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GRAPE SEED OIL: FROM A WINERY WASTE TO A VALUE ADDED COSMETIC PRODUCT-A REVIEW

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Evangelia Sotiropoulou at National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Evangelia Sotiropoulou
Vassileios Varelas at Folkuniversity
Vassileios Varelas
  • Folkuniversity
M Liouni
M Liouni
M Liouni
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Elias Nerantzis at University of West Attica
Elias Nerantzis
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GRAPE SEED OIL: FROM A WINERY WASTE TO A VALUE ADDED COSMETIC PRODUCT-A REVIEW
Evangelia I. Sotiropoulou1*. V. Varelas1, M. Liouni1, E. T. Nerantzis2
1Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Athens, Greece
2Laboratory of Biotechnology & Industrial Fermentation, Dept. of Enology, TEI of Athens, Greece
Keywords: grape seed oil, winery wastes, natural cosmetics
Presenting author email:evasot210@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT.
A large volume of winery wastes remains unexploited every year on an international level. Grape production is
considered to be one of the most important agro economic activities in the world, with more than 67 million tons of
grapes (Vitis vinifera) produced globally in 2012, about 22 million tons of them produced in the European Union
(FAOSTAT 2012).
In this respect, the major aim of this research work is to explore possible ways for the use of winery wastes. The
objective is to encourage companies to apply value adding technologies in order to reduce their waste generation and
disposal, provide further alternatives to diminish the environmental impact of winery activity and introduce additional
sources of income. This research focuses on grape seeds and reveals its promising future as a distinct product with
potential usage in cosmetology.
Mechanical extraction (cold-pressed or hot pressed oil) and chemical or solvent extraction (Soxlet methods and hexane as
solvent) are the most common and widespread methods of extracting grape seed oil. Cold-pressed oil is greatly used to
produce grape seed oil for cosmetic usages mainly as this method preserves the natural structure of oil by keeping away
all residual chemicals.
Grape seed oil is an excellent cosmetic ingredient for controlling moisture of the skin. It is very light thus it is easily
absorbed by the skin and it will not leave any oil residue. According to a report of an independent study published in Free
Radical Biology and Medicine, grape seed oil can also accelerate the healing process of wounds on human skin and can
also be valuable for the cure of any acne problems.
To conclude with, it is rich in vitamin E, linoleic acid, omega fatty acid and antioxidants. Its antioxidant properties are
essential for minimizing skin aging. The oil can be beneficial for the reduction of wrinkles appearance, since it provides
moisture and protection against free radicals. As stated by the University of Maryland Medical Center, grape seed oil is
able to increase the amount of antioxidant in the blood and to maintain the existence of collagen and elastin.
Introduction
During the last decade a trend towards natural cosmetics has been developed and therefore scientists and industry are
moving towards the research of alternative ingredients that won’t cause any allergies or other kinds of skin irritations to
consumers.
Natural remedies have been used for centuries for treating skin and also for a wide variety of dermatological disorders
(inflammation, phototoxicity, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and alopecia areata).
Protection of the skin hydration and producing softening effects to skin and hair preparations is achieved using seed oils
rich in fatty acids and triglycerides that reduce transepidermal water loss [1].
Nowadays, many cosmetic companies are using natural ingredients like different types of herbs, honey, sugar, beer and
wine. Apart from wine, grape seed oil, grape seed extract and grape juice is used as a main ingredient for the production
of creams, shampoos, body lotions and hair treatment products.
According to a study of CCR group, wine and its’ by products are assets for many subsidiary businesses in both cosmetic
and gastronomy field with a growth of 2% in volume and an increase in turnover of 107% in the past 6 years [2].
Grape seed oil
The first mention of the grape seed oil appeared in the 14th century during the reign of Ferdinand IV, King of Castile and
León, independent state in the northwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula. An Arab doctor suggested the usage of grape
seed oil as a treatment to skin problems. The curative effect of grape seed oil was so effective that Ferdinand IV decided
to keep secret both the process and the formula; the elixir was named as royal oil or oil of the throne - from Spanish
AceiteSolio [3].
According to the University Of Maryland Medical Center [4], the consumption of grapes in ancient Egypt goes back
6,000 years. Moreover, several ancient Greek philosophers praised the healing power of grapes, in the form of wine.
European folk healers made an ointment from the sap of grapevines to treat skin and eye diseases. Grape leaves were also
used to stop bleeding, inflammation and pain. Unripe grapes were used to treat sore throats and dried grapes (raisins)
were used for constipation and thirst. Grapes were also used to treat a range of health problems including cholera,
smallpox, nausea, eye and skin infections, kidney and liver diseases.
Grape production is considered to be one of the most important agro-economic activities in the world, with more than 67
million tons of grapes (Vitis vinifera) produced globally in 2012, about 22 million tons of them produced in the European
Union [5].
Grape seeds are waste products of wineries and are often referred as important agricultural and industrial waste [6] with
potentials to be used in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic applications [7].
According to Codex Standard for named vegetable oils- Codex Stan 210-1999, grape seed oil is the oil which is produced
from the grape seeds of Vitis vinifera L. [8].
Grape seed oil is produced in many countries throughout the world like Italy, Spain, Chile, United States, Australia and
France [9].There are few recent data on global production of grape seed oil but according to Casao [10] the production in
Italy, France and Spain reached 42,000 tons.
Grape seed oil ingredients
Grapes seeds contain about 14-20% of oil [11].The grape seed oil is rich in linoleic acid (65-72%), oleic acid (12-23%),
palmitic acid (4-11%) , stearic acid (8,5-15%). Linoleic acid found in grape seed oil plays an important role as it is not
synthesized in the body itself and this is why products containing it have significant nutritional value [11]. Corresponding
recommendations in linoleic acid has sunflower oil, soybean oil, safflower oil-safflower oil (plant family member of
sunflower) seed oil, corn oil and oil from poppy. The oleic acid also contributes to nutritional value of oil as it affects the
oxidative stability of oils [12].
Grape seed oil has also high concentration of tannins, oligomeric proanthocyanosides at 1000 times higher than the other
oils [11] and that is the reason why it has high stability and resistant to oxidation reaction.
It is also rich in tocopherols, which are the most important natural antioxidants that are not biosynthesized from humans
and other mammals, but must be taken exclusively by diet. Tocopherols occur in four forms; α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol,
γ-tocopherol and δ- tocopherol. Α-tocopherol has the highest activity as vitamin and low antioxidant activity compared to
the δ-tocopherol [11].
Tocopherols are sensitive to light and air that is why it requires special attention during extraction but also during the
analytical process [6]. As reported by Gliszczynska-Swiglo and Sikoeska [14], a large amount of α-tocopherol was found
in grape seed oil compared with c, d-tocopherol, and the content of which varies depending on the variety of grape.
Their concentration in grape seed oil does not exceed that of the soybean oil (860mg / kg) and sunflower oil (880mg /
kg) and it is almost similar to that of cottonseed oil (560mg / kg) [15].
Grape seed oil extraction
The method chosen for oil extraction depends on the nature of raw material [38]. The traditional way for extracting grape
seed oil is cold pressing the whole seeds in discontinuous hydraulic press or milled and heated seeds in screw press. It is
important that the seeds moisture content won’t exceed 10% [16]. Cold pressing extraction is a mild process that allows
obtaining a good quality of oil [39].
Recently, alternative methods are being suggested, without organic solvents like hot water extraction, supercritical fluid
extraction (SFE) [21], supercritical CO2 extraction [17,18], pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) [6] and ultrasound
assisted extraction [21].
Grape seed oil’s attributes to cosmetology
1. Acne Fighting: Acne is a skin condition that affects sweat glands and hair follicles, causing inflammation, black
heads, white heads and pustules. If blemishes are deep they can leave scars and pitting, which can be distressing and
disfiguring [1].
The skin needs a good supply of linoleic acid to help strengthen cell membranes and improve skin health in general. The
oil also has a significant amount of the antioxidant capacity so as to prevent pores from clogging. The anti-inflammatory
properties prevent the outbreak of acne but also help any existing acne problems.
2. Skin Tightening and healing: Grape seed oil has astringent properties, fighting free radicals and helping to firm the
skin. It is medically useful for various purposes, especially to reduce swellings. For this reason there are many cosmetic
companies that sell many products using this substance as a main ingredient.
Regular application of grape seed oil will deliver basically a good amount of astringent that is useful for stimulating the
skin and tightening. For these purposes, people with oily skin will get more advantages using grape seed oil.
By applying grape seed oil, human body can accelerate the wound healing process and also can diminish scars [4, 19,
20]. Grape seed extract has been applied to wounds on the skin of animals and humans and found that wounds treated
with grape seed extract healed more quickly than wounds that did not receive the extract. [19].
3. Reduction of dark circles eye: The black circles are common facial skin problems and the effects of sun exposure,
dehydration, excessive alcohol consumption, etc. Fortunately, removing under eye circles is one of the largest capacities
grape seed oil skin. The compound would not be able to bear visible results overnight indeed, but regular application for
a week can completely eliminate the occurrence of these cycles without harmful chemicals.
In order to analyze the safety and effectiveness of the grapeseed oil composition, clinical studies were conducted using
six individuals, by applying topically to one-half of their face. Application of the composition was studied for a period of
10-30 days. One of the conditions that was evaluated was the presence of dark circles underneath the eyes. Using visual
inspections in combination with patients acting as their own controls, they found that previously dark circles under
patient's eyes appeared much lighter under the right eye following application of the composition [20].
4. Hydration: Most types of oils can be used as a skin moisturizer [20]. The most common problem is the residue and
the oily coating on the skin after application. Grape seed oil is very light so easily absorbed by the skin and does not
leave any residue. People with sensitive skin can apply the oil with no chance of an allergic reaction [20, 21, 22].
According to Spiers & Cleaves, following treatment with grape seed oil topically, patient showed no signs of allergic
reaction after using it for 22 days [20].
Another advantage of grape seed oil is to stimulate skin tissue, namely the regeneration of cells. Clinical studies have
shown that topical application of linoleic acid soothes the skin and reduces the trans-epidermal water loss [23].
According to Conti A. et al. [24] and Jimerez-Arnau A. [25] the properties of linoleic acid are confirmed. Moreover, dry
skin has low linoleic acid, which can be restored by the topical application solutions rich in linoleic acid such as grape
seed oil [26], which reduces the epidermal water loss within 48 hours [27].
5. Protection of the skin from aging: The antioxidant properties contained in grape seed oil is excellent to minimize
skin aging [21, 31]. Fine lines and wrinkles are common signs of aging, but the oil can help reduce the appearance of
these points, providing enough moisture and protect against free radicals [20].
According to the University Of Maryland Medical Center swallowing the oil is able to increase the amount of
antioxidants in the blood. Other benefits to the skin include the abilities to sustain the presence of collagen and elastin
[4].
6. Skin protection against UVB radiation: The primary environmental factor that causes human skin aging is UV
irradiation from the sun [28].
The grape seed extract has the potential to protect human keratinocytes against the damages produced by UVB radiation
due to their strong antioxidant activity that reduce in a significant level, the free radicals levels. The antioxidant activity
is mainly caused from the high concentration of polyphenols, presented by proantocyanidins, anthocyanidines , catechins
[29].Grape seed proanthocyanidins have been proved to exert skin cancer prevention effects by inhibiting oxidative stress
and protecting the immune system [30].
7. Hair Treatment: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common cause of hair loss in men and affects up to 70%
of men in later life and especially those aged over 50 years [33, 34, 37]. Grape seed oil, have been shown to be possible
alternative treatments, apart from pumpkin seed oil, for AGA due to improved scalp blood flow [35, 36, 37].
For best results in the treatment of hair, it may be required to combine grape seed oil with specific essential oils like
rosemary and lavender. Essential oils when are incorporated in a hair care product will impact shine and conditioning
effects. This helps provide not only hair conditioning and improvement in the hairs’ texture, but also a longer lasting
pleasant aroma, which eliminates negative odours [32].
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... The curative effects of grape seed oil have been presented in the literature since the 14th century in Spain, when an Arab doctor suggested that Ferdinand IV, King of Castile and Leon in the Iberian Peninsula, use it for the treatment of skin problems. The king decided to protect its composition and named it "royal oil" or "oil of the throne" [2]. Nowadays, recovery of oil from grape (V. ...
... Solvent extraction is the more expensive method as it requires a purification final step due to the toxicity of the hexane and because it removes pigments and waxes, generating a dark and viscous product. Both hexane and pressing protocols have a high oil yield but the high working temperature is a limitation to preserving the quantity and quality of the bio-compounds obtained [2,35,93]. ...
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Seeds' abundant biologically active compounds make them a suitable primary platform for the production of natural extracts, innovative foods, medicines, and cosmetics. High levels of industrial and agricultural residues and byproducts are generated during the processing of grapes, although some parts can also be repurposed. This paper examines the phytochemical composition, manufacturing processes, and health-improving attributes of many varieties of grape oil derived using various extraction methods. Since the results are influenced by a range of factors, they are expressed differently among studies, and the researchers employ a variety of measuring units, making it difficult to convey the results. The primary topics covered in most papers are grape seed oil's lipophilic fatty acids, tocopherols, and phytosterols. In addition, new methods for extracting grape seed oil should therefore be designed; these methods must be affordable, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly in order to increase the oil's quality by extracting bioactive components and thereby increasing its biological activity in order to become part of the overall management of multiple diseases.
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... There are different methods for extracting oil from grape seeds. The most common and most commercial is certainly the hot method with the use of solvents, capable of obtaining a higher yield at the expense of the healthful properties of the oil, which in this way completely loses its polyphenol and antioxidant content [7][8][9]. On the other hand, the cold extraction method, of pure and simple pressure, is much healthier, with significantly lower yields but an extremely higher quality of finished product and which can result in a higher content of fatty acids and tocopherols in the final product [10][11][12]. The grape seeds oil yields also depend on other factors such as the environmental conditions of the harvest year, the grape variety used, the soil types and so on. ...
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... The incorporation of grape seed oil (up to 10%) was proposed to improve the fatty acid profile of frankfurters [78]. Otherwise, it can be used in cosmetics as it has moisturizing properties [79]. ...
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Üzüm çekirdeği tozu ve ununun lipofilik vitamin ve fitosterol içeriklerinin belirlenmesi
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2022
Bu çalışmada üzüm çekirdeği tozu ve ununun lipofilik (ADEK) vitaminler, fitosteroller ayrıca besin madde kompozisyonlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Üzüm çekirdeği ve unu (yağı alınmış ve peletlenmiş) öğütüldükten ve toz haline getirildikten sonra analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre üzüm çekirdeği tozu ve ununda kuru madde, ham protein, ham yağ, ham selüloz ve ham kül değerleri sırasıyla % 91.48 ve 91.39; 19.11 ve 18.83; 6.80 ve 6.45; 4.43 ve 4.34; 6.71 ve 6.45 olarak belirlenmiştir. Üzüm çekirdeği tozu ve ununun vitamin içeriklerinde sırasıyla D3 vitamini 7.89 ve 7.63 μg/g, α-Tokoferol ise 28.26 ve 11.03 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ergosterol, stigmasterol ve β-sitosterol gibi fitosterol içerikleri sırayla 2.76 ve 36.03; 2757.76 ve 214.03; 2951.33 ve 1631.10 μg/g olarak belirlenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre üzüm çekirdeğinin besin madde bileşimleri, lipofilik vitamin (ADEK) ve fitosterol değerlerinin aynı ürünün (çekirdek) farklı kullanımlarına bağlı olarak değişiklik gösterebileceği kanısına varılmıştır.
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Fortification cream with grape seed oil and studying its effect on some chemical, physical and sensory properties
Preprint
  • Aug 2019
Fortification cream with Grape seed oil and studying its effect on some chemical, physical and sensory properties‫, ABSTRACT The study showed the effect of using grape seed oil as a source of Omega-6 fatty acids in the production of a cream rich in Omega-6 fatty acids with low cholesterol content. Two treatments of the cream were manufactured with(2.5, 5.5, 10.5%) one of which was grape seed oil fortified with vitamin E as an antioxidant and the other non-vitamin , The results showed a significant decrease in the cream content of cholesterol and in direct proportion to the increase in the percentage of the fortification compared to the control sample. As for the development in the values of peroxide and fat acidity of the cream samples during storage (0, 4, 8, 12) day At a temperature of 5±1 ° C was lower in cream with a 10.5% fortification rate and above in cream control treatment. The qualitative and quantitative examination of the fatty acids found using the GLC showed a significant increase in the cream content of Omega-6 fatty acids linoleic acid. Physical properties such as Melting point, density and viscosity obtained a decrease in their values relative to the cream of the comparative treatment. Omega-6 fatty acids received a higher sensory evaluation than the comparison sample for color, flavor, texture and bitterness. The preference was for the sample fortified with vitamin E.
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Effect of Pumpkin Seed Oil on Hair Growth in Men with Androgenetic Alopecia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2014
  • EVID-BASED COMPL ALT
Pumpkin seed oil (PSO) has been shown to block the action of 5-alpha reductase and to have antiandrogenic effects on rats. This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was designed to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of PSO for treatment of hair growth in male patients with mild to moderate androgenetic alopecia (AGA). 76 male patients with AGA received 400 mg of PSO per day or a placebo for 24 weeks. Change over time in scalp hair growth was evaluated by four outcomes: assessment of standardized clinical photographs by a blinded investigator; patient self-assessment scores; scalp hair thickness; and scalp hair counts. Reports of adverse events were collected throughout the study. After 24 weeks of treatment, self-rated improvement score and self-rated satisfaction scores in the PSO-treated group were higher than in the placebo group (P = 0.013, 0.003). The PSO-treated group had more hair after treatment than at baseline, compared to the placebo group (P < 0.001). Mean hair count increases of 40% were observed in PSO-treated men at 24 weeks, whereas increases of 10% were observed in placebo-treated men (P < 0.001). Adverse effects were not different in the two groups.
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Oil content and oil quality properties of some grape seeds
Article
  • Jan 2001
In the present study, the oil contents and some oil quality properties of seeds taken from 18 grape cultivars were examined. The results showed that the oil concentration of seeds ranged from 11.6 to 19.6%. Grape seeds were rich in oleic and linoleic acids, ranging from 17.8 to 26.5% and 60.1 to 70.1%, respectively. The degree of unsaturation in the grape seed oil was over 86%, and the average concentration of total tocopherol in oil was around 454 mg/kg. The results indicate that grape seed oil could be an important source for production of an edible vegetable oil and lowering wine production costs.
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Simple reversed-phase liquid chromatography method for determination of tocopherols in edible plant oils
Article
  • Sep 2004
  • J CHROMATOGR A
A simple and rapid reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of α-, (β + γ), and δ-tocopherols in edible plant oils has been developed. Oils are diluted in 2-propanol and injected directly onto Symmetry C18 column. Methanol and acetonitrile (1:1) are used as a mobile phase. Tocopherols are detected using fluorescence detector set at excitation and emission wavelength 295 nm and 325 nm, respectively. The method is precise (R.S.D. not higher than 2.24%) and sensitive–detection limits (DL) are 8 ng/ml for γ- and δ-tocopherols and 28 ng/ml for α-tocopherol; quantification limits (QL) were calculated as three times higher than DL.
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Supercritical CO2 extraction of grape seed oil: Effect of process parameters on the extraction kinetics
Article
  • Jan 2015
The effect of the main process variables affecting the supercritical CO2 extraction of oil from seeds (namely grape seeds) was investigated, both experimentally and through modeling. The dependency of the extraction kinetics on the variables more tested in the literature (pressure, temperature, particle size and solvent flow rate) was confirmed, and original trends were obtained for the less investigated variables, such as the bed porosity ɛ and the extractor diameter to length ratio (D/L). The extraction kinetics did not depend on ɛ for 0.23 ≤ ɛ ≤ 0.41, while a further decrease in ɛ lowered the extraction rate, likely due to the occurrence of channeling. The effect of a variable D/L ratio was studied letting constant the ratio of substrate mass to CO2 mass flow rate: the lower was D/L, the lower the specific CO2 consumption. Through modeling, the values of internal and external mass transfer parameters were calculated and critically discussed on the base of well-known literature correlations.
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Formulation and evaluation on human skin of a water-in-oil emulsion containing Muscat hamburg black grape seed extract
Article
  • Nov 2014
Background Vitis vinifera “Muscat hamburg” (Vitaceae) is a blue-black grape variety commonly found in Pakistan. It has been consumed and used in traditional medicine for centuries. Compared to other grapes, M. hamburg records one of the greatest amount of polyphenols and displays potent anti-oxidant activities, which make it a great candidate for its exploitation in the development of stable cream emulsions destined to improve the skin appearance.Objective Evaluate the effects of stable water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion containing 2% M. hamburg grape seed extract (“formulation”) on human cheeks skin in comparison to the placebo (“base”).Methods An occlusive patch test, containing either the formulation or the base, was topically tested for 8 weeks during a winter period in young adult and healthy Pakistani male volunteers. The subjects were instructed to use twice a day the base and the formulation on their right and left cheeks skin, respectively. Non-invasive measurements on these skin areas were carried out every week to assess any effects produced on melanin, elasticity and sebum. Skin compatibility assay (Burchard test) was used to report any potential skin reactivity. ANOVA, paired sample t-test and LSD test were applied to determine the statistical data significance.ResultsSignificant differences (p≤0.05) were found between the placebo and the formulation in terms of their respective skin effects elicited on melanin, elasticity, and sebum content. Nevertheless, placebo and formulation exerted similar effects on skin erythema and moisture contents. Importantly, no skin hypersensitivity cases were reported during the whole course of the study.Conclusion The developed grape-based cream could be efficiently and safely applied to improve a number of skin conditions (e.g. hyper pigmentation, premature aging, acne).This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Supercritical extraction of grape seed oil at industrial-scale: Plant and process design, modeling, economic feasibility
Article
  • Aug 2010
  • CHEM ENG PROCESS
The aim of this paper is to present the results of a study on the possible use of exhausted grape marc for obtaining grape seed oil by means of the supercritical technology. An industrial-scale supercritical extraction plant (three extractors in series working in the counter-current mode) has been designed based on the availability of grape seeds of a region in the north of Italy, namely 3000ton/year (3×106kg/year). The process has been analyzed in depth and modeled and the results indicate that the proposed industrial application could be economically interesting: the breakeven point, which makes the process economically sustainable, is a value of 5.9€/kg for the supercritical extracted grape seed oil.The results obtained are of international interest considering the volume of the worldwide production of exhausted grape marc. Moreover, specific costs and incomes linked to the supercritical technology are reported in details for the case study and could be of reference when dealing with similar processes.
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Grape seed extract as photochemopreventive agent against UVB-induced skin cancer
Article
  • Nov 2012
Background: In the recent years, the use of natural antioxidants as photochemoprotective agents against skin damages produced by ultraviolet radiation gained considerable attention. Our goal was to show that the hydroethanolic extract obtained from red grape seeds, Burgund Mare (BM) variety could have a protective effect on keratinocytes exposed to UVB radiation. Materials and methods: HaCaT keratinocytes were treated with BM extract 30 min. before UVB exposure. The effect was evaluated by assessing cell viability with MTT; the generation of lipid peroxides with malondialdehide (MDA) assay; DNA damage using comet assay; the quantification of DNA photolesions by ELISA and apoptosis by immunocytochemistry with AnnexinV. Results: After irradiation with UVB, HaCaT cells pretreated with BM showed: increased cell viability compared to those exposed to UVB only; significantly lower lipid peroxides level; the lesion scores and DNA photolesions were significantly lower and a significant reduction of the cells undergoing apoptosis. Conclusions: These results recommend the use of the BM extract as photochemoprotective agent as such or in combination with sunscreens and/or other natural products with similar or complementary properties.
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Characterisation of various grape seed oils by volatile compounds, triacylglycerol composition, total phenols and antioxidant capacity
Article
  • Jun 2008
  • FOOD CHEM
Grape seed oil (Oleum vitis viniferae) representing a promising plant fat, mainly used for culinary and pharmaceutical purposes as well as for various technical applications, was subject of the present investigation. HS-SPME-GC-MS was applied to study volatile compounds in several seed oil samples from different grape oils. The triacylglycerol (TAG) composition of these oils was analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS. In addition the total phenol content and the antioxidant capacity (using TEAC) of these oils were determined. The headspace of virgin grape oils from white and red grapes was dominated by ethyl octanoate (up to 27.5% related to the total level of volatiles), ethylacetate (up to 25.0%), ethanol (up to 22.7%), acetic acid (up to 17.2%), ethyl hexanoate (up to 17.4%) and 3-methylbutanol (up to 11.0%). Triacylglycerol composition was found to be dominated by LLL (up to 41.8%), LLP (up to 24.3%), LLO (up to 16.3%) and LOO (up to 11.7%), followed by LOP (up to 9.3%) and LOS/OOO (up to 4.3%). Total phenol content ranged between 59μg/g and 115.5μg/g GAE. Antioxidant capacity (TEAC) was analyzed to range between 0.09μg/g and 1.16μg/g. Copyright © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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