allows us to measure if emotions and appraisals can be recovered purely from text and provides a human baseline to judge a model’s performance measures. Our comparison of text classification methods to human annotators shows that both can reliably detect emotions and appraisals with similar performance. Therefore, appraisals constitute an alternative computational emotion analysis paradigm and further improve the categorization of emotions in text with joint models.
... From then on, a great deal of scholars followed to define and divide emotion dimensions. Plutchik (1970) assumed that emotions differ in three ways: intensity, similarity to one another, and polarity or oppositeness; Izard (1977) divided emotions into four dimensions: pleasantness, tension, impulsiveness and self-assurance; Watson and Tellegen (1985) found a two-dimensional structure: positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). ...
This study focuses on how emotions of different types affect perceived behavioral control (PBC), which, by referencing to service marketing and organizational behavior theory, is divided into three aspects: perceived participation (PP), perceived risk (PR), and perceived organizational support (POS) here. To explore how different types of emotions affect these three variables respectively, subjects' emotions are controlled through experiment. Results reveal that the type of emotion has significant influence on the three variable values. Positive emotion parallels the highest PP and POS values, while neutral emotion comes with the lowest PR value.
... Anger is a positive emotion insofar as it is approach-oriented and goal-seeking emotion that prioritizes the attainment of favorable outcomes (Tomarken & Zald, 2009). This positive aspect of anger was emphasized by Plutchik (1962Plutchik ( , 1970Plutchik ( , 1980, who saw anger as the primary adaptive reaction, a "moving toward" an objective or goal in a social hierarchy. Anger has subsequently been linked to the "behavioral approach system" (Coan, Allen, & Harmon-Jones, 2001), which is the motivational system that manages appetite, incentive motivation, and ap- proach behavior (Cacioppo & Bernston, 1994;Depue & Iacono, 1989). ...
THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS OF NEGRO AND WHITE HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS WAS STUDIED. PRIMARY DATA WERE GATHERED FROM FIVE HIGH SCHOOLS LOCATED IN VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. THE SCHOOLS WERE SELECTED ACCORDING TO THEIR RACIAL COMPOSITION AND REGION, TWO IN THE SOUTH AND THREE IN THE NORTHEAST. SOUTHERN SCHOOLS HAD EXAMPLES OF ALL NEGRO AND ALL WHITE. NORTHERN SCHOOLS HAD EXAMPLES OF ALL NEGRO, RACIALLY MIXED, AND PREDOMINATELY WHITE. THE SUBJECTS (7,949) WERE ADMINISTERED A PAPER AND PENCIL QUESTIONNAIRE ON ASPECTS OF SOCIOLOGICAL INFORMATION. SECONDARY DATA CONSISTED OF THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL STUDIES. THESE DATA WERE DEVELOPED INTO AN INTEGRATED THEORY OF SOCIALIZATION, RACE, AND THE AMERICAN HIGH SCHOOL. DISCUSSION INCLUDED TOPICS ON (1) ROLE SOCIALIZATION, (2) THE FAMILY, (3) PEERS, (4) SOCIALIZATION IN THE HIGH SCHOOL, (5) RACIAL SOCIAL SYSTEMS, (6) TEACHERS, (7) YOUTH ASPIRATIONS, AND (8) REFERENCE GROUP INTERACTION. (RS)
En el presente artículo se examina el miedo en su relación con la política y, especialmente, con el ámbito del Derecho. Se inicia el análisis explorando el miedo como una emoción, centrándose en la naturaleza y características tanto de las emociones en general como del miedo en particular. Luego, se profundiza en el miedo como una emoción con implicaciones políticas y jurídicas, derivando en el concepto de "poder del miedo". Las huellas de esta emoción son evidentes en la Filosofía del Derecho, en el principio de precaución y en el mito de la seguridad jurídica. A continuación, se analiza el tratamiento del miedo en los diferentes ámbitos del ordenamiento jurídico español –Civil, Penal, Contencioso-Administrativo y Social– antes de llegar a una sección final con carácter conclusivo.
El objetivo de este artículo es presentar la correlación entre la toma de decisiones y la influencia de las emociones en este proceso. Es relevante tanto para las situaciones cotidianas como para el ámbito legal. Por eso, en el trabajo se presentarán los resultados de una investigación propia relacionada con la toma de decisiones por parte de abogados y personas que practican una profesión distinta a la ley en el campo del derecho penal, basándose en un caso de estudio preparado. La investigación se llevó a cabo mediante la aplicación del instrumento de encuesta.
Social ostracism refers to the phenomenon of being excluded from social interactions and not being accepted by society. While previous research has examined its impact on prosocial and antisocial behaviour, few studies have investigated how individuals respond to ostracism by seeking solitude. Therefore, our study aims to explore the association between social ostracism and solitude seeking as well as the potential psychological mechanisms involved. We conducted three studies involving 488 Chinese students (59% female) and found that (a) long‐term ostracism experiences positively correlated with preference for solitude, (b) short‐term ostracism did not immediately lead to solitude seeking but increased the desire to establish new connections with others and (c) hostile assessment and negative emotions played a chain mediation role in the relationship between social ostracism and solitude seeking. These findings provide new insights and empirical evidence for understanding the relationship between social ostracism and solitude‐seeking.
Evolutionary biology provides a crucial foundation for medicine and behavioral science that has been missing from psychiatry. Its absence helps to explain slow progress; its advent promises major advances. Instead of offering a new kind of treatment, evolutionary psychiatry provides a scientific foundation useful for all kinds of treatment. It expands the search for causes from mechanistic explanations for disease in some individuals to evolutionary explanations for traits that make all members of a species vulnerable to disease. For instance, capacities for symptoms such as pain, cough, anxiety and low mood are universal because they are useful in certain situations. Failing to recognize the utility of anxiety and low mood is at the root of many problems in psychiatry. Determining if an emotion is normal and if it is useful requires understanding an individual's life situation. Conducting a review of social systems, parallel to the review of systems in the rest of medicine, can help achieve that understanding. Coping with substance abuse is advanced by acknowledging how substances available in modern environments hijack chemically mediated learning mechanisms. Understanding why eating spirals out of control in modern environments is aided by recognizing the motivations for caloric restriction and how it arouses famine protection mechanisms that induce binge eating. Finally, explaining the persistence of alleles that cause serious mental disorders requires evolutionary explanations of why some systems are intrinsically vulnerable to failure. The thrill of finding functions for apparent diseases is evolutionary psychiatry's greatest strength and weakness. Recognizing bad feelings as evolved adaptations corrects psychiatry's pervasive mistake of viewing all symptoms as if they were disease manifestations. However, viewing diseases such as panic disorder, melancholia and schizophrenia as if they are adaptations is an equally serious mistake in evolutionary psychiatry. Progress will come from framing and testing specific hypotheses about why natural selection left us vulnerable to mental disorders. The efforts of many people over many years will be needed before we will know if evolutionary biology can provide a new paradigm for understanding and treating mental disorders.
Evolutionary psychiatry attempts to explain and examine the development and prevalence of psychiatric disorders through the lens of evolutionary and adaptationist theories. In this edited volume, leading international evolutionary scholars present a variety of Darwinian perspectives that will encourage readers to consider 'why' as well as 'how' mental disorders arise. Using insights from comparative animal evolution, ethology, anthropology, culture, philosophy and other humanities, evolutionary thinking helps us to re-evaluate psychiatric epidemiology, genetics, biochemistry and psychology. It seeks explanations for persistent heritable traits shaped by selection and other evolutionary processes, and reviews traits and disorders using phylogenetic history and insights from the neurosciences as well as the effects of the modern environment. By bridging the gap between social and biological approaches to psychiatry, and encouraging bringing the evolutionary perspective into mainstream psychiatry, this book will help to inspire new avenues of research into the causation and treatment of mental disorders.
The data used in the opinion can be either factual or subjective, or both. The subjective form includes a positive or negative view, whereas there are facts in the objective form. As the result of opinion mining, the subjectivity and objectivity of knowledge are described as created. The outcome may be either positive or negative or a combination of both. Machine learning helps the computer to behave without a specific task being specifically programmed. Many consumers will critically evaluate everything online, especially food and amenities in eateries, to show their modest viewpoint. These views are critical in the decision-making process, especially in an uncertain feedback pool. Manually evaluating and deriving genuine opinions from these evaluations is very tough despite the growing count of opinions that are accessible in every category. So, to solve this issue, an automated methodology is needed. Sentiment evaluations or opinion extraction are returned methodologies to evaluate and identify uncertain feedback subjects as either positive or negative in these reviews. Three different dimensions of recommender systems are present; document-based, sentence-based, and aspect-based. Report and statement-based opinion mining concentrates on the broader orientation of the review and does not identify more accurately the crucial aspects of all the extracted reviews. The subject of trend is thus view-based opinion mining, and the emphasis of this research is on the restaurant's feedback sector. Creative marketing strategies are planned using sentiment assessments and opinion mining. The sentiment classifications are managed through a smart method called Neuro-Fuzzy Sentiment Classification. It is an entirely automated method of sentiment estimation and prediction. It can be used to group textual data and then used to identify patterns about the contents of the textual information. The resultant data aids in creating autonomous systems that consider the input from customers and prepare restaurant strategies.
Humans modify their facial expressions in order to communicate their internal states and sometimes to mislead observers regarding their true emotional states. Evidence in experimental psychology shows that discriminative facial responses are short and subtle. This suggests that such behavior would be easier to distinguish when captured in high resolution at an increased frame rate. We are proposing SASE-FE, the first dataset of facial expressions that are either congruent or incongruent with underlying emotion states. We show that overall the problem of recognizing whether facial movements are expressions of authentic emotions or not can be successfully addressed by learning spatio-temporal representations of the data. For this purpose, we propose a method that aggregates features along fiducial trajectories in a deeply learnt space. Performance of the proposed model shows that on average it is easier to distinguish among genuine facial expressions of emotion than among unfelt facial expressions of emotion and that certain emotion pairs such as contempt and disgust are more difficult to distinguish than the rest. Furthermore, the proposed methodology improves state of the art results on CK+ and OULU-CASIA datasets for video emotion recognition, and achieves competitive results when classifying facial action units on BP4D datase
This article demonstrates that the impact of role models (RMs) on students’ self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention is moderated by their entrepreneurial experience and personality variables such as self-esteem and locus of control. 276 students enrolled in an entrepreneurship education programs (EEPs) were exposed to either a positive or a negative sensitisation message by alumni who became entrepreneurs to test its impact on the students’ self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention. Findings indicate that students with entrepreneurial experience, high self-esteem and internal locus of control are less impacted by entrepreneurial role models. We discuss the relevance and effectiveness of role models in EEPs.
This paper examines the emotional and relational proximities between print media brands and advertiser brands from the standpoint of theories of meaning transfer and implicit evaluation. To this end, a “hybrid” scale for measuring emotions is created and tested against five successive data sets. Results indicate that this measurement tool can differentiate brands in terms of their respective emotional field. Analysis shows that the emotional proximity between these two types of brand echoes the measure of their affective relational proximity.
A Japanese language translation, of a theoretically based personality test called the Emotions Profile Index (EPI), was administered to 500 male and 500 female university students in Japan. The major differences between Japanese and American students, appeared on 3 of the 9 scales of the EPI. It appeared that the Japanese students were less impulsive, and more depressed and timid than their American counterparts. When Japanese male and female students were compared, there was no significant difference. The EPI may become a useful tool for the crosscultural research of emotion in future. © 1975, The Japanese Psychological Association. All rights reserved.
For more than half a century, Jean Piaget’s unique concern has been epistemology. As a young student of zoology, back in 1916, he dreamt of “constructing a biological epistemology based exclusively on the concept of development” (1950, Vol. 1, p. 5). In order to attain such an ambitious goal, Piaget was led to analyze the growth of intelligence, and in so doing, he began systematically to observe the schoolchild, the infant, the toddler, and eventually the adolescent. However, Piaget has always maintained that he is not a child psychologist, that his monumental work in child psychology has been only a “detour,” a “byproduct” (Piaget, 1970a).
Cognitive maps are typically defined as internal representations of spatial information that permit individuals to maintain orientation or find their way in large-scale spaces (Acredolo, 1981; Downs & Stea, 1973; Siegel, Kirasic, & Kail, 1978). Rather than attempt to review the literature on cognitive mapping, we will take a broad and integrative approach in examining literature as it is relevant to the development of cognitive mapping. By development, we mean change in the direction of differentiation and hierarchical integration in any organized system over various spans of time—for example, microgenesis, ontogenesis, phylogenesis, and so forth (see Siegel, Bisanz, & Bisanz, 1983).
Au regard des théories du transfert de sens et de l'évaluation implicite, cet article examine les proximités Émotionnelle et relationnelle entre marques de presse et marques. Pour cela, une création d'échelle « hybride » de mesure des émotions est entreprise et validée sur cinq collectes successives. Les résultats soulignent que la proximité Émotionnelle entre ces deux types de marques se répercute au niveau de la mesure de leur proximité relationnelle affective. De plus, ces proximités corroborent une mesure explicite de la pertinence de l'association entre ces marques validant ainsi le transfert de sens affectif entre celles-ci.
À partir d’une modélisation structurelle, cette recherche expérimentale menée sur 276 étudiants permet de mesurer l’impact des modèles de rôles entrepreneuriaux sur leur auto-efficacité et leur intention de créer une entreprise. Nos résultats confirment que l’exposition des participants au message d’un ancien étudiant ayant réussi dans sa carrière entrepreneuriale engendre un éveil émotionnel positif et une attitude favorable envers le message, améliorant l’auto-efficacité et l’intention entrepreneuriale des participants. Pour certains participants, les modèles d’échec sont également efficaces d’un point de vue persuasif, renforçant la relation entre auto-efficacité et intention entrepreneuriale. Par ailleurs, cette recherche démontre que le cadrage du message et l’encouragement verbal d’un membre de l’équipe pédagogique avant l’exposition au message exercent un effet modérateur et parfois paradoxal sur ces résultats selon le sexe de l’étudiant. Nous discutons ces effets en relativisant l’intervention des membres de l’équipe pédagogique dans l’impact des modèles de rôles entrepreneuriaux.
Objective:
This paper aims to clarify our understanding of fear and explore the strategies employed by people with life-limiting conditions and their caregivers in addressing the emotion of fear as they journey through the dying process. The role of fear is discussed: different kinds of fear, the tangible and intangible measures by which people manage their fear, and the ways of transcending fear.
Method:
The findings of a larger research project funded by the Australian Department of Health and Ageing are drawn upon. In-depth interviews were conducted with clients and caregivers relating to the psychosocial and emotional issues in palliative care. Secondary analysis was utilized to examine the perceptions of fear in this cohort.
Results:
While there were many other findings, the results highlighted in this paper relate to the notion of fear among interview participants. Interview data showed that people with life-limiting conditions and their caregivers had different types of fear and employed a variety of strategies to deal with fear. Four themes emerged embodying these strategies: calling on their own resilience and inner resources, maintaining human relationships, gaining the ability to “keep one step ahead” in the dying process, and engaging in spirituality and religion.
Significance of results:
The implications of the findings for healthcare professionals are highlighted. The recognition of emotions is embedded in palliative care; healthcare professionals should view the management of emotions as an integral part of professional practice. Addressing fear is essential because unresolved fear can impinge on one's ability to cope. Our paper brings together different perspectives on fear and how vulnerable individuals attempt to cope with it while at the same time providing a view of the challenges confronting healthcare professionals who are engaged with them and committed to optimizing health outcomes for palliative care clients and their caregivers.
Fluent speakers are unaware of the profound impact that stuttering has on the lives of persons who stutter. In an attempt to understand the effect that stuttering has on persons’ lives, stutterers were asked to provide their metaphors describing their experiences with stuttering. Responses (n = 329) are coded into 13 different, but often related, categories of metaphors. In general, all participants’ metaphors for stuttering were negative and reflected stutterers’ ubiquitous, unpredictable and labored difficulty in speech production, as well as the social stigmatization that accompanies this communicative disorder.
I adopt a cladistic view of species, and explore the possibility that there exists an equally valuable cladistic view of organismic traits. This suggestion seems to run counter to the stress on functional views of biological traits in recent work in philosophy and psychology. I show how the tension between these two views can be defused with a multilevel view of biological explanation. Despite the attractions of this compromise, I conclude that we must reject it, and adopt an essentially cladistic conception of biological traits.
During a long time, consumer behavior was described as a collect and process of information used to find an optimal response to a need that has to be satisfied. Research in cognitive psychology was used to try to discover mechanisms of information process. Nevertheless, as consumption experience was not taken in consideration, the offered models didn’t succeeded to explain some behaviors in a lot of activities sectors, like theatre, culture or leisure. Then, phenomena like practices related to a game, sensorial pleasures, esthetics experiences and emotional experiences could be laid aside.
Therefore, Marketing literature was able to show that the evaluation of a product by a consumer is not build only on its functional characteristics but also on its symbolic and emotional dimensions. Toward a better knowledge of perceived quality in a consumer experience of a product or a service, a review of the literature related to affective side of behavior consumer is needed.
Research examining the influence of affect on self-focused attention has concentrated exclusively on the valence dimension (i.e., negative-positive) of affect. The authors propose that the dimension of affect orientation (i.e., reflective-social) illuminates consider ably this relation. A reflective orientation refers to atendency for inaction, whereas a social orientation refers to a tendency for action. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that two opposite-valenced but reflective affective states (i.e., sadness and contentment) heighten self-focused attention, whereas two opposite-valenced but social affective states (i.e., thrill and anger) reduce self-focused attention. Affect was induced via an imagination task (Experiment 1) or an imagination task combined with musical selections (Experiment 2). Self-focused attention was assessed through the state version of the Private Self-Consciousness (PSC) scale (Experiment 1) or the state version of the PSC plus a behavioral intention measure (Experiment 2). The results confirmed the hypothesis.
This article argues that what and how learning takes place for managers is inextricably emotional, or of emotions. The traditional cognitive approach to management learning has obscured the presence and role of emotion. The conceptual positioning of emotion is reviewed, illustrated though `competencies' and `business ethics'. It is concluded that we need more explicit frameworks, derived from the wider organizational literature on emotion, to place emotion as both a product and process of learning. Special attention is required to the growth of corporate emotion engineering, flexible' work structures and `virtual' managing. These areas raise challenging technical and moral questions for `learning' theorists and practitioners.
Argues that evolutionary heritage underlies humans' consistent preference for stimuli from the natural environment and that research on affective and aesthetic responses is needed to understand human interaction with the environment. It is noted that the rapidly expanding empirical record concerning aesthetic and affective responses to natural environments is in need of a well-developed theoretical foundation. An integrated conceptual framework to address this theoretical lack, drawing on recent theory and research on emotion, is proposed. This framework explains how affects arise in the natural environment; postulates their functions; and links them to cognition, activity in physiological systems, and behavior. The present author, in developing the framework, questions the view that feelings result from cognitive processes, asserting that feelings (not thoughts) are the initial response in environmental encounters. The observer's initial feeling reaction shapes subsequent cognitive events. The relative sequence of feeling and thinking in environmental encounters represents a fundamental issue in understanding human interaction with the environment. (98 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A comparison of models of cognitive organization in the personality descriptors of three languages indicates that common conceptual themes underlie the meanings and uses of personality descriptors cross-culturally. Two crosscutting dimensions, interpreted as solidarity/conflict and dominance/submission, consistently organize the interrelation of trait-descriptors in a number of distinct languages. This finding leads to the speculation that these dimensions represent a universal conceptual schema produced by the interaction of innate psycholinguistic structures and fundamental conditions of human social life, for example, the potential for concord or discord in the goals and actions of multiple actors (solidarity/conflict), and for the asymmetrical influence of one actor upon another (dominance/submission). The appearance of similar structures in other types of vocabulary used to describe and explain interpersonal behavior (such as terms for emotions and social roles) suggests that these conceptual dimensions reflect basic themes in folk interpretations of social behavior. [cognitive anthropology, language, universal, personality, interpersonal themes]
Personality ratings of ten adolescent pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were carried out by three experienced observers who used a simple three-point rating system. A modification of Stevenson-Hinde & Zunz's [1978] procedure, the agreement between raters on each of 21 traits was evaluated. When correlated with social rank, it was shown that dominant animals were rated as being, for example, confident, effective, and opportunistic. Subordinant monkeys were rated as insecure and dependent. Rank correlated negatively, however, with observers' impressions of popularity. Subjects who had undergone a brief maternal separation were rated as less sociable than their nonseparated counterparts. Furthermore, rank-related traits corresponded well with the three personality components that were derived by Stevenson-Hind & Zunz [1978]; this suggested that clusters of traits reliably accompanied and/or contributed to the attainment of social rank.
Schachter's two factor theory of emotion and the misattribution of arousal paradigm have been applied to perceptions of euphoria, anger, humour, fear, erotica, discomfort, and love. This paper attempts to review this research and assess both the theory and the misattribution paradigm. The classic Schachter and Singer (1962) study is reviewed, along with criticisms and later attempted replications. Other early research on Schachter's theory is also critqued. The reduction of fear through the misattribution of arousal is examined and its limitations noted. A plausible alternative explanation for many effects of the misattribution paradigm is presented. Research concerning the misattribution of arousal and cognitive dissonance, interpersonal attraction, helping behaviour, and aggression are reviewed and discussed. An overall assessment of Schachter's two factor theory and the misattribution paradigm is also presented. Schachter's (1964a, b) theory is not well supported by the research, but the available evidence has not necessarily disproven the theory either. The misattribution paradigm has proven to be very effective, yet the theoretical basis for this effect is still in doubt. Surprisingly, the most widely cited research is generally of limited value, while little known research has been of much greater significance.
The chapter begins by outlining the development of the questionnaire for assessing individual characteristics of rhesus monkeys
in the Madingley colony. The steps taken in preparing items, obtaining reliability and validity, and condensing items are
presented, along with examples of how scores arising from principal component analyses can be put to use. In our own research,
the scores were referred to simply as “individual characteristics,” in an attempt to avoid going beyond the data and implying
either heritability or human-like qualities. Fearfulness is then explored as it is a particularly strong dimension, not only for our monkeys, but also across many species, from fish to humans. This suggests that fearful behavior may have been selected for during the course of evolution,
with a presumed function of protection from harm. Within a species, individual differences in fearfulness may be a result of differing selection pressures, and recent research on
how individual variation could be adaptive is discussed.
Using behaviourally-defined adjectives, observers rated individuals in a colony of rhesus monkeys on a seven-point scale.
Principal component analysis of the ratings produced three main components: CI and CII were stable over three years, and CIII
arose from the introduction of new items in the third year. Component I can be described as ranging fromConfident toFearful; and adult males scored higher on it than did adult females or one- to five-year olds. Component II ranged fromActive toSlow; and adult males scored higher on it than did adult females. Component III ranged fromSociable toSolitary; and adult males scored less on it than did adult females or one- to five-year olds. In addition, there was a positive correlation
between scores of mothers and their one year olds on CI and CIII.
Using behaviourally-defined adjectives and a 7-point scale, observers rated all individuals over a year old in a colony of
rhesus monkeys every November for four years. Principal component analyses of the ratings provided a basis for the following
scores each year: CONFIDENT, EXCITABLE, and SOCIABLE. Two- and three-year old females had higher EXCITABLE scores than males,
and adult males were more CONFIDENT than adult females. At all ages, CONFIDENT scores were stable from year to year, whereas
EXCITABLE and SOCIABLE scores were not stable until adulthood. However for primiparous females, only their EXCITABLE scores
were stable from the ante-natal to post-natal year. One-year males who had had adverse experience in their first eight months
were more EXCITABLE, but no less CONFIDENT or SOCIABLE than control males. Finally, correlations between scores of mothers
and their yearlings showed that CONFIDENT mothers had CONFIDENT infants and SOCIABLE mothers had SOCIABLE infants, but EXCITABLE
mothers had infants who were not CONFIDENT. Scores of mothers and their 1-year olds were also significantly correlated with
some measures of their social behaviour taken when the infants were 8, 16, and 52 weeks old.
Magda B. Arnold's phenomenological and cognitive theory on emotions is subjected to a critical review. The theory is well-known and has inspired other theorists in the field of emotion research. However, it has generated hardly any research. At first sight this is astonishing because of its obvious qualities. Arnold does justice to the subjective nature of emotions, integrates psychological with physiological aspects, and offers a relatively simple and parsimonious theoretical model. Salient points are the conceptualization of emotions as action-tendencies, the role of appraisal in generating emotions and in emotional action, the classification of basic emotions, the explanation of increase of strength in emotions, and their organizing function or disturbing effects. A closer look into the theory, however, shows serious flaws in logical consistency and difficulties for operationalization. The authors conclude that the lack of research is partly due to the theory.
Although semantic clarity is a cornerstone of scientific psychiatry, psychiatrists often use technical words with the false assumption that their meanings are clear. The common use of the terms "mood" and "affect" illustrates this point. The authors attempt to show how unclear definitions of these words have led to confusion and how they could be more clearly understood by careful semantic and phenomenologic analysis.
: The personality profiles of three groups of long-term hospital patients were obtained by means of the Emotions Profile Index, a personality test designed to measure 8 basic traits. The study groups were as follows: 1) patients with severe chronic alcoholism who showed definite evidence of Korsakoff's syndrome, 2) patients with chronic schizophrenia, and 3) geriatric patients with chronic brain syndrome. All these groups were in state hospitals. The Korsakoff-alcoholic patients appeared to be gregarious, obedient, timid, and poorly self-controlled. Then-profile was different from those of normal subjects and of patients with schizophrenia. However, their profile was similar to that of geriatric patients with chronic brain syndrome who were not alcoholic. The basic similarity between Korsakoff-alcoholic patients and geriatric-CBS patients suggests that there is not a unique alcoholic personality.
The Reinforcement Survey Schedule developed by Cautela and Kastenbaum was applied to a random sample of hospitalized schizophrenics from several different wards of a state hospital. A personality test designed to identify the strengths of various emotional dispositions was also used. The most highly reinforcing items for the population as a whole were being entertained by TV, movies, or radio; babies; children; and happy people. Reinforcement preferences for men and women were quite different on a number of items. Results from the personality test indicated that schizophrenic patients who exhibit affect of any type (positive or negative) have more reinforcement preferences than those who are relatively apathetic.
Laboratory-raised rhesus monkeys ranging in age from 3 to 25 months were tested for reactions to toys representing animals (“fear stimuli”) and to food frustration. The results indicate that these test conditions are associated with different response profiles and that the contrast between responses to fear and to frustration increases with age. Frustration in older animals is associated with regression to a less mature level of functioning.
This paper describes a series of changes that took place in a depressed patient prior to and following a suicide attempt. Since this was being studied on a research ward, unique information was available regarding her plasma cortisol level and other physiological states, her daily behavior as noted by nurses, and her own ratings of her emotional states. Regular psychiatric ratings were also made.One of the striking findings of the study was a continuing increase in plasma cortisol over a 6-week period prior to the suicide attempt and a rapid return to normal levels after it. Another important observation was the high correlation between the psychiatrists' ratings of several affect states with nurses' ratings of affect based on overt behavior. Psychiatrists' ratings also correlated positively with several self-report indices obtained from the patients However, the psychiatrists' ratings of anxiety did not correlate well with the nurses' estimates of anxiety or the patient's self-reports of anxiety, suggesting the possibility that psychiatrists use this term in a way which is different from the way nurses or patients use it.The hypothesis is proposed that a group of affective and physiological states increase the likehood of suicide. These are: high depression and hostility, feelings of social isolation and low anxiety, and high plasma cortisol levels in the blood.
Ninety physicians who applied for psychiatric residencies were rated on a 32-item scale that included such characteristics as self-awareness, sensitivity to others, and problem-solving ability. Scores significantly discriminated between those applicants who were accepted and those who were rejected solely on the basis of independent global assessments. Fifty-one of the applicants also completed two self-report indices. Results indicated that applicants accepted for residency had a greater than average tendency to compartmentalize their thinking and to intellectualize their relations with people; they also showed a high need for achievement and low impulsivity.
The paper by Schachter and Singer (1962) on “determinants of emotional state” is criticized on the grounds that (a) levels of arousal were not the same for the different conditions compared; (b) the placebo groups were consistently not significantly different from the control groups on the various measures of emotional states; (c) the self-report indices were inadequate as measuring instruments; (d) a double-blind procedure was not used; and (e) there is a marked overgeneralization on the basis of very limited samplings of conditions, emotions, arousal states and types of subjects.