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An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change
... L'ineliminabile alterità connaturata alla specie umana costituisce, infatti, un generatore potenziale di creatività e innovazione [G. Jones et al., 2020;A.K. Leung et al., 2008;R.R. Nelson, S.G. Winter, 1985;W.M. Williams, L.T. Yang, 1999]. ...
... Sebbene la loro teoria non tratti esplicitamente la diversità in termini di inclusione, essa affronta la tematica dell'alterità nell'ambito delle capacità organizzative e delle pratiche aziendali, cruciali per l'innovazione [R.R. Nelson, S.G. Winter, 1985]. ...
... Questi economisti istituzionalisti 1 , pervenendo all'elaborazione della loro nota teoria dell'evoluzione tecnologica, hanno, tra i primi, evidenziato il ruolo cruciale della diversità delle imprese come generatrice di innovazioni [R.R. Nelson, S.G. Winter, 1985]. ...
Il tema dell'alterità è diventato negli ultimi anni centrale nel dibattito pubblico e privato: organizzazioni complesse, imprese, agende politiche dei governi e finanche gli Obiettivi di Sviluppo Sostenibile delle Nazioni Unite, in vario modo alludono alla diversity o al binomio diversity & inclusion, ad essa sovente collegato, sottolineando l'importanza di creare ambienti rispettosi e inclusivi. Il libro guarda al fenomeno, di grande attualità, della diversità come da un prisma che ne illumina due principali facce: una costruttiva, o legata al suo potenziale di innovazione; l’altra distruttiva, o connessa al suo potenziale di conflitto; e preferisce usare il termine 'alterità', a sottolineare che ogni individuo è unicum et ineffabile, e perciò stesso alter rispetto ad ogni altro. L’alterità è osservata, quindi, nel mondo delle organizzazioni, cui è connaturata e, in particolare, del workplace, e qui collegata, da un lato, alla creatività e innovazione e, dall’altro, al conflitto. L’analisi è, pertanto, condotta, anche attraverso una rassegna della letteratura, a livello micro-organizzativo, pur avendo risvolti più ampi e generali, che inquadrano le tematiche trattate in una cornice interdisciplinare: evidenti, infatti, sono i rimandi alle scienze psico-sociologiche, ma soprattutto a quelle aziendalistiche e manageriali. Il lavoro ha, così, un’imprescindibile anima organizzativa, ma anche una manageriale: non solo per il mondo del business, ma anche per quello pubblico e del terzo settore, diviene fondamentale governare tutta la diversità presente; a ciò si rivelano indispensabili alcune doti peculiari del leader, un leader viepiù inclusivo e partecipativo. Il risultato è una monografia dal respiro teorico, ma anche dal taglio pragmatico, che ambisce ad offrire riflessioni e soluzioni al problema, altamente complesso, del governo e della capitalizzazione della diversità, e, per queste ragioni, si rivolge a manager e dirigenti, esperti e pratictioners organizzativi, oltre che naturalmente agli studenti e studiosi della tematica, nelle sue più ampie declinazioni. Per chi invece per la prima volta si addentrasse nei meandri dell’alterità, questo libro è un po' un viaggio che conduce, ad un certo punto, il lettore ad una sorta di bivio, da cui si biforcano la via della creatività e innovazione, e la via del conflitto. Ciò che rileva è, ancora una volta, l’abilità del management e della leadership per un governo efficace, efficiente ed equo dell’ineliminabile alterità
... One view holds that more productive firms experience faster growth. For instance, some theories suggest that productive firms drive out less productive competitors (Nelson and Winter 1982;Silverberg et al. 1988;Aghion et al. 2014), while others propose that these firms generate higher revenues, which are then reinvested to fuel further growth. Additionally, productivity can intensify competition (Aghion et al. 2014), further stimulating economic growth. ...
... We will develop a simple firm population dynamics model to illustrate this in Section 4.2. Nelson and Winter (1982) introduced the distinction between two different and seemingly contradictory arguments put forward by Schumpeter: "Schumpeter Mark I" (Schumpeter 1983(Schumpeter (1934), which focuses on effective competition between firms and processes of creative destruction and replacement, and "Schumpeter Mark II" (Schumpeter 1994(Schumpeter (1943), which analyzes the consolidation of sectors dominated by large firms. The latter occurs because high-technology innovation is expensive and resource-intensive, limiting the ability to pursue it to only some large firms. ...
... If more productive firms build market shares faster, they are the ones that grow more. This mechanism lies at the heart of Schumpeter's theory of innovation and competition ("Schumpeter Mark I") (Schumpeter 1983(Schumpeter (1934) and is frequently employed in both evolutionary Schumpeterian models (Nelson and Winter 1982) and models of Schumpeterian endogenous growth (Aghion et al. 2014). 2. Competition. ...
This study examines whether the growing disparity in labor productivity between firms in Canada is associated with the ability of these firms to grow in the Canadian economy. Using Canada’s Corporate Tax Statistics Universal File, we identify an inverted U-shaped relationship between labor productivity and fixed-asset growth rates, which subsequently results in a negative association between growing dispersion and lower growth rates. Econometric analyses reveal that a 1% increase in productivity dispersion leads to a 0.06 percentage point reduction in industry-level growth rates. We consider Schumpeterian and other evolutionary approaches for explaining this phenomenon and propose a simple population dynamics model.
... This criticism echoes broader concerns in the field, where scholars like Peters and Thomas Bureau of Economic Research) and many national centres and institutes of research on innovation and science policies that appeared around that time (Fagerberg et al., 2006). In this new field of research, Keith Pavitt was not alone: many emblematic authors emerged during that period Levinthal 1989, 1990; Griliches, 1990;Hall and Rosenberg, 2010;Jaffe and Lerner, 2006;Nelson and Winter, 1985) to name a few (Meyer et al., 2004). ...
... Nearly a third of Pavitt's articles published from 1985 onwards explore the involvement of large firms in the dynamics of technical change. His research is grounded in the notion, supported notably by Schumpeter (1934), Penrose (1959), Nelson and Winter (1985) and Freeman and Soete (1997) that large firms allocate a significant portion of overall R&D investments and innovations and in doing so play a pivotal role in driving economic growth. Across numerous articles, collaborative efforts with Patel on patent data and R&D expenditure introduced significant refinements to this proposition. ...
Purpose
The current landscape of management scholarship faces criticism for prioritising theoretical development over practical relevance, leading to a disconnect between academic research and industry practices or applications. By exploring Pavitt’s work, the authors aim to highlight the importance of contextual understanding in innovation processes and to advocate for recognising diverse scholarly contributions that challenge established norms. A pragmatic theorist and mentor to a whole generation of innovation science and policy scholars worldwide, especially in Europe, Keith Pavitt left a legacy that is insufficiently acknowledged. Ultimately, this paper seeks to bridge the gap between theory and practice and to defend an innovation management that is responsive to contemporary organisational challenges.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors review the most relevant works by Keith Pavitt as a practitioner and as a “pragmatic theorist” and his network of author relationships, including all papers, special issues and reports published after his passing. Then, the authors discuss how those seminal papers or reports have been used and could be used in the future. This paper argues for a balanced approach that integrates rigorous academic inquiry with practical insights, emphasising the contributions of Keith Pavitt as a pioneering figure in Innovation-as-Practice.
Findings
The authors highlight that much of the current understanding of science and policy of innovation can be traced back to Pavitt’s work and that many future debates about technology could be enhanced by considering his findings. He has the stature of a parental figure, and his taxonomy, based on practice and empirical data, much like other management analysis tools, is widely used but not widely recognised yet, especially by industry managers or employees.
Originality/value
This paper sheds new light on an unacknowledged transdisciplinary pioneer, whose work is situated at the intersection of theory and praxis in Innovation Management: Keith Pavitt. It also advocates for a more transdisciplinary and circumstantial historical approach to management scholars.
... The evolutionary economics literature describes how 'creative destruction' is an ongoing cycle of innovation and renewal and that disruptive technological change can lead to firms and industries being substantially reshaped or eliminated entirely (Schumpeter, 1950). We also know that patterns of innovation and market structure are essentially determined by the nature of the relevant technological regime which are not fixed but change over time (Nelson and Winter, 1982;Breschi, Malerba, and Orsenigo, 2000). ...
... Schumpeter (1934Schumpeter ( , 1939 was interested in innovation either as a process of 'creative destruction' or as a process of 'creative accumulation' (Pavitt, 1984) and believed innovation was closely linked to the emergence, growth and decline of industries. The second area of research in which the sectoral systems approach is grounded is evolutionary economics theory, which places a key emphasis on dynamics, innovation processes and economic transformation (Nelson and Winter, 1982). Evolutionary theory acknowledges that environment conditions and sectoral context affect agents' cognition and behaviour (Dosi, 1997;Metcalfe, 1998;Malerba and Nelson, 2011). ...
The research applies a sectoral systems of innovation lens to explore the evolution of sectoral boundaries in a highly regulated industry during a period of significant technological disruption and change. A qualitative case study, with data collected through semi-structured interviews with representatives across the Australian electricity industry, supplemented by participant archival documents and publicly available information. The research findings show that during an extended period of stability in the industry, the economic, policy and informal institutions have become closely synchronised with the traditional technological regime and the assumptions embedded within those institutions reflect this. However, a more recent period of technological turbulence and disruption has permanently altered the underlying technological trajectory of the sector. The change in technological trajectory has challenged and, in some cases, invalidated many of the core assumptions embedded within the institutional landscape. Nine areas were identified where embedded assumptions have been shown to be invalid or being seriously challenged. These areas relate to technological innovation and adoption, business models, market structure, competition, customer power, economies of scale, asset useful life, demand and industry attractiveness.
... Whereas there exists some degree of ambiguity and inconsistency in the definition of what a routine is (Becker, 2004), it is nonetheless possible to identify some key features of routinized behavior: recurrence, reliability (Cyert and March, 1963), speed (Cohen and Bacdayan, 1994), repeated action sequences (Gersick and Hackman, 1990), collective and distributed nature (Cohen and Bacdayan, 1994;Becker, 2004), emergent quality (Nisbett and Wilson, 1977) and occasional suboptimality (Levitt and March, 1988;Gersick and Hackman, 1990;Cohen and Bacdayan, 1994). Routines can therefore be defined as a series of inter-locking, reciprocally triggered sequences of organizational actions (Nelson and Winter, 1982;Cohen and Bacdayan, 1994). ...
... To explain the routine formation process, management scholars have often adopted the analogy of the habit system acting at the individual level (Nelson and Winter, 1982;Hodgson, 2008;Knudsen, 2008). Conceptually, the analogy is neat and informative, due to the obvious similarities between habits and routines; indeed, habits are defined as "a more or less fixed way of thinking, willing, or feeling acquired through previous repetition of a mental experience" (Andrews, 1903: 121). ...
Using the theoretical framework of joint actions, here we hypothesize that routines’ formation is regulated by visual coordination and task difficulty. We conducted a laboratory experiment manipulating the availability of visual information and the difficulty of routinization. The presence of visual information allowed participants to reach the game’s goal faster, although the performance was less accurate. Task difficulty had a limited impact. Overall, visual coordination appears to regulate the speed–accuracy trade-off of routines, playing a pivotal role in complex joint actions.
... Economic research on innovation processes further supports human capital sovereignty by highlighting the collective and cumulative nature of knowledge creation. As Nelson and Winter [37] demonstrate in their evolutionary theory of economic change, innovation typically builds on existing knowledge through recombination rather than emerging from isolated individual efforts. ...
This paper develops a normative framework for human capital sovereignty-the principle that individuals possess inalienable rights over their productive capacities and deserve proportional returns for their contributions. Drawing on political philosophy, economic theory, and historical analysis, the paper establishes the theoretical foundations for recognizing human capital as a distinct form of capital deserving sovereign protection. The framework addresses the historical evolution of economic arrangements from feudalism to contemporary capitalism, engages with diverse economic theories including transaction cost economics and knowledge problems, and incorporates empirical evidence on growing disparities between financial and human capital returns. The paper develops a taxonomy of human capital contributions and metrics for their valuation, addresses competing conceptions of justice including libertarian perspectives, and establishes normative principles for economic arrangements that honor human dignity. By reconceptualizing economic relationships through the lens of sovereignty rather than mere efficiency or abstract rights, this framework provides a foundation for more equitable economic arrangements that align with democratic values and human flourishing.
... Technical evolution is usually characterized Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity by periods of great experimentation followed by the acceptance of dominant design (Henderson and Clark, 1990). The second concept is that organizations build knowledge and capabilities around the recurrent tasks they perform (Nelson and winter, 1982). ...
Knowledge spanning multiple segments is essential for driving innovation, particularly during architectural shifts. Innovative firms leverage their knowledge stock to navigate competitive markets effectively. This paper illustrates that harnessing accumulated knowledge facilitates architectural innovation. Paradoxically, in the development of short life cycle products, innovation can emerge when firms abandon their accumulated knowledge. Once architectural technology is fully established, the application of architectural knowledge becomes a key driver of innovation. The findings indicate that transitioning from sequential rotation flip to simultaneous vibration feeding flip in Pick and Place results from discarding pre-existing accumulated knowledge. This paper provides deeper insights into the mechanisms behind architectural innovation.
... In the past, health professionals primarily focused on treating diseases; however, they now emphasize disease prevention and health promotion through improved lifestyles. Individuals who possess these skills take greater responsibility for their health [3,4]. Studies have shown that many psychological and social problems, such as addiction to smoking, alcohol, and drugs, reliance on psychiatric medications, antisocial behaviors, and various mental health disorders, are the result of weak life skills, requiring timely attention and intervention [5]. ...
Objective
Enhancing a community’s health is essential for societal growth and development. Life skills and a healthy lifestyle can improve mental health and overall well-being. This study investigates the relationship between life skills and general health status among service recipients of comprehensive health service centers in Khalkhal County, northwest Iran.
Results
A total of 365 participants were included in the study. The mean life skills score was 123.63 (SD = 29.32) and the mean general health score was 30.52 (SD = 15.43). A significant negative correlation was found between life skills and general health (r = -0.55, P < 0.001). Factors such as marital status, age, economic status, type of basic insurance, supplementary insurance, and underlying diseases were identified as predictors of general health. The relationship between life skills and all dimensions of general health was statistically significant (P < 0.001).
... Freeman (1987) came up with the idea of a national innovation system, which stresses that technological innovation comes from the combined efforts of businesses, the government, and research institutions. Nelson & Winter (1982), on the other hand, used evolutionary economics to come up with the path dependence theory of technological change. ...
This paper looks at how the different types of executives at STAR Market-listed companies affect their ability to come up with new ideas. It also looks at how dynamic capabilities and the changing nature of the business environment can help or hurt these effects. In the context of an innovation-driven development strategy, STAR Market is an important platform serving technology-innovative enterprises. The innovation performance of its listed companies is of enormous significance to the improvement of national innovation capabilities. As the core of corporate strategic decision-making, the heterogeneity of the executive team directly affects corporate innovation performance. This study uses 566 STAR Market-listed companies as samples and uses literature research and empirical analysis methods to measure the heterogeneity of the executive team from five dimensions: age, gender, tenure, education level, and professional background. The findings show that (1) differences in age, gender, and tenure are negatively related to innovation performance, while differences in education level and professional background are positively related. (2) Dynamic capabilities play a part in mediating the relationship between executive diversity and innovation performance. (3) The structure of the company and the changes in the environment have a positive impact on the first relationship. This study provides practical guidance for STAR Market companies to optimize executive team configuration, enhance dynamic capabilities, and improve corporate governance, which helps enterprises cope with environmental uncertainty and innovation performance.
... The third element of productive capacity in the UNCTAD (2006, p. 64) definition is a capability: namely, entrepreneurial capability, which refers to the collective knowledge-based ability to deploy these productive resources 'to transform inputs into outputs which can competitively meet present and future demand, and, secondly, to invest, to innovate, to upgrade products and their quality, and even to create markets.' Entrepreneurial capability manifests through observable and non-observable interaction patterns -organisational routines that serve as repositories of productive knowledge -inherently context-dependent and path-dependent (Nelson and Winter, 1982;Becker, 2003). These capabilities comprise two fundamental aspects: core competencies (the routine knowledge to operate existing facilities) and technological capabilities (the ability to reconfigure competencies to enhance productivity and competitiveness). ...
This paper develops and applies a novel systemic framework for analysing the capacities and capabilities required for successful mission-oriented innovation policies. The framework identifies six critical dimensions where both structural capacities and dynamic capabilities must align: state, technical-administrative, policy, scientific-technological, industrial and demand dimensions. We demonstrate how specific capacities and capabilities contribute to policy outcomes through an explanatory case study of Brazil’s Inova programme, particularly comparing the PAISS Industrial (bioethanol) and Inova Petro (oil and gas) subprogrammes. While PAISS Industrial’s success stemmed from strong alignment across all dimensions and effective mobilisation of existing capabilities, Inova Petro struggled, despite substantial
resources, due to misalignment between technical requirements and industry capabilities,
coupled with limited market-shaping mechanisms. The analysis reveals that successful mission�oriented policies require not just individual capacities and capabilities, but their systematic
alignment and effective mobilisation across all dimensions. Furthermore, sophisticated design
and implementation capabilities are central in translating capacity into impact, particularly when
building upon previous experiences. The findings have significant implications for policy design,
suggesting that mission-oriented policies should consider existing capacities and capabilities,
while simultaneously serving as vehicles for developing new ones through implementation.
... 7 In this stage, humans identify and clarify problem elements through scope reduction and modularization into manageable subproblems (Baumann, Schmidt, & Stieglitz, 2019). In the solution search stage, humans generate candidate solutions in the search space, frequently through recombining existing knowledge (Fleming, 2001;Nelson & Winter, 1982), then focusing on evaluating and selecting the most promising solutions (Posen et al., 2018). ...
The rapid emergence of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) is profoundly transforming the nature of work and organizations, challenging prevalent views of AI as primarily enabling prediction and optimization. This paper argues that GenAI represents a qualitative shift that necessitates a fundamental reassessment of AI's role in management and organizations. By identifying and analyzing four critical dimensions ─ (i) GenAI's broad applicability as a general-purpose technology; (ii) its ability to catalyze exploratory and combinatorial innovation; (iii) its capacity to enhance cognitive diversity and decision-making; and (iv) its democratizing effect on AI adoption and value creation ─ the paper highlights GenAI's potential to augment and scale human creativity, learning, and innovation. Building on insights from the AI and management literature, as well as on theory of human-AI agency, the paper develops a novel perspective that challenges the dominant efficiency-oriented narrative. It proposes that a human-complementary approach to GenAI development and implementation, leveraging it as a generative catalyst for exploration, can enable radically increased creativity, innovation, and growth. GenAI’s democratizing aspects can amplify these mechanisms, promoting widely shared growth when combined with appropriate policy and managerial choices. Implications for theory, practice, and future research directions are discussed, drawing attention to the need for approaches in GenAI development and deployment that are complementary rather than competitive to human beings. The paper concludes by discussing the theoretical, practical, and policy implications of this transformative technology. It outlines future research directions, emphasizing the critical role of human agency in determining the organizational, societal, and ethical outcomes associated with AI adoption and implementation.
... We further measure changes in RC between consecutive acquisitions, considering such changes as indicative of a learning curve (Barkema & Schijven, 2008). In other words, borrowing from evolutionary theory (Nelson & Winter, 1982), we assume that within-acquisition changes (i.e., differences between codified and implemented routines) represent an attempt to adapt to focal conditions, whereas between-acquisition changes represent learning, that is, efforts to integrate incremental modifications into a routine's codification. ...
The post‐merger integration (PMI) phase of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) can determine M&A success. Little is known about how organizations refine their PMI routines with accumulated M&A experience. This study proposes a process model of PMI‐routine development, where the outcomes of routines enacted in earlier acquisitions shape routines in subsequent acquisitions. We test the model using 312 instances of routine implementation, across five consecutive acquisitions by the same acquiring company, and make two key scholarly contributions. First, we advance prior research by identifying how a routine's level of complexity moderates the association between routine adherence and routine outcomes. Second, we elucidate the effect of learning from failure—uncovering a learning process with performance feedback as input. Specifically, negative routine outcomes at the focal acquisition strengthened the positive effect of the improvisation (low adherence) enacted in the focal acquisition on the subsequent modifications to the codified routine, which are likely to improve its performance in future acquisitions.
... Transition studies emerged in the late 1980s at the intersection of evolutionary economics (Nelson and Winter 1982), science and technology studies (Bijker, Hughes, and Pinch 1987), and ecological modernization theory (Spaargaren and Mol 1992). Moving beyond the techno-determinism of modernization thinking, it emphasized that social, technological, industrial, institutional, and cultural factors coevolve in the transformation of foundational infrastructure sectors like energy, food, water, or transport. ...
... Agent-based modelling techniques have some distinctive advantages and drawbacks when compared to non-computational modelling (Tesfatsion 2003;Tesfatsion and Judd 2006), one of their strengths being the possibility to represent heterogeneous agents interacting locally in the presence of path dependencies. My approach draws inspiration from evolutionary theories of innovation (Nelson and Winter 2009;Cantner and Hanusch 2002. As concrete examples of applying such theoretical framework to the analysis of a specific market, see Cantner (2007) and Cantner et al. (2019)) and from studies that model product spaces to analyse competition among firms with differentiated products and product innovation (Dawid 2006;Kiesling et al. 2012). ...
Online marketplace providers such as Amazon may also offer own-brand products, in this way competing with third-party traders on their platform. Moreover they may exploit nonpublic data on third-party sales to identify opportunities for profit and design their own products, thus engaging in a form of partial imitation that is exclusive to them. Such an asymmetry in the ability to imitate has led to advocating for stricter regulation of online platforms in order to limit their ability to exploit nonpublic data. I propose a dynamic simulation model to study the effects of insider imitation by a platform provider under product differentiation. Using different parametrizations, I am able to show how such a market may evolve in time with or without the presence of insider imitation under different initial conditions. The model also allows to account for subsequent innovation via imitation (which I refer to as copy-and-be-copied dynamics), an aspect not considered by previous studies. These results add to the existing literature and cast further doubts on current regulatory approaches aiming at limiting data exploitation. Results suggest that the presence of insider imitation is unlikely to lead to smaller consumer welfare and larger market concentration and should not be banned on the grounds of standard antitrust concerns.
... Innovation doesn't happen by accident within our example companies. They have developed 'routines' -patterns of behaviour which become embedded in core processes, structures and policies -they become 'the way we do things around here' (Nelson and Winter, 1982). It is no coincidence that the websites of all of these companies make reference at the top level to the importance of their 'innovation culture' -not as a throwaway line but as something which shapes and guides behaviour within those organizations. ...
This paper explores the case of Hidden Champion firms and in particular looks at the role which innovation plays in enabling them to sustain their position as internationally competitive organizations over a long period. It draws on primary and secondary material to explore six cases in detail and identifies five key attributes which make up their ‘innovation capability’ – building a strong knowledge base, developing extensive high performing networks of collaborators, embedding innovation routines to enable them to repeat the innovation trick, wide exploration of available innovation space and developing dynamic capability – the ability to review, reconfigure and change their innovation models and approaches to suit a constantly changing external environment.
... In other words, the LSTM architecture consists of memory blocks that are recursively connected. These blocks were designed to maintain their state over time and control the flow of information through non-linear gate units [19]. The purpose of this section is to describe the mechanisms of the LSTM model. ...
In today's business world, artificial intelligence as a new technology has provided dynamic and flexible capabilities in organizational decision-making processes, considering that organizational decision-making often faces challenges due to the complexity and multiplicity of factors affecting it. The application of artificial intelligence as A powerful tool can be effective in improving the organizational decision-making process and improving the performance of organizational managers. Artificial intelligence is one of the popular and widely used new sciences in almost all aspects of life and can do things faster and more accurately. The numerous advantages of artificial intelligence and its wide applications today are not hidden from anyone. Financial services companies are constantly looking for ways to gain superiority in the capital market and surpass their competitors. To do this, companies are moving away from old systems and models They adopt a more agile business that includes artificial intelligence techniques in capital markets, artificial intelligence in financial markets and machine learning (ML). In capital markets, companies use artificial intelligence and ML projects in coordination with RPA robotic process automation technologies to meet customer requests, speed up financial market analysis, and more accurately identify risk in the business process.
... Similarly, Koning et al. (2021) find that female researchers focus more on women's health and are more likely to highlight female-focused ideas compared to their male counterparts. According to evolutionary economics studies, organizations with a broader and more diverse knowledge base tend to have superior problem-solving routines, wider search activities (Dosi, 1988;Nelson & Winter, 1982), and an enhanced ability to absorb and leverage external knowledge sources (Braunerhjelm & Svensson, 2010;Cohen & Levinthal, 1990). Empirically, most studies find a positive relationship between gender diversity and innovation performance. ...
Based on a unique dataset of China’s granted patents, we explore the role of inventors’ gender diversity in patent transfers. We find that city-level inventor-gender diversity promotes patent transfer. Using data from China’s 283 prefectural cities, our mechanism analysis reveals that that a gender-diverse inventor group is better at producing radical innovations and forming larger R&D collaboration networks, especially for cross-regional collaboration, which increases the commercial potential and lowers transaction costs of patents. We also find that the cultural contexts, including male-offspring preference, religion, and Confucian cultures, mediate the effect of inventor-gender diversity on patent transfers. Our findings illustrate that increasing the participation of women in scientific and technological careers benefits the commercialization of intellectual property.
... The latter dimension focus on the recombination of pre-existing knowledge elements. This perspective stems from the idea that scientific novelty arises from the recombination of theories, methodologies, question, data and topics (Guetzkow et al. 2004;Nelson & Winter 1982), inspired by the Schumpeter (1934) recombination theory. For example, the birth of the first usable computer mouse is attributed to the combination of electronics and the trackball (Hargadon & Sutton 1997). ...
Novelty evaluation is vital for the promotion and management of innovation. With the advancement of information techniques and the open data movement, some progress has been made in novelty measurements. Tracking and reviewing novelty measures provides a data-driven way to assess contributions, progress, and emerging directions in the science field. As academic papers serve as the primary medium for the dissemination, validation, and discussion of scientific knowledge, this review aims to offer a systematic analysis of novelty measurements for scientific papers. We began by comparing the differences between scientific novelty and four similar concepts, including originality, scientific innovation, creativity, and scientific breakthrough. Next, we reviewed the types of scientific novelty. Then, we classified existing novelty measures according to data types and reviewed the measures for each type. Subsequently, we surveyed the approaches employed in validating novelty measures and examined the current tools and datasets associated with these measures. Finally, we proposed several open issues for future studies.
... The latter dimension focuses on the recombination of pre-existing knowledge elements. This perspective stems from the idea that scientific novelty arises from the recombination of theories, methodologies, question, data and topics (Guetzkow et al., 2004;Nelson & Winter, 1982), inspired by the Schumpeter (1934) recombination theory. For example, the birth of the first usable computer mouse is attributed to the combination of electronics and the trackball (Hargadon & Sutton, 1997). ...
Novelty evaluation is vital for the promotion and management of innovation. With the advancement of information techniques and the open data movement, some progress has been made in novelty measurements. Tracking and reviewing novelty measures provides a data-driven way to assess contributions, progress, and emerging directions in the science field. As academic papers serve as the primary medium for the dissemination, validation, and discussion of scientific knowledge, this review aims to offer a systematic analysis of novelty measurements for scientific papers. We began by comparing the differences between scientific novelty and four similar concepts, including originality, scientific innovation, creativity, and scientific breakthrough. Next, we reviewed the types of scientific novelty. Then, we classified existing novelty measures according to data types and reviewed the measures for each type. Subsequently, we surveyed the approaches employed in validating novelty measures and examined the current tools and datasets associated with these measures. Finally, we proposed several open issues for future studies.
... They also distinguished between exploitative learning, building on existing resources, and explorative learning, which integrates new resources and alters old ways of doing business. Learning, in turn, can lead to the establishment of patterned routines among a set of actors within the organization (Nelson & Winter, 1982). Complementary routines of continual improvement and experimentation help foster differentiated superordinary capabilities, i.e., signature processes (Dosi, 1988). ...
This essay revisits my 2014 JIBS article about the potential for integrating international business internalization theory with a strategic management capabilities perspective. It recaps the capabilities framework with an emphasis on the learning required of emerging market multinationals and illustrates this with the case of Hyundai Motor Company’s internationalization and growth. It also discusses two aspects of the global economy that have become more prominent since 2014 in shaping international business: geopolitical uncertainty and digitalization. A rise in geopolitical tensions appears to be rebalancing the relationships between multinationals and home/host governments. Digitalization facilitates international business; but it adds new vulnerabilities by (further) accelerating competition, enabling new rivals, and introducing systemic risks into digital supply chains. Implications for managers, board members, and international business scholars are drawn.
... Модель Нельсона-Вінтера [18] описує технологічні зміни та еволюцію компаній в результаті їх адаптації через наслідування успішних стратегій і інновацій. Згідно методології авторів, компанії шукають інноваційні (або імітаційні) рішення для збільшення своїх прибутків, при цьому успішні фірми ростуть за рахунок менш успішних. ...
... Social learning-drawing from Wenger's (2000) community of practice theory, Bandura's (1977) social learning theory, and Nelson and Winter's (1982) evolutionary theory of economic change involves learning from each other (observation, sharing of knowledge, and imitation) and learning with each other (creating shared or divergent understanding and meaning-making) in a connected social setting (e.g., Kemp et al. 2007;Rauschmayer et al. 2015 Social learning is informed by the diverse values, knowledge, and interests of the multistakeholder environment (Van Mierlo and Beers 2020). Learning with each other can either serve the role of integrating perspectives and creating interdependence among actors for acting in concert or embracing the diversity of perspectives for innovation and generating alternative pathways for transitions; however, the general perception is that STs require balancing between consensus and conflict, as both elements serve a purpose (Van Mierlo and Beers 2020; Scholz and Methner 2020). ...
This study explores the significance of individual learning in the context of sustainability transitions and examines the possibilities of augmenting human capabilities with artificial intelligence (AI). Looking beyond the predominant collective learning focus, this study presents an integrative literature review that elucidates the underlying factors (paradigm, learning needs, and competencies) and mechanisms (multilevel situational mechanisms; action formation mechanism of the combinatory learning process; and transformational mechanisms of evolutionary and relational nature) that influence the process and role of individual learning in the multilevel embedded context of sustainability transitions. A conceptual framework is developed to discuss the human-centric alignment of AI with these elements. The analysis identifies key points where AI can synergistically enhance the learning process, particularly in the restructuring of learning spaces and the facilitation of learning approaches that improve competency development. Conversely, potential risks are identified in the fitting management of the decentralized application of AI into learning processes, necessitating AI literacy to result in empowered agency. The results highlight the imperative to thoughtfully navigate the creation of human–AI-empowered learning systems by leveraging both systemic and individual perspectives for transparency for the optimized alignment of roles and responsibilities between humans and AI in the creation of an improved learning function necessary to steer sustainability transitions.
... Innovation can be understood as a process in which social actors create, absorb and recombine different knowledge sets to generate new products and processes, which may be proximate to the extant knowledge (Nelson and Winter 1982;Weitzman 1998). As not all types of knowledge may readily be recombined, the concept of proximity is useful for understanding how agents deal with problems of coordination and uncertainty and increase their capacity for learning from others (Boschma 2005;Torre and Rallet 2005). ...
Cognitive proximity between firms, and their position in relation to other firms in a knowledge space, can influence firms' innovation performance. While some studies have begun analysing this in developing countries, there is a dearth of evidence in Africa, and more generally for small and especially micro enterprises as well as for informal enterprises. To fill this gap, we utilise rich new survey data covering 711 micro and small manufacturing firms in Johannesburg, South Africa. We develop and apply a novel multidimensional measure of cognitive proximity, using information on the skills most needed in firms' activities, firms' proximity in an industrial space, and the types of external co‐operation in which they engage. We find that cognitive proximity is positively associated with innovation outcomes. Although this relationship is increasing for most of the sample, there is evidence of an inverted‐U relationship for firms located at higher percentiles, suggesting that too much proximity may lead to a cognitive lock‐in. Firms' knowledge space position is also associated with differential innovation outcomes. In extensions of the model, we find interesting differences in how both cognitive proximity and knowledge space positions are associated with the degree of innovation novelty and also vary according to whether the firm is formal or informal.
... Furthermore, scholars such as Grissemann et al. (2013) and Hurley and Hult (1998) highlight that an inherent aspect of strategic orientation is the openness to new ideas, indicative of an organizational culture and commitment that fosters the introduction of innovative products and services. In line with evolutionary economics, we argue that new knowledge not only enhances existing paths but also facilitates the creation of new trajectories (Nelson and Winter, 1982). This framework underpins our hypothesis that strategic orientation plays a pivotal role in driving innovation within firms. ...
Purpose
Despite the well-documented relationship between innovativeness and performance, the roles of strategic orientation and strategic learning within this relationship remain underexplored. This study aims to contribute to bridging this gap by leveraging organizational learning theory and the resource-based view. We explore how strategic orientation and strategic learning interact with innovativeness to enhance firm performance, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of these complex interrelations.
Design/methodology/approach
We conducted a mixed-method field study, beginning by collecting survey responses from senior managers at 165 four- and five-star hotels across four Gulf Cooperation Council countries. After analyzing this data, we conducted five in-depth interviews with managers to further explore specific research questions that our initial deductive analysis did not address.
Findings
The study results, including a post hoc analysis of in-depth interviews, show that strategic learning and innovativeness are critical success factors for hotels. Unexpectedly, strategic orientation did not play a significant role in this study, and it seems that hotels facing hostile market conditions, such as pandemics and political crises, become more oriented to focus on short-term initiatives to help them survive.
Practical implications
In the post-COVID-19 era, hotels are recognizing the significance of embracing innovations like biometric technology to ensure seamless and safe customer experiences. Managers need to cultivate an innovative culture through strategic learning, supported by evidence of its positive impact on service performance. Enhancing innovativeness in hospitality requires understanding key drivers and fostering organizational contexts conducive to innovation. Incorporating strategic orientation with strategic learning is essential for successful innovation and improved hotel performance, presenting a challenge for both scholars and managers.
Originality/value
This study underscores the importance of strategic learning in enhancing hotel performance through innovativeness, emphasizing its role as a critical mediator in the hospitality industry’s dynamic landscape.
... Yrityksen kyvyt ja päätöksentekoon käytetyt logiikat kehittyvät sekä tietoisten ongelmanratkaisuprosessien että satunnaisten tapahtumien kautta. (Nelson & Winter 1982, s. 4, 12, 13) Pottsin (2000) mukaan yritysten valikoituminen markkinaolosuhteissa ei suosi vain kaikkein kannattavimpia yrityksiä vaan riittävän kannattavia. Jotta markkinoilla voi tapahtua evolutionaarista valintaa, tulee siellä olla vaihtelua eli variaatiota. ...
Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan tietovirtoja ja kommunikaatiota kolmiulotteisen käsitteellisen mallin kautta. Mallin avulla voidaan käsitteellistää ja analysoida organisaation näkökulmasta sisään tulevia tietovirtoja, organisaation sisäisiä ja organisaatiosta ulospäin suuntautuvia tietovirtoja. Tietovirrat ovat välttämättömiä kun tietoa siirretään organisaatiossa henkilöiden välillä. Tiedonsiirtoa ja tietovirtoja havaitaan monella eri tasolla: yksilöiden välillä, yksilöiden ja tietovarastojen välillä, yksilöiden ja ryhmien välillä, ryhmien välillä ja niiden sisällä sekä ryhmien ja koko organisaation välillä. Kommunikaatioprosessit ja informaatiovirrat muodostavat yhdessä ne organisaation tietovirrat, joiden avulla tietoa siirretään paikasta ja muodosta toiseen. Tietovirtojen ja kommunikaatioprosessien muodostaman kompleksisen verkoston hallinta muodostaa perustan myöhemmin tässä artikkelissa esiteltävälle kompleksisuusperustaiselle tietojohtamiselle (Complexity-Based Knowledge Management, CBKM).
... Yrityksen kyvyt ja päätöksentekoon käytetyt logiikat kehittyvät sekä tietoisten ongelmanratkaisuprosessien että satunnaisten tapahtumien kautta. (Nelson & Winter 1982, s. 4, 12, 13) Pottsin (2000) mukaan yritysten valikoituminen markkinaolosuhteissa ei suosi vain kaikkein kannattavimpia yrityksiä vaan riittävän kannattavia. Jotta markkinoilla voi tapahtua evolutionaarista valintaa, tulee siellä olla vaihtelua eli variaatiota. ...
... Thus, as a firm accumulates experience, it gets better at reaping gains from subsequent experience, and it can use this improved learning ability to respond better and faster to market change than competitors with less experience. Firms that fail to invest in organizational learning, on the other hand, are likely to exhibit considerable inertia, and will struggle to catch up to those with absorptive capacity even if they have access to the same data (Cohen and Levinthal, 1990;Nelson and Winter, 1982;Schilling, 1998;2002;Sosa, 2009;Tripsas and Gavetti, 2000). ...
Strategy and innovation scholars are increasingly concerned about the market power of successful digital platforms—and so are the authorities tasked with regulating the so-called Big Tech companies. This raises the question: What has allowed these digital platforms to enjoy such sustained and expanded positions of market leadership? Building from and extending upon the increasing returns to adoption literature, this article develops a framework of digital dominance. The framework explains how firms’ adoption and use of digital technologies such as big data analytics and cloud streaming has enabled two shifts in the underlying drivers of increasing returns to adoption. First, digitization facilitates a transition away from forcing sharp generational breaks to hypercontinuous innovation, enabling uninterrupted network externalities and impeding substitution. Second, firms’ learning orientation has shifted from the supply to the demand side, which has amplified customer switching costs and enhances platforms’ ability to adapt to market change. These shifts also do not act in isolation; there are powerful feedback mechanisms that help to further entrench and expand the dominance of these firms and their platforms. The framework contributes to the strategic management literature and offers implications for policy makers.
... A new impetus for the development of spatial economics emerged in the 1980s and was associated, on the one hand, with technical and scientific achievementsthe ability to carry out more complex computational operations, the development of an evolutionary approach in economics [Nelson, Winter, 1982;Dosi et al., 1988], and on the other hand, with changes in the environment in which economic entities operate due to the spread of ICT ("communication shrinkage"), falling transport costs ("death of distance"), and the transformation of the geopolitical landscape (the collapse of the colonial system and the subsequent capital expansion of transnational companies). ...
The interdisciplinary nature of modern economic research contributes to the growing scientific popularity of spatial economics, which performs as an integrator when exploring various objects. The paper aims at investigating the explanatory potential of spatial economics in relation to the economic well-being of municipalities. Methodologically the study relies on a host of theories forming the foundation of spatial economics. The methods include the abstract logical method, deduction and induction. The study identifies and analyses five stages in the evolution of the theoretical basis of spatial economics and shows the spatial aspect of creating municipalities’ economic well-being, which manifests itself in maintaining the economic activity in the territory as well as its population and is based on the reproduction process. The reproduction process then is a space-forming one, while such parameters as distance (connectedness), (dis)advantages of location, and distribution (concentration) reflect spatial inclusiveness of a municipality, presence of objects either increasing the risks of its development or its attractiveness, and the limits of territorial capacity, respectively. These parameters can also be applied to determine the level of municipalities’ economic well-being. The findings may underlie the development of a research methodology and a method for measuring the level of municipalities’ economic well-being.
Innovation-based economy has become a major driver of economic growth in various countries. Innovation, especially in the form of technological advancement, contributes to increased productivity, efficiency, and global competitiveness. This study is a literature analysis that explores the relationship between technology and economic growth, by reviewing previous studies that discuss the impact of innovation on the industrial sector, workforce, and economic policy. The results of the review show that the application of digital technology, automation, and artificial intelligence play a significant role in creating a more dynamic and adaptive economic model. In addition, investment in research and development (R&D) and policies that support the innovation ecosystem are key factors in driving sustainable economic growth. However, challenges such as the technology gap and human resource readiness are still obstacles in the implementation of an innovation-based economy. This study is expected to provide insight for policy makers and academics in developing economic strategies based on technological innovation.
South Africa has much in common with Eastern Europe and Russia in that the reforms of the early 1990s opened markets to those previously excluded. These adjustments in the context of geopolitics, globalization, financial instability and climate change create special problems for country innovation systems. This contribution unpacks the forces in play and provides an overview of the state of South Africa’s modest-sized innovation system that supports her as ‘The Gateway to Africa’ and partner among the BRICS. Resource path dependence remains, endogenous factors include labour militancy, unstable power supply and low private sector confidence. STI policy has brought some coherence to the complexity by promoting big science and basic research. STI indicators are tabulated and system strengths are identified. Innovation actors have risen to the challenge through a number of open innovation projects that include organised labour and that are designed to address efficiency and effectiveness. The private sector, as in the past, is able to marshal forces where survival dictates.
Purpose
Scholars and practitioners have shown significant interest in the drivers of organizational survival. Black swan events, such as COVID-19, emphasize the salience of strategic renewal in ensuring organizational survival. However, consensus on the understanding of strategic renewal is limited. This study aims to achieve conceptual clarity on the definition of strategic renewal and synthesizes empirical evidence to articulate an integrative framework about the determinants of strategic renewal.
Design/methodology/approach
A mixed methodology combining bibliometric and systematic review was arranged to frame extant scholarly knowledge on strategic renewal. Altogether, 43 empirical studies were selected based on their relevance to identify the drivers of strategic renewal and arrange an integrative framework.
Findings
The review enabled the authors to identify 15 factors driving strategic renewal, which were categorized into three levels: strategic, organizational and managerial. An integrative framework was developed, representing the most influential factors at each stage of strategic renewal.
Originality/value
Fragmentation characterizing research about strategic renewal generates ambiguities that blur its conceptualization. Heterogeneous views and lack of consensus hamper the advancement of scientific knowledge in this domain. This integrative review advances the understanding of the drivers of strategic renewal. Furthermore, the integrative framework offers scholars and practitioners a comprehensive visual map of the strategic renewal process, enhancing the practical application of this concept. It also provides researchers with a foundation for generating innovative research questions and initiating future studies.
Las políticas de ciencia y tecnología deben considerarse como centrales para impulsar el crecimiento y desarrollo económico en los países periféricos. Desde los años 70s las propuestas en Latinoamérica iban encaminadas al impulso de la modernización e industrialización de ciertos sectores, sin lograr los resultados esperados. En este libro se presentan cuatro textos que versan sobre cómo las visiones dominantes sobre la ciencia y tecnología tienen límites de aplicación y se reflexiona además de la manera en que la formación de personal altamente calificado puede ser un hito clave en el impulso de industrias en sectores tecnológicos estratégicos. En los cuatro textos restantes se analiza la manera en que el sistema internacional de patentes limita o facilita los procesos de innovación en los países periféricos, con consecuencias negativas, en la mayoría de los casos para países con mayor atraso científico-tecnológico.
Novel research drives scientific and technological progress, yet it is widely recognized that its impact is inherently risky-prone to extreme outcomes. A critical gap persists in understanding what distinguishes novel research that achieves high impact ('"hits") from that which fails ('"flops"). Using chemical substances in biomedical research, this paper examines the role of problem complexity in shaping the risk associated with novel research.Highly novel papers addressing complex problems are more likely to achieve high impact without an increased likelihood of being flops, gain immediate recognition, foster interdisciplinary impact, and attract more patent citations. These findings provide a new perspective on the risk-reward relationship in novel research, with implications for resource allocation in science.
O artigo tem como principal objetivo realizar uma discussão teórica sobre o estado da arte da abordagem evolucionária no âmbito da Geografia Econômica, destacando seus pilares, principais conceitos, críticas e limitações. Também são abordadas as contribuições das demais vertentes da Geografia Econômica – Institucionalista, Relacional e Economia Política – que podem auxiliar na superação das lacunas existentes na GEE, culminando com a proposta de uma Geografia Econômica Evolucionária desenvolvimentista alicerçada no pluralismo engajado. A principal contribuição do estudo é propor um framework conceitual no âmbito da Geografia Econômica adequado à compreensão da evolução de lugares reais ao longo do tempo em perspectiva multiescalar.
Since 2016, the Chinese government has issued a series of policies, laws and regulations, providing a top-level design for big data governance. This “big data-based governance” model represents a significant theoretical innovation, as well as a notable advancement in both policy and practice within the domain of public administration. The model emphasises the utilisation of big data-related information technology by government agencies for the cataloguing of government data production, management and collection, as well as the flow of data across governmental departments. Additionally, it seeks to enhance the government’s social governance through the use of this technology. This paradigm shift in government operations, underpinned by digital transformation, signifies a paradigm shift in the realm of public administration and services. The integration of big data as a critical component of governance facilitates the enhancement of government functions across all levels of governance. The government is able to upgrade, innovate and respond to demands by using big data as a means of governance. The present paper puts forward the argument that such a practice presents a theoretical model of big data-based governance, where the focus is placed on the production, management and collection of government data, the flow of data across governmental departments and social areas, and the technical upgrading of governmentality through the use of information technology tools related to big data. To elucidate this definition, the paper presents a topological analysis of the capabilities of this “big data-based governance” model, proposing four orders of capabilities to encapsulate the essence of this model. The “zero-order capability” is primarily reflected in the establishment of the national big data platform for government affairs; the “first-order capability” refers to the various types of data resources for government affairs; the “second-order capability” is the development of various data-based application services and systems on the basis of the data resources of the “first-order capability”; finally, the “third-order capability” is future-oriented, which can be termed as the “fifth paradigm of governance”. The concept encompasses the utilisation of big data, algorithms and artificial intelligence to train a large governance model (LGM) based on big data. This model can facilitate the implementation of certain mechanisms that enable autonomous decision-making.
The new evidence provided by the codification of intangible assets in national accounts and firm statistics provides the opportunity to test the Schumpeterian creative response hypothesis according to which (i) the generation and exploitation of knowledge are characterized by high levels of risk, (ii) firms in equilibrium are reluctant to undertake risky activities, (iii) the farther away from equilibrium conditions, the stronger the firm’s willingness to introduce innovation, (iv) the creative response effect is heterogeneous across firm size, age, and industry technological content. Empirical evidence for publicly listed companies in the US during 1977–2016 confirms a U-shaped relationship between out-of-equilibrium performance and intangible intensity growth. Moreover, we estimate a deeper U-shaped relationship between performance and growth in intangibles intensity for small and young firms and, on average, for firms in high-tech industries. Our results are robust to different econometric tests performed on alternative samples. An original instrumental variable strategy further strengthens the validity of our results. We conclude that the firm creative response is an out-of-equilibrium phenomenon, stronger in the case of disappointing performances and sharper for small, young, and high-tech firms.
Entrepreneurship has been expunged from contemporary mainstream economics despite being an important driver and cause of economic development and growth. However, whereas Evolutionary Economics recognizes value-creative entrepreneurship, its role and impact tend to still be understated and the vast implications not fully understood. This Element attempts to remedy this by theorizing on how entrepreneurship impacts and drives market economies, the implications for economic change and renewal, and how the pursuit of new value creation determines the evolution of an economy. We find that allowing for entrepreneurial new value creation – innovative entrepreneurship – produces a different and more dynamic understanding of the market as a process, the role of knowledge and uncertainty, economic evolution and progress, as well as has important implications for political economy.
This study investigates the determinants of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the Korea Composite Stock Price Index (KOSPI) listed firms based on the theoretical arguments of trait-based imitation in uncertainty. This study assumes that an organization’s decision-making occurs under bounded rationality and acquires social legitimacy by past behavior or by imitating other organizations to reduce uncertainty. We used an unbalanced panel data of 6,364 observations from 464 firms from 2000 to 2019 using KIS Value, TS2000, and disclosed business reports to test our research hypotheses. The fixed-effects model results for the unbalanced panel data are as follows:
Firms that had been active in CSR in the past tended to participate more actively in CSR. Also, firms execute CSR more actively if other firms with similar status show a high level of CSR. These results reveal that firms imitate corporate decision-making in their experience or similar-status firms’ activities. In addition, corporate image advertising positively moderates the relationship between the organization’s CSR and those of companies in similar positions.
This study has significance in that it further expanded the scope of theoretical explanation by introducing the theoretical argument that CSR is an act of decision-making in uncertainties and trait-based imitation made under bounded rationality. Furthermore, this study provides an empirical basis for further research on CSR by determining the variables that induce CSR.
For a long time, technical standards were part of the background noise in business and society. Their importance to innovation and growth has been underestimated. With the spread of the ISO 9000 family of standards, it became clear that there can be different opinions on their definition and implementation. Standards are not a priori “normal,” they require the so-called normalization discourses that are linked to the power of definition. This connection has finally become clear with the transformation to a service and knowledge economy. The structure of its value creation is based on subjectivity and interaction, while standards aim at objectification. At present, digitalization is rapidly changing not only value creation but also social life. Those who set standards at an early stage have globally irreversible positions of power. As a result, the standardization process is finally coming out of the shadows and becoming the subject of geopolitical discourse. All this will be discussed primarily on the basis of experiences, observations, and research in Germany.
The economies of the Central and Eastern European countries have suffered a significant decline as a result of the geopolitical changes of 1989-90. A number of enterprises with low efficiency, obsolete technology and product structure closed down. The lack of new productive capacity led to a sharp rise in unemployment. The recession, inflation and employment problems particularly affected Hungary's regions. A series of social enterprises have been set up to improve employment in disadvantaged municipalities, as a result of local and government initiatives. In their study, the authors review their spatial distribution, their impact on the local economy and society, and the challenges related to the sustainability of their operations.
The purpose of this study is to use the resource-based view and contingency theory to examine the relationships between export market orientation (EMO), marketing capabilities (MKTC), and export performance (EP). Additionally, we analyze the effects of company resources (size, years of exporting activity, number of foreign markets served, and the existence of an export department) and environmental conditions (market turbulence and competitive intensity) on export market orientation. The proposed model and research hypotheses are tested using a partial least squares path methodology, with data collected from 249 Greek exporting companies. Results indicate that all company resources, except the years of exporting activity, and both environmental conditions influence EMO and that EMO determines EP both directly and indirectly through MKTC. These results extend previous empirical findings on the role of EMO in the Greek market and provide valuable insights on the effects of both internal and external conditions on the strategic behavior of exporting companies, that can help firms improve their export performance.
This monograph is about how recent advances in information technology and communication capabilities have changed and have the potential to change organizations. We adopt the perspective of organizations as processors of knowledge that collect, create, combine and/or analyze data through information technology (IT) to locate and coordinate decisions, improve performance evaluations, and enhance interest alignment (Fig. 1). We distinguish between information communication and information processing technologies. Pivotal to our framework is whether IT improves coordination or improves incentives, and thereby the extent of (de)centralization. We document that evidence on IT’s effect on (de)centralization is ambiguous, but reconcile how advanced IT may improve decisions and lower agency costs (Fig. 2). Complementarities thus feature strongly in our rendering of IT’s effects on organizational design. We end with some suggestions, such as the need to consider the lifecycle of IT effects, acknowledging the slow and complex, though pervasive, nature of technology adoption in organizations.
This research explores the synergistic relationship between economic policy, corporate strategy, and technological advancements in fostering sustainable growth in emerging economies. As these nations face unique challenges, such as infrastructural gaps, resource constraints, and rapidly evolving global markets, the alignment of policy frameworks, corporate objectives, and technological innovation becomes cru-96 cial. This study analyzes how cohesive economic policies can incentivize corporate strategies that leverage technology for competitive advantage, driving productivity and inclusive growth. It also highlights the role of government regulations in creating an ecosystem conducive to innovation and entrepreneurship. By examining case studies of emerging markets, this paper offers insights into optimizing resource allocation, fostering technological adoption, and aligning corporate strategies with long-term development goals. The findings suggest that a unified, integrative approach is essential for unlocking the full potential of emerging economies in the global marketplace.
In adaptive organizations, there are strong cultural norms of social interaction that foster two-way communications and listening skills and give take advice giving, to enhance knowledge transfer among teams and individuals. Such norms use docility mechanisms, a social construct that empowers knowledge diffusion in both explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge based on experience, training, and cultivation of craft skills. Adaptive organizations combine both explicit knowledge and routines to assure optimal output, and a social culture to seek innovative measures where high docility and social interaction are central adaptive mechanisms. This paper explores the role of celebrity chefs who, as purveyors of haute cuisine in food culture, achieve global reputations by their training, expertise and knowledge of food habits, and cultivating junior chefs using docility mechanisms and high social interaction. Through TV competitions and cooking programs, they serve as examples of docility and social learning, requiring non-hierarchical collaboration to transfer knowledge between those who want to learn and those who want to teach.
In the 21st century, the aims and purposes of the university in contemporary societies have evolved to adapt to global changes and challenges. Universities generate and promote knowledge. New findings produced through scientific, technological, humanistic and artistic research make universities paradigmatic organizations. This knowledge emerges through teaching, publications and is deployed to communities through extension.
One of the most relevant tasks of the university is the promotion of research and development of new technologies and the search for solutions to social, economic and environmental problems. Through technology transfer, universities facilitate innovation through collaboration with industries, governments and other institutions. Undoubtedly, these organizations contribute to the economic and social development of communities and can participate in them as a prominent actor in issues of public health, education, environmental sustainability and community development. However, knowledge mobilization is a relevant function in universities, but there are few experiences in universities. It is necessary to develop strategies for social mobilization of knowledge to improve the quality of life of societies and to solve social problems.
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