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Atlas of fish histology
Abstract
Histology is the discipline of biology that involves the microscopic examination of thin ( 5 µm) stained tissue sections in order to study their structure and to correlate it with function.
Histology is an important field of fish health supervision that can often detect early signs of disease not easily recognized on gross examination.
New species of fishes are described each year and a final total may well exceed 30,000 species. This vast group far outnumbers all other kinds of vertebrates : approximately 60% of all vertebrate species are teleost fishes distributed into more than 500 families.
From the economic point of view, nearly half of all fish eaten today is farmed, not caught.
Currently, freshwater and marine fisheries capture 95 million tons of fish annually, of which 60 million tons are destined for human consumption. Globally, consumer demand for fish continues to climb, especially in affluent, developed nations. Overfishing has slashed stocks – especially of large predator species – to an all-time low, worldwide, according to new data. Therefore the only option for meeting future demand for fish is by farming them and aquaculture now accounts for more than 40% of the world fishmeal consumption.
Fish health in fisheries is therefore an important concern and as it is not possible to diagnose fish disease purely on the basis of behaviour or physical changes, further investigations and tests are often crucial to arrive at a definite diagnosis. For instance, if fish are still alive, taking and preparing a skin scrape or gill biopsy, during which a small amount of mucus or tissue is carefully removed and examined under the microscope is a common practice.
Fish death, unfortunately, is one of the main problems that novice aquarist and even some expert aquarist face. Thus, the reporting of normal histology of fish tissues and organs serves as a foundation upon which to gather and build our ichthyopathology knowledge base.
Moreover, fish have become one of the major resources in biomedical research and in some countries their use in laboratories has outpaced that of the more conventional rodents.
Numerous microscopic techniques are available for studying cells, tissues and organs. One of the most common of these is the examination of fixed dead tissues which can be stained with various dyes and viewed under the light microscope. It is beyond the scope of this text to cite every histological procedures. However, we will present in the following introduction the general principles of histology and histochemistry including the methods used here to demonstrate the various aspects of normal fish microanatomy.
Our aim has been to present an extensive set of histological images devoted to fishes. Although several studies treat histological aspects in relation to pathology, no recent synthesis on the normal histology of fish is available.
This atlas is designed for use by students, biologists, ichthyologists, fish farmers and veterinarians working in fisheries to those on academic staffs and, of course, to comparative histologists who want to learn more about the fish world. Moreover it was the authors’ belief that a bilingual atlas (English/French) should interest a large audience.
All photomicrographs are original. Light microscopy has been used exclusively and illustrated with colored photomicrographs. Tissue and organ samples chosen to illustrate this work are selected from reared food fish, as well as from species in the aquarium and in the wild.
The samples were fixed in Bouin’s fluid and embedded in paraffin. The sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H-E), and Masson’s trichrome. The periodic and Schiff reagent (PAS) was used for staining polysaccharide in combination with hematoxylin and orange G. Some specific immunohistochemical and lectin cytochemical preparations are also shown when relevant.
... That's a submerged type, more complex form; The lamellae and filaments are fused and covered with a layer of connective tissue thick, embedded under the lining of the inner ventral basal part of the glandular cover, and extended along its bottom, so it could not be studied visually (Figures 1 and Figure 2). It is attached from the front to the first gill arch, and this location is important for supplying the placenta with the oxygenated blood needed to nourish it; This result is similar to the study [2,[6][7][8][9]14]. The mosquito fish has some oval parts connected to each other by a thick connective tissue, forming in the middle a triangular cavity that looks like a grape leaf, as in Figures 1 and 2. This is similar to the pseudobranch composition in Pelvicachromis pulcher fish, according to a study [14], and euryhaline fish such as minnows, rainbow trout, and carp; In several marine fish, such as the gadoid Trisopterus minutus, the lamellae and filaments of the codfish pseudobranch are fused and coated with a layer of connective tissue [2], as it showed similar results to the results of the current study. ...
... It is attached from the front to the first gill arch, and this location is important for supplying the placenta with the oxygenated blood needed to nourish it; This result is similar to the study [2,[6][7][8][9]14]. The mosquito fish has some oval parts connected to each other by a thick connective tissue, forming in the middle a triangular cavity that looks like a grape leaf, as in Figures 1 and 2. This is similar to the pseudobranch composition in Pelvicachromis pulcher fish, according to a study [14], and euryhaline fish such as minnows, rainbow trout, and carp; In several marine fish, such as the gadoid Trisopterus minutus, the lamellae and filaments of the codfish pseudobranch are fused and coated with a layer of connective tissue [2], as it showed similar results to the results of the current study. But the pseudobranch of the euryhaline milkfish includes a pair of gill-like structures located near the first gill arch, which contains a row of parallel filaments with free lamellae attached to the epithelium of the opercular membrane just behind the eyes [11,15]. ...
... Some fish lack the presence of the placental reticulum, and the loss of pseudobranch has been observed in these fish, such as some Siluridae, Ictaluridae, Notopteridae, Cobitidae, Anguillidae, etc. This supports the pseudobranch relationship to supplying the retina with oxygenated blood, but its function has not yet been fully determined [14,20]. When the pseudobranch is removed, the fish becomes dark, so the pseudobranch appears to be involved in the control of chromatophores in the skin. ...
... For fish, both phenomena require a dissolved chemical substance to bind to a specific receptor cell. Thus, the gustation and olfaction are frequently described under the same umbrella, called chemoreception (Genten et al., 2009). Unlike terrestrial animals, it is suggested that in fish the taste receptors are distributed in several parts of the body, not restricted to the mouth (Genten et al., 2009). ...
... Thus, the gustation and olfaction are frequently described under the same umbrella, called chemoreception (Genten et al., 2009). Unlike terrestrial animals, it is suggested that in fish the taste receptors are distributed in several parts of the body, not restricted to the mouth (Genten et al., 2009). There are described terminal buds, located on the skin or fins of the fish, but also taste buds located at the surface of the head, the lips, or the gills (Mokhtar, 2021). ...
... Even if it is known that in water the gustation and olfaction are working together as chemoreception, the olfaction is considered to be responsible for reception at a distance, while the gustation supposes contact reception. Because of that, the taste perception may sometimes imply that the possible food should physically touch some structures of the fish (Genten et al., 2009). ...
The feeding behaviour of fish is drastically influenced by food availability and dietary preferences. In omnivorous fish, chemoreception plays an important role in feeding and morphological adaptations may be observed in several regions of the body. However, it is not clearly known if the fish need to feel the taste before swallowing the food. The present study aims to describe the receptors for taste perception and their distribution at the level of the gill rackers, underlining their importance in the food sorting behaviour. Paired gills were harvested from Carpathian gudgeon fish Gobio carpathicus Vladykov, 1925 and immersed in 10% buffered formalin. The samples were processed according to the current paraffin embedding technique and stained with Goldner’s trichrome method. The obtained results suggest that the Carpathian gudgeon presents, up to a point, the common gill morphology. However, on the pharyngeal face of the gills, more exactly on the gill rackers, are present several structures with an onion-like shape, disposed through the surface of the epithelium. Those elements consist of sensorial cells, sustained by sustentacular and basal cells, forming a taste bud. Due to their disposition on the inner surface of the gills, those structures may act like a sorter, enhancing the rackers sieve activity. In conclusion, the histological findings suggest that the Carpathian gudgeon, a common omnivorous fish, may use taste reception at the level of the gill rackers before swallowing the food.
... In fish, the liver produces bile and maintains metabolic balance, which includes processing and storing carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and vitamins. The liver also plays a major role in synthesizing plasma proteins such as albumin and fibrinogen, and liver tissues vary among species, but there are general features present in most species (Genten et al., 2009). Typically, it is reddish-brown in carnivorous animals, depending on the diet. ...
... The structural tissue of the liver is enclosed in a thin capsule of fibrous connective tissue and consists primarily of multi-surfaced hepatocytes with a visible cellular membrane usually with central nuclei. Glycogen deposits are often dissolved and fats are stored, resulting in a wide variety of liver tissues (Genten et al., 2009). The central veins can be randomly observed throughout the hepatic parenchyma, and structures with small gaps are apparent in hepatocytes due to the presence of fats. ...
... In his study on the liver of the European Spotted Dogfish, (Oguri, 1978) described it as relatively small in size, which contradicts the current consensus that elasmobranchs typically have large livers. This was confirmed by (Genten et al., 2009;De Melo et al., 2019), who stated that the liver occupies more than 80% of the abdominal cavity. Like other chondrichthys, sharks do not have a swim bladder and must constantly move to avoid sinking. ...
The current study describes the morphological and histological appearance of the liver of the spiny dogfish Squalusacanthais, which is classified as Class: Chondrichthyes, Subclass: Elasmobranchi. Morphologically, the liver was observed as large, and consists of two symmetrical lobes connected from the upper side, and the gallbladder was observed in the right lobe. Histologically, liver sections were prepared with H&E stain, and examined with a light microscope. Hepatic parenchyma was surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue and primarily composed of hepatocytes. The nuclei of these cells were observed at the terminal site, with lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. Central veins were observed, surrounded by connective tissue and lined with a squamous epithelial layer. Hepatocytes were, separated by numerous blood sinusoids with connective tissue. Blood arteries were observed, surrounded by thick muscular fiber walls and narrow lumens compared to veins. The portal vein was observed, along with the artery and bile duct, surrounded by a thick connective tissue. The bile duct was surrounded by a layer of muscular fibers, lined with a simple columnar epithelial layer with clear nuclei, and a connective tissue layer. Melanin-containing cells were observed, but no hepatic lobules or connective tissue were seen between them. Additionally, Hepato-pancreatic tissue was not identified.
... б -эпидермис содержит несколько слоёв клеток, окружённых небольшим количеством межклеточного материала; секретирующие слизь клетки -голубые; межклеточный коллагеновый матрикс (*) сильно развит; в центральной нижней части -срез вены с эритроцитами. По Genten et al., 2009. дермы -дерматома. ...
... Пучки нервных волокон (круг) лежат под невромастами. По Genten et al., 2009. клеток, секреторные клетки разделены между собой опорными. ...
... 14. Вкусовые почки. а -в ротовой полости Gnathonemus petersii (Mormyridae); эпидермис содержит много слизистых клеток (короткие стрелки), видны две вкусовые почки (длинные стрелки) на удлинённых стебельках (треугольники) начинающихся от базальной мембраны (*); костная ткань -оранжевая, меланофоры под базальной мембраной -чёрные (по Genten et al., 2009). б -схема вкусовой почки. ...
The textbook is based on a course of lectures on comparative fish anatomy created from the origin of the Department of Ichthyology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, in 1940. The text of the lectures given by professor Sergei Gavrilovich Soin (in the 1980s) is taken as a basis, but it has been substantially changed and updated with new data and illustrations obtained from mainly recent sources. The data on the structure of general systems and organs are presented. The main goal of the textbook is to follow evolutional trends in the changes of morphological structures according to the modern opinions on fish phylogeny. This goal is rather complicated. The fishes comprise approximately half of all vertebrate species and show tremendous diversity of morphological adaptations to specific environment. These adaptations substantially mask general evolutionary trends. The textbook is intended for the readers who already have experience in the field of vertebrate morphology. It will be useful for the students specialized in ichthyology, as well as for PhD students, ichthyologists, and researchers in the fields of fisheries and aquaculture.
... Of note, chain catshark skin was much tougher and significantly more difficult to penetrate with the biopsy tool, perhaps due to different biological needs, as catshark females are often injured by males during mating ( [20] and personal observation). Figure 2A shows that spiny dogfish and chain catsharks are covered by a skin scattered with dermal bony denticles that differ histologically, as spiny dogfish have backward-pointing spine-like denticles, while catsharks have narrow and flat hammer-like denticles, as well as a dermal bony basal plate as previously described [19,21]. bony denticles that differ histologically, as spiny dogfish have backward-pointing spinelike denticles, while catsharks have narrow and flat hammer-like denticles, as well as a dermal bony basal plate as previously described [19,21]. ...
... Figure 2A shows that spiny dogfish and chain catsharks are covered by a skin scattered with dermal bony denticles that differ histologically, as spiny dogfish have backward-pointing spine-like denticles, while catsharks have narrow and flat hammer-like denticles, as well as a dermal bony basal plate as previously described [19,21]. bony denticles that differ histologically, as spiny dogfish have backward-pointing spinelike denticles, while catsharks have narrow and flat hammer-like denticles, as well as a dermal bony basal plate as previously described [19,21]. 2A shows that spiny dogfish and chain catsharks are covered by a skin scattered with dermal bony denticles that differ histologically, as spiny dogfish have backward-pointing spine-like denticles, while catsharks have narrow and flat hammer-like denticles, as well as a dermal bony basal plate as previously described [19,21]. ...
... bony denticles that differ histologically, as spiny dogfish have backward-pointing spinelike denticles, while catsharks have narrow and flat hammer-like denticles, as well as a dermal bony basal plate as previously described [19,21]. 2A shows that spiny dogfish and chain catsharks are covered by a skin scattered with dermal bony denticles that differ histologically, as spiny dogfish have backward-pointing spine-like denticles, while catsharks have narrow and flat hammer-like denticles, as well as a dermal bony basal plate as previously described [19,21]. MT staining (C,D,G,H) shows a more refined division of the skin layers and allows the differentiation of hard tissues (e.g., teeth, denticles) from soft ones; collagen appears blue and keratin and muscle As few previous studies have examined mucin-producing cells in elasmobranchs, we then performed periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. ...
The mucus layer covering the skin of fish has several roles, including protection against pathogens and mechanical damage. While the mucus layers of various bony fish species have been investigated, the composition and glycan profiles of shark skin mucus remain relatively unexplored. In this pilot study, we aimed to explore the structure and composition of shark skin mucus through histological analysis and glycan profiling. Histological examination of skin samples from Atlantic spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) sharks and chain catsharks (Scyliorhinus retifer) revealed distinct mucin-producing cells and a mucus layer, indicating the presence of a functional mucus layer similar to bony fish mucus albeit thinner. Glycan profiling using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry unveiled a diverse repertoire of mostly O-glycans in the mucus of the two sharks as well as little skate (Leucoraja erinacea). Elasmobranch glycans differ significantly from bony fish, especially in being more sulfated, and some bear resemblance to human glycans, such as gastric mucin O-glycans and H blood group-type glycans. This study contributes to the concept of shark skin having unique properties and provides a foundation for further research into the functional roles and potential biomedical implications of shark skin mucus glycans.
... The number of taste buds and goblet cells increased substantially on visual observation between 17 and 26 DPH. This agrees with what other studies have proved in other fish species (Govoni et al., 1986;Genten et al., 2009;Moghadam et al., 2014). As the number of both goblet cells and taste buds increased, so did the stratification of the buccopharyngeal epithelium during the same period. ...
... This study also revealed that between 17 and 26 DPH, teeth changed from sharp canine like cusps, protruding from the oral epithelium to molariform tooth plates surrounded by a stratified columnar gingival epithelium. This is similar to what is observed in the Australian lungfish (Kemp, 2002) and rainbow krib, Pelvicachromis pulcher (Genten et al., 2009). This change in teeth structure during larval development in African lungfish is correlated with the change in jaw function from grasping to crushing and rotational grinding of prey as fish progress from larvae to the highly carnivorous juveniles over time (Kemp, 2002;Zambonino-Infante et al., 2008). ...
... The spiral valve intestine was connected to the buccopharyngeal cavity by a narrow vestibule (oesophagus) as it is in other stomachless fish (Wallace et al., 2005;Hassanpour and Joss, 2009). Just as it was reported in the stomachless guppy Poecilia reticulata, the stratified columnar epithelium seen in the posterior vestibule is replaced by a simple columnar epithelium in the anterior spiral valve intestine (Zambonino-Infante et al., 2008;Genten et al., 2009). ...
... The same results are recorded by Abbate, et al. [41] in zebrafish Danio rerio, Abbate, et al. [29] in gilthead seabream Sparus aurata, Abbate, et al. [42] in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, Sadeghinezhad, et al. [43] in northern pike (Esox lucius) and Alsafy, et al. [5] in Bagrus bayad. While Bullock and Bunton [44], Genten, et al. [45], Abumandour and El-Bakary [46] described the tongue as a triangular elevated thickening in the epithelium. Additionally, Genten, et al. [45] reported it as a thickening of the mucosa. ...
... While Bullock and Bunton [44], Genten, et al. [45], Abumandour and El-Bakary [46] described the tongue as a triangular elevated thickening in the epithelium. Additionally, Genten, et al. [45] reported it as a thickening of the mucosa. The current findings reveal a rounded lingual apex. ...
There is a scarcity of morphological data on the oral cavity of Tilapia zillii, so the current investigation aimed to reveal these morphological characteristics, focusing on the teeth of the upper and lower jaws, oral valves, palate, and tongue through both gross anatomical and scanning electron microscopic examinations. The premaxillary and dentary teeth were arranged in rostral and caudal groups with different lengths decreased towards the mouth corners. The rostral group was longer with two processes, while the caudal group had three processes. The rostral group of the premaxillary and dentary teeth was present in one row. While the caudal group of these teeth was present in several rows. At the upper jaw corner, the caudal group was in two rows, while it was in one row at the lower jaw corner. The different lengths in the premaxillary and dentary teeth in conjunction with the presence of processes on the tips of the teeth help shred the eaten particles. The oral cavity structures related to feeding habits in Tilapia zillii reflect its herbivorous behaviour. The knowledge of the nature of its oral cavity will help in identifying better methods for feeding in aquaculture.
... Furthermore, gallbladders were embedded in adipose tissue of variable extents; this might be related to the feeding status of the individual fish. In regard to the histology of the gallbladder in fish, there are previous observations in common roach (Rutilus rutilus) [51], Atlantic stargazer (Uranoscopus scaber) [52], and tarek (Alburnus tarichi) [53] but not for the red seabream. In the common roach, the gallbladder consists of mucosa, with no folds, and a fibromuscular lamina propria [51]; in the Atlantic stargazer, the gallbladder consists of a highly folded mucosa, an extensive fibromuscular lamina propria, and distinct muscularis and serosa [52]; and in the tarek, the gallbladder consists of a highly folded mucosa, a typical lamina propria, a muscularis, and a serosa [53]. ...
... In regard to the histology of the gallbladder in fish, there are previous observations in common roach (Rutilus rutilus) [51], Atlantic stargazer (Uranoscopus scaber) [52], and tarek (Alburnus tarichi) [53] but not for the red seabream. In the common roach, the gallbladder consists of mucosa, with no folds, and a fibromuscular lamina propria [51]; in the Atlantic stargazer, the gallbladder consists of a highly folded mucosa, an extensive fibromuscular lamina propria, and distinct muscularis and serosa [52]; and in the tarek, the gallbladder consists of a highly folded mucosa, a typical lamina propria, a muscularis, and a serosa [53]. Evidently, there are differences in the histology of the gallbladder between fish species. ...
The Mediterranean aquaculture industry has recently been confronted with the appearance of a bile imprint on fish filets, which to-date remains of unknown etiology. This study investigates the involvement of common procedures applied before (fasting), during (confinement), and after (ice storage) fish harvesting. Two experiments were designed, one for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and one for red seabream (Pagrus major). The fish were grouped according to fasting duration (1, 2, 3 days), harvesting method (stressed, unstressed), and ice storage (0 h, 48 h). In both species, the imprint appeared in all ice-stored fish for 48 h but not in fresh fish (0 h), the color of the imprint became darker as Days of Fasting increased, stressed fish had darker imprints than unstressed fish, and plasma and bile osmolality and cholesterol were significantly affected by treatments. The histological examination of the gallbladder in red seabream showed great variability in the muscularis thickness and appearance, regardless of treatment. These results are not conclusive as to the cause of the bile imprint appearance. However, they offer a first insight into an issue that bears significant impact in the marketing of aquaculture products and may foster further investigation in the search of the underlying causes of this reoccurring issue.
... Another way of assessing the condition of a cultured animal is through histological analysis, which allows the structure of tissues to be observed through microscopic examination of their components [26]. One of the advantages of this analysis is its ability to provide information on the state of health of the organism at the cellular level [27]. ...
... The analysis of the gills was qualitative, involving the observation of structures and the identification of any damage. For histochemical assessment, specialized staining with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) dye was employed, whereby PAS-positive structures were stained in magenta/red [26]. ...
Oysters have the potential to be a part of more sustainable farming systems, such as multitrophic systems integrated into biofloc systems, due to their filtration activity, which enables them to act as organic consumers. However, the stress experienced by animals in a system with a high organic load can compromise their productive performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological responses of Crassostrea gasar oysters when exposed to different concentrations of total suspended solids in biofloc systems. The oysters were exposed to four different concentrations of solids for 28 days. Hall effect sensors were installed on the outside of the shells to detect the movement of the oyster valves. Also, biochemical and histological analyses were conducted to assess the biological responses of the oysters to exposure to varying levels of solids. A difference in valve opening detected by the Hall sensors was observed from the second week of culture, indicating a relationship between shell closure and higher concentrations of suspended solids present in the system. In terms of biochemical analysis, a significant increase in lipid damage was observed in treatments with medium and high levels of total suspended solids compared with the control group. Conversely, no changes were observed in the gill structure of the oysters caused by the concentrations of suspended solids in the system when compared with the control. According to the analyses of gill activity and biochemistry, it is suggested that C. gasar should be cultured with total suspended solids at less than 200 mg/L. Oysters cultivated in a biofloc system keep their shells closed when subjected to high concentrations of total suspended solids; concentrations of total suspended solids below 200 mg/L do not induce oxidative stress, changes in behavior or histological alterations in C. gasar oysters cultivated in a biofloc system.
... The gills in fish are a particularly sensitive organ they are responsible for respiration and maintaining the optimal osmotic pressure and acid-base balance of the body fluids. They play an essential role in excreting unnecessary and harmful metabolic products and in supporting food drainage [10], Chlorine (Cl 2 ) and other chlorine compounds have been used as disinfectants in water purification and wastewater treatment for many years because they are effective, relatively inexpensive, and remain active within systems for a considerable length of time [12]. The most common forms of chlorine found in water are HOCl, OCl -, NH 2 Cl and NHCl 2 [7]. ...
... Chlorine toxicity can present as acute to subacute mortality associated to a newly setup tanks or when fresh tap water is used for water change [10]. ...
The study was conducted in the department of fisheries and wildlife science, Sudan University of science and technology aimed to find out the effects of chlorine as disinfection material in gills tissue of Oreochromis niloticus, fish samples were taken from fish hatchery and divided in to three groups, and they were acclimatized for two weeks during this time they were fed by commercial fish food after that they subjected to two dosages' of chlorine, the first group was subjected to 0.3 ppm, the second group was subjected to 0.5 ppm and the third was the control group without any additives, any dead fish during the experiment was dissected for general observation and their gills taken on 10% buffered neutral formalin and processed using the normal histological technique and examined under light microscope. Histological changes observed in the gills were severe congestion of blood vessels, edema of epithelial cells at the lamellae, Hyperplasia of mucous cells and fusion at lamellae and gills filaments damage were notice in the studied fish gills. In conclusion the histology of the fish gills provides information to evaluate the fish health status and to examine the toxic materials may attack fish in their natural habitats and environment. Also results reinforce the high potential of histopathological changes in increasing concentration of chlorine in water of fish.
... The removed gonads (ovaries and testes) were fixed in 10 % neutral buffered formalin for 24 hours, dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol, cleared in xylene, and embedded in paraffin wax (kept at 60 • C overnight) (Genten et al., 2009). Tissue Sections (3-5 µm) were prepared using a rotary microtome, stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and examined under a light microscope (Olympus, Japan) according to the method described by (Eissa et al., 2024c). ...
Date palm pollen (DPP), a natural resource derived from male flowers of Phoenix dactylifera, is a rich source of nutrients with potential as a valuable dietary supplement. While DPP may offer various health benefits, including potential positive effects on reproductive performance in mammals, its impact on reproductive health in fish remains largely unexplored. This trial aimed to discover the consequences of dietary administration of DPP on blood biochemistry, reproductive hormone levels, digestive enzyme activities, gonadal histology, reproductive performance, and the expression of reproductive-related genes in Red Tilapia broodstock (Oreochromis niloticus ×↱ O. mossambicus). Red Tilapia broodstock (150 ± 5.77 g), with a female: male ratio of 3:1, were fed an iso-nitrogenous and isocaloric basal diet (DPP0) or diets supplemented with 10 g (DPP10), 20 g (DPP20), and 40 g (DPP40) of DPP per kilogram of diet for a period of two months. GC-MS analysis of DPP revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds, including butan-1-one, tetradecanoic acid, cholestan-3-one, octasiloxane, and heptasiloxane, which have been reported to exhibit promising antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodu-latory properties. The results demonstrated that fish fed diets supplemented with 20 g or 40 g of DPP exhibited significantly higher levels of total protein, albumin, and globulin compared to the control group (P < 0.01). All DPP-supplemented groups displayed a significant decrease in aspartate (AST), and alanine (ALT) aminotrans-ferases, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels compared to the control group (P < 0.01). The lowest values for these parameters were observed in the DPP40 group. Lipase activity was significantly improved by DPP dietary inclusion, while amylase activity remained unaffected (P > 0.05). Regarding reproductive hormones, testos-terone levels in males were significantly increased only in the DPP40 group, while FSH, E2, progesterone, and LH were significantly elevated in all fish fed DPP in their diets (P < 0.001) related to DPP0 group. The GSI (%) and HIS (%), mean number of fry/fish, egg diameter (mm), and their weights were improved in all DPP fish groups compared to the DPP0 group. The mRNA expression levels of reproductive-related genes, including FSHR, CYP1A, ESR1, FOXL2A, and ESR2A were significantly upregulated in the gonads of fish fed DPP diets compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The gonadal histology demonstrated that DPP boosted gonad maturation histo-* Corresponding authors. BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). structure in both genders of Tilapia fish. This study demonstrates that dietary administration of DPP can significantly enhance reproductive performance in Red Tilapia by upregulating the expression of key reproductive genes and improving overall health status. These findings suggest that DPP has the potential to be a promising natural feed additive for sustainable aquaculture, particularly in enhancing the reproductive capacity of Red Tilapia broodstock.
... This means that it is related to the rate of protein synthesis. Genten et al. (2009) stated that the liver has a very important role in protein synthesis, nutrient assimilation, and maintenance of body metabolism, including protein, fat, carbohydrate, and vitamin metabolism. Thus, high growth and relative increase in liver weight indicate that all processes in the liver are running well. ...
Palabuhanratu Bay is the terminating flow for some rivers, i.e. the Cimandiri River, Ciletuh River, Cikaso River, and Cibuni River, where the estuary is the entry route for glass eels (Anguilla spp.) or fish seeds from sea waters to these estuaries. Different rivers have different water quality conditions that may imply differences in the quality and quantity of eels entering the estuary. This research aims to determine locations with superior seeds, and seeds with low quality based on studying biometric characteristics and stress levels of eel seeds in several estuaries in the south of Sukabumi, West Java. The information gathered is subject to determining the highly recommended use of glass eels as seeds in eel aquaculture, as well as determining the area where habitat rehabilitation and conservation. The research was carried out in four locations, namely the Cimandiri, Ciletuh, Cibuni, and Cikaso River Estuaries, from December 2021 to January 2022, the peak time for eel seed migration. The parameters observed include water physics and chemistry, biometrics, and blood glucose. The research results show that each location has different physical and chemical water parameter values but has relatively the same stress level. The best biometric value of eel fish seeds was found in eel seeds originating from the Cimandiri River, while the lowest one was at the mouth of the Cibuni River. Therefore, eels that are suitable for cultivation activities come from the Cimandiri River Estuary, while the eel location that needs conservation is the Cibuni River Estuary.
... The histological lesions in the intestines of C. acutus, C. reticulatus, and C. virginiae were classified according to the type of alteration and its effects as inflammatory disorders, adaptation disorders, or degenerative disorders (10,12). ...
Callichthyidae is a family of armored catfishes commercially important in the Peruvian Amazon. Among these species, Corydoras acutus, C. reticulatus, and C. virginiae are stored for weeks or months and then exported to different countries worldwide, where they may present some sanitary problems along the way, such as parasitic infections. In the present study, it was reported the level of infection of Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) pintoi (Kohn and Fernandes, 1988), through the calculation of their parasitological indices and the description of their histopathological lesions in the intestinal tract. Sixty individuals of each species were acquired from fishermen of the District of Belén, in Iquitos, Peru. Fish were transported to the “Laboratorio de Parasitología y Sanidad Acuícola” from the “Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana” (IIAP), in Iquitos-Peru. Parasitological examination allowed us to identify the nematode P. pintoi infecting the intestinal tract of the fish. Histopathological analysis revealed: inflammatory cell infiltration (73.3%, 63.3%, and 60%), enterocyte hyperplasia (90%, 70%, and 63.3%), desquamation of epithelial cells (90%, 70%, and 63.3%), goblet cell hyperplasia (76.7%, 66.7%, and 50%) and necrosis (70%, 60%, and 66.7%), in C. acutus, C. reticulatus, and C. virginiae respectively for each lesion.
... Histopathological analysis of fish organs serves as a valuable tool for promptly identifying illnesses. This analysis is particularly advantageous for detecting infections caused by pathogens in fish organs during the early stages of disease development (Takashima and Hibiya, 1995;Genten et al., 2009). Pathogens, toxins, unfavourable nutritional and environmental conditions, along with various stressors, collectively influence histopathological alterations in fish. ...
... When stretched, the collagen fiber layers in the stratum compactum slide beside each other until they are taut, at which point the skin stiffens, acting like a tendon. This force can be transmitted to the caudal fin generating forward propulsion (Genten et al., 2009;Lingham-Soliar, 2005a, 2005bMeyer & Seegers, 2012). Additionally, histological analysis of the pectoral fin of the megamouth shark (Megachasma pelagios) revealed a high quantity of elastic fibers, which were hypothesized to provide high skin elasticity (Tomita et al., 2014). ...
The integument plays essential roles in the structural support, protection, and hydrodynamic capability among fishes. Most research on shark skin has focused on the external epidermal layer, while the larger dermis anchoring the dermal denticles has been mostly ignored. Shark dermis is composed of two layers, the upper stratum laxum and the lower stratum compactum, holding supportive collagen and elastic fibers. There may be morphological and compositional differences in the dermis across various species of sharks that could relate to their different swimming modes and ecologies. The goal of this study was to characterize and describe the dermis among three shark species, Ginglymostoma cirratum, Sphyrna mokarran, and Isurus oxyrinchus, each representing a different swimming mode. Histological characterizations were performed at 16 locations along the body of each shark; variables such as dermal thickness, abundance of collagen and elastic fibers, and fiber size were quantified. Results showed G. cirratum has the thickest skin overall, and the largest fiber size for both collagen and elastic fibers, with overall patterns of increased amounts of collagen fibers and decreased amount of elastic fibers. At the opposite end of the spectrum, I. oxyrinchus showed the thinnest dermis along the flank region, with overall patterns of increased elastic fibers and decreased collagen fibers. These findings may challenge our original assumptions of a rigid body in fast moving sharks and a more flexible body in slower moving sharks and highlight the diversity of the shark integument.
... As a bacterial septicaemia, V. anguillarum can be found throughout the blood of infected individuals, making the spleen an important site for immune defense. Like mammals, the spleen of teleosts is an important haematopoietic organ that can be separated into ellipsoids, red pulp, and white pulp (reviewed by [9,10,15]). However, fish also have the additional element of splenic melanomacrophage centres (MMCs) which have recently been shown to be primitive analogues of mammalian germinal centres (GCs, reviewed by [35,39]). ...
Despite increased interest in Chinook salmon aquaculture, there is inadequate understanding regarding the bacterial immune defenses of this species. This study describes the establishment and characterization of a continuous stromal-like cell line derived from Chinook salmon spleen, CHST, and its response to a heat-killed bacterial exposure challenge. Optimal growth of CHST was seen at 18◦C when grown in Leibovitz’s L15 media supplemented with 20 % fetal bovine serum. DNA analyses confirmed that CHST did originate from Chinook salmon tissue. Vibrio anguillarum, a common pathogen of marine aquaculture and the causative agent of an acute hemorrhagic septicaemia known as vibriosis was used for exposure studies. V. anguillarum was heat-killed and CHST was challenged so that pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα) as well as anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine transcript levels could be measured at 1, 4, 12, 24 and 96 hour (h) post-exposure. The heat-killed bacteria were observed to significantly stimulate the expression of all three pro-inflammatory cytokines at 4, 12, 24 and 96 h post-exposure with the peak in expression occurring at 12 and 24 h. Meanwhile, IL-10 was not observed to significantly increase until 96 h post-stimulation, which was also the time when the inflammatory cytokine expression was decreasing. The establishment and characterization of CHST provides a valuable
model for studying the immune response of Chinook salmon stromal-like cells in response to stimuli, including those of bacterial origin.
... The organization of the fish eye has the general structure that exists in higher vertebrates [1] in which three concentric layers make up each eye: an external fibrous layer ...
Simple Summary
This study scrutinized the retinal composition of Molly fish (Poecilia sphenops), revealing a complex neuronal structure. The retina showcased a distinctive square mosaic layout of cones, incorporating double cones alongside two variants of single cones. Within the inner nuclear layer, a diverse array of cells and Müller cell processes, expressing GFAP, traversed the retina. Notably, astrocyte cell processes expressing GFAP were discernible in both the inner and outer plexiform layers. Overall, Molly fish’s retina displayed a sophisticated structure characterized by a high density of photoreceptors, bipolar, amacrine, horizontal, Müller cells, and astrocytes, suggesting robust photopic visual capabilities.
Abstract
The specific arrangement and distribution of photoreceptors in the retina can vary among different fish species, with each species exhibiting adaptations related to its habitat, behavior, and visual requirements. Poecilia sphenops, a diurnal fish, was the focus of this study. The retinas of a total of eighteen Molly fish were investigated utilizing light and electron microscopy. The retina exhibited a square mosaic pattern of the inner segments of cones. This pattern comprised double cones positioned along the sides of a square, with two types of single cones situated at the center and corners of the square arrangement across the entire retina. The corner cones were slightly shorter than the central ones. Additionally, the outer plexiform layer contained both cone pedicles and rod spherules. The rod spherule consisted of a single synaptic ribbon arranged in a triad or quadrat junctional arrangement within the invaginating free ends of the horizontal and bipolar cell processes. On the other hand, cone pedicles have more than one synaptic ribbon in their junctional complex. The inner nuclear layer consisted of the amacrine, bipolar, Müller, and horizontal cell bodies. Müller cell processes, expressing GFAP, extended across all retinal layers, segmenting the deeper retina into alternating fascicles of optic axons and ganglion cells. The outer and inner plexiform layers showed many astrocyte cell processes expressing GFAP. In conclusion, the current study is the first record of the retinal structures of Molly fish. This study illustrated the mosaic arrangement of photoreceptors and GFAP expression patterns of astrocytes and Müller cells. The presence of three cone types, coupled with a sufficient number of rods, likely facilitates motion awareness for tasks like finding food and performing elaborate mating ceremonies.
... Studies on toxicants in Anguilla anguilla indicated intense spleen hemosiderosis after a 30-day treatment, correlating with the disappearance of ENAs [43]. The increased erythrophagia and hemosiderosis in O. niloticus suggested the impact of dietary FFC, possibly linked to accelerated erythrocyte destruction in the spleen [44] and altered Hb transport [45]. The persistence of pigment deposition under spleen histopathological sections in all dosing groups, even after 43 days of cessation of feed containing FFC, aligned with previous observations on the slow elimination of FFC amine, a metabolite of FFC [5]. ...
The study aimed to investigate the impact of administering the antibiotic florfenicol (FFC) through dietary means on Oreochromis niloticus . The experiment involved exposing the fish to FFC at doses 0 to 10 times the therapeutic dose of 15 mg/kg biomass per day for 10 consecutive days. The group receiving the therapeutic dose showed 100% survival on the 10th day of dosing. Histological analysis revealed dose‐dependent changes in the spleen, including an increase in sinusoidal space, splenic necrosis, white pulp proliferation, splenitis, and red pulp hemorrhages. Additionally, there was an exponential rise in leucocyte counts accompanied by a significant decrease in erythrocyte counts, indicating the development of anemia due to FFC. The observed splenic histological damage, along with increased erythrophagia, erythro‐membrane breakage, and poikilocytosis, highlighted the splenotoxic and haemotoxic effects of FFC at higher doses. Importantly, these toxic effects showed considerable reduction upon discontinuation of FFC dosing. The study emphasized the need to consider FFC‐induced splenotoxic and hemotoxic outcomes in O. niloticus during its application in aquaculture.
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... Histologically, the tissue segments of gonads in this pattern are distinguished by different maturity stages in their egg cells and sperm. Genten et al. (2009) stated that the histological examination of ovarian tissue commonly reveals eggs at all stages of development and degeneration. Recent researchers take histological techniques seriously as one of the modern methods to understand reproduction in fish (West, 1990;Tyler & Sumpter, 1996;and Blazer, 2002). ...
About 142 fish specimens of Scomber japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782) were collected between the coast of Tripoli (east) and Zuwara (west), from May 2018 to April 2019, to study the stages of oogenetic and spermatogenetic development, by analyzing their histological sections. The results showed that the developmental status of these gonads is Asynchronous development type; It was found that both the ovaries and testes mature gradually so that these fish can lay eggs and sperm in the form of batches during the breeding season (June - October).
... The histology of the probiotic-treated tilapia in the current investigation showed noticeably more positive intestinal changes than those in the control group. The results of this study are in agreement with earlier studies on the advantages of probiotics [71]. Fish intestinal goblet cells have both secretory and absorptive activities [11]. ...
Aquaculture uses probiotic bacteria as a microbiological supplement in place of antibiotics. The current
study’s objective was to determine how well red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) raising water responded
to Pediococcus acidilactici as a probiotic bacterium. For the four groups (one control group, three test
groups), a total of 120 fingerlings (13.00 ± 0.10 g) were used. P. acidilactici was treated in growth
water in three test groups at various concentrations. In terms of ultimate body weight, weight
increase, and specific growth rate, fish raised in water supplemented at a high level with P. acidilactici
performed noticeably better during growth compared to the control. When fish rearing water
included lower levels of P. acidilactici than the control group, feed conversion ratios were considerably
improved. In comparison to the untreated group, the range and median levels of unionized
ammonia in water were likewise significantly reduced by probiotic water additives. When compared
to the control group, the treated tilapia water with a high concentration of P. acidilactici had
higher amounts of crude protein and ash as well as lower levels of fat. The heights of the intestinal
villi increased as the water’s probiotic content rose. Finally, red tilapia fish were experimentally
challenged with pathogenic Aeromonas sobria, and mortalities were daily recorded for 15 d following
infection, indicating the effect of probiotics feeding to enhance resistance to A. sobria.
Keywords: Pediococcus acidilactici; Oreochromis sp.; Water quality; Growth performance; body
composition; biochemical parameters, Histology; Aeromonas sobria
... The majority of a fish's edible portions come from its skeletal muscles, and striated muscle also includes muscles involved in fin movement (Hibiya, 1982). Degenerative features such muscle atrophy, fractured myofibrils, swelling sarcolemma, and sarcoplasmic reticulum have been characterised as indications of exposure to toxins like pesticides and metals. ...
Color is one of the major factors which determine the price of aquarium fish in the market world over. Ornamental fishes are acceptable to buyers if they have striking and vibrant colors. The pigmentation of fish results from the pigments in the feed. People involved in the trade of ornamental fish are constantly exploring methods of enhancing skin coloration for which the use of dietary supplements with carotenoids is recommended. The aim of this research was to develop a feed using a cheap source of carotenoid for enhancing the skin color of Platy fish which could reduce the feed cost of aquarium fish hobbyists. In this study, carrot peel was used as a carotenoid source very successfully and the fish skin color was enhanced.
... In addition, the loss of integrity of the pillar cell system responsible for controlling the diameter of lamellar capillaries might occur. This regulation is crucial in maintaining blood flow, and disruption might lead to detachment of the lamellar epithelium (Almeida et al. 2021;Genten, Terwinghe, and Danguy 2009). Similar findings were found by Abel and Skidmore Figure 5. ...
Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) is an important surfactant used as a cleaning agent and industrial additive to remove unwanted chemicals which have been detected in the aquatic environment. The aim of this study was to examine the toxicological potential of SDBS on the gills of adult male zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to this chemical. For the 96 hr acute exposure, fish were divided into three groups: control, 0.25 mg/L, and 0.5 mg/L of SDBS. After the experiment, morphophysiological analyses (gill histopathology and histochemistry), oxidative stress (determination of gill activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)), and hematological analyses (leukocyte differentiation) were conducted. Data demonstrated that SDBS at both tested concentrations altered the histopathological index and initiated circulatory disturbances, as well as adverse, progressive, and immunological changes in the gills. In the 0.5 mg/L group, SOD activity decreased significantly, but CAT activity was not altered. Prominent blood changes observed in this group were neutrophilia and lymphocytosis. The number of mucous and chloride cells increased significantly in both groups. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that exposure of D. rerio to SDBS, even for 96 hr, produced adverse morphological and hematological effects associated with a reduction in SOD activity. Our findings indicate that exposure of aquatic species to the anionic surfactant SDBS may lead to adverse consequences associated with oxidative stress. Therefore, this study highlights the risks that this substance may pose to aquatic ecosystems and emphasizes the need for further investigations and strict regulations on its disposal.
... The ensuing histopathological analysis was conducted in accordance with the guidelines outlined in the book by Genten et al. [5]. Every slide was meticulously examined utilizing a high-powered compound light microscope set at a magnification of 1000x. ...
The myxosporean is a parasite that frequently infects several fish organs, therefore it can be identified by histopathologically assessing the character of the infection in the infected organs. The present study was carried out to assess the infection of myxosporean ( Myxobolus sp.) in nile tilapia cultivation by observing the histomorphological characteristic of several organs. Live Nile tilapia sample from Gresik cultivations immediately was done necropsy and observation on gill, intestine and liver. Histological preparation was made for the gills, liver and intestines and observed with HE staining. In the gills of nile tilapia, variable numbers of active spore of Myxobolus sp. can displace the gill lamellae, inflammatory and incite hyperplastic responses, lamellar fusion, and gill distortion in several infections. The spore infiltrates the surface of the liver of the host causing serious damage to the liver tissue. Fish infected with the parasite exhibit necrosis and cysts in the gut. Parasites were detected within multiple segments of the intestine. While occurrences within the intestinal lumen were infrequent, conspicuous clinical indications were notably absent upon inspection of the fish’s external body surface. The findings unequivocally establish that Myxobolus sp. infection in tilapia induces substantial damage to the crucial organs of the fish.
... Jaringan hematopoietic berfungsi dalam pembentukan sel darah. Tubulus penyusun nefron ginjal ikan dapat dibedakan menjadi tubulus proksimal, tubulus distal, tubulus kolektivus dan lengkung Henle (Genten et al., 2009). ...
Penggunaan pewarna sintetis dalam histologi dapat memberikan dampak buruk bagi kesehatan dan lingkungan. Keberadaan pewarna alami menjadi alternatif permasalahan tersebut, salah satunya ekstrak biji kesumba keeling (Bixa orellana L.). Riset ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi ekstrak biji kesumba keling yang memberikan pewarnaan jaringan terbaik pada gambaran histologi organ hepar, insang, dan ginjal ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus). Riset dilakukan selama empat bulan dan terbagi menjadi 4 tahapan, yaitu tahap aklimatisasi ikan, ekstraksi biji kesumba dengan pelarut etanol 70%, pembuatan preparat dengan metode parafin, dan pengamatan struktur histologis jaringan ikan. Konsentrasi ekstrak biji kesumba yang digunakan adalah 35%, 50% dan 70%. Masing-masing konsentrasi pewarna diulang sebanyak 5 preparat. Hasil pengamatan gambaran histologis dilakukan secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak biji kesumba mampu memberikan warna merah muda pada sitoplasma sel dan dapat menggantikan pewarna eosin sehingga berperan sebagai counterstaining terhadap pewarna hematoksilin. Akan tetapi ekstrak biji kesumba tidak memberikan warna pada inti sel sehingga tidak dapat menggantikan pewarna hematoksilin. Konsentrasi ekstrak biji kesumba yang memberikan warna sediaan jaringan paling baik adalah konsentrasi 50%.
... They proceeded to Duncan's multiple range test using Excel 2018 software program with a confidence interval of 95% for any significant differences among treatments. At the same time, the gonad histology of triploid and diploid fish for both males and females was analyzed descriptively according to Genten et al. (2009). ...
Carman O, Mukti AT, Zairin JR M, Alimuddin. 2023. Reproductive performances of triploid male and female Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) at different ages. Biodiversitas 24: 4235-4242. Triploidization has been known as a chromosome set manipulation strategy to produce sterile fish. This study aimed to examine the reproductive and sterility performances of triploid male and female Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) at different ages. The triploidization process using heat shock of 41°C for four minutes at four Minutes After Fertilization (MAF) of the zygote old made the population of triploid tilapia. Two steps of fish rearing were conducted, namely indoor fish rearing and outdoor fish grow-out. Fish were reared in a controlled laboratory (indoor) at the Reproduction and Genetics Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, IPB University for four months, and then fish grow-out was performed in a controlled pond for two months. Reproductive performances such as Hepatosomatic Index (HSI), Gonadosomatic Index (GSI), gonadal development, and sterility of triploid and diploid for both male and female tilapias were analyzed. These results showed that triploid tilapia generally indicated late gonadal development and growth compared to diploids before and during maturation. Triploid female tilapia showed a lower HSI than diploid female tilapia (P<0.05). Otherwise, triploid and diploid males showed the same HSI. GSI of triploid males and females were lower than diploid males and females (P<0.05) at every age, namely three-, four-, five- and six-month-old fish. Based on the size and histology of the gonad, triploid male and female tilapias showed sterile characteristics with gametogenesis inhibition.
... The majority of a fish's edible portions come from its skeletal muscles, and striated muscle also includes muscles involved in fin movement (Hibiya, 1982). Degenerative features such muscle atrophy, fractured myofibrils, swelling sarcolemma, and sarcoplasmic reticulum have been characterised as indications of exposure to toxins like pesticides and metals. ...
The aromatic chemical phenol, which is frequently present in home and industrial effluents, is a cause for concern in toxicology around the world. Significant fish harm is seen when it enters aquatic ecosystems. This study used the gills, muscles, and gut of Ctenopharyngodon idella as biomarkers to examine the harmful effects of phenol in various organs. Histopathological investigations have shown high degree of pathological lesions. The examination of the gills indicated fusion, epithelial degradation, vacuolation, hyperplasia, and deformity at the tips of secondary lamellae. In the fish's intestine, clumping of adjacent villi made of columnar epithelium, inflammation, and tissue destruction at the epithelial site have all been seen as lesions. Infiltration of leucocytes, atrophy, breaking of muscle fibres, and vacuolation like changes in the muscles was observed.
... The majority of a fish's edible portions come from its skeletal muscles, and striated muscle also includes muscles involved in fin movement (Hibiya, 1982). Degenerative features such muscle atrophy, fractured myofibrils, swelling sarcolemma, and sarcoplasmic reticulum have been characterised as indications of exposure to toxins like pesticides and metals. ...
The aromatic chemical phenol, which is frequently present in home and industrial effluents, is a cause for concern in toxicology around the world. Significant fish harm is seen when it enters aquatic ecosystems. This study used the gills, muscles, and gut of Ctenopharyngodon idella as biomarkers to examine the harmful effects of phenol in various organs. Histopathological investigations have shown high degree of pathological lesions. The examination of the gills indicated fusion, epithelial degradation, vacuolation, hyperplasia, and deformity at the tips of secondary lamellae. In the fish's intestine, clumping of adjacent villi made of columnar epithelium, inflammation, and tissue destruction at the epithelial site have all been seen as lesions. Infiltration of leucocytes, atrophy, breaking of muscle fibres, and vacuolation like changes in the muscles was observed.
... Položaj i izgled bubrega kod Cyprinidae (S.platyceps) Kod svih košljoriba (Osteichthyes), kod adultnih jedinki je opistonefros (opistonephros), dok je pronefros (pronephros) funkcionalni bubreg larvalnih faza ontogenetskog razvoja (Kalezić, 2001). Postoje mišljenja da je adultni bubreg kod svih Anamniota u osnovi mezonefros (mesonephros) (Genten et al. 2009). ...
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... Among these, the myxospores of M. xiaoganensis n. sp. were scattered in the melanomacrophage centers, encircled by hemosiderin pigments. Genten et al. [33] previously identified the spleen as a crucial filtering organ for the teleost, supplementing the function of the kidney. Accordingly, we infer that the myxospores accumulated in the spleen are likely delivered by vascular systems from infection sources scattered elsewhere. ...
Several parasites infecting the Asian carp species have been broadly spread along with the global fish trade. However, the diversity of specific parasite groups and their pattern of parasitism remain insufficiently elucidated even in their native regions. Here, we conducted a holistic identification and histological analysis of three Myxobolus species. The oblate myxospores of the first isolates were found in the spleen of silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, measuring 6.4 ± 0.4 (5.4-7.1) μm in length, 8.2 ± 0.4 (7.5-9.0) in width, and 5.9 ± 0.3 (5.2-6.2) in thickness. They were morphologically distinct from other congeners and regarded as a novel species, Myxobolus xiaoganensis n. sp. For the second isolates, we associated the formation of round plasmodia on the gill raker of silver carp with Myxobolus allotypica Chen, 1998. The third isolates, encapsulated in the intestinal serosa membrane of the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, was proved to be conspecific to Myxobolus huasaensis Chen, 1998. While M. xiaoganensis n. sp. and M. huasaensis exhibited distinct origins, with genetic differences exceeding 4% from other congeners, M. allotypica displayed complete genetic congruence with an item available in Genbank. Histologically, myxospores of M. xiaoganensis n. sp. were scattered in the spleen, and the branchial and intestinal infections of M. allotypica and M. huasaensis were determined, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a non-monophyletic origin of both the Thelohanellus and Myxobolus genera, with a remarkable association of host affinity with myxosporean clustering.
... The results of histological analyses exhibited that in the Black Sea turbot (Psetta maxima) three layers of the vessel wall were differentiated (Fig. 2). The results of the study were consistent with previous studies that described the same histological organization of blood vessel walls in fish [7], but they are in little contrast to data of [2] according to which the media of ventral aorta consists mainly of elastic fibers, as smooth muscle cells were also observed in its middle shell. ...
The turbot (Psetta maxima) is one the most valuable and economically important species for the Black Sea countries. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the cardiovascular system of this species with both corrosion cast and routine histology methods on 12 sacrificed turbots (6 males and 6 females) obtained from a hauls. After that fish were sacrificed and the blood vessels were filled through the heart with self-curing castable resin Duracryl ® Plus U. Apart, materials from some parts of vasculary system for histology examination were taken and fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution. Based on the corrosion cast and histological techniques we described luminal structure and size of the aorta in turbot.
... In addition to the meat quality analyses, samples of the gills were taken from five fish per group at the moment of bleeding, in order to carry out histological analyses with simple dyeing using hematoxylin and eosin. The gills were cut and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, and the tissues were processed in a way similar to the procedure described by Genten et al. (2009). The histopathological analyses were carried out by a veterinary surgeon with more than 5 years of experience in fish pathology. ...
In Brazil, tilapia represented 57% of the total fish production. This study aimed assess the influence of different pre-slaughter methods (live chilling in ice/water (LC); anesthesia with the essential oils Ocimum americanum (OA) or Lippia alba (LA) and mechanical spiking (SP), on the meat quality para-meters of Nile tilapia. The rigor mortis index showed faster onset in the LC group compared to the OA and LA groups after 3 hours. The pH value, TVB-N, and K-value remained unchanged, indicating no detrimental effects on meat quality. Mechanical spiking and essential oil anesthesia had comparable effects to live chilling
... Gonads were processed in Histochoice® Clearing Agent 1× (VWR International, LLC, Ohio, USA), embedded in paraffin (Paraplast Plus, McCormick Scientific, VWR International, LLC, Ohio, USA) at 60°C, and sectioned at 5 μm using a microtome (Leica RM224J). Histological sections were mounted on Fisherfinest Premium slides (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, USA) and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin following standard protocols (Carson, 1990;Genten et al., 2009). Photographic images from histological sections were acquired with a camera Leica MDC6200 using the software Leica Application Suit V 3.4.0, ...
Dietary crude oil exposure has detrimental morpho-physiological effects in fishes, including endocrine disruption. However, little is known about how it influences sex differentiation and its potential for skewing sex ratios of populations. Appropriate sex ratio is important for maintaining effective population size and structure. Deviations of these ratios can compromise population growth and maintenance and may induce changes in a species' evolutionary trajectory. We assessed the potential of dietary exposure to crude oil (6.5, 11.4, and 17.5 mg/kg food) to alter sex differentiation in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) (20-35 days post fertilization (dpf)) and subsequently skew the adult (90 dpf) sex ratio. Multiple health- and fitness-related phenotypic traits (i.e., body mass and length, condition factor, heart rate, oxygen consumption, and their capacity to cope with hypoxia) were also assessed to better understand the effects of dietary crude oil exposure. We showed that dietary exposure to crude oil during the process of sex differentiation skewed sex ratio towards males (up to 0.34:1 female to male ratio in the highest oil concentration). Remarkably, this effect occurred independently of affecting physiological variables and female gonad characteristics, thus highlighting just how subtle the effects of dietary crude oil exposure can be. Our results suggest that, although fish were in an apparently healthy state during experimentation, sex ratio was still impacted, potentially compromising the resilience of the population. Therefore, considering how complex chemical mixtures affect organisms at several levels (molecular-individual) in experimental designs is warranted to better understand the implications of the exposures and the hazards that populations face in the wild.
... 2A-2C). Integrated data from all views confirmed that five anatomical areas-the telencephalon, mesencephalon, diencephalon, metencephalon and myelencephalon, with the cranial nerves distributed among them-were present within the cranial cavity or skull (Fig. 1C), similar to the general teleostean pattern (Turkmen et al., 2007;Genten et al., 2008;Sharareh et al., 2013). In the dorsal view, two telencephalic hemispheres were the largest part of the toadfish brain, being well developed and situated anteriorly in the snout (Fig. 1C) and composed of pairs of olfactory lobes (about 1.3 ± 0.56 mm in diameter) and large cerebral hemispheres (about 4.2 ± 0.97 mm in diameter) (Fig. 1C). ...
Article Info Importance of the work: There is little known of the neurobiology of Allenbatrachus grunniens (Linnaeus 1758), an estuarine toadfish inhabiting mangrove areas of the Indo-West Pacific, including Thailand. Objectives: To identify the histomorphology of the brain and ultrastructure of the gonadotropic cells (GTH cells) in A. grunniens. Materials & Methods: Mature female fish were collected from the Pranburi River estuary. Whole brains were dissected to examine their anatomical characteristics; the ultrastructure of the GTH cells was established. Results: The large telencephalic regions and medium cerebellum likely aid in the survival of the species in structurally complex estuarine habitats. Histologically, two sub-regions of the telencephalon were similarly structured and composed of neuroglia, neurons and blood vessels. The optic lobe of the mesencephalon had six histologically distinct layers. GTH cells were identified in the adrenohypophysis of the pituitary gland. Based on electron micrography, the GTH II cells had an oval, eccentric nucleus, while the GTH I cell had a large, central nucleus and secretory granules. The secretory granules in the active GTH II cells indicated that synthetic activity might be related to final oocyte growth and ovulation. Main finding: Basic knowledge about the neurobiology of A. grunniens was revealed based on histomorphological examination that should aid in understanding the role of GTH cells in the reproduction of the grunting toadfish. This study provided the first neurobiological evidence for further plans in aquaculture. 282 T. Mitparian et al. / Agr. Nat. Resour. 57 (2023) 281-288
... The slides were labeled and allowed to dry for at least 12 hours after which the slides were viewed under the light microscope. The histopathology analysis was obtained according to Genten et al. (2009). ...
Parasitic infections infringe on different organs causing varying degrees of histological changes which contribute directly or indirectly to fish loss. Histological alterations play significant implication in fish health thereby proffer supports for effective diagnoses to improve the management of cultured fish. Various developmental stages of farmed Clarias gariepinus were randomly collected from 100 farms across the three agricultural zones (East, West and Far – East) in Lagos State, Nigeria from purposively classified culture systems based on water usage management systems (WUMS) into daily water renewal (DWR), weekly water renewal (WWR) and bi – weekly water renewal (BWR)). The organs (skin, gills and intestines) were selected for parasitological examinations and histological sectioning using standard procedure. The water qualities monitored were temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia, nitrite, iron, alkalinity, hardness and turbidity and measured using standard methods. Descriptive statistics such as frequency count, percentages, standard deviation were used to determine the occurrence and rate of histological changes in relations with parasitic infections while semi-quantitative analysis was used to assess the histological lesion on gills. This study reveals possible relationship between parasitic infections and histological changes on the gills. The protozoans (Trichodina sp, Vorticella sp., Tetrahymena sp., Chilodonella sp., Piscinoodinium sp. and Ichthyobodo sp.) and monogenean trematode (Dactylogyrus sp., and Gyrodactylus sp.) were related parasites found with varying degrees of histological changes like hyperplasia of the epithelial cells, lifting of the primary epithelium, sloughing of the epithelium, fusion of the secondary lamellae, oedema of the lamellae, vacuolation of the epithelial cells, swelling of the epithelial cells, diffuse infiltration of lamina propria by neutrophil and necrosis of the secondary lamellae, classified into stages I, II and III. The most frequently observed histopathology in all the culture systems was hyperplasia of the gill lamellae; DWR-86.96%, WWR – 88.1%, BWR – 92.86%, followed by the fusion of the secondary lamellae; DWR-65.22%, WWR–75%, BWR– 78.57%. No histopathological change was observed on the skin and the intestine and lesions were least in the daily water renewal (DWR) culture system. Hence, it can be safely inferred that good management practice in terms of water renewal system should be encouraged to alleviate parasitic infections and minimize organ damage in cultured fish.
... Figures 3 and 4 show the intestine's histological structure, consisting of four tunics: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. The tunica mucosa is most profound in the lumen, which forms folds to form the protrusion of the villi and crypts in the form of pits (Genten et al., 2009). Tunica mucosa consists of several parts, namely the lamina propria and the lamina muscularis mucosa. ...
Wader pari is one of the fish that is often found in Indonesian waters. One of the problems regarding fish farming is the problem of feed. This study aims to determine the effect of alternative feeding on the growth and histological structure of the Wader pari fish's intestine. The paraffin method was used in constructing intestinal histological preparations by Haematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Periodic Acid Schiff-Alcian Blue (PAS-AB) staining. Observations were done using the DMRT test on various ANOVA, and the histological structure of the intestine was analyzed descriptively and quantitatively. The treatments used in this study were P1 (commercial feed), P2 (maggot feed), and P3 (mixed feed between maggot and silkworms). The study's results indicated that the higher the protein consumed by the Wader pari fish, the higher the growth. The three treatments that affected the growth of Wader pari sequentially are mixed feed, maggot feed, and commercial feed. The histological structure of the wader pari intestine is composed of tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica serosa. Maggot and mixed feed can affect the histological structure of the Wader pari intestine compared to commercial feed. This can be seen in the results of the length of the villi and the distribution of the number of goblet cells.
... The samples were fixed in Bouin solution at 10% for24h, after which were transferred to70% ethanol for the clothing of the histological slides. For the preparation of the slides all gonads were cut into 0.5-cm segments, dehydrated in increasing concentrations of alcohol, diaphanized in xylol, and embedded in paraffin, to be sectioned to the 5μ thickness and stained by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) Genten et al.(2009). The measurements were performed under light microscopy, AX10 Zeiss, Axio Cam MRC camera, with the aid of the ZEN 2012 software. ...
Incorporation of garlic meal (Allium sativum) as natural additive to enhance performance, immunity, gonad and larval survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) broodstock ABSTRACT A 60 dyes feeding trial was performed to detect the growth and production indices of broodstock Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), which fed 4 diets comprised different levels of garlic meal (0 , 1, 2 , and 3%). Four iso-protenic and iso-lipidic diets were formulated to be containing 30.25% CP and 19.25MJ/Kg diet and each diet was assimilated in three replicates. Sixteen broodstock fish with an (initial body weight=221.0±1.31g) were indiscriminately selected from the stock acclimatized fish and distributed through 12 circular cement pound 2m 3 in equal number (n=4) as 3 female (♀):1 male (♂). The water quality values were in the optimal recommended ranges for this species, where dissolved oxygen (5.5±1.2 mg dL-1), temperature (26 ±1.5°C) and pH (7.8±0.5. The current results showed significant differences (p<0.05) in growth performance parameters, with the group fed 2% garlic powder diet, followed with 3%, 1% and control groups, respectively. Improved in feed using in terms of (FCR, PER and NPU%) were obtained with 2% garlic meal diet compared to the rest of diets. The fish immunological parameters represented a significance differences in total protein, glucose and lysozyme activity between tested diets. However, insignificance results wereevident in albumin values. The highest significance values (p<0.05) in total protein, glucose and lysozyme activity between tested diets were obtained with the group of fish fed 2% garlic powder. In the same manner, the highest productive performance from Relative fecundity, Absolute fecundity and Hatchability rate were recorded in 2% diet. The proximate composition of fish include Dry matter, Crude protein, Crude lipid and Ash % showed no significance different (P>0 .05) between different dietary levels of garlic powder. The present results indicated that dietary implication of 2% garlic powder improve growth performance, nutrient using, immune activity, productivity indices and larval rearing rate of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) broodstock.
... Thereafter, the mucosal epithelium of the rectum largely mirrors that of the oesophagus (Genten et al., 2009). ...
The occurrence of smooth muscle sphincters around gastric gland tubules in the cardiac stomach of some elasmobranch species is reported for the first time. These “microsphincters” took the form of a twisted torus, approximately 12–16 muscle fibres thick, that could fully constrict the gland tubules. However, their inconsistent positioning does not suggest a role in partitioning the tubules from the stomach lumen or in modulating secretory activity. Further research is required to ascertain the full taxonomic occurrence of these structures across the Elasmobranchii and to elucidate their function.
... The fundamental layers of the retina were still complete and remain unchanged. The structure of the retina layers from inner to outer layer consists of the optic nerve layer, the ganglion layer, the inner flexiform layer, the inner nucleus layer, the outer flexiform layer, the outer nucleus layer, cone cells and stem cells, the retinal pigment cell layer, and choroid (Genten et al. 2009) (Fig. 3). ...
Mercury pollution brings harmful effects to aquatic animals, the environment and eventually to human health. Mercury accumulates in the liver, kidney, eye lens and brain of fish, resulting in organ damage. This study aimed to determine the effect of HgCl2 exposure on anatomical pathology and histopathology of tilapia fish eye and brain. A total of 36 male tilapia fish were allotted into 4 treatment groups with 3 replications. Fish were exposed to 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 ppm of HgCl2 for 10, 20, and 30 days. Subsequently, the anatomical pathology was observed followed by histopathological examination. Anatomical pathology examination of fish eye on day 30 showed white membrane on the eye lens surface, pupil diminution, and sunken eyes. The brain demonstrated hemorrhage, necrosis, discolorations, and granulated area. The retina showed necrosis, retina pigmentation flexiform layer widened, and cone cell atrophy. Brain depicted structural and cellular damage such as degeneration necrosis and vacuolation. HgCl2 exposure changes the anatomical pathology and histopathology of tilapia fish eye and brain.
... Thin layers (4 μm) were made using a microtome (AUTOCUT JUNG 2055, LEICA, Lyon, France), and the sections were placed in slides and stained following the haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) technique (Martoja and Martoja-Pierson, 1970). The histological evaluation was carried out by direct visualization to determine the maturation state of the fish according to the criteria described by Genten et al. (2009) and by González-Castro et al. (2011). ...
The golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) is a promising species for aquaculture's sustainable expansion. However, the lack of sustainable juvenile provision, mainly related to the lack of reproductive control, is one of the most significant bottlenecks for further expanding the culture of this species. In many cases, mullet broodstock management needs the application of hormone treatments to induce gonadal maturation or spawning. However, no works are directly related to the broodstock collection, acclimation, and reproductive management of Liza aurata. On the other hand, the knowledge of essential fatty acids (EFA) requirements and mobilization patterns by the broodstock is a first step to designing appropriate feeding protocols and formulas, which are crucial for the success of reproduction and larval development.
For these reasons, this study aimed 1) to describe for the first time the reproductive management of Liza aurata broodstock under controlled conditions and 2) to offer a first approach to the reproductive lipid metabolism of the former species.
A selection of 22 Liza aurata broodstock from wild origin was acclimated in open seawater conditions. Additionally, the proximate and fatty acid composition of body tissues (gonads, liver, and muscle) of the initial wild population were evaluated, to be later compared with the profile of the eggs obtained after one year from the selected broodstock, for the first time described under cultured conditions.
The results highlighted the feasibility for the obtention of natural spawnings from broodstock with a mean weight of 787 g and 604 g (females and males, respectively), at a sex ratio of 2:1 (females/males), under natural photoperiod and marine water conditions with temperatures decreasing from 20.4 ± 0.3 °C to 18.8 ± 0.4 °C.
On the other hand, it was evidenced the crucial role of HUFA (highly unsaturated fatty acids) precursors for the gonadal development of Liza aurata, primarily for females. Additionally, the wild males' gonads presented a remarkable high content of HUFA, predominantly DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) (34% of the total fatty acids). In the eggs, significant variations appeared under captivity conditions, with lower levels of ARA (arachidonic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and higher EPA/ARA and DHA/ARA ratios than the wild female gonad. Additionally, it was evidenced the significant role of the liver as a physiological reservoir of HUFA, which seem to be mobilized to the gonad during the maturation process.
Present results may help obtain a better insight to adjust broodstock management conditions and feeds, contributing to a more sustainable aquaculture growth.
... Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E). Histopathological analysis based on the book Genten et al. [8]. All slides were examined under a light compound microscope at 1000x magnification and photos were taken with the HTC-one camera model Nikon DS-Fi2, Nikon H600L. ...
The diseases and specific identity of the parasites infecting warm freshwater cultured fish are seldom known and at best only the genera are recorded. The lack of comprehensive investigations into the diseases encountered in cultured systems has resulted in the diagnosis of groups of parasitic species causing disease being less focused, thus, subsequent details of the diseases encountered in cultured systems are discussed under generic and other taxonomic groupings, rather under the specific pathogens in question. This study was conducted to detect and determine the presence of myxosporea in nile tilapia cultivation through histomorphological examination. Live nile tilapia from Surabaya cultivation were transferred to the laboratory of Parasitology as soon as possible and were done necropsy and several internal organs isolated included intestine. Then made histological preparations from intestinal tissue for histological examination with HE staining. Myxozoan Enteromyxum sp., a stage of an unidentified myxozoan observed attached to the brush-gut boundary of some fish. The degree of infection of the parasite, the so-called “myxosporean epithelium” was recorded, the parasite was observed only at the epi-epithelial position on the intestinal mucosa and never in the other tissues studied. Parasites were found in several parts of the intestine. Findings in the intestinal lumen are rare. No sporogonic stage could be detected on light microscopy. No parasites were observed in any of the other tissues studied, and no histopathological lesions caused by myxosporean epithelia were found. Enteromyxum sp. infects the digestive tract of fish, but there were no clear clinical symptoms from the observations of the body surface of the fish carried out, however the mucus fluid in the digestive tract and the thin intestinal wall is clearly visible.
Eagle rays, cownose rays and manta rays (order Myliobatiformes) have a slender tail that can be longer than the animal’s body length, but its function and structure are unknown. Using histology, immunohistochemistry and three-dimensional imaging with micro-computed tomography scans, we describe the anatomy and function of the tail in Rhinoptera bonasus, the cownose ray. The tail is an extension of the vertebral column with unique morphological specializations. Along the tail behind the barb, vertebral centra are absent and neural and haemal arches fuse to form a solid mineralized structure that we describe for the first time and term caudal synarcual, which imparts passive stiffness to the tail, reducing bending. Two lateral line canals connected to an extensive tubule network extend along both sides of the tail. Tubules branch from the lateral line canal toward the dorsal and ventral tail surfaces, opening to the surrounding water via pores. A continuous neuromast is located within each lateral line canal, maintaining an uninterrupted structure along the entire tail. The complex lateral line mechanosensory system in the tail of R. bonasus supports the hypothesis that the tail functions like a hydrodynamic sensory antenna and may play an important role in their behavioural and functional ecology.
Histological evaluations of tissues are commonly used in environmental monitoring studies to assess the health and fitness status of populations or even whole ecosystems. Although traditional histology can be cost-effective, there is a shortage of proficient histopathologists and results can often be subjective between operators, leading to variance. Digital pathology is a powerful diagnostic tool that has already significantly transformed research in human health but has rarely been applied to environmental studies. Digital analyses of whole slide images introduce possibilities of highly standardized histopathological evaluations, as well as the use of artificial intelligence for novel analyses. Furthermore, incorporation of digital pathology into environmental monitoring studies using standardized bioindicator species or groups such as bivalves and fish can greatly improve the accuracy, reproducibility, and efficiency of the studies. This review aims to introduce readers to digital pathology and how it can be applied to environmental studies. This includes guidelines for sample preparation, potential sources of error, and comparisons to traditional histopathological analyses.
This study investigated the effects of dicamba (DIC), a widely used auxinic pesticide in agriculture, on carp fish as an experimental model, especially examining serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol (CORT), growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels. Additionally, it analyzed serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, as well as histopathological changes in gill and liver tissues. Fish were exposed to varying doses (1.35 and 13.5 ppm) and durations (4 and 30 days). Sixty fish were randomly assigned to six groups (10 fish/group) and exposed to the specified DIC concentrations and durations. Following exposure, stress, growth, and immune parameters were assessed, along with pathological changes. Analyses revealed dose-dependent increases in ACTH, CORT, and TNF-α levels in both exposure periods compared to controls. Conversely, decreases in GH, IGF-1, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were observed. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was noted in the changes of ACTH, CORT, TNF-α, GH, IGF-1, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels between the exposure periods in the subchronic phase for both dose groups. Histopathological examination identified significant alterations in gill and liver tissues across all dose groups. Gill pathology included epithelial separation (aneurysm), shortening and fusion of secondary lamellae, clubbing, reduced interlamellar space, and cartilage tissue damage. Liver histopathology showed hepatocellular degeneration, passive hyperemia, mononuclear cell infiltration, and hepatocyte vacuolization. In conclusion, dicamba exposure induced significant stress, growth, immune, and histopathological changes in carp, highlighting its potential harmful effects on aquatic organisms, especially at higher concentrations and prolonged exposure durations.
Graphical abstract
Curcumin, a polyphenol, targets multiple signaling molecules and shows activity at the cellular level, supporting its various health benefits. Thereafter, the present study examines the effects of different doses of dietary curcumin on growth indices, feed efficiency, serum metabolites, redox (oxidation) status, immunity, histological assessment, and antioxidant-related genes in red tilapia (Oreochromis sp, Oreochromis aureus x O. mossambicus). A total of 1200 red tilapia with an average weight of 19.1±0.03 g were distributed in 12 cement ponds (3×3.5×1m). Each treatment was assigned three pounds (n=100 replicates). For 60 days, fish were fed baseline diets containing 0, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 g of curcumin/kg of diet. The treated fish showed increased body weight and SGR (specific growth rate) compared to the T0 group (P<0.05). Curcumin in the diet significantly improved weight gain, percentages, and FCR (feed conversion ratio), with a dose-dependent effect (P < 0.05). Curcumin supplementation showed no influence on feed intake, fish mortality, or survival rate (P >0.05). The curcumin-treated fish groups improved tissue structure in hepatocytes, pancreatic lumens, hepatic blood sinusoids, and intestine tissue layers, particularly the mucosal layer. The T0.8 group had reduced liver enzymes (AST and ALT) and greater total protein and albumin levels (P<0.05). The T0.6 and T0.8 groups showed significantly lower MDA levels than the other groups (P < 0.05). Curcumin groups demonstrated significantly higher antioxidant indices (CAT, GPx, and SOD) compared to the basal diet (P<0.05). Curcumin administration resulted in significant improvements in IgM and lysosome levels (P<0.05). All supplemented groups had considerably (P<0.05) higher levels of SOD, CAT, and GPx mRNA than the control group. Consequently, administering 0.6–0.8 g/kg of curcumin to red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) diets may improve the fish’s growth, health, tissue composition, and antioxidant response.
Fish live in aquatic areas with varying salinity from fresh water to seawater. Gills are one of the most important osmoregulatory organs for maintaining the salt–water balance. In this study, changes in the gills of velifera (Poecilia sphenops) acclimated to 20, 30, 40, and 50 ppt of saline in the laboratory were examined histologically and immunohistochemically. Mucus cells (MCs), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), mitochondria-rich cells (MRCs), and heat shock proteins (HSP70) + cells were marked in the gill tissue, which underwent routine histological procedures, and the severity of histological alterations increase with the increase of the salinity. When the gills were examined histologically, it was determined that there was an increase in cells due to hyperplasia, especially in the primary lamellae. A rapid increase in MC and HSP70 + cell numbers was observed in the 20 and 30 ppt groups. Although PCNA + cells were present in each salinity group, they were observed in the salinity group up to 50 ppt. An increase in the number and volume of MRCs was observed with increasing salinity. Based on the histological and immunohistochemical results, it is thought that the cytological and molecular arrangements of cells in gills of sailfin velifera under different levels of salinity are essential for the regulation of ion and salt balance.
Skin Histology SEM Argyrosomus hololepidotus Introduction: Argyrosomus hololepidotus is one of the most valuable fish in Persian Gulf, Oman Sea, and coastal waters of Khuzestan province in the southwest of Iran. The skin, especially in fish, is the first defense line against the external environment and facilitates normal physiological functions in the body. In fish, the epidermal cells of the skin are mainly formed by the division and differentiation of the epidermal epithelial cells. In the present study, for the first time, the surface cell structure of A. hololepidotus was studied using by histology and ESM methods. Materials & Methods: This study was carried on six A. hololepidotus. For SEM photography, tissue samples of fish skin were fixed by glutaraldehyde 3 % and washed in PBS and post-fixed with osmium tetroxide for 1 h. The specimens were then dehydrated through a graded ethanol series and embedded in resin after primary and post-fixation. The samples were prepared from 5 µm cuts from the fish dorsum and later they were stained by H&E method. Results: The result of the light microscopic and SEM analysis showed that the fish epidermis was composed from goblet, epithelial, and chloride cells. The results of SEM showed that the goblet cells contained mucus droplets. Superficial squamous cells had microridge which chloride cells were accommodated in them. Conclusion: Finally, it can be concluded that the structure of the skin surface cells in Argyrosomus hololepidotus is very similar to the skin of fish of the same family (Sciaenidae).
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