A Review on Anticancer Property of Colostrum

Abstract

Colostrumis can be defined as 'the early milk which is secreted at the time of parturition', which works as an immune booster in post-natal health, and additionally is rich in antibodies. It provides passive immunity to the newborn, also called as " foremilk ". Bovine Colostrum (BC) contains high amount of proteins, immunoglobulin, lactoferrin and growth factors which are essential for specific functions. Many studies have suggested that colostrum components like antimicrobial factors, immunoglobulin and growth factor not only benefits physically active person but also used in the treatment of autoimmune disorders while antimicrobial factors provide passive immunity and protection against infections during the first few days of life. Lactoferrin, has been investigated as novel therapeutic and it also has anticarcinogenic properties against colon and other cancers. In this review main focus is on the beneficial effects of colostrum supplementation in the treatment of cancer.

Full text

Research and Reviews Journal of Medical and Health Sciences
1
e-ISSN: 2319-9865
p-ISSN: 2322-0104
RRJMHS | Volume 5 | Issue 4 | September, 2016
A Review on Anticancer Property of Colostrum
Prashant Agarwal1, Ritika Gupta2*
1Panacea Biotech Limited, Ambala- Chandigarh Highway, Lalru – 140501, Punjab
2Department of Biotechnology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology (MIET), Meerut
Review Article
Received: 16/08/2016
Revised: 24/08/2016
Accepted: 31/08/2016
* For correspondence:
Department of Biotechnology,
Meerut Institute of Engineering
and Technology (MIET), Meerut
Keywords: Parturition; Colostrum;
Lactoferrin
E-mail:
guptaritika.27@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
Colostrumis can be defined as ‘the early milk which is secreted at the time
of parturition’, which works as an immune booster in post-natal health, and
additionally is rich in antibodies. It provides passive immunity to the
newborn, also called as “foremilk”. Bovine Colostrum (BC) contains high
amount of proteins, immunoglobulin, lactoferrin and growth factors which
are essential for specific functions. Many studies have suggested that
colostrum components like antimicrobial factors, immunoglobulin and
growth factor not only benefits physically active person but also used in the
treatment of autoimmune disorders while antimicrobial factors provide
passive immunity and protection against infections during the first few days
of life. Lactoferrin, has been investigated as novel therapeutic and it also
has anticarcinogenic properties against colon and other cancers. In this
review main focus is on the beneficial effects of colostrum supplementation
in the treatment of cancer.
INTRODUCTION
Colostrum is the “early” milk which is produced by female mammals and it is the first four days of milk post
parturition [1,2] in the case of bovine. This “early” milk nutrient profile and immunological composition is found to be
substantially different from ‘mature’ milk. Before lactogenesis and lactation, colostrogenesis, results in the
secretion of colostrum [3-5], this is supposed to be under endocrine and local control and regulation [6]. For a new
born, colostrum not only provides nutrition, but also provides protection against infection while immune system is
still developing. Many of the bioactive whey proteins, notably lactoferrin, immunoglobulins [7-13] and growth factors,
occur in colostrum in higher concentrations than in milk, thus they are important to the health of the newborn calf
[14-16]. Several weeks before parturition the immunoglobulins [17-29] are transported to mammary secretion from
maternal circulation selectively [30]. It contains macronutrients and micronutrients like proteins, oligosaccharides,
carbohydrate, fats, vitamins and minerals respectively. It is rich in natural antimicrobials, oligosaccharides, immune
regulation factors [31] and antioxidative factors. Bovine milk and colostrum are suggested to be the important
sources of natural bioactive components. Since past two decades, major advances have taken place with regard to
the technology, science and commercial applications of bioactive components present naturally in bovine milk and
colostrum.
Table 1: Immune Factors in Bovine Colostrum
Immune factors Bovine Colostrum (mg/ml)
Lactoferrin 100
IgA 3.9
IgG 47.6
IgG2 2.9
IgM 4.2
Source: [32]
LACTOFERRIN
Lactoferrin (LF) [33-36] is an iron-binding protein which is mainly found in milk, colostrum and cells of most of the
mammalian species. It is one of the types of glycoprotein. It confers many biological properties, such as

Research and Reviews Journal of Medical and Health Sciences
2
e-ISSN: 2319-9865
p-ISSN: 2322-0104
RRJMHS | Volume 5 | Issue 4 | September, 2016
antioxidative [37-43], antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory [44,45], anticancer [46-54], and also have immune regulatory
properties [55-58]. It enhances body’s immune system against microbial infections and eradicates free oxygen
radicals. LF was discovered in the early 1960s and since its biological properties have been the subject of scientific
research. It increases the senstivity of bacteria for certain antibiotics, such as penicillin [59-65], vancomycin and
cephalosporins. Over the last decade the anticarcinogenic activity of LF has been studied intensively and many
mechanisms like iron-chelation–related antioxidative property and immunoregulatory and antiinflammatory
functions have been suggested. In in vitro experiments lactoferrin [66-69] has been shown to regulate both humoral
and cellular immune systems by-
1) activation of monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, and neutrophils;
2) stimulation of proliferation of lymphocytes;
3) stimulation of intestinal and peripheral antibody response;
4) induction of cytokine and nitric oxide production [57].
During the past two decades many animal and human studies have proved that orally administered LF exerts many
beneficial effects on the health of animals and humans. Several excellent articles have been compiled and
reviewed through these studies [56-58,70].
Animal studies with mice or rats have shown that orally administered LF and its related compounds can suppress
the overgrowth of certain intestinal bacteria, such as E. coli, Streptococcus and Clostridium strains, suppress the
translocation of intestinal bacteria and also, orally administered lactoferricin reduced the infection rate caused by
H. pylori, candidiasis, Toxoplasma gondii, and Tinea pedis and influenza virus. In addition animal studies have
shown beneficial effects of LF ingestion as it can inhibit carcinogen - induced tumors in the colon, esophagus, lung,
tongue, bladder, and liver.
A recent study [71] has showed that oral supplementation of lactoferrin to healthy infants for 12 months reduces
lower respiratory tract illnesses and higher hematocrits when compared to group which received regular infant
formula and that group was referred as control. Other human studies have shown that if LF is administered in
connection with triple therapy, it can increases the removal rate of H. pylori gastritis. LF is produced industrially by
many companies worldwide at a large scale and is expected to be use as an ingredient in functional foods and
pharmaceutical preparations in future [72]. Currently some of the commercial applications of LF are in infant
formulas marketed in Japan, South Korea, and China and yogurt products marketed in Taiwan and Japan and baby
foods. Synergistic effects of LF and bovine colostrum or probiotic bacteria can be seen by applying in different
dietary supplements. Owing to potential synergistic actions LF has also been used in combination with lysozyme
and lactoperoxidase and has been applied into many human oral health care products, such as mouth rinses,
toothpastes, chewing gums, and moisturizing gels.
EFFECT OF MILK COMPONENTS AGAINST CANCER
The milk derived bioactive peptides include antithrombotic [73], antihypertensive [74], immunomodulating [75],
antioxidative [76], mineral carrying [77], antimicrobial [78], anticancer [76-86], and growth-promoting properties [81].
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancer and 1.4 million females have being diagnosed with breast cancer
in 2010 [8 7,88] and this rate is increasing drastically. Conjugated linolenic acid (CLA) in colostrum has antitumor
properties. Animal studies and in vitro experiments have shown anticarcinogenic property of CLA in the mammary
glands of females, as it either inhibits the cyclooxygenase-2 pathway or the lipo-oxygenase pathway or it induces
the expression of apoptotic genes [89]. It reduces immunosuppressive substances like leukotrienes and
prostaglandins [90]. CLA also inhibits carcinogens by inducing apoptosis through mechanism which involves the
inhibition of eicosanoids synthesis. Studies have also shown that eicosanoids receptors control the release of
messengers which are important for differentiation, cell proliferation and apoptosis [91-97]. Other reports have
proved that proteins and peptides present in milk are cancer preventive agents [98 -101]. For example, lactoferrin
helps to prevent the growth of cancer cells or it shrinks the cancer cells. It is also known for its inhibitory action on
cancer cells proliferation as well as for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant abilities against them [99,101-103].
Lactoferrin prevents many cancers like colon, bladder, tongue, esophagus, lung cancer and thus it can be said that
it boosts the immunity.
CONCLUSION
Colostrum has become the Ancient Food for Modern Times due to its nutritional composition and hence can be
considered as a nutraceutical. Bovine colostrum is more effective than human colostrum and can be given alone as
a treatment to reduce the length and severity of established infections or it can be used in conjunction with

Research and Reviews Journal of Medical and Health Sciences
3
e-ISSN: 2319-9865
p-ISSN: 2322-0104
RRJMHS | Volume 5 | Issue 4 | September, 2016
traditional treatments such as antibiotics. It can be said that colostrum supplements can treat autoimmune
disorders like rheumatoid arthritis. There are still no reports regarding the side effects or drug interactions
associated with supplementation with high quality colostrum, thus making it an exceptionally safe and useful
nutraceutical product to be used in wide range of applications.Still the mechanisms of LF action are not fully
understood, there is some proof representing its ability to interact with some receptors, as well as it can modulate
genetic expression of several molecules that are necessary to the cell cycle and apoptosis [104-114] machinery.
REFERENCES
1. Jolly A, et al. Evaluation of Hyaluronic Acid in Cattle: Physiological Variations Related to Age, Periparturition
and in Clinical Cases of Paratuberculosis. J Vet Sci Technol.2016;7:342.
2. Offer Erez and Moshe Mazor. The Role of Late Amniocentesis in the Management of Preterm Parturition. J
Women's Health Care.2013;2:e109.
3. Gopal PK and Gill HS. Oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in bovine milk and colostrums.Br.J.Nutr.
2000;84:69-74.
4. Hyrslova I, et al. Goat and Bovine Colostrum as a Basis for New Probiotic Functional Foods and Dietary
supplements. J Microb Biochem Technol.2016;8:056-059.
5. Shimo SP, et al. The Influence of Heat Treatment in Liquid Whey at Various pH on Immunoglobulin G and
Lactoferrin from Yak and Cows Colostrum/Milk. J Food Process Technol.2015;6:503.
6. Bakrrington JM, et al. Regulation of colostrogenesis in cattle. Livest.Prod.Sci.2001;70:95-104.
7. Elmarsafy A, et al. Detection of Complications Following Intravenous Immunoglobulins Infusion in A Cohort
of Egyptian Children. J Clin Cell Immunol.2015;6:321.
8. Maravic-Stojkovic V, et al. Experience with IgM-Enriched Immunoglobulins as Adjuvant Therapy in Septic
Patient after Redo Cardiac Surgery. J Clin Exp Cardiolog.2015;6:363.
9. Lee G. Cancerous Immunoglobulins in Cancer Immunology. J Clin Cell Immunol.2014;5:279.
10. Justiz Vaillant AA, et al. Bacterial Proteins and Their Proposed Interactions with Fc or Fab Fragments of
Immunoglobulins. Biochem Physiol.2014;3:143.
11. Kudo T, et al. Successful Treatment for Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis/Drug-Induced Hypersensitivity
Syndrome Overlap with Corticosteroids, Intravenous Immunoglobulins and Plasma Exchange. J Clin Exp
Dermatol Res.2014;5:216.
12. Lee G, et al. Potential Roles of Cancerous Immunoglobulins in the Immunology of Cancer Cells. J Clin Cell
Immunol.2014;5:200.
13. Lee G, et al. The Relationships between Toll-like Receptors and RP215-associated Immunoglobulins
Expressed by Cancer Cells. J Cancer Sci.2014;6:077-080.
14. Korhonen H, et al. Impact of processing on bioactive proteins and peptides . Trends in Food Science and
Technology.1998;9:307–319.
15. Pakkanen R and Aalto J. Growth factors and antimicrobial factors of bovine colostrum. International Dairy
Journal.1997;7:285–297.

Research and Reviews Journal of Medical and Health Sciences
4
e-ISSN: 2319-9865
p-ISSN: 2322-0104
RRJMHS | Volume 5 | Issue 4 | September, 2016
16. Scammel AW. Production and uses of colostrum. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology.2001;56:74–82.
17. Osada SI, et al. Successful Treatment of Intravenous Immunoglobulins in a Patient with Intractable
Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita with Autoantibodies to Type VII Collagen and Laminin Alpha-3. J Clin Exp
Dermatol Res.2013;4:200.
18. Basyreva LY, et al. Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG) Enhance In vitro Activation of Neutrophils in
C57BL/6 but not in CBA Mice. Immunome Res.2013.
19. Sankari G, et al. Analysis of serum immunoglobulins using Fourier transform infrared spectral
measurements. Biology and Medicine.2010;2:066.
20. Sullivan JS, et al. Heterosubtypic anti-avian H5N1 influenza antibodies in intravenous immunoglobulins
from globally separate populations protect against H5N1 infection in cell culture. J Mol Genet Med.
2009;3:38.
21. Justiz Vaillant AAJ, et al. Case Reports on the Use of Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG) in the Treatment
of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). J Clin Case Rep.2013;3:263.
22. de la Torre I, et al. Impact of Non-Fixed Versus 6 Month Fixed Retreatment Schedules on Serum
Immunoglobulins Following Rituximab in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Clin Cell Immunol.2013;S6:
005.
23. Néron S and Roy A. Overview of IgG-Reactivity in Therapeutic immunoglobulins Revealed by Protein Array
Analysis. Biochem Anal Biochem.2012;S8-001.
24. Subha ST, et al. Correlation Between Serum and Salivary House Dust Mite Specific Immunoglobulins in
Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Patients and Non-Allergic Rhinitis Matched Controls. Otolaryngol (Sunnyvale).
2016;6:257.
25. Al shafei NK and Nour A. CBC, Serum Proteins, and Immunoglobulins in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients with
or without Pruritus in Egypt. Biochem Anal Biochem.2016;5:246.
26. Lakhal S and Younes AB. Sera of Human Beings Hosting Durably Viscerotropic Leishmania Species Display
Histones- Binding Immunoglobulins: A Feature To Consider When Probing Signatures of Auto-Reactivity?.J
Clin Cell Immunol.2016;7:390.
27. Justiz-Vaillant A, et al. Purification of Immunoglobulins and their Binding to a Bacterial Protein LAG-HRP
Conjugate. J Veterinar Sci Technol.2015;7:288.
28. Lee G. Dual Differential Roles of Cancerous Immunoglobulins as Suggested by Interactions with Human
Serum Proteins. J Clin Cell Immunol.2015;6:385.
29. Yashwant Kumar Y, et al. Evaluation of Serum Immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM and Total IgE in Chronic
Alcoholics: A Community-based Study. Immunochem Immunopatho.2015;1:102.
30. Butler JE. Bovine Immunoglobulins: An augmented review. Vet.Immunol.Immunopathol.1983;4:43-52.
31. Kelly GS. Bovine colostrums: A review of clinical uses. Altern.Med.Rev.2003;8:378-394.
32. Stelwagen K, et al. Immune components of bovine colostrum and milk. Journal of animal science.
2009;8:7-13.

Research and Reviews Journal of Medical and Health Sciences
5
e-ISSN: 2319-9865
p-ISSN: 2322-0104
RRJMHS | Volume 5 | Issue 4 | September, 2016
33. Velliyagounder K. Role of Human Lactoferrin in Oral Diseases. Oral Hyg Health.2014;2:e108.
34. Zhou C, et al. Allergenicity Assessment of a Genetically Modified Protein-Recombinant Human Lactoferrin. J
Allergy Ther.2013;S3-002.
35. Kanwar JR, et al. Nano-Lactoferrin in Diagnostic, Imaging and Targeted Delivery for Cancer and Infectious
Diseases. JCST.2012;4:031-042.
36. Gopal SH and Das SK. Role of Lactoferrin in the Carcinogenesis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Cancer
Clin Trials. 2016.
37. Sen S, et al. The Antioxidative Property of Nitroglycerin Enhances Lornoxicam?s Antiinflammatory Effect. J
Anesthe Clinic Res.2011;2:130.
38. Mohammed Homod Alrajhi A. Effects of Amistar and Dithane M-45, a systemic fungicide, on Growth
Parameters and antioxidative enzymes of Maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Botanical Sciences.2014.
39. Muhammad Haidry T and Malik A. Hepatoprotective and Antioxidative Effects of Terminalia Arjuna against
Cadmium Provoked Toxicity in Albino Rats (Ratus Norvigicus). Biochem & Pharmacol.2014;3:130.
40. Ali-Hassan SH, et al. Antioxidative Phytochemicals and Anti-Cholinesterase Activity of Native Kembayau
(Canarium Odontophyllum) Fruit of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. J Nutr Food Sci.2014;4:249.
41. Dangi KS and Mishra SN. Antioxidative and β cell regeneration effect of Capparis aphylla stem extract in
streptozotocin induced diabetic rat. Biology and medicine. 2011.
42. Gavriliuc L, et al. Metabolism specificities of monozigota concordant patients with fluorosis treated with
antioxidative therapy. Oral Health Dent Manag.2007;6:301.
43. Pathak A, et al. Role of Zinc on Antioxidative Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation in Brain of Diabetic Rats. J
Drug Metab Toxicol.2012.
44. Safari VZ, et al. Antipyretic, Antiinflammatory and Antinociceptive Activities of Aqueous Bark Extract of
Acacia Nilotica (L.) Delile in Albino Mice. J Pain Manag Med.2016;2:113.
45. Kargin S, et al. In Patients Who Underwent Total Thyroidectomy Some Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory
Drugs Effects on Thyroid Replacement Therapy.2014.
46. Rosa LS, et al. Anticancer Properties of Phenolic Acids in Colon Cancer A Review. J Nutr Food Sci.
2016;6:468.
47. de Siqueira EP, et al. Chamaecostus subsessilis and Chamaecostus cuspidatus (Nees & Mart) C.Specht
and D.W.Stev as Potential Sources of Anticancer Agents. Nat Prod Chem Res.2016;4:204.
48. Punganuru SR, et al. Colchicine-Based Hybrid Anticancer Drugs to Combat Tumor Heterogeneity. Med
Chem (Los Angeles).2016;6:165.
49. Yadav R, et al. Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Premna corymbosa Rottl. Leaves.
Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicological Studies.2016.
50. Mastrangelo D, et al. The Cure from Nature: The Extraordinary Anticancer Properties of Ascorbate (Vitamin
C). J Integr Oncol.2016;5:157.

Research and Reviews Journal of Medical and Health Sciences
6
e-ISSN: 2319-9865
p-ISSN: 2322-0104
RRJMHS | Volume 5 | Issue 4 | September, 2016
51. Fernández A. Anticancer Therapy Based on Suppression of Pathways Recruited to Cope with Metabolic
Stress. Metabolomics.2016;6:e144.
52. Sharma NK, et al. Synthesis, Characterization, Anticancer, DNA Binding and Antioxidant Studies of
Benzylamine Supported Pd (II) Complex. Cancer Med Anticancer Drug.2015;1:101.
53. Nadeem F, et al. Red Sea Microbial Diversity for Antimicrobial and Anticancer Agents. J Mol Biomark
Diagn.2016;7:267.
54. Da-Yong Lu. Anticancer Drug Combinations, Studies from Different Pathways. Cell Dev Biol.2015;4:166.
55. Lönnerdal B. Nutritional and physiologic significance of human milk proteins . American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition.2003;77:1537–1543.
56. Wakabayashi H, et al. Lactoferrin research, technology and applications. International Dairy Journal.
2007;16:1241–1251.
57. Pan Y, et al. Biological properties of lactoferrin: an overview . Australian Journal of Dairy Technology.
2007;62:31–42.
58. Zimecki M and Kruzel ML. Milk – derived proteins and peptides of potential therapeutic and nutritive value.
Journal of Experimental Therapy and Oncology.2007;6:89–106.
59. Sukumar M, et al. Penicillin Production from Transformed Protoplast of Penicillium chrysogenum by
Fermentation. J Pharmacogenomics Pharmacoproteomics.2010.
60. Zhang Q, et al. Antibiotic resistance profile and genetic traits of soil isolated bacteria and their subsistence
on Penicillin or Tetracycline. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2016.
61. Samanidou V and Evaggelopoulou EN. HPLC Analysis of Penicillins in Veterinary Drugs. Pharm Anal Acta.
2015;6:e174.
62. Boadu RF, et al. In vitro Activity and Evaluation of Quality of Some Selected Penicillins on the Ghanaian
Market using Developed HPLC Methods. Med Chem (Los Angeles).2015;5:001.
63. Siraj J and Ahmed SM. Evaluation of Crystalline Penicillin Use in Pediatrics Ward of Jimma University
Specialized Hospital, South West Ethiopia. Clin Exp Pharmacol.2013;3:135.
64. Ghaderi R, et al. Comparison of Antibacterial Effect of Cichorium Intybus L. with Vancomycin, Ceftriaxone,
Ciprofloxacin and Penicillin (In Vitro). Clin Exp Pharmacol.2012;2:113.
65. Gopalakrishnan KK and Detchanamurthy S. Effect of Media Sterilization Time on Penicillin G Production
and Precursor Utilization in Batch Fermentation. J Bioproces Biotechniq.2011;1:105.
66. Onishi H, et al. Formulation Study of Chitosan Microparticles Loaded with Lactoferrin. J Mol Genet Med.
2014;9:166.
67. Carvalho BMA, et al. Interaction of Whey Lactoferrin with Copper Immobilized in Polyacrylamide Cryogel. J
Bioprocess Biotech.2014;4:189.
68. Sharma D, et al. Lactoferrin and Neonates: Role in Prevention of Neonatal Sepsis and Necrotizing
Enterocolitis. J Neonatal Biol.2014;3:E110.

Research and Reviews Journal of Medical and Health Sciences
7
e-ISSN: 2319-9865
p-ISSN: 2322-0104
RRJMHS | Volume 5 | Issue 4 | September, 2016
69. Mucci N, et al. Intensive Neonatal Care of the First Bitransgenic Bovine Clone for Human Lysozyme and
Lactoferrin Production. Reprod Syst Sex Disord.2014;3:137.
70. Teraguchi S, et al. Protection against infections by oral lactoferrin: evaluation in animal models . Biometals.
2004;17:231–234.
71. King Jr. JC, et al. A double - blind, placebo -controlled, pilot study of bovine lactoferrin supplementation in
bottle - fed infants . Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition.2007;44:245–251.
72. Tamura Y. Production and application of bovine lactoferrin . Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation.
2004;389:64–68.
73. Bal dit Sollier C, et al. Effect of kappa-casein split peptides on platelet aggregation and on thrombus
formation in the guinea-pig. Thromb Res.1996;81:427–437.
74. Seppo L, et al. A fermented milk high in bioactive peptides has a blood pressure-lowering effect in
hypertensive subjects. Am J Clin Nutr.2003;77:326–330.
75. Laffineur E, et al. Immunomodulatory activity of beta-casein permeate medium fermented by lactic acid
bacteria. J Dairy Sci.1996;79:2112–2120.
76. Sandrine G, et al. Caseins and casein hydrolysates. 2. Antioxidative properties and relevance to
lipoxygenase inhibition. J Agric Food Chem.2001;49:295–302.
77. Meisel H and FitzGerald R. Biofunctional peptides from milk proteins:mineral binding and cytomodulatory
effects. Curr Pharm Des.2003;9:1289–1296.
78. Saito H, et al. Physicochemical and antibacterial properties of lactoferrin and its hydrolysate produced by
heat treatment at acidic pH. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994;357:219–226.
79. Parodi P. A role for milk proteins and their peptides in cancer prevention. Curr Pharm Des.2007;13:813–
828.
80. Wei-Li Q, et al. Three Cases of Successful Anticancer Therapeutic Regimens. J Med Diagn Meth.2015.
81. Schaafsma E, et al. Anticancer Activities of Resveratrol in Colorectal Cancer. Biol Med Aligarh).2016;8:317.
82. Agrawal P. Non-Coding Ribonucleic Acid: A New Anticancer Drug Target. J Pharmacovigil.2016;4:e158.
83. Shabani A. A review of Anticancer Properties of Herbal Medicines. J Pharma Care Health Sys.2016;3:160.
84. Fawzy A, et al. Kinetics and Mechanistic Approach to Palladium (II)-Catalyzed Oxidative Deamination and
Decarboxylation of Leucine and Isoleucine by Anticancer Platinum (IV) Complex in Perchlorate Solutions.
mod chem appl.2016.
85. Soave C, et al. Repositioning an Old Anti-Alcoholism Drug: Disulfiram as a Selective, Effective and
Economical Anticancer Agent. J Dev Drugs.2016.
86. Chaturvedi D and Zaidi S. Organic Carbamates: An Unique Linkage in Anticancer Drug Design. Journal of
Chemistry.2015.
87. Dong JY, et al. Dairy consumption and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
Breast Cancer Res Treat.2011;127:23–31.

Research and Reviews Journal of Medical and Health Sciences
8
e-ISSN: 2319-9865
p-ISSN: 2322-0104
RRJMHS | Volume 5 | Issue 4 | September, 2016
88. Duarte D, et al. The effect of bovine milk lactoferrin on human breast cancer cell lines. J Dairy Sci.
2011;94:66–76.
89. Kelley NS, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers and cancer. J Nutr.2007;137:2599–2607.
90. Lestak J, et al. Comparison of b-Blockers and Prostaglandins Treatments in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.
J Clin Exp Ophthalmol.2013;4:294.
91. Xu D, et al. High-Expressed CXCR7 Contributes to CXCL12-Mediated Protection from Apoptosis in
Lymphoma Cells. J Mol Genet Med.2016;10:208.
92. Lee JR, et al. Effects of HERV-R env Knockdown in Combination with Ionizing Radiation on Apoptosis-
Related Gene Expression in A549 Lung Cancer Cells. Biochem Physiol.2016;5:200.
93. Jia Z, et al. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors can Repress Proliferation and Induce Apoptosis in Gingiva
Progenitor Cells from Idiopathic Gingival Fibromatosis. J Stem Cell Res Ther.2016;6:327.
94. Botella LM, et al. Propranolol Decreases the Viability and Triggers Apoptosis in Hemangioblastoma Cells
from Von Hippel-Lindau Patients. J Mult Scler (Foster City).2016.
95. Wei H, et al. Anti-Oxidative Stress and Anti-Apoptosis Effects of He Ying An Xin- Formula. J Pharmacogn Nat
Prod.2016;2:1.
96. Etetor Eshiet R, et al. The Biologic Potential of Lyophilized Extracts of Brickellia cavanillesii (Asteraceae):
Apoptosis and Glut 2 Gene Expression. J Food Process Technol.2016;7:541.
97. Jiang N, et al. Gas6/Axl Inhibits Osteosarcoma Apoptosis through Regulation of Apoptosis-Related Protein
Bcl-2. J Bioanal Biomed.2016;8:01.
98. Knekt P, et al. Intake of dairy products and the risk of breast cancer. Br J Cancer.1996;73:687–691.
99. Tsuda H, et al. Cancer prevention by bovine lactoferrin and underlying mechanisms—a review of
experimental and clinical studies. Biochem Cell Biol.2002;80:131–136.
100. Ward P, et al. Lactoferrin. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2005;62:2540–2548.
101. Wakabayashi H, et al. Lactoferrin research, technology and applications. Intl Dairy J.
2006;16:1241–1251.
102. Rodrigues L, et al. Lactoferrin and cancer disease prevention. Crit Rev Food Sci.2008;49:203–
217.
103. Iigo M, et al. Anticarcinogenesis pathways activated by bovine lactoferrin in the murine small
intestine. Biochimie.2009;91:86–101.
104. Levy I, et al. Tumor Necrosis Factor Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand-conjugated Near IR
Fluorescent Iron Oxide/Human Serum Albumin Core-shell Nanoparticles of Narrow Size Distribution for
Cancer Targeting and Therapy. J Nanomed Nanotechnol.2015;6:333.
105. Mito F, et al. Significance of Plasma Apoptosis Inhibitor of Macrophage Concentrations in Patients
with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A New Biological Indicator of Severity and Treatment Responses. J
Sleep Disord Ther.2015;4:219.

Research and Reviews Journal of Medical and Health Sciences
9
e-ISSN: 2319-9865
p-ISSN: 2322-0104
RRJMHS | Volume 5 | Issue 4 | September, 2016
106. Fatani SH, et al. Correlation between Serum Anti-Apoptotic Bcl-2 Level and its
Immunohistochemical Expression in Relation to Apoptosis in Gastric Cancer. J Mol Biomark Diagn.2015;6:
248.
107. Sanyal SN, et al. Activation of Mitochondrial Apoptosis and Regulation of Ceramide Signalling by
COX-2 Inhibitors in Colon Cancer. Transl Med (sunnyvale).2015;5:159.
108. Parandhaman DN, et al. Multifaced pknE: Apoptosis Inhibition, HIV Co-Infection, Host Signaling
Cross-Talk and in Orchestrating the Physiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Microb Biochem Technol.
2016;8:231-235.
109. Zhang JH, et al. ClC-3 is Involved in NPPB-Induced Apoptosis in DU145 Prostate Cancer Cells. J Mol
Biomark Diagn.2016;S2:018.
110. Giacoppo S, et al. Role of Wnt/B-Catenin Signaling in Regulating the Balance between Oxidative
Stress and Apoptosis in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Patients with Facioscapulohumeral
Muscular Dystrophy. J Mol Genet Med.2016;10:213.
111. Prayitno A, et al. Jatropha Curcas Linn can Reduce the Expression of Hsp70 that will Result in
Reduced Errors in Protein Folding and Promotion of Normal Protein Function in Proliferation and Apoptosis.
Immunome Res.2016;12:114.
112. Burlaka I. Beyond Proteinuria: Apoptosis and Vitamin D3 State in Children with Diabetic
Nephropathy. J Clin Exp Pathol.2016;6:266.
113. Luo S, et al. Two Novel Curcumin Analogues Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and
Mitochondrial-Related Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer MCF - 7 Cells. J App Pharm.2016;8:215.