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On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models
... We evaluated the reliability of our measures through two main indices: the composite reliability index introduced by Bagozzi and Yi (1988) and the average variance extracted index of Fornell and Larcker (1981). It is important to note that for all the measures employed in our research, both of these indices exceeded the predefined thresholds. ...
... It is important to note that for all the measures employed in our research, both of these indices exceeded the predefined thresholds. Specifically, the benchmarks are set at a minimum of .60 for the composite reliability index and 0.50 for the AVE index, as per (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988 convergent validity in line with (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). Lastly, when we calculated correlations between any two latent indicators, we consistently found that the confidence interval (±2 S.E.) did not include the value 1.0. ...
... It is important to note that for all the measures employed in our research, both of these indices exceeded the predefined thresholds. Specifically, the benchmarks are set at a minimum of .60 for the composite reliability index and 0.50 for the AVE index, as per (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988 convergent validity in line with (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). Lastly, when we calculated correlations between any two latent indicators, we consistently found that the confidence interval (±2 S.E.) did not include the value 1.0. ...
Purpose: The current study aims to investigate the mediating role of Perceived Organizational Support (POS) and Employee Satisfaction (ES) on the relationship between Organizational Justice (OJ) and Knowledge Sharing (KS) in Vietnamese Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). Design/Methodology/Approach: The framework and hypotheses were examined using SEM on SPSS and AMOS software to analyse the data after receiving 489 valid responses from 73 SMEs in Vietnam. Findings: Findings confirmed that OJ positively affects POS, ES and KS. POS and ES played a partly mediator role in the relationship between OJ and KS. Moreover, the relationship between POS and KS is mediated by ES. Conclusion: OJ is a crucial and persistent concern for individuals especially within modern organizations. It is one of the key factors shaping the behavior of individual employees. Furthermore, KS behavior is a significant driver of organizational competitiveness and growth. It predicts higher organizational performance, innovation capabilities and fosters a sense of enjoyment and happiness in aiding others. However, most studies have only examined the direct relationship between OJ and KS. Consequently, the methods by which leaders affect people continue to be unclear and mostly hypothetical. Thus, it becomes essential to analyze the empirical impact of OJ on KS by considering the intermediate influence of Perceived Organizational Support (POS) and Employee Satisfaction (ES). Practical Implications: This study provides knowledge about the reality of POS and ES and their mediating role in the relationship between OJ and KS which contributes to enriching the library overall and Vietnamese in particular in this subject. Contribution to the Literature: The mediating effect of POS and ES between OJ and KS is one of the initial topics to be addressed in this study focusing on SMEs.
... For the evaluation of the reliability and validity of the three measurement scales, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was applied, using the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) with the support of the EQS 6.2 software (Bentler, 2005;Brown, 2006;Byrne, 2006). Correspondingly, for the measurement of reliability, Cronbach's Alpha, and Composite Reliability Index (CRI) were used (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988), and according to the results obtained in the CFA all the values of the three scales they are higher than 0.7 for both indices, which provides evidence of the reliability of the scales and justifies their internal reliability (Nunnally & Bernstein, 1994;Hair et al., 1995). In addition, as evidence of convergent validity, the CFA results indicate that all items of related factors are significant (p <0.01) and the size of all standardized factor loads is greater than 0.60 (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). ...
... Correspondingly, for the measurement of reliability, Cronbach's Alpha, and Composite Reliability Index (CRI) were used (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988), and according to the results obtained in the CFA all the values of the three scales they are higher than 0.7 for both indices, which provides evidence of the reliability of the scales and justifies their internal reliability (Nunnally & Bernstein, 1994;Hair et al., 1995). In addition, as evidence of convergent validity, the CFA results indicate that all items of related factors are significant (p <0.01) and the size of all standardized factor loads is greater than 0.60 (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). The results of the application of the CFA are presented in Table 7 and suggest that the measurement model provides a good fit of the statistical data (S-B X2 = 1,814.248; ...
... Furthermore, Table 7 shows a high internal consistency of the constructs, in each case Cronbach's Alpha exceeds the value of 0.70 recommended by Nunnally and Bernstein (1994). In this context, must be remembered that Fornell & Larcker (1981) consider that the composite reliability represents the variance extracted between the group of observed variables and the fundamental construct, so that a CRI greater than 0.60 is considered desirable (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988), and in this study this value it is widely exceeded. The index of the Extracted Variance Index (EVI) was calculated for each of the constructs, resulting in an EVI greater than 0.50 (Fornell & Larcker, 1981), and in this research 0.50 is exceeded in all factors. ...
Globalization has influenced modern business environments and supply chain management has become a critical issue for organizations because supply chains have become more complex to manage. As a result, delivery reliability is becoming a key factor in competing in the industry. In recent decades, scholars’ interest has focused in selecting the most appropriate supply chain management strategy has increased because it has been recognized by many organizations as an effective strategy to achieve business objectives and consequently improve firm performance and achieve competitive advantage. Therefore, many SMEs are interested on adopting supply chain management practices to be able to ensure better quality products and diminish operational costs with the end goal of improving their business efficiency and add value to consumers. Considering this context, the objective of this study is to analyze the effects of supply chain management on competitiveness and performance of manufacturing companies, using for it a sample of 217 firms of the State on Aguascalientes in Mexico. The relationships between the variables were analyzed through structural equation modeling and the empirical results conclude that supply chain management has a positive influence on competitiveness and performance of the manufacturing companies. JEL classification numbers: M11. Keywords: Supply Chain Management, Competitiveness, Performance, Mexico.
... The results exhibited that the standardized loadings of each measurement item were equal to or above 0.705, providing clear evidence of unidimensionality. The composite reliability (CR) for each construct was computed, and the values ranged from 0.753 to 0.886, which determined high reliability (Bagozzi and Yi, 1988). Furthermore, the average variance extracted (AVE) values for all the study constructs were greater than the cutoff level of 0.50 (Fornell and Larcker, 1981), which established convergent validity. ...
... The standardized loadings of each item ranged from 0.680 to 0.950, which were closely related to their intended latent constructs (p < 0.01). Also, the internal consistencies of the loaded items for each latent construct were verified based on the CR values ranging from 0.753 to 0.890, which exceeded the general threshold of 0.60 (Bagozzi and Yi, 1988). The AVE values of each factor exceeded the minimum threshold of 0.50 (Fornell and Larcker, 1981), confirming convergent validity. ...
... The AVE values of each factor exceeded the minimum threshold of 0.50 (Fornell and Larcker, 1981), confirming convergent validity. Last, we made a comparison between the squared correlation (R 2 ) between pairs of variables and the AVE for each variable, and the results supported discriminant validity (Bagozzi and Yi, 1988). Table 4 presents the detailed findings. ...
This study aimed to re-assess customers’ reactions to hotel room amenities over the pandemic. We compared the importance of room amenities between the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods, and examined the relative role of hedonic and functional amenities on customer satisfaction, which subse- quently affects behavioral intentions. Based on the quantitative data analytics, this study confirmed that in-room amenities have become more salient components for today’s customers: particularly protective measures, safety tools, and recreational goods. In addition, this study determined how each facet of the in-room amenities exerted an influence on customer satisfaction, and subsequently on behavioral intentions. This empirical evidence generated several implications for academia and practitioners.
... The average variance extracted (AVE) value was between 0.589-0.638, exceeding the evaluation standard of 0.50, indicating good reliability and validity (Bagozzi and Yi, 1988 (Schumacker and Lomax, 2004). ...
... The average variance extraction (AVE) value is between 0.566-0.610, which exceeds the evaluation standard of 0.50, and has good reliability and validity (Bagozzi and Yi, 1988 ...
... CR serves as a measure for evaluating the reliability of the measurement variables corresponding to a latent variable, providing information on internal consistency (Hair et al., 2006). AVE is an indicator for evaluating the explanatory power of measurement variables for latent variables and is related to FLs (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). As indicated by Hair et al. (2006), the values of FL, CR, and AVE should be greater than 0.7., 0.7, and 0.5, respectively, in order to pass the validity test. ...
... As indicated by Hair et al. (2006), the values of FL, CR, and AVE should be greater than 0.7., 0.7, and 0.5, respectively, in order to pass the validity test. Additionally, the square root of the AVE of each construct was bigger than the inter-construct correlation (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). Therefore, as indicated in Table 3 and Table 4, our sample was considered to satisfy the validity test. ...
This research investigates players' continuance intentions to play massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) by constructing a model based on the concepts of avatar coolness (i.e., avatar attractiveness, avatar originality, and avatar subculture appeal), social identity theory, and flow theory. Analyzing survey-based data from 375 Korean MMORPG players, we found that avatar attractiveness, avatar originality, and avatar subculture appeal were positively related to ava-tar coolness. In addition, avatar originality positively affects avatar subculture appeal. Moreover, ava-tar coolness positively affects the continuance intention to play MMORPGs via avatar identification and flow state. This study is the first to develop avatar coolness and explore its role in affecting the intention to play MMORPGs. To offer "cool" avatars, the implications are those game designers should continually update avatars for freshness based on current trends, provide a variety of skins for personalization for user preferences, and offer avatars that are visually appealing to the gaming population. These require continual assessments of the MMORPG player population.
... The root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) is 0.0428 (RMSEA > 0.8), which indicates good fit (cf. Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). The results of the goodness of fit index, normed fit index, non-normed fit index, and comparative fit index were all >0.9, which is the recommended threshold (cf. ...
... Overall, it can be assumed that the reliability (cf. Bagozzi & Yi, 1988;Hair et al., 2014), convergent validity, and discriminant validity are good (cf. Fornell & Larcker, 1981). ...
The purpose of this study is to investigate how young bank customers (YBCs) perceive the rela- tionships between several antecedents (i.e., usability, responsiveness, customer satisfaction, and reli- ability) and loyalty in the context of mobile bank applications (MBAs). An electronic questionnaire was sent to 500 YBCs in Sweden, 146 of whom completed it. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the measurement model, and structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. The results indicate that usability is indirectly related to loyalty through responsiveness and customer satisfaction. The study contributes to the literature by developing a usability–loyalty model of YBCs using MBAs.
... MOB3: I believe I will be able to interact with chatbot anyplace. 6 Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies [112], when the specific measurement scale is applied. Finally, factor analysis was applied utilizing principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal rotation (VARI-MAX). ...
... The results showed the suitability of factor analysis. The values of all factor loading indicators ranged from 0.469 to 0.903 (Table 3), exceeding the threshold [117,118], whereas composite reliability (CR) also exceeded 0.6 [112], ranging from 0.672 to 0.930 (Table 3). Consequently, convergent validity was satisfied. ...
Artificial intelligence agents (chatbots), which are programs to communicate with users primarily in customer service contexts, are an alternative interaction channel supporting businesses in the digital environment and vital components in customer service. The present empirical paper, which is aimed at identifying and discussing the factors motivating nonusers to adopt the specific technology in mobile contexts, proposes a comprehensive conceptual model, which combines the UTAUT 2 behavioral theory with variables of mobile service quality contexts, such as information quality, privacy concerns, interface, and equipment, as well as trust and mobility factors. Data analysis, based on the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) statistical method, revealed that performance expectancy, facilitating factors, hedonic motivation, mobility, trust, and service quality positively affect nonusers’ behavioral intention to adopt chatbots. In addition, equipment, interface, and trust have a significant impact on users’ trust in the context of mobile chatbots. Personal data privacy issues also have a negative effect on trust, in contrast to effort expectancy, which positively affects performance expectancy. As mobile service quality factors have not been investigated before in the context of chatbots, the findings of the present research are expected to provide useful insights both to academia and the business industry.
... Moreover, the Cronbach's alpha (α) test was performed, and all values were above the cut-off value of 0.70, with lowest for orchestration of business services portfolio (0.720), and the highest for modularisation (0.901). Following the recommendation of Bagozzi and Yi (1988), and Hair et al. (2012), we examined the composite reliability (CR) values, and they were all above 0.70, see Tables 3 and 4. Finally, the convergent validity was assessed via the AVE values with lowest for plural sourcing strategy (0.583) and 0.790 for customer orientation (Bagozzi and Yi, 1988 ...
... Moreover, the Cronbach's alpha (α) test was performed, and all values were above the cut-off value of 0.70, with lowest for orchestration of business services portfolio (0.720), and the highest for modularisation (0.901). Following the recommendation of Bagozzi and Yi (1988), and Hair et al. (2012), we examined the composite reliability (CR) values, and they were all above 0.70, see Tables 3 and 4. Finally, the convergent validity was assessed via the AVE values with lowest for plural sourcing strategy (0.583) and 0.790 for customer orientation (Bagozzi and Yi, 1988 ...
Purpose
To co-create value through dynamic collaborations, enterprises and their suppliers need to orchestrate the integration of complementary resources when providing business services. As such enterprises' strategic decision to apply a plural sourcing strategy to establish dynamic collaborations with their suppliers implies that both in-house and outsourced business services should be bundled into a business services portfolio. However, the antecedents that affect a business services portfolio have rarely conceptually been identified.
Design/methodology/approach
Drawing on resource orchestration theory, the authors theoretically developed and empirically validated a business services portfolio conceptual model. The model aims at explaining the critical antecedents to a business services portfolio based on a unique data set, comprising 121 international enterprises with variation in the degree of outsourcing, size, geographies and maturity. Partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to examine the relationships among the antecedents and a business services portfolio.
Findings
The findings show that the antecedent, i.e. plural sourcing strategy, modularised business processes and customer orientation have a direct and significant effect on the enterprises' business services portfolio orchestration. The results of the mediation test indicate that modularised business processes fully mediate the relationships between three independent variables with the orchestration of business services portfolio.
Originality/value
This study is the first to analyse the impact of plural sourcing strategy, modularised business processes and customer orientation on the business services portfolio orchestration from a plural sourcing context. Additionally, it examines the mediating role of modularised business processes in the relationship between the antecedents and business services portfolio orchestration.
... Hence, COA3 is deleted due to low factor loading. The AVE is above the 0.5 minimum acceptable level (Fornell & Larker, 1981) for all variables, while the CR ranges between 0.81 and 0.87, which also meets the suggested minimum level of 0.6 and much higher (see Bagozzi and Yi (1988) and Yadak and Pathak (2017)). ...
... CFI = 0.92, IFI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.044, SRMR = 0.051) all achieve their cut-off points. Table 7, the SFL is above the suggested threshold value of 0.6 (see Chin, Gopal and Salisbury (1997), and Yadak and Pathak (2017)) for all items, while both the AVE and CR are above their minimum acceptable levels of 0.5 (Fornell & Larker, 1981) and 0.6 (Bagozzi &Yi, 1988;Yadak & Pathak, 2017) respectively. Hence, our measurement data achieve convergent validity. ...
The paucity of studies on environmental sustainability, especially in Nigeria necessitated the creation of greater awareness on green purchase issues. To be able to catch up with the global demand for environmental sustainability behaviour, there is an increasing need for the adoption of green advertising to create that needed awareness. The study" 's discussion area was on the validity analysis of CFA measurement models for green advertising and green purchasing behaviour. The study seeks to validate three constructs relating to green advertising (corporate advertising, celebrity advertising, and consumer orientation advertising) and three constructs for green purchase behaviour (purchase intention, purchase involvement behaviour, and actual purchase behaviour. With a population of 2870, our survey instrument was applied to a sample of 323 usable respondents. Stratified random sampling and quota sampling methods were used to select the participants drawn from six federal government-owned universities in Nigeria. The reliability and validity results showed that the data met the internal consistency requirements, and all the constructs' psychometric properties attained their thresholds.
... It is confirmed if the AVE of each latent variable is larger than the square of the correlation estimates among constructs [107,108]. Finally, construct reliability consists of composite reliability (CR) and Cronbach's α, of which acceptable levels are 0.6 [109] and 0.7 [110], respectively. In a second step, the structural model fit was assessed using ML estimation. ...
Background
To be socially robust, renewable energy policies aiming at achieving a low-carbon society require public support. Woody biomass is an important renewable energy source. It accounts for a large share of the renewable energy consumption in several EU countries. However, its sustainability credentials are contested. Little is known as yet about how the public perceives woody biomass. This paper aims to examine the public’s intention to vote for continued use of woody biomass, and to find out whether this voting intention can be explained using the cognitive hierarchy model. This model posits that values, attitudes and beliefs predict higher order cognitions like intention. We extend the model by including an additional variable (perceived benefit). Although the model is widely used in connection with natural resource management issues, it has not yet been applied to the case of increasingly contested energy sources like woody biomass. We use Denmark as a case study given that woody biomass makes up the largest share of the renewable energy mix in the country.
Results
Results of a nationwide questionnaire-based survey of the general public show that a large proportion of Danes are undecided about their attitudes towards, and their intention to vote for, woody biomass. Structural equation modeling results show that belief in the mitigation potential of woody biomass has a significant positive effect on both attitudes and voting intention. Altruistic and egoistic values have a significant positive effect on attitudes, which in turn have a significant positive influence on voting intention. We also confirm the mediating role of attitudes.
Conclusions
Understanding public opinion-making processes can help to promote environmental decision-making that takes due account of public perceptions of the ways in which energy transitions come about. The cognitive hierarchy model is an apt framework with which to predict voting intention in the context of contested energy sources.
... The model is declared convergently valid if its AVE values are higher or equal to 0.5 (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988;Hair et al., 2019) and factor loadings are above 0.70 (Hair et al., 2019) while discriminant valid if its HTMT values are less or equal to 0.90 (Hair et al., 2019). Composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha should be higher or equal to 0.70 to indicate that the Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. ...
Access to traditional education is expensive and has limitations related to geographical locations. The internet development has enabled the use of alternative tools for providing teaching and learning services referred to as Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). Despite the advantages of using MOOCs in Higher Learning Institutions (HLIs), there is a paucity of studies related to the adoption of MOOCs in developing countries. Furthermore, the self-regulation aspect, an important factor in an uncontrolled learning environment has received less attention in the literature. Nevertheless, available studies on the adoption of MOOCs have not paid attention to the issue of the age difference, which is important in adopting innovative technology. Therefore, to address the gap this study extended the Technology-User- Environment (TUE) framework by examining mediating and moderating effects of self-regulation and age respectively on the adoption of the MOOCs in Tanzania. The study employed purposive sampling to collect a total of 351 which were analyzed using SmartPLS 4.0. Findings show that observability, perceived usefulness, peer pressure, self-regulation and self-efficacy have significant effects on the adoption of MOOCs. Furthermore, findings show that age moderates the relationship between peer pressure and MOOCs adoption behaviour. Also, Self-regulation was found to mediate the relationship between perceived usefulness, personal readiness, observability and MOOCs adoption. The study provides recommendations to enhance the adoption of MOOCs in Tanzania's higher education sector.
... Bu çalışmada ise güvenilirlik katsayısı; Mesai Dışı Saldırı için (0,875), İletişimin Engellenmesi için (0,765) ve Sosyal Medyada Saldırı için (0,760) bulunmuştur. Değişkenlere ait alfa güvenilirlik katsayıları, uluslararası yazında belirtilen ve genel kabul gören değerlerin üzerinde çıkmıştır (Bagozzi ve Yi, 1988;Nunally, 1978). Çalışanların demografik özelliklerini belirlemek için ise geliştirilen kişisel bilgi formu kullanılmıştır. ...
Bu çalışmanın amacı, çalışma koşullarına bağlı olarak çalışanların iş yerlerinde siber zorbalığa maruz kalma düzeylerini ölçmektir. Araştırmada anket yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma verilerinin toplanmasında Kayman (2017) tarafından geliştirilen İş Yeri Siber Zorbalık Mağduriyeti Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Bu araştırmanın evrenini 2017-2018 yıllarında Manisa Organize Sanayi Bölgesinde halen faaliyet gösteren 176 işletme oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini ise bu evrenden seçilen 457 işletme çalışanı oluşturmaktadır. Elde edilen verilerin analizi IBM SPSS 20.0 programı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Araştırmada betimsel istatistiklerin yanı sıra, güvenilirlik analizi, faktör analizi, bağımsız örneklem t-testi, tek yönlü varyans analizleri yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda çalışanların siber zorbalığa maruz kalma durumu ile çalışma süresi ve bilişim teknolojilerinin günlük kullanım sıklığı arasında farklılığın olduğu; çalışanların siber zorbalığa maruz kalma durumu ile çalışılan bölüm ve çalışanların gelir durumu arasında ise anlamlı bir farklılığın olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Siber zorbalık, Siber mağduriyet, Siber zorbalık araçları.
The purpose of this research is to measure the employees' levels of exposure to cyberbullying in workplace, depending on the working conditions. Survey method has been used in the research. For the collection of data, Workplace Cyberbullying Victimization scale developed by Kayman (2017), has been used. The population for this research is 176 enterprises which are still active in the Manisa Industrial Park (MIP). The sample size for this research consists of 457 employees selected from this population. IBM SPSS 20.0 statistical program has been used for analysing the data. In the study, Reliability Analysis, Factor Analysis, Independent Sample T-test, One Way ANOVA test have been performed in addition to descriptive statistics. As a result, it has been found that there is a significant difference between the situation of employees exposed to cyberbullying and the frequency of daily use of IT and working time; however, there is no significant difference between the situation of employees exposed to cyberbullying and department worked and the income levels of them.
... Cronbach's alpha values exceeding 0.8 are regarded as excellent values (Nunnally, 1978). However, Bagozzi and Yi (1988) indicate that values greater than 0.6 are acceptable for exploratory research. Previous entrepreneurship research studies in an African context have used alpha values of 0.6 to conduct their analyses (Farrington et al., 2012, p. 336). ...
Purpose
Entrepreneurial trait and behaviour approaches are used to identify differing entrepreneurial profiles. Specifically, this study aims to determine which entrepreneurial competencies (ECs) can predict entrepreneurial action (EA) for distinct profiles, such as male versus female, start-up versus established and for entrepreneurs within different age groups and educational levels.
Design/methodology/approach
The research was conducted using a survey method on a large sample of 1,150 South African entrepreneurs. Chi-squared automatic interaction detection (CHAID) algorithms were used to build decision trees to illustrate distinct entrepreneurial profiles.
Findings
Each profile has a different set of ECs that predict EA, with a growth mindset being the most significant predictor of action. Therefore, this study confirms that a “one-size-fits-all” approach cannot be applied when profiling entrepreneurs.
Research limitations/implications
From a pedagogical standpoint, different combinations of these ECs for each profile provide priority information for identification of appropriate candidates (e.g. the highest potential for success) and training initiatives, effective pedagogies and programme design (e.g. which individual ECs should be trained and how should they be trained).
Originality/value
Previous work has mostly focused on demographic variables and included a single sample to profile entrepreneurs. This study maintains much wider applicability in terms of examining profiles in a systematic way. The large sample size supports quantitative analysis of the comparisons between different entrepreneurial profiles using unconventional analyses. Furthermore, as far as can be determined, this represents the first CHAID conducted in a developing country context, especially South Africa, focusing on individual ECs predicting EA.
... Cronbach's alpha values are above 0.70, thus confirming the reliability of the measures (Hair et al., 2011). All average variance extracted (AVE) values are above 0.50 and composite reliability (CR) scores above 0.8, confirming convergent validity (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988) (see Table 2). The square roots of the AVE are higher than the inter-factor correlations (ø), confirming discriminant validity (Fornell & Larker, 1981). ...
Location-based advertising is continuing to grow in popularity among brands and retailers to deliver marketing messages and promotions. However, little is known about how and why these ads generate brand engagement. This study fills this gap. This paper indicates that two important features of location-based advertising (LBA)-location congruency and personalization-influence brand engagement and that the underlying mechanism behind this relationship is consumer brand identification. Further, it shows it is not only the personalization feature of these ads that increases its effectiveness, but the ad should also be location-congruent to make it effective. The conceptual model is tested by manipulating location-congruency and personalization features of LBA in two different contexts. This study is among the first to provide empirical evidence that LBA increases brand engagement and to uncover the theoretical mechanism of this relationship.
... The reliability of the research constructs is shown in Appendix 2. As it can be seen, our RP and CD's AVE values exceeded 0.54, which is greater than the 0.5 threshold required (Fornell & Larcker, 1981), however AVE value of others constructs is not providing desired AVE value. Therefore, we report that the combined reliability coefficient above 0.6 was considered to be the combination validity of the scale when the mean variance value was below 0.5 (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). All the composite reliabilities were above 0.67. ...
This study aimed to measure the sociodemographic, economic, physical, psychological, and social characteristics of volunteers and the salient factors of their motivations for voluntary participation. The study employed a cross-sectional design and convenience sampling. Data were collected from 1046 volunteers working in eight non-governmental organizations in the field of child welfare. Specifically, a scale with ten factors of volunteer motivation was used to predict volunteer motivation within structural equation modeling. Questions were also asked to understand the relationship between volunteers' sociodemographic, economic, physical, psychological, and social characteristics and volunteering. The results show that the primary factors of recognition, reactivity, and understanding have the most significant positive effects on volunteer motivation, while social interaction has the least significant effect. Additionally, the diverse characteristics of volunteers were found to be an important source of motivation for them to volunteer. In conclusion, this research extends the existing literature and shed light on the main motivational processes that shape volunteering participation, considering the different characteristics of volunteers. Thus, understanding motivational factors can help to increase volunteer participation in Turkey.
... Bimodal values were used to make interpretation and analysis easier (a = .67). However, reliability of the scale is justifiable as it exceeded benchmark .60 (Bagozzi and Yi, 1988). ...
Using moderated mediation, this study aims to synthesize the literature showing relationship of group diversity and its impact on individual creativity. This article explores how positive effects of social diversity involving age and gender result into negative effects on the individual creativity after interaction between age and gender diversity, and task complexity (as a moderator). Total 1036 employees consisting 196 groups working in banking and telecom sector in Pakistan and China participated in this study. Data was collected through online structured survey forms. Results suggested that informational elaboration mediates the effects interaction of gender diversity in groups on individual creativity. Indirect relationship of task complexity at low level with gender diversity highlighted significant positive effects on individual creativity in presence of information elaboration.
... Fields (2002) has also used a .67 alpha coefficient for the complexity; hence, finding of this study is justifiable as it exceeds the benchmark of .60 (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). Validity of the responses was KMO-measure of sampling adequacy = .68, ...
This study examined the role of group size through moderated mediation where information
elaboration was used as a mediator. A total of 1036 respondents were used to collect the data from Pakistan
and China. With regard for age diversity, full mediation was observed for education diversity. The large
group size showed significant relationship of conditional direct effects for both types of diversity on
individual creativity. However, conditional indirect effects of the interaction were only significant for
education diversity
... Thus, researchers often refer to suggestions made by leading scholars in the structural equations field, such as Hayduk (1987), Bagozzi and Yi (1988), L. T. Bentler (1998), andHair et al. (2017). Table 6 presents the index results and suggested values for the proposed model, indicating that the model is sufficiently flexible to work with the given data since the goodness index is higher than the minimum value. ...
Along with reducing traffic congestion, electric car-sharing (ECS) can also solve travel demand, utilize idle resources, and enhance forms of transportation. Accordingly, university students are identified in Guangzhou, China as a promising customer group for ECS companies. Although university students in Guangzhou, China are unique in the context of ECS, few researchers have studied the factors that influence their willingness to use such services. Hence, this paper investigates the key determinants that affect university students' behavioral intention (BI) to use ECS in Guangzhou, China. Based on an extension of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT), this paper examines the effects of the constructs on BI to use ECS and the moderating role of trust in ECS. Based on results from a questionnaire of 486 university students in Guangzhou, China, conditional value (CV) was the most critical driver of BI, followed by personal attitude (PA) and sustainability (SUST). The moderating analysis showed that taking gender, education, and driving experience of university students as control variables, trust was found to have a significant positive moderating impact on the relationship between PA and BI to use ECS, and a significant negative moderating effect of trust on the relationship between CV and BI to use ECS. The implications of these findings are discussed.
... Tres variables de las cuatro analizadas tienen un alfa de Cronbach superior a 0.7 por lo tanto se considera que los datos tienen una fiabilidad satisfactoria como lo indica Nunnally y Bernstein (1994), aunque la variable de control percibido de la conducta no presentó una alfa de Cronbach mayor a 0.7 podemos decir que tiene una fiabilidad satisfactoria debido a que la fiabilidad real oscila entre el alfa de Cronbach (valor mínimo) y la fiabilidad compuesta (valor máximo) según lo que indica Hair et al. (2017) por lo tanto el valor de la fiabilidad sería de 0.7515 (mayor a 0.7). Para el análisis de fiabilidad convergente se debe realizar un análisis de cargas factoriales externas (ourter loadings) y un análisis de la varianza extraída promedio, los indicadores de las cargas factoriales externas indican que la asociación que los indicadores tienen en común es capturada por la variable que miden, ya que las cargas factoriales son mayores a 0.7 según lo que indica Bagozzi y Yi (1988 En el análisis del índice de la varianza extraída de los datos muestra que los indicadores explican gran parte de la varianza de la variable, ya que en todos los casos el índice de la varianza extraída es mayor a 0.5 según lo que indican Fornell y Larcker (1981 Para el análisis de validez discriminante se deben realizar dos distintos análisis uno de ellos el de cargas factoriales cruzadas y por otro lado el análisis de Fornell y Larcker (1981), los resultados de análisis de cargas factoriales cruzadas indican que las variables realmente son diferentes entre sí, ya que la carga factorial de los ítems por variables son mayores en comparación a las de las demás variables. El análisis de Fornell y Larcker (1981) igualmente determina el grado en que una variable empíricamente está midiendo la variable en cuestión y difiere de las demás variables, ya que los valores de la línea diagonal de la tabla 5 son mayores a los valores que están por debajo de esa fila. ...
El propósito de estudio es determinar el efecto moderador de la educación emprendedora en el modelo de intención emprendedora sugerido por la teoría de la conducta planeada de Ajzen (1991). Se utilizó el método de ecuaciones estructurales por medio de la técnica de mínimos cuadrados parciales. El estudio se realizó con 328 estudiantes universitarios colombianos. En los resultados no se comprueba que existe un efecto moderador por parte de la educación emprendedora.
... At the very initial stage, the measurement model was tested with confirmatory factor analysis via SPSS Amos to offer confirmation of convergent and discriminant validity as well as internal consistency reliability (i.e. composite reliability) (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988;Fornell & Larcker, 1981). The study examined mediating effects through a bias-corrected (BC) bootstrapping technique (Preacher & Hayes, 2004). ...
This research study has examined ethical leadership on creative performance and intention to be late at work. The research also investigated the mediating role of trust in an organization (TIO) between ethical leadership and the proposed outcomes. To support the above assertion, this research collected information from 304 frontline bank employees and their managers in Kabul in Afghanistan, and tested the mentioned relationships. The findings are supporting TIO as a mediator for ethical leadership and intention to be late at work. Trust an organization increases creative performance and can significantly reduce ILW in the private banks of Afghanistan. According to the data, ethical leadership reduces ILW and increases creative performance (creativity) exclusively through TIO. This research further discusses the implications for both theory and practice. Keywords: Ethical leadership, creative performance, frontline bank employees, intention to be late for work, trust in an organization
... The measurement of the model fit was confirmed by applying CFA for all the samples. For adequate models, the χ2/df ratio had to be smaller than the limit value of 3, as suggested by Bagozzi and Yi (1988). Goodness-of-fit indices GFI, IFI, TLI and CFI values were greater than 0.9 (Byrne, 1998), and RMSEA was lower than 0.08 (Hair et al., 2006). ...
This study aimed to investigate the Millennial consumer's consumption of fast food post-COVID-19 pandemic era. Very few studies examined Millennial consumers repurchase intentions of fast food for off-site consumption, especially in emerging markets. Applying quantitative survey method using a non-probability convenience sample with 500 questionnaires to collect data from the southern region of Gauteng province in South Africa. A proposed theoretical framework was applied to examine associations between exogenous and endogenous latent variables influencing Millennial consumers' perceived price (PP) and food quality (FQ) towards their repurchase intention (RI) of fast food, moderated by word-of-mouth (WOM). Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) version 26.0 employing Structural Equation Model (SEM) to analyse data were commissioned. Results advocate that several guidelines for off-site consumption of fast food by Millennial consumers following PP and FQ significantly impacted RI. The study adds to the existing consumer behaviour body of knowledge relative to RI of fast-food consumption. Only consumers from southern Gauteng province were investigated excluding other provinces. Practical implications to fast-food outlet managers and industry stakeholders on how to progress operative strategies to enhance consumption and support for their offerings are provided.
... The reliability of the scale was also verified using the composite reliability index (CRI) [36] and the index of variance extracted (IVE) [37]. In all the measures of the constructs, these indices were above the values according to the evaluation criteria, resulting in higher values of 0.7 for the CRI and 0.5 for the IVE. ...
The proposal of this study is to analyze a model in which the effect of each of the dimensions of organizational commitment (OC) on organizational learning (OL) and its influence on innovation (INN) is examined. A questionnaire was applied to managers of 347 agribusiness small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) from the three states of the Bajío zone of the Mexican Republic. A quantitative study was carried out, for which a model that presents the different relationships proposed as hypotheses was validated, and with the use of structural equations the results were known. The findings show that affective commitment and continuance commitment have a positive and significant effect on OL, however, normative commitment was found to be non-significant on OL. The last hypothesis of the influence of OL on INN was positive and significant. The findings show that in the agribusiness SMEs examined, the feeling of belonging of employees in the organization should be promoted to a greater extent, as well as the desire to remain in the organization due to the benefits and guarantees that the company offers them to promote learning and the INN in them.
... Figure 2 gives the final measurement model. In the measurement model, factor loadings above 0.5 denote content convergent validity (Bagozzi and Yi, 1988), which was also evaluated using average variance extractedobtained through exploratory factor analysis with SPSSfollowing Fornell and Larcker (1981). The average variance extracted for core base technologies (0.8009), complementary base technologies (0.7691), smart manufacturing and working technologies (0.8169), SC4.0 exploitation (0.646), lean supply chain tooling (0.785), lean supply chain operationalisation (0.7073), lean supply chain planning (0.6561) and the focal firm's operational performance (0.5781) all exceeded the criterion of 0.5. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is twofold: firstly, to provide a measurement instrument for supply chain 4.0 ambidexterity by applying the theoretical perspective of ambidexterity to advance Industry 4.0; secondly, to empirically analyse how supply chain 4.0 ambidexterity and lean supply chain management contribute to enhancing the focal firm’s operational performance.
Design/methodology/approach
Empirical results are obtained through analysis of survey data from a sample of 209 Spanish focal firms in industrial sectors in an intermediate position in the supply chain. Structural equation modelling was performed to test the three proposed hypotheses.
Findings
Drawing on resource orchestration theory and the relational resource-based view, this study empirically demonstrates the full mediating role of lean supply chain management in the relationship between supply chain 4.0 ambidexterity and the focal firm’s operational performance.
Originality/value
Although recent research has highlighted the pertinence of applying inter-organisational ambidexterity to foster Industry 4.0 (Hofmann et al. , 2019), to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first studies to apply this theoretical framework to explain the transition to supply chain 4.0. In addition, to date, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no study exists that has developed a measurement scale and used this concept in an empirical analysis to advance theory development.
... lower bound, and SRMR, RMSEA are below .1 [16]. Composite reliabilities for the reflective constructs exceed the recommended threshold of .6 [17]. Furthermore, discriminant validity between the constructs is given [18]. ...
Peer-to-peer ridesharing as a form of group-based mobility can make a contribution towards sustainability by lowering the amount of traffic jams and air pollution. Because of advances in information and communication technology, ridesharing services are becoming increasingly popular-especially as a cheaper and more convenient alternative to public transport on long-distance routes between urban centers. Even though this development indicates a positive assessment of the basic concept of ridesharing, ridesharing has not reached its full potential yet. In addition, it is unclear how this concept is perceived in rural areas. Therefore, this paper analyzes the underlying factors impeding or fostering usage intention of technology-enabled ridesharing services. In this study, we develop a conceptual model consisting of usage motives and barriers and test this model using survey data. We identify safety concerns as well as organization and coordination costs as major barriers, whereas flexibility, social benefits and economic savings are key motivational factors.
... In the structural model analysis, at least three questions were maintained for each construct (Bagozzi & Edwards, 1998), and the structural model was used to analyze the path hypotheses of all studies. In addition, according to the suggestions of Bagozzi and Yi (1988) and Joreskog and Sorbom (1989), the six most commonly used indicators for detecting fit are used as the criteria for evaluating the fit between the data and the model. The results of SEM analysis showed thatχ 2 = 805.971, ...
In this volatile and challenging environment, global pandemics, extreme weather events, and the ever-changing global political and economic landscape continue to have a significant impact on the sustainability of organizations. This study presents a framework for measuring or assessing the nature of organizational culture and whether it is effective in influencing the competitive advantage of healthcare organizations in terms of operational performance through risk management and internal control. The results of the study demonstrate that effective consideration of the interaction of risk management and control systems with organizational culture is one of the best ways to prevent operational failure. JEL classification numbers: C10, G32, L25, M14. Keywords: Organizational Culture, Risk Management, Internal Control, Medical Institutions.
... The threshold of 0.70 (Hair, Hult, Ringle & Sarstedt., 2016;Henseler, Hubona & Ray, 2016) was achieved for all CR scores. Also, the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) for all constructs which were above 0.50 (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988;Fornell & Larcker, 1981;Hair et al., 2016) (Table 2). ...
The rapid growth of electronic waste (e-waste) has become a pressing environmental concern, necessitating a deeper understanding of individuals' intentions toward responsible e-waste management. This study aims to explore the relationship between e-waste recycling intentions using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) while considering the influence of environmental values. The research design employs a quantitative approach, utilizing a survey questionnaire to collect data from 115 Gen Z respondents. The findings show that perceived behavioral control, subjective norms and environmental values influence the intention to recycle e-waste while attitude was not impactful in influencing e-waste recycling intention. The findings will offer valuable insights for policymakers, environmental organizations, and practitioners seeking to promote sustainable e-waste practices. Ultimately, the study aims to foster a more comprehensive understanding of how individual attitudes can be leveraged to drive positive changes in e-waste management and contribute to a more sustainable future.
... We then conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test for the convergent validity of each construct. The results of the CFA in Table 1 showed that all factor loadings measuring the same construct are statistically significant, with t-values of all items ranging from 18.645 to 34.442 (all exceeded 1.96), which provides evidence of convergent validity (Bagozzi and Yi, 1988). ...
Purpose-Given the increasingly important role of knowledge capital on key outcomes and innovation capabilities of organizations, this paper aims to investigate the influences of knowledge-based human resource management (KHRM) practices on innovation capability of firms via mediating role of knowledge sharing (KS). This study also examines whether competitive intensity moderates the effects of KS behaviors on specific aspects of innovation capability, namely, product and process innovation. Design/methodology/approach-This paper used structural equation modeling to examine the level of how KHRM practices and KS impact on two types of innovation capability, namely, product innovation and process innovation using data collected from 265 participants in 112 manufacturing and service firms in Vietnam. Findings-The research findings confirm the mediating roles of KS behaviors between KHRM practices and two specific types of innovation. Besides, the paper first reveals the moderating role of competitive intensity in the relationships between KS and product innovation. The results underline the necessity of building a climate of KHRM practices to stimulate employees sharing knowledge, which, in turn, positively promotes innovation capabilities in an organization. Research limitations/implications-Future research should investigate the impact of different forms of human resource management (HRM) practices on innovation via the mediating effects of certain aspects of KS to bring better understanding on the importance of HRM practices and knowledge resources in pursuing innovation competence. Practical implications-This paper offers leaders a deeper understanding of potential effects of competitive intensity and environmental factors to promote innovation capabilities in their firms. Originality/value-This paper has significant contributed to theoretical and practical initiatives on theory of HRM practices and knowledge management by showing different moderating and mediating mechanism thereby firms can follow to enhance innovation capability of firms in developing and emerging markets.
... The suitable values of the Average Variance Extracted (AVE . 0.5) evidenced the convergent validity (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). ...
Following the relevant literature on higher education services, the objective of this study explores how the higher education perceived value outlines students’ satisfaction with the service and their migration intentions. Data from1,150 university students in Macedonia was collected and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. The results showed that functional, emotional, conditional and image value perceived about the degree are significant incitements of overall satisfaction, while social influence by reference groups minimizes satisfaction. In turn, students’ satisfaction decreases their intentions to leave the country. Moreover, the year of study acts as a moderator by delivering higher satisfaction, hence reducing brain drain intentions, for students in higher courses. The conclusions of this research emphasize the need for universities to increase appreciation of the higher education system’s quality, efficiency, and reputation. Since the beginning of their studies, students should be able to recognize and experience their education as beneficial for their professional future in the country, reducing in this way one of the major concerns in Western Balkans, the brain drain intentions.
... The CFA results (see Table 2) show acceptable global fit indices (CFI = 0.982; TLI = 0.980; RMSEA = 0.032; SRMR = 0.029) according to the given thresholds in the literature (Hair et al., 2014). Furthermore, the composite reliability for all constructs exceeds the threshold of 0.6 (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988) and findings show discriminant validity between the constructs (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). ...
Customer misbehavior in access-based mobility services such as car sharing and public transport deteriorates the quality and profitability of business models. Basing on organismic integration theory, we propose that service providers can use external regulation or implement introjected actions to reduce customer misbehavior. In two mobility contexts differing in terms of their anonymity dimensions, we test the proposed effects of these two prevention strategies. An 2 × 2 × 2 online experiment with users of public transport (high personal anonymity) and car sharing (high interpersonal anonymity) shows that introjective actions (i.e., normative appeals) and external regulation (i.e., surveillance) are associated with intended consequences regarding misbehavior and motivation to co-create, but also imply unintended consequences (e.g., privacy concerns, negative word-of-mouth, and reduced usage intention). The combined use of both strategies usually proves not to be advantageous, so that the provider actions should be carefully selected depending on the given service setting.
... Prior to structure model testing, this study performed normality tests for each concept, including kurtosis and skewness statistics (Alalwan et al., 2017;Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). The skewness values for all variables fell within the range of + 1.5 to −1.5. ...
This paper investigates the impact of COVID-19's fear-uncertainty (CFU) on the perceived destination image (DI) and travelers' environmental behavior in a non-western context. Additionally, the research examined the role of destination social responsibility (DSR) and COVID-19 destination practices as multi-level moderators on our hypothesized relationships. Our research used a systematic random sampling method to get information from 608 international tourists who had been to Egypt within the last two years. The findings demonstrated that CFU significantly and negatively impacts the perceived DI. Likewise, it indicated that CFU and perceived DI positively impact travelers' environmental behavior. The results also show that the perceived DSR and COVID-19 destination practices lessen the negative effects of the CFU on the perceived DI. This study contributes to cognitive appraisal and social cognitive theory by looking at the role of CFU, DSR, and COVID-19 destination practices post-pandemic. Moreover, it offers insights into the factors that influence travelers' environmental behavior during post-crisis recovery and the restoration of destination image.
... Specifically, the AVE values for online learning self-efficacy (OLSE), grit, ideal L2 self, and online learning satisfaction were 0.61, 0.57, 0.69, and 0.74, respectively. Composite Reliability (CR) values, reflecting the internal consistency of the constructs, surpassed the acceptable threshold of 0.7 (Bagozzi and Yi, 1988) for all constructs, indicating a high degree of reliability. The CR values for OLSE, grit, ideal L2 self, and online learning satisfaction were 0.88, 0.92, 0.86, and 0.83, respectively. ...
Introduction
This study delves into the intricate network of motivational factors that influence online learning satisfaction among intermediate-level English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students in mainland China.
Methods
A diverse sample of 496 EFL students participated in this research. Structural Equation Modeling was employed as the analytical method.
Results
The results of the study reveal significant and positive relationships between ideal L2 self and L2 grit with online learning satisfaction. Additionally, online learning self-efficacy emerged as a crucial mediator between ideal L2 self and online learning satisfaction, as well as between L2 grit and online learning satisfaction.
Discussion
These findings provide valuable insights into the motivational dynamics within online language learning contexts. They offer practical implications for educators and instructional designers seeking to enhance students’ online learning experiences.
... p<0.001) indicated lack of fit of the model [33]. The root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA = 0.086 [0.076, 0.096]), between 0.10 and 0.05, showed an acceptable fit for the model [34]. The comparative fit index (CFI = 0.909) was considered acceptable for values above 0.9 [35]. ...
Students’ academic and social adaptation is linked to factors such as their initial study motivations, the atmosphere of the academic environment and their perception of academic wellbeing. This paper analyses the initial adaptation of first-degree students in their first semester through a quantitative ex post facto study with a descriptive-exploratory approach, using a questionnaire as the information-gathering instrument. Findings shed light on the concept of initial adaptation itself (through the creation of an index) and validate the study of the construct through three factors: initial motivation, the academic environment and perception of academic wellbeing. Also, the influence on initial adaptation of the academic and social context of the degree course taken is demonstrated:, as the constitutive features of the degree contribute information predicting how students will integrate into the institution. Therefore, it is suggested that institutional means and actions should be designed and put in place in accordance with measurements that indicate how students function best in a specific context (the bachelor’s degree), in order to boost motivation and the perception of academic wellbeing.
... Although we modified the model by adding residual correlation coefficients, all residual correlations were modified according to the model correction principle, with all modification indexes greater than 3.84 (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988) in this study. In addition, the residual correlation between different factors seemed justifiable because of the conceptual similarity between items (all these items measure impact of infertility-related stress on individuals) (Sobral et al., 2017). ...
Aims
The aim of this study is to introduce the Copenhagen Multi‐Centre Psychosocial Infertility (COMPI)‐Fertility Problem Stress Scales (COMPI‐FPSS) into China and test its applicability in Chinese infertile population.
Background
Infertility‐related stress not only influences patients' psychological well‐being but is also strongly associated with reduced pregnancy rates and poorer assisted conception outcomes, thus warranting focussed attention.
Design
The design used in this study is a cross‐sectional survey.
Methods
A total of 418 participants were recruited by convenience sampling from March to July 2022. The data were randomly divided into two parts: one for item analysis and exploratory factor analysis and the other for confirmatory factor analysis and reliability test. The critical ratio and homogeneity test were used to verify the differentiation and homogeneity of the COMPI‐FPSS; the construct validity was determined by explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses; Cronbach's α coefficient and Spearman–Brown coefficient were used to assess the reliability; and criterion validity was expressed using correlation coefficients for the Perceived Stress Scale and the Negative Affect Scale as the validity criteria.
Results
The revised Chinese version of COMPI‐FPSS has 11 items and 2 dimensions (i.e., personal stress domain and social stress domain). Exploratory factor analysis showed that the cumulative variance contribution rate of the two factors was 68.6%, and confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the model fitted well. The score of the COMPI‐FPSS was significantly and positively associated with perceived stress and negative affect. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the total scale was 0.905, and the Spearman–Brown coefficient was 0.836, explaining excellent reliability.
Conclusion
The revised Chinese version of COMPI‐FPSS shows good reliability and validity, and it can be used to evaluate the infertility‐related stress of infertile patients in China.
... Convergent validity was affirmed when Average Variance Extracted (AVE) estimates exceeded 0.5 for all model variables, indicating strong convergence within the measurement model. The study also evaluated construct reliability using Composite Reliability (CR) estimates [62]. Values ranging from 0.72 to 0.98 were attained, surpassing the threshold of 0.7 as recommended. ...
-This study examined the impact of social media identity on online learning through social media. Smart-PLS 3.3 was run to test the relationship between social media identity, self-efficacy, and social influence on online learning through social media. The Moderation effect of social influence and self-efficacy on the relation between social media identity and behavioral intention to use social media for online learning was examined. Questionnaires were distributed online and 362 valid responses received. Results showed significant positive impact of social media identity, self-efficacy and social influence on behavioral intention to use social media in online learning courses. The moderating effect of self-efficacy and social influence was affirmed. High self-efficacy led to the negative impact of social media identity on the use of the use of social media in online learning. The high social influence led to the positive impact of social media identity on social media use in online learning. The study recommends developing guidelines for integrating social media effectively in education, creating user-friendly platforms, and enhancing students' self-efficacy through engaging projects. Additionally, promoting communication and considering emotional participation, self-efficacy, and social influence are essential. Further research could explore performance expectancy and academic achievement for deeper insights.
... square root of the AVE to the correlations among the other constructs (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). As Table A.1 shows, the CR scores were greater than 0.9 and thus higher than the recommended level of 0.7, indicating acceptable reliability (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). The AVE values were greater than 0.5 and thus indicated good convergent validity (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). ...
Organizational information security (ISec) protection is undergoing a turbulent shift in the workplace environment. In an environment of ever-increasing risks of insider threats and external cyberattacks, individual employees are often expected to take the initiative to solve organizational security problems. This study therefore focuses on employees' proactive information security behaviors (ISBs)-behaviors that are self-initiated, change-oriented, and future-focused-and the motivations that compel employees to protect organizational assets. We ground our study in Parker et al.'s (2010) proactive motivation theory (ProMT) and develop an integrated multilevel model to examine the respective effects of proactive motivational states, that is, can-do, reason-to, and energized-to motivations, on employees' proactive ISBs. We also explore the roles of individual differences and contextual factors-namely, proactive personality and supervisory ISec support-and their influences on proactive motivational states. Data were collected from 210 employees situated in 55 departments distributed among multiple organizations located in China. The results show that supervisory ISec support positively influences employees' proactive motivational states and thereby boosts employees' proactive ISBs. Proactive personality negatively moderates the effect of supervisory ISec support on flexible security role orientation (reason-to motivation). By identifying the antecedents of employees' proactive ISBs, we make key theoretical contributions to ISec research and valuable practical contributions to organizational ISec management.
... square root of the AVE to the correlations among the other constructs (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). As Table A.1 shows, the CR scores were greater than 0.9 and thus higher than the recommended level of 0.7, indicating acceptable reliability (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). The AVE values were greater than 0.5 and thus indicated good convergent validity (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). ...
Organizational information security (ISec) protection is undergoing a turbulent shift in the workplace environment. In an environment of ever-increasing risks of insider threats and external cyberattacks, individual employees are often expected to take the initiative to solve organizational security problems. This study therefore focuses on employees’ proactive information security behaviors (ISBs)—behaviors that are self-initiated, change-oriented, and future-focused—and the motivations that compel employees to protect organizational assets. We ground our study in Parker et al.’s (2010) proactive motivation theory (ProMT) and develop an integrated multilevel model to examine the respective effects of proactive motivational states, that is, can-do, reason-to, and energized-to motivations, on employees’ proactive ISBs. We also explore the roles of individual differences and contextual factors—namely, proactive personality and supervisory ISec support—and their influences on proactive motivational states. Data were collected from 210 employees situated in 55 departments distributed among multiple organizations located in China. The results show that supervisory ISec support positively influences employees’ proactive motivational states and thereby boosts employees’ proactive ISBs. Proactive personality negatively moderates the effect of supervisory ISec support on flexible security role orientation (reason-to motivation). By identifying the antecedents of employees’ proactive ISBs, we make key theoretical contributions to ISec research and valuable practical contributions to organizational ISec management.
... For convergent validity, we checked standardized factor loadings (SFLs) and average variance extracted (AVE). All values were above 0.50, which is considered the common threshold (Bagozzi and Yi, 1988). Therefore, we can conclude there are no concerns regarding convergent validity. ...
Purpose
The study aims to examine whether there is a difference in entrepreneurial intentions (EI) and intrapreneurial intentions (II) between current labor force (CLF) and future labor force (FLF). Moreover, the role of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) as a common determinant has been presented.
Design/methodology/approach
A cross-sectional survey was used to collect the data from 472 members of the CLF and 310 members of the FLF in Bosnia and Herzegovina. To test the hypotheses, Welch's t -test and multiple regression were used.
Findings
The findings show that there is a difference in both EI and II between CLF and FLF and that individual EO, to a certain degree, is a determinant of them.
Originality/value
The study extends the literature by offering a comparative approach to two populations within the same country. Furthermore, the study deviates from a more traditional approach that EI and II are divergent constructs with different determinants.
... Another measure is 'Composite Reliability' by Jöreskog (1971) in PLS-SEM. Literature suggests that the use of composite reliability as an alternative to measuring the reliability of the construct has higher significance over Cronbach's Alpha (Bagozzi and Yi, 1988;Hair et al., 2012). The composite reliability values between 0.6 and 0.7 are considered acceptable in exploratory research, and values between 0.7 and 0.9 range are acceptable, while values of 0.95, which are higher, reflect problematic constructs. ...
For long-term survival, a company must break out of a vicious cycle and remain competitive on its growth path. This is achievable only if companies follow the three-stage cycle of developing new products, innovating to fulfil the needs, and disseminating Technology and procedures to make them commercially viable. Technology Acceptance is an essential aspect of a company's adoption of Technology, and it's been a hot topic for research in the previous two decades, especially with the adoption of computerisation. This study will cover the elements and constructs critical for MSME firms in India to accept Industry 4.0 technologies. The methodology consists of developing a model based on unit case studies to identify detailed survey items and scales and surveying 75 participants from various manufacturing processes, sizes, and ownership patterns across various geographies of manufacturing clusters in India. The model is built on understanding the technology acceptance process by business leaders in the Indian context for relevance, acceptance, and usage of Industry 4.0 Technologies. The model is further validated using Smart PLS for statistical inferences.
... A loading factor greater than 0.50 is considered adequate [39], and a composite reliability of 0.70 or more is considered acceptable [40]. A measure of extracted average variance (AVE) greater than 0.50 is considered acceptable [41], [42]. ...
Currently several industries are starting to try to apply metaverse in various possible implementations, such as manufacturing, health, business, education and training, architecture, and entertainment. For business in a smaller context, metaverse can be used to interact with other users in virtual meetings and predicted to be able to replace the current concept of online communication using video conferencing. The question is are the employees have intention to work within metaverse environment in the future, and what will be the barrier and the driver for employees to work within metaverse environment To answer this question, a Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) analysis methodology was carried out using a modified dual factor model approach. In this study it is also proposed to add environmental factors which are also a part in a decision-making process. The research result shows that the application of the metaverse in the company does not necessarily need to be driven by external factors. Instead, the company's independence determines its adaptation to the technology. From this study, it was obtained that the factors in the dual factor model had a significant or no significant effect on the intention to work within metaverse. By validity, reliability, and path coefficient tests on research model proposed, it is determined the readiness and interest of employees to switch to work within metaverse.
... A u t h 20 satisfactory across all constructs (Bagozzi and Yi, 1988), confirming construct reliability. ...
Purpose
The effects of country-of-origin (COO) cues on product evaluations are well documented. However, research on the relative effects of COO compared to other geographical indicators, such as region-of-origin (ROO), on food purchases is still limited. This study investigates how geographical origin labels influence consumers' perceptions of product value and authenticity of foreign food, as well as subsequent purchase intention (PI) and willingness to pay premium prices (WTPPP). The moderating role of health consciousness on these relationships is also examined due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses a between-subjects experimental design conducted with 300 middle- and high-income Chinese consumers aged between 25 and 50 years. Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modelling.
Findings
Whilst under both COO and ROO cues, all five product values positively influenced consumers' WTPPP, only functional, economic and novelty values influenced PI. The ROO cue performed significantly better than the COO cue in eliciting functional, economic and novelty value perceptions, which triggered stronger PI and willingness to pay a premium price. These relationships were mediated by product authenticity (PA) and moderated by consumers' health consciousness (HC).
Practical implications
Because food labels provide salient product information that facilitates consumers' evaluation of products, marketers should assess which product value perceptions they wish to enhance and then choose the appropriate geographical indicators for their labelling strategies.
Originality/value
This study identifies the effects of COO and ROO cues on product values, authenticity, PI and WTPPP. It also provides valuable insights into the role of HC on consumers' purchase decisions, which also aids in understanding the impact of global crises on food purchases.
... The AVE had to have values > 0.50 [60] and the CR had to have values > 0.60 [61]. Finally, SPSS 27.0 was used to test correlations. ...
The Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (IWPQ) can be defined as the individual be-haviour capable of generating value and competitive advantage for the organization. It is a mul-ti-dimensional construct, consisting of task performance, contextual performance and counter-productive work behavior. Albeit important, a comprehensive measure of individual job per-formance is still lacking in the Italian context. This paper describes the validation of an Italian adaptation of the IWPQ. A back translation procedure was used. To investigate the psychometric properties of the 18-item Italian IWPQ, 1053 participants (502 men, 47.7%; 551 women, 52.3%) were enrolled; the age of participants ranged between 19 and 69 (Mage=34.6, SD= 11.8), and for the oc-cupation, the sample is classified in blue collar 32.5%, pink collar 33% and white collar 34.5%. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and multigroup confirmatory factor analyses were performed to test the structural factor of the IWPQ. The results supported the goodness of the IWPQ in the Italian context and the scales were found consistent with the original structure. One item was omitted due to a low factor loading, resulting in a final 17-item structure. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis showed that the factor solution was invariant across both gender and occupational category and found evidence of metric invariance, uniqueness and scalar invariance, and structural invariance. Convergent and discriminant validity were also tested and showed.
In this study, a fresh attempt was made to examine dynamic behavior and estimate the ultimate amount of the psychological stress spread among students caused by a rapid breakout of COVID-19. The multicompartmental model makes enquiry about the impact of stress on student education and the significance of stress management to learning successfully. Through qualitative and quantitative studies we show some adequate constrain for the disappearance or spread of psychological stress. To demonstrate theoretical conclusions, numerical simulations are also provided.
Delays and losses has become a major concern at most retail organizations in Mutare. Retail companies have been recording losses due to failure of adopting ICT. Poor strategies causes operational delays, which may result in orders being overlooked or arriving late. Poor techniques of retail organizations affect managers who sets objectives and if these issues are not addressed, will result in huge losses. If retail companies neglect the issue of ICT these organizations shall suffer from losses and will not be able to manage their inventories. This study intends to determine the effect of information technology on adoption inventory management techniques in retail organizations.
Presently, the pace of transformation within traditional sectors of the Chinese economy is accelerating, resulting in the gradual demise of traditional occupations. Consequently, the emerging cohort of Chinese migrant workers confronts unprecedented challenges pertaining to their professional prospects and assimilation into urban society. In order to examine the impact of perceived unemployment risk on the inclination of new-generation migrant workers to embrace urban citizenship, we introduce the notions of environmental dynamism and active skill development as moderating variables. Employing multiple regression analysis, we construct a dual moderating model. The results of our study indicate that the perception of unemployment risk positively predicts the willingness of new-generation migrant workers to embrace urban citizenship. Moreover, we observe that environmental dynamism exerts a positive moderating influence on the relationship between unemployment risk perception and citizenship inclination. Additionally, active skill development serves to positively moderate the moderating effect of environmental dynamism. This study not only reveals the unique influence of subjective unemployment risk perception on the inclination towards urban citizenship but also sheds light on the role played by environmental dynamism and active skill development in this context. The findings of this research further enhance the theoretical framework pertaining to the study of urban citizenship inclination among new-generation Chinese migrant workers.
With increasing competition in the online market, companies frequently apply "dark patterns" to steer user behavior in ways that benefit the company but may harm the user. To date, consequences of dark patterns use are rather unknown. Prior research demonstrated positive effects (e.g., an increase in acceptance rates) and negative effects (e.g., negative emotions) of dark patterns use. To explain these contradictory effects, we draw in information manipulation theory. In a survey experiment we confronted participants with the dark patterns scarcity and sneaking. The results indicate that exposure to dark patterns increases perceived violations of communication maxims, which increase perceived user manipulation. This, in turn, reduces attitude toward the website and website design. Further, the results show that perceived user manipulation is significantly higher for users with low familiarity with online shopping. We plan to validate the findings in a field experiment to be conducted in the near future.
Psychosocial stressors are common among lawyers but there is no indigenous scale available to measure psychosocial stressors in Pakistani lawyers. In the present research, a phenomenological exploration was carried out through individual interviews with 20 lawyers to explore the indigenous psychosocial stressors faced by the lawyers making an initial item pool of 49 statements. After the exclusion of repeated items and rephrasing the ambiguous ones, 41 items were retained for expert validation. 12 experts including senior practicing lawyers and psychologists ascertained the content validity of the 41 items and 36 items were retained after this phase. A pilot testing was carried out on 15 conveniently sampled was carried out and after finding the list of these statements user-friendly, the list of 36 statements was converted into a 5-point self-report measure ready for the final and main study. Finally, this self-report measure named the Psychosocial Stressors Scale for Lawyers (PSSL) along with a Demographic Sheet was administered on a sample of 227 layers (M age= 36.35 SD= 8.70) selected using a convenient sampling technique. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed 5 factors of PSSL i.e., Work-related Stressors, Social Stressors, Financial Stressors, Health-related Stressors, and Familial Stressors. This scale was found to have high internal consistency (α= .78 to .92) and test-retest reliability (r= .86, p< .001) with significant inter-factor and factor-total correlations (r= .65 to .81, p< .001). The results were discussed in terms of the implications of the Psychosocial Stressors Scale in further research, assessment, and counseling services for lawyers. The current study, as a groundbreaking effort in Pakistan, resulted in a reliable and valid self-report measure to assess the psychosocial stressors of lawyers. The five-factor model with acceptable factor loadings of all the items (i.e., greater than .40) provides strong evidence that PSSL is a multi-dimensional tool to measure the said stressors. The scale can be used in future research and can serve as a baseline in counseling/therapeutic plans developed to deal with these issues of the lawyers.
Background and Aim: Amidst China's swift embrace of e-learning, this study delves into the interplay between quality management, e-learning, and academic investigation in higher education. It aims to identify strategies blending academic research, institutional growth, and practical enhancement for optimal educational quality. By addressing the myriad elements affecting e-learning quality, this research offers insights for educational stakeholders, promoting enlightened quality management in modern digital education. Research Method: A survey targeting students, educators, and administrators will quantitatively gauge e-learning quality perceptions and the influence of academic research. Additionally, detailed interviews with a subset of respondents will shed light on their e-learning quality governance experiences. The 425 participants are from Chengdu University and Chengdu Normal University, engaged in online learning in 2021-2022. Results: Students' online engagement inefficiencies arise from distractions like mobile phones, subpar materials, and familial disruptions. Online learning presents challenges for college students, such as tracking progress and teacher-student interaction. The shift from traditional teaching due to the epidemic has introduced hurdles like diminished focus, limited instant communication, and eye strain. Conclusion: The University of Chengdu's study on factors impacting art major postgraduate students' online learning engagement offers valuable insights for enhancing online education during the pandemic, underlining crucial areas requiring attention and development to ensure a successful transition while upholding instructional standards.
The purpose of this study is to determine the causal effect of consumption attitudes toward environmental sustainability initiatives (ESI) implemented by professional sports clubs on behavioral intentions. Specifically, we will quantitatively examine the causal effect of perceived ESI on club support intentions and spectator intentions. To achieve our objective, we attempt to verify the results using three waves of panel data. Using Ventforet Kofu, a J2 soccer team, as a case study, we analyzed data from a panel survey of 749 respondents and were unable to confirm a direct causal relationship between perceived ESI and increased club support and game-watching intentions. However, although no direct causal relationship was found, the results suggest that perceived ESI may increase club support intentions and spectator intentions, albeit temporarily, especially among consumers who have never watched a game before.
The Hangwurian City Development Model evolved to create a linkage within the concepts of environmental awareness, urban governance, and management. Others are sustainable urban development, urban liveability, and inclusive physical development. These were measured from various indicators ranging from population, environmental knowledge, economic prosperity, quality of life, and safety. The research sorts the critical objective of analysing the significant level of the indicator variables'; and determine the predictive relevance of the indicator variables. The exploratory research employed the partial least square using SmartPLS to evaluate the variables, collecting quantitative data through the open data tool kit from three selected cities of Lokoja, Minna, and Lafia in North-Central Nigeria. The research sampled 399 respondents across the cities randomly selected amongst residents aged 18 years and more reliably targeted household heads as the unit of measurement is the household. The research findings show that most of the examined variables have Cronbach's Alpha above 0.7, and most of the retained variables have a significant value of greater or equal to 0.7. The average variance of the indicators where very substantial as most were within the 0.5 to 0.6 band. Most of the evaluated indicators have a significant performance index of between 50 and 65 %. The research recommended that this model be applied as a procedural model to guide city development at a regional scale. Hence, it was concluded that for city development to occur and evolve without ills which Hangwurian city development stands for, it must be viewed from the path linkage and significance of environment, governance, sustainability, liveability, and inclusion.
This research paper aims to investigate the shopping preference and motivation of adolescents in small towns and their influence on customer experience contributing to mall loyalty. The conceptual model for this study was developed after intensive literature review. A survey instrument comprising 33 statements was developed, which would measure adolescents’ opinions from seven major cities of India. A total of 800 respondents were approached and questionnaires were given out, 489 responses were collected, out of which only 401 were found usable and complete. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the collected data. The findings of the study revealed that determinants such as tenant mix and mall ambiance contributed to the adolescent’s experience upon which mall loyalty depended. Shopping experience also has significant impact on patronage where income level of adolescents acts as a moderator. Some of the other determinants such as amenities, safety and security, promotion, and convenience did not seem to have an influence on the experience of the adolescents. A non-probability sampling method is applied in this research. Future studies should replicate the research in different social, economic, and geographical contexts to see if the factor composition and structure remain unchanged. Mall managers should focus on tenant mix and ambiance for better management of adolescent’s experience. Disproportionate expenditure on adding to other factors is not expected to yield matching dividends. The study assumes significance as this kind of study used to happen rarely in global context. The paper explores the motivational factors for adolescents underlying for visiting the small-town malls in the Indian context, and it has the global significance also. This paper is among the few works done on understanding adolescent’s motivation in the developing nation context. It adds significantly to the meager body of knowledge around mall management.
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