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Explosion proof LED lighting as an alternative to conventional lighting for offshore oil and gas facilities
Abstract
For decades, the oil and gas industry has been relying on conventional lightings such as fluorescent and gas discharge lightings, which inherently comes with a set of challenges such as high replacement cost, more so for offshore oil and gas facilities. The maturing technology of explosion proof LED (ExLED) lightings in the recent years has provided an opportunity for the industry to take a fresh perspective in lighting design. The plummeting oil price has also forced operating companies to devise innovative ways to keep the capital and operating expenditure as low as reasonably possible without jeopardising safety. This paper explains the advantages of using ExLED lightings in hazardous areas and presents the significant total cost of ownership savings that can be achieved through a life cycle cost analysis performed for explosion proof LED and conventional lightings, for a period of ten (10) years for a particular platform module. Findings in this paper are presented from an end-user perspective in the offshore oil and gas industry and detailed development of the LED lighting technology itself is not a scope of this paper.
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High power LED provides a high luminous and high efficient for using as a lighting source. Because of the advent for LED as lighting device, LED lighting becomes one of the new trends in the lighting industry. In this paper, the power circuit design based on the constant current flyback and the heat distribution matter are discussed. The aims of the work are provide a solution for using LED to replace the traditional lighting device.
New technologies are emerging in illumination field. In particular the LEDs are beginning to spread always more in the world of the lighting. It is very important to analyze and to know the possible failure modes of LED sources in order to design reliable and safe lighting fixtures, especially if we consider the use of LED lighting equipment in potential explosive atmospheres. Indeed they require a quite complex safety system in order not to trigger dangerous gases, vapors and dusts. Today, IECEx Standards do not adequately take into consideration the potential of the actual LED luminaires for Ex environmental, both with white light and with colored light. Nowadays, Standards only consider LEDs adequate for installing in Zone 1, if the luminary is realized by the same protection strategy designed for traditional light sources, for Ex-d mode, or if the luminary guarantees a big limitation in terms of voltage and installed power, for Ex-i mode. In particular, Ex-d LED luminaires are obtained by using the same protection strategy designed for traditional light sources (incandescent, discharge, induction), formed by heavy, thick and flameproof enclosures. Therefore, the safety of such equipment is entrusted exclusively to the mechanical strength of the case and not from the internal electrical equipment. While the flameproof enclosures ensure great heat dissipation to the LEDs, on the other hand greatly reduce luminous efficiency of the appliance itself, since the glass used are also very thick (10% reduction of approximately every 10mm of thickness of the glass). The paper shows a study about currently available LED's electrical and mechanical characteristics, which evaluates different possible causes of failure and their implication with explosive atmospheres.
Industrial petrochemical facilities have predominantly used high-intensity discharge light sources and installation practices unchanged for several decades. Today, new light-emitting diode (LED)-based products are being developed, and there appear to be many advantages to this technology; however, caution is advised in its application. This paper examines LED lighting technology, standards, and available products along with design and application considerations. Moreover, presented are case studies of LED luminaire retrofits in existing facilities. This paper discusses the results of the studies as they relate to safety, environment impacts, capital and operating costs, design implications, and installation improvements.
As time goes by, the safety in classified areas at risk of explosion in electrical plants highly depends on maintenance; especially, depending on how often and how accurate it is performed. Maintenance costs affect significantly plant operating costs. The application of electronic devices in the process control, and the use of solid state lighting, instead of common electromechanical equipment and traditional lamps, may reduce maintenance operations or even, in some cases, avoid them for the whole equipment life time. We carried out a case-study, an empirical inquiry to investigate the phenomenon within its real-life context (i.e. in plants) and came to the conclusion that such devices may extend ordinary maintenance interventions and even reduce maintenance significantly. As a result, plant operating costs are reduced and higher safety levels achieved, less human intervention means less human maintenance errors. This paper is meant to identify which equipment can be replaced by solid state equipment and LED, to calculate the costs reduction and to define the consequent achievable safety level, all analyzed through FMECA (failure modes effect and criticality analysis).
Significant performance and reliability improvements made in light emitting diode (LED) technology have enabled LED-based fittings to be used in place of traditional lighting solutions such as high intensity discharge (HID) and fluorescent sources. This paper details the advantages and disadvantages of LED fittings against traditional fittings as well as other `long life' lighting technologies. The paper also demonstrates how LED fittings may be used to improve safety and reliability in harsh, hazardous and extreme environments while improving the quality of light and reducing the total cost of ownership (TCO). Long-term case studies of LED fittings installed on end user sites reveal lighting practices that lead to direct improvements in facilities lighting, demonstrate how maintenance and safety concerns impact total cost of ownership and how LED light fittings perform in difficult environments such as shock, vibration and extreme cold This paper will also demonstrate how, by combining strategic area illumination concepts and the proper LED luminaire installation practices for hazardous environments, significant improvements in overall facility safety and energy efficiency can result.
Explosion proof electrical equipment designed and manufactured for installation in hazardous areas with potentially explosive atmosphere are usually very safe. The new standards and directives force manufacturers to put on the market only reliable and safe products, which are realised through constantly controlled processes.
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