National Environmental Summary -Grenada

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National Environmental Summary
Grenada
2010
United Nations Environment Programme

The National Environmental Summary (NES) for Grenada has been developed by UNEP, with
financing from the European Community (EC). It serves as an information tool to support the
incorporation of environment as a thematic component into the United Nations Common
Country Assessment (CCA) and the United Nations Development Assistance Framework
(UNDAF) initiatives. This environmental summary is intended to provide a critical analysis of
gaps and opportunities that exist within policies, programmes and the national legislative
framework all of which are used to address the major environmental issues within the context
of poverty reduction and development.
The contributions and support provided through the consultation process by the various
Government agencies, regional organizations and international agencies working in and for
Grenada are well acknowledged. In particular, the assistance provided by Ms. Helen Roden,
Permanent Secretary (ag), Ministry of Environment, Foreign Trade and Export Development in
facilitating the consultation is much appreciated.
UNEP/ROLAC (Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean)
Coordination and Technical Supervision:
Mark Griffith, PhD Senior Programme Officer, UNEP-ROLAC
Technical Review:
Graciela Metternicht, PhD, Regional Coordinator, Division of Early Warning and Assessment
UNEP-ROLAC
Author:
Asha Singh, PhD – Independent Consultant
Prepared for
John WILSON ecoNaturalResourcesManagmentConsulting
Photo Credit on Cover Page:
Asha Singh, 2010

BNTF Basic Needs Trust Fund
CARICOM Caribbean Community Secretariat
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CDB Caribbean development Bank
CRFM Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism
EC European Community
FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation
GEF Global Environment Facility
GoG Government of Grenada
GSWMA Grenada Solid Waste Management Authority
IWCAM Integrated Watershed and Coastal Area Management
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
NAWASA National Water and Sewerage Authority
OECS Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
OAS Organisation of American States
PPDCA Physical Planning Development Control Authority
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNFCCD United Nations Framework Convention to Combat Desertification
USAID United States of America International Development
Acronyms

Executive Summary - - - - - - - - - 1
1. Introduction and Background - - - - - - - 3
2. State of the Environment and Environmental Priorities - - - 4
3. National Policy Responses - - - - - - - 7
4. International Assistance Programmes - - - - - - 11
5. Critical Gaps and Opportunities to support country environmental Priorities- 16
List of References - - - - - - - - - 19
Annex - - - - - - - - - - - 20
Table of Content

1
The National Environmental Summary (NES) for Grenada was prepared using information
gathered from a desktop review of scientific studies, national reports and documents and
from personal interviews with key environmental and technical experts working in the
various agencies and organisations in and for Grenada.
The conclusions drawn from the study identified the environmental priorities as effects of
climate change in the form of droughts, pollution, land degradation, coastal erosion,
contamination of drinking water supplies, incompatible coastal development, invasive
species and solid waste management. The consensus is that Grenada’s policy output is low
of which, many are not implemented rather they remained in draft over an extended period
of time. If the existing policies were to be updated and implemented; they will assist
immensely in responding too many of the environmental issues highlighted herein.
Coordination, corporation and clearer mandates of and among the relevant agencies are
bottlenecks to the management. In addition, the partnership with civil society and their
participation in resources management is weak leading to low level of public ownership
and greater challenge for the Government to promulgate environmental management.
Although efforts are made to increase awareness, these are not continuous because they
are highly dependent on external funding. Among the reasons identified for these
environmental problems are absence of an effective land management regime and weak
political ‘will’ to make needed policy shift for greater environmental consideration in the
development agenda. Most notably, there are many national initiatives by the Government
of Grenada responding to many of the issues however, the programme is severely hindered
by the lack of financial resources available within the government budget coupled with
limited/inadequate human capacity.
The gaps and opportunities identified during the process are tabulated under seven broad
headings and presented below.
Main Gaps/Needs
1.Resource Management
Gaps
 Inadequate scientific data on environmental indicators
 Solid Waste Management is not adequate to deal with the emerging forms of waste
 Absence of an integrated coastal and marine management regime
 Freshwater management is not a policy option
Opportunities
 For a better regime of data collection and processing which will assist in informing decision
making
 To have an integrated solid waste management policy which considers reuse and recycle
 For a greater level of importance on the management of coastal and marine area in Grenada
 For an assessment to determine Grenada`s freshwater capacity and to project how climate
Executive Summary

2
Main Gaps/Needs
change will affect this resource .Adaptation measures and awareness should be important
components in this assessment. Also attention needs to be paid to the issue of pollution of the
freshwater sources
 Need a policy to confront the issue of invasive species in an effort to contain this problem
2.Policy
Gaps
 Land use policy
 Agricultural policy
Opportunities
 To update and implement the land use policy for better land and environmental management
 Need for a policy which takes into account sustainability in food production in Grenada in an
effort to respond to the issue of livelihoods and food security
3.Monitoring of key parameters
Gaps
 Long term monitoring is absent
Opportunities
 For a coordinated monitoring programme which considers all the sectors and the issues
 For greater surveillance and control in development projects and environmental management
4. Environmental Governance: Implementation and Enforcement
Gaps
 Fragmented Policies
 Low level of enforcement of laws and regulations
 Issue of clear institutional mandate
Opportunities
 To seek greater synergies both in the actual polices and implementation among the agencies
 For greater legislative involvement (given the legal authority) to drive resource management
 For better institutional cooperation and coordination which should be formally embedded in the
institutional arrangement1
 To reform the mandates of the institutions in an integrated manner to aid better coordination
5. Environmental Governance: Legislative Framework
Gaps
 Weak and or inadequate laws
 Weak enforcement of current environment legislation
 International Obligations from MEAs are not translated adequately at the local level to reflect
the intended purposes
 Legislation adoption is weak and slow and some required regulations are absent
Opportunities
 To update laws to reflect the current issues in resource management and give adequate effect
to the law by way of necessary Regulations
 For environmental crimes to be given higher priorities by the security (police) and judiciary for
greater effect
 To harmonise legislation to fulfil and fully implement the various MEAs obligations
1
Currently the cooperation is done through informal relationship among the technical staff of the agencies and although this is working
at present, when the person leaves the portfolio (which is often the case) rebuilding that level of cooperation takes a long time, thus
stagnating the process and compromising sustained resource management

3
Main Gaps/Needs
 For the many policies and laws which are in draft to be given legal effect
6.Capacity Needs
Gaps
 Severe shortfall in capacity to pursue programmes relating to the environment
Opportunities
 To find appropriate and innovative financing mechanisms, viewing the environment as an
economic asset and formulate programmes which can derive financial from the environment
 For more human resource capacity especially in the key agencies
7. Awareness
Gaps
 Civil society partnership and ownership of resources are weak
Opportunities
 For awareness and participation at all levels and sectors including the political stakeholders
The National Environmental Summary (NES) for Grenada was prepared as an information
and decision making tool to support the mainstreaming of the environment as a thematic
area (issues, management, responses and opportunities) into the United Nations Common
Country Assessments (CCA) and the United Nations Development Assistance Programme.
Summarily this NES aims to provide a succinct but critical analysis of the gaps in
policy/programme response and in the national legislation which are used to address the
environmental issues within the context of development, poverty reduction and improved
human well being.
This NES was prepared by a collection and subsequent analysis of information and data
from a desktop review of relevant documents (scientific reports, policy documents and
reports)
2
and ‘face to face’ interviews using a semi structured format
3
with key
stakeholders and experts
4
.This includes government agencies, regional and international
organisations. The DPSIR (driver-pressure-impact-state-response) approach was used as
the framework model
5
for this assessment.
2
Refer to list of References
3
Refer to Annex 1 for the areas covered in the interviews with the experts
4
Refer to Annex 2 for the list of interviewers
5
DPSIR is a general framework for organising information and reporting about state of the environment covering Driving forces,
Pressures, State of the environment, Impacts and Responses. The idea of the framework is often used for organising systems of indicators
in the context of environment and sustainable development: http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/the_dpsir_framework.
1. Introduction and Background

4
Grenada, the most southern of the Windward Islands is located between Trinidad on the
South and St. Vincent on the North. The tri-island state referred to as Grenada consist of the
islands of Grenada, Carriacou and Petite Martinique. Grenada is of volcanic origin with a
characteristically steep topography most prominent in Grenada than the other two islands.
Collectively, the islands have an area of 133 sq miles and a total population of
approximately 95,000
6
.
Based on the analysis, seven
7
major environmental issues were identified which are
described below:
1. The Effects of Climate Change: The effects of global climate change are being felt in
Grenada like many of the Caribbean SIDS. One of the noticeable impacts is that the
climate patterns are changing into extreme weather events. A period of severe
drought due to low rainfall in 2009 has fuelled water shortage crisis. Although this
is not an annual phenomenon, the impacts such a single crisis had on the country
and the possibility of recurring is a concern. This drought spell had exacerbated
other environmental problems such as land degradation and loss of critical forest
areas due to the increased incidence of fires
8
.
2. Land Degradation: Deforestation from clear cutting especially on privately owned
land coupled with the impact from Hurricanes particularly Ivan (2004) and Emily
(2005) have resulted in large areas of prime forest being denuded causing
subsequent soil loss and impacts on biodiversity. The latter in terms of habitat
destruction and species loss. Mangrove wetlands particularly in the Southern part
of Grenada are being converted to other uses such as marinas and tourism facilities,
without much consideration of the ecological benefits. The land tenure system has
pointed to over 85% of the land being privately owned, hence appropriate land use
are challenging. This is further exacerbated by systemic inadequacies in land use
management and control. Collectively, increasing demand for housing settlements,
tourism and infrastructural development has lead to unplanned activities in
watershed areas, designated agricultural lands and critical coastal ecosystems. In
Carriacou
9
, the traditional ‘let go’ season
10
has also contributed to denuding the
island’s vegetation and at present the number of animals are outstripping the
carrying capacity thus causing intensive over-grazing. Gully erosion is also prevalent
in the once peanut growing areas in Carriacou because of poor land management.
6
CIA World Fact book, 2010
7
The seven environmental issues were identified after a review of the information gathered during the consultation and secondary data
8
Although accidental fires are normal, the frequency in 2010 and subsequent damage warrant the concern raised regarding climate
change effects in Grenada
9
Carriacou experiences a drier climate when compared to Grenada, so water scarcity is an issue to begin with.
10
The let go season is a traditional practice where animals are allowed to roam freely in the dry season
2. State of the Environment and Environmental
Priorities

5
3. Coastal Erosion and Contamination: Sand mining especially in the River Antoine
Bay, Telescope, and Tyboe has devastated the integrity of some of the beaches
resulting in large scale erosion. Although sand mining is now prohibited, the
impacts are still felt to date. Some of the experts
11
concluded that erosion have
changed the coastline with huge areas lost to the sea over time. Apart from changing
the coastline, this has compromised nearby marine habitats; decrease the
recreational area available as beaches and contributing to salt water intrusion
12
of
nearby agricultural lands. The issue of salt water contamination in water wells is
one of the factors that is compromising the portable water quality and supply
service.
4. Coastal Land Development: Post Hurricanes Ivan and Emily witnessed a massive
rebuilding effort and coupled with increased tourism based activities meant that a
significant level of development in marinas and other coastal construction. This is
done with relatively weak planning control and weak enforcement and monitoring
for compliance within the EIA process.
5. Pollution: The geomorphology of the island is such that land based sources of
pollution ultimately affects the marine environment and inland waterways.
Sedimentation from erosion and land degradation issues listed above are causing
siltation in the coastal waters. Pollution from sewerage and grey water from direct
and indirect sources is compromising the water quality. In terms of treatment, there
are two sewerage systems in Grenada serving the population of St George’s and
South St George’s, which performs crude separation (screening) prior to disposing
into an outfall
13
. Agro chemicals are contaminating the water sources in the
watersheds, river systems and coastal area with far reaching implications on human
health and wellbeing especially the portable water quality.
14
Despite the paucity of
scientific studies, experts have concluded that over of 30% of the coral reefs are lost
and a percentage of the remaining stand are deteriorating due to pollution from
land based activities
15
, including coastal land development, erosion, land
degradation, agricultural activities, leachates from landfill and the effects of climate
change (bleaching due to high temperatures).
6. Solid waste: Over the years, consumers’ consumption patterns are changing and as
such Grenada has witnessed an increase in the level of importation of plastic
encased products in PET bottles and plastic containers, and much of them are non
biodegradable. This increase coupled with a growing public attitude of irresponsible
littering has resulted in an increasing incidence of waste in waterways, both inland
and coastal. Electronic and hazardous waste such as batteries are increasing
without the accompanying response measure like reuse, recycle and segregation.
11
Per Comm. with Paul Phillips and Christopher Joseph of the Ministry of Environment, Foreign Trade and Export Development
12
Most portable water wells are within 100 meters of the coastline. Recent technical reports indicated vulnerability of 4 ground water
wells in the south of the main island and several in Carriacou. Two wells have been abandoned within the last 10 years.
13
The use of the present outfall began in 1995
14
NAWASA does not have the capacity or financial resources to test for pesticides on a consistent basis.
15
Assessment study done by Fisheries Department

6
Construction waste is increasing because of the continued rebuilding efforts. This
waste often times are dumped in mangroves (although prohibited) or in areas other
than the landfills.
7. Invasive Species: After Hurricanes Ivan and Emily in 2004 and 2005 respectively,
there is an increase in the occurrence and distribution of bamboos which is affecting
crop species in principal farming areas such as Levera Pond.
The Key Drivers identified are for the issues highlighted above are as follows:
1. Lack of synergies/collaboration among agencies
2. Policies are lacking or inadequate
3. Legislation gaps (including weak or non existent Regulations), weak enforcement
and low penalties, Slow political process in granting required approval to the
existing policies
4. Poor environmental governance structures
5. Lack of awareness and education
6. Limited capacity – financial, human and training
7. Environment is not viewed as an important commodity/asset in the development
process
8. Limited economic option and job opportunities
9. Private land ownership

7
There is no overarching policy/ framework in Grenada to guide sustainable development. The common consensus is that
environmental ownership by the citizen (including political directorate) is severely lacking. There is also a dire need to
mainstream environment throughout the national development agenda. Grenada has a number of key but limited policies of
which the political accession is low thereby further compromising efforts at sustainable management. Below are the national
responses as they relate to the priority environmental issues.
Item #
Priority
Environmental Issues
Specific Area
National Responses
 16There is a National Environmental Policy and Management Strategy (2005-2010) which seeks to have full integration of environmental
management into development process. It articulates broad policy directions for many of the issues identified in this report. However,
this is largely unimplemented to date
 Established in 2005 is the Sustainable Development Commission, a quasi body which comprises of representatives of various agencies.
The purpose is to advice the sitting government on environmental issues of importance
 Grenada developed an Environmental Management and Sustainable Development Bill but it still remain in draft and unimplemented
 In total, there are about 45 pieces of legislation that governs the protection and management of the forest, water, soil and other
resources and provide a legal basis for conservation, planning, development and use of lands; control of beach protection, management
of Fisheries and control of pesticides, pollution and waste management. Key legislations include the following: Beach Protection Act; Birds
and Other Wildlife Act; Fisheries Act; Forest Soil and Water Conservation Act; Grand Etang Forest Reserve Act; Land Development Control
Authority Act; National Parks and Protected Areas Act; Pesticide Control Act; Public Health Act; Territorial Waters and Marine Boundaries
Act; Town and Country Planning Act; Wild Animals and Birds Sanctuary Act.
1.
Climate Change
o Ratified the UNFCCC17 and the Kyoto Protocol and submitted the first and second
communication reports as mandated for the Contracting Parties
o Established a National Climate Change Committee to oversee the implementation
of Climate Change Initiative
o Have a Draft National Climate Change Policy and Action Plan, which place emphasis
on the inter-sectoral issues among others, however implementation is weak
o There is ongoing public awareness aimed at the general public and key
stakeholders, in an effort to bring awareness of the issues, impacts, vulnerability
and adaptation measures regarding climate change
16
This is a national response which is applicable to a number of the environmental issues and to avoid repetition, it is headlined as a general response
17
For an overview of the purpose of this Convention and the others mentioned in this report, refer to Annex 3
3. National Policy Responses

8
Item #
Priority
Environmental Issues
Specific Area
National Responses
o National Communication process involved the compilation of an inventory of
Green House Gases (GHG) emissions using 1994 baseline and the development of a
vulnerability assessment for Grenada
o A significant level of analysis were done in the areas of legal (to facilitate the
implementation of UNFCCC upon ratification) and the assessment of potential
impacts
Drought
o NAWASA conducts public awareness campaigns through the media on water
conservation. The agency also has a school programme component of it campaign.
However these are not consistent but fund dependent
o Pipeline: NAWASA plans to conduct a hydro-geological study for Carriacou aimed at
sustainable water management
 18Currently efforts are being made to update the National Physical Development Plan, which was done in 200019 , to have a National
Land and Land Use Policy. However, this would need to be given legal effect. If this process is successful, it will significantly compliment
the other national responses highlighted in this report.
 Pipeline: The Government jointly with donor partners (UNEP) plan to undertake a project to upgrade the existing regulatory framework20
regarding land management in an effort to respond better to land degradation.
2
2
.
2.
Land Degradation
Deforestation
o In 2001 a Forestry Policy was developed which currently informs the Forestry
Division programme of work. It is a draft policy with requires formalization
o The Forestry Division initiated a community forest programme targeting multiply
users in the Levera Pond area, aimed at sustainable livelihoods under the SLM
initiative of UNEP
o Has an ongoing programme of providing seedlings to private landowners to
encourage reforestation of denuded areas
Agriculture
o A Food and Nutrition Policy and Plan of Action for Grenada was developed to
boast agricultural output which is heavily productivity driven. This is critical
because of the need to revived the sector post Hurricanes Ivan and Emily
o Have a limited awareness programme aimed at educating farmers on good land
management
18
Same as Footnote 16
19
Grenada recognises the need for a land use management policy, as many of the environmental issues highlighted in this report have the genesis in land use reform. To
this end a land use policy was devised in 1999, but the political will needed has been successively weak as it is a contentious issue among electorates
20
Per Comm with Mr. Aron Francios, Permanent Secretary for Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.

9
Item #
Priority
Environmental Issues
Specific Area
National Responses
o Ongoing programme to restore the agricultural sector through re-cropping of the
spices –nutmeg etc
o Provide concessions and tax breaks to farmers in an effort to encourage more
agriculture
Biodiversity
o Ratified the CBD and produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan in
1999. Submitted the fourth national report as its obligation to the Convention
o Grenada made a commitment to protect 23% of its biological species- both land
and marine under the CBD
o Currently has a campaign to protect one of Grenada’s endemic species ‘Grenada
Dove’.
o MPA Regulation 2001 was legislated under the Fisheries Act 1986 to give legal
effect to MPAs in Grenada, however, implementation is ongoing but slow
o A Protected Area system plan was approved which is now being implemented in
mainly Carriacou
o Soon to embark on developing protected Area management plan for designated
PAs and to earmark the MPAs
o An active effort by Physical Planning Development Control Authority (PPDCA) to
adopt best practices with respect to the sustainable use of areas that have
biodiversity dimensions, which is accommodated in the EIA process
o Ratified the SPAW Protocol of the Cartagena Convention in 2000
3.
Coastal Erosion and
Contamination of
Drinking Water
Sand mining
o In 2009, the government prohibit sand mining by an act of Parliament. This
prohibits the use of beach sand for construction. However, on a very small scale
this practice continues illegally
Salt Water
Intrusion
o Closed wells that are contaminated
o Upgrading some of the water treatment facilities- with counterpart funding from
the EU
o Pipeline: Plan for a reverse osmosis treatment facility in Carriacou to improve
water supply and quality
4.
Pollution
Coastal Water
Quality
o The Fisheries division with its partners conducting water quality monitoring
Sewerage and
grey water
o Have Sewerage systems in St George’s and South St George’s
o Pipeline: Plans to expand the sewerage system

10
Item #
Priority
Environmental Issues
Specific Area
National Responses
Agricultural
pesticides and
residues
o Broad guidelines on use and management of pesticides, but the environmental
component is weak
Industrial/Oil
waste and its
derivatives
o Legislated against dumping of oily waste in waterways. Operators of this type of
industry are required to dispose accordingly. However, this is not well enforced
5.
Solid Waste
o Solid Waste Act and Regulation 1999
o GSWMA was established 1995 and have the mandate to provide an island wide
collection system for household waste. Currently the service is approximately 98%
and done twice weekly
o Established two engineered landfill site where collected waste is disposed,
however, no segregation of waste is conducted. Majority of the poorly constructed
landfill have been closed
o It is required by law that construction waste be sorted and disposed into
designated landfill, however, there is no regulatory system in place to ensure this
practice and currently construction waste and illegal dumping remains an issue
Awareness
o Have developed public awareness campaigns, however, these are not consistent
but rather subject to funding availability. Some of the programmes include
targeting school children
6.
Coastal Land
Development
o Have a EIA process but monitoring and enforcement for compliance remains very
weak
o Cabinet appointed an inter-sectoral committee ‘Physical Planning Development
Control Authority‘ which plays an advisory role
o Physical Planning and Development Control Act # 25, 2000
7.
Invasive Species
o No response to date

11
Over the last few decades, a number of environmental related initiatives and projects were sanctioned by international
agencies. These agencies have played a vital role and to a large extent have being driving financially, many of the
environmental initiatives in Grenada. These initiatives past, present and those in the pipeline phase along with the
collaborating partners are described below.
International Institutions
What has been/is currently done
Major Partners
Future Programmes
UNDP
Funded enabling activities to prepare the
first and second National Communication
reports under its Commitments to
UNFCCC
G EF/GoG
Some of the enabling activities
under the first communication
report are still on going such as
awareness and capacity
development in the water hydro-
meteorological sectors in an effort
to better respond to Climate Change
Developed a National climate Change
Adaptation Policy (2006-2007)
G EF /GoG
Funded the development of a National
Biodiversity Conservation Strategy, and
Action Plan and Country Report to the
CBD
GEF/GoG
Funded the Assessment of Capacity
Building Needs and Country Specific
Priorities
GEF/GoG
Supported the development of National
Capacity Self-Assessment (NCSA) for
Global Environmental Management
Report
GEF/GoG
Funded a climate change self assessment
study (2005-2006)
GEF/GoG
4. International Assistance Programmes

12
International Institutions
What has been/is currently done
Major Partners
Future Programmes
GoG
Plans to develop a Land
Degradation Monitoring System in
addition to establishing pilot sites
to demonstrate best practice for
land use management. This will be
accompanied with a website
TNC
Supporting National Implementation
Supplemental Partnership initiative to
meet Grenada’s commitment under CDB
for Biodiversity Protection
GoG/St. George’s University
UNEP
In 2005, Integrating Watershed and
Coastal Areas Management (IWCAM)
project was launched aimed at helping 13
Caribbean countries to implement an
integrated approach to the management of
watersheds and coastal areas. Grenada
was part of the project which was
completed in 2009.
GE F /GoG/CEHI
Provide funding through Sustainable Land
Management Project (SLM) to develop a
‘Best Use and Practice Manual for
sustainable land management’
GoG through a number of local
agencies
Funded an initiative to develop the
Environmental Management and
Sustainable Development Bill
GoG
GEF/GoG
Developing a regulatory framework
for sustainable land management

13
International Institutions
What has been/is currently done
Major Partners
Future Programmes
Caribbean Programme for Adaptation to
Global Climate Change (CPACC)
(1997-2000). In particular, as a pilot,
vulnerability assessment in three coastal
areas were conducted in addition to
participation in other CPACC activities
within the regional component
OAS/GoG
World Bank
Protected Area and associated livelihoods
Project (OPAAL) was initiated to
contribute to the
conservation of biodiversity by
removing barriers to the effective
management of protected areas (PAs), and
increasing the involvement of civil society
G EF /OECS21/ OAS/GoG
Sustainable Financing for Protected Areas
Project is aimed at creating viable option
for the protection and management of PA
through the Caribbean Biodiversity Trust
Fund
TNC/OECS/GoG
Provide funding for Solid Waste
Management Programme in Grenada
OECS/GoG
Provided funding to promote Dry Forest
Biodiversity Conservation aimed at
protecting the Grenada Dove and its
habitat
GEF/GOG (Ministry of Agriculture)
EC
Supports a labour subsidy programme to
enhance irrigation to enhance productivity
GoG
21
OECS is a facilitating organization for its member states and all projects undertaken are done with agency collaboration in the member states. The member states are Anguilla, Antigua and
Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines and St Kitts and Nevis

14
International Institutions
What has been/is currently done
Major Partners
Future Programmes
Funds a project to upgrade the water
supplies system in Grenada, which
involves new pipes in the distribution
system and upgrade of 9 out of a total of
27 water treatment facilities
GoG
STABEX Funding for a number of
agricultural related projects aimed at
reforming the agricultural sector
GoG
Under the SPA Grant, funding a project
aimed integration Plant Protection
Management and improved productivity
via organic agriculture
FAO
JICA
In 2009 participated in the development
project aimed at formulating a master plan
for fulfilling a sustainable fishery resource
use and management, targeting local
artisanal fishers and their communities in
the Caribbean region.
Caribbean Regional Fisheries
Mechanism/ GoG through The
Ministry of Fisheries
USAID
OECS
Currently in the conceptualisation
phase: A climate change
project based on water resources
and coastal zone management
DFID
In 2000, provided funding to develop the
Forestry Policy and supplemental forestry
related training
GoG
CIDA
OECS Environmental Capacity
Development (ENCAPD) coastal and
marine environmental management
OECS/GoG
FAO
GoG
Land bank Project to bring more
land into agriculture
Government of Finland
Funded a project for improving
preparedness for climate variability and
global climate change
CARICOM/GOG
CDB
Under the BNTF, funds is being provided
for the Clozier Spring Water Project aimed
GoG

15
International Institutions
What has been/is currently done
Major Partners
Future Programmes
at harnessing spring water into storage
facilities

16
The analysis reveals gaps in a number of areas which are hindering effective resource and environmental management. These
gaps present a number of opportunities which could improve the current situation. The gaps and opportunities are presented
below.
Main Gaps/Needs
Opportunities
Comments
Resource Management
Inadequate scientific data
Decisions regarding sound sustainable management in
various sectors (agriculture, land use, forestry and water
management could be better informed by a better regime of
data collection and interpretation (e.g. construction of
environmental indicators) and baseline studies
Solid Waste Management
A need for an integrated solid waste management policy
which considers reuse and recycling and new forms of
waste within the context of a business venture
The current system of waste management
serves well in ensuring proper collection
and disposal into the landfill. However, now
the issue of reuse and recycling is becoming
critical
Absence of an integrated
coastal and marine
management regime
There is a need to place some level of importance on the
management of coastal area in Grenada. Despite its multi
use and importance, there is no integrated management
being reflected in the current agenda. Consideration should
be given to conducting stock assessments to determine
stock integrity and to explore options for sustainable
livelihoods and determining the contribution of the fishery
sector to food security
Freshwater management
For an assessment to determine Grenada`s freshwater
capacity and to project how climate change will affect this
resource. Adaptation measures and awareness should be
important components in this assessment
5. Critical Gaps and Opportunities to Support Grenada’s
Environmental Priorities

17
Main Gaps/Needs
Opportunities
Comments
Environmental governance: Policy
Need for a land use policy
The existing land use policy if updated and implemented
would assist immensely in responding to the current and
emerging issues regarding environmental management.
Mapping of vulnerability and hazards should complement
the policy
Efforts are currently under way to
revamped the land use policy with the hope
of getting the required political support to
give it the legal authority
Agricultural Policy is lacking
Need for a policy which takes into account Sustainability in
food production in Grenada in an effort to respond to the
issue of livelihoods and food security
Environmental Monitoring
Long term monitoring is
absent
A coordinated monitoring programme which considers all
the sectors and the issues
Greater surveillance and control in development projects
and environmental management
The current cabinet appointed quasi body
to provide greater monitoring to land
development
Environmental governance: Implementation and Enforcement
Fragmented Policies
Many of the policies are fragmented and therefore need to
seek greater synergies both in the actual polices and
implementation among the agencies
Poor Coordination and
enforcement of laws and
Greater institutional cooperation and coordination and
should be formally embedded in institutional arrangement
Issue of clear institutional
mandate
Need to reform the institutions’ mandates in an integrated
manner for more effective environmental stewardship
Legislative Framework
Weak and or inadequate
existing laws
To update laws to reflect the current issues in resource
management and give adequate effect to the law by way of
necessary Regulations
Weak enforcement of
current environment
Environmental crimes are not high in priority for the
security (police) and the judiciary. There is a need to change

18
Main Gaps/Needs
Opportunities
Comments
legislation
the current status quo for greater effect
International Obligations
from MEAs are not
translated adequately at the
local level
Need to harmonise legislation to fulfil and fully implement
the various MEAs obligations
Legislation adoption is weak
and slow and some
accompanying regulations
are absent
There are many policies and laws which are in draft and
need to be given the necessary legal effect
Capacity Needs
Severe shortfall in capacity
to pursue needed
programme
Need to find appropriate and innovative financing
mechanisms. Viewing the environment as an economic asset
may yield greater rewards
Need for greater human resource capacity especially in the
key agencies
Awareness
Civil society partnership
and participation is weak
Awareness at all levels and sectors of the society including
the political level. A need for environmental education to be
part of the education system, in addition to environmental
awareness targeting the general public to promote changing
behaviors and attitudes greater civil society partnership and
collective responsibilities. In particular,
 Inclusion in the development curriculum
(environment, energy and climate change)
 Programmes and initiatives at government level to
bring greater collective awareness at that level, in an
effort to have necessary political ‘buy in’
 Create mandates for the private sector and more
active participation
There is an environmental awareness
strategy and efforts are made to bring an
awareness to the strategy at the moment

19
Antoine, T. (2009). Fourth National Report of Grenada to the CDB. St George's, Misistry of Finance: 71.
CCA (1991). Grenada Environmental Profile. Bridgetown, Caribbean Conservation Association.
CDB (2002a). Country Data: Grenada1992-2001, Caribbean Development Bank: 6.
CDB (2002b). Country Data: Grenada1997-2001, Caribbean Development Bank: 6.
CIA. (2004). "World Factbook:Grenada." 2010, from
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/aa.html.
COSALC (1996). Beach Erosion in Grenada, UNESCO/CSI and UPR-SGCP: 10.
Department of Economic Affairs (2001). Grenada National Report on Integrating Management of
Watersheds and Coastal Areas, Prepared for IWCAM: 60.
ECLAC (2010). Caribbean Regional Reprot for the 5 year Review of the Mauritius Strategy for the further
implementation of the Babrbados Programme of Action for sustainable development of SIDS
UNECLAC: 149.
FAO (1996). Grenada Agricultural Census-1995, Planning Unit, Ministry of Agriculture: 65.
Ministry of Finance. (2009). Grenada National Report on Sustainable Development Ministry of Finance:
31.
Finlay, J. (2009). National Assessment Report for Grenada-Mauritius Strategy for Implementation St
George's: 46.
IICA (2009). IICA's contribution to the Development of Agriculture and Rural Communities in Grenada,
Inter American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture: 29.
Ministry of Finance (2000). Grenada Biological Diversity Strategy and Action Plan. St Georges, Ministry of
Finance: 50.
Ministry of Tourism (1997). Master Plan for the Tourism Sector-Grenada, Carriacou and Petit
Martinique, Government of Grenada: 156.
Peters, E. J. (2000). Beach Erosion in Grenada, Ministry of Agriculture, Lands and Fisheries, Government
of Grenada.
USDA Forest Service. (2004). "Grenada Hurricane Ivan Response." Retrieved 10-4-2005, 2005, from
http://www.fs.fed.us/global/aboutus/welcome.htm.
List of References

20
1. What do you consider as the main environmental issues affecting your Country?
2. Why do you consider as the drivers (root causes) of those issues?
3. Do you think that the current policies are effectively addressing the issues you have
cited? What are the gaps?
4. Do you think that current programs (environment and development) are adequately
addressing those issues you have cited? Kindly give reasons for your response.
5. Kindly identify and describe any current programs that your institution is executing as
a direct response to the issues you have cited. Kindly give reasons for your responses.
6. Kindly identify and describe any future programs that your institution will implement
in an effort to address those issues you have mentioned.
7. Do you have other comments? Please provide details
Annex 1: Interview Format

21
Name
Designation
Organisation
Contact Details
Government and In-Country Experts
Mr. Raymond
Baptiste
Head of Land Use
Division t
Ministry of
Agriculture, Fisheries
and Forestry
Ministerial Complex
Tanteen, St. George’s
Grenada
(473) 405 4284
rabaptiste@yahoo.com
Mr. Aron Francois
Permanent Secretary
Ministry of
Agriculture, Fisheries
and Forestry
Ministerial Complex
Tanteen, St. George’s
Grenada
(473) 440 2708
afrancois@gov.gd
Mr. Aiden Forteau
Chief Forestry Officer
Ministry of
Agriculture Forestry
Division
Queen’s Park
St George’s Grenada
(473) 440-2934
michael_forteau@yahoo.co.uk
Mr. Lauriston
Hosten
Manager (ag)
National Water and
Sewerage Authority
The Carenage St
George’s Grenada
(473) 440 2155
hostenl@spiceisle.com
Mr. Anthony
Jeremiah
Wildlife Conservation
Officer and OPAAL
National Coordinator
Ministry of
Agriculture Forestry
Division
Queen’s Park
St George’s Grenada
(473) 440-2934
anthonyj0191@yahoo.com
tonydove2@gmail.com
Mr. Christopher
Joseph
Environmental Officer
Ministry of
Environment, Foreign
Trade and Export
Development
Financial Complex
Carenage St George’s
Grenada
473) 440 2022
christoj@hotmail.com
Mr. Daniel Lewis
Chief Agricultural
Officer
Ministry of
Agriculture,
Ministerial Complex
Tanteen, St. George’s
Grenada
(473) 440 2708
Mr. Dillon Palmer
Forest Officer, Tree
Establishment and
Management
Ministry of
Agriculture Forestry
Division
Queen’s Park
St George’s Grenada
(473) 440-2934
Annex 2: List of Experts Interviewed

22
Name
Designation
Organisation
Contact Details
Mr. Benson Patrice
Senior Agricultural
Officer
Ministry of Carriacou
and Martinique
Affairs , Carriacou
Grenada
(473) 443 7458
benson@spiceisle.com
Mr. Paul Phillips
Environmental Officer
Ministry of
Environment, Foreign
Trade and Export
Development
Financial Complex
Carenage St George’s
Grenada
473) 440 2022
Paul_phillips@yahoo.com
Mr. Justine Rennie
Chief Fisheries Officer
Ministry of
Agriculture, Forestry
and Fisheries
2nd Floor Melville
Street Fish Market
Complex
St George’s Grenada
(473) 440-3814
justinar7368@hotmail.com
Ms. Helen Roden
Permanent Secretary
(ag)
Ministry of
Environment, Foreign
Trade and Export
Development
Financial Complex
Carenage St George’s
Grenada
rodenhelen@yahoo.com
Experts- International and Regional Organisations
Ms. Simone
Banister
Head of Corporate
Management/Climate
Change
Contact/Disaster Risk
Reduction Focal Point
DFID CARIBBEAN
Chelsea House,
Chelsea Road
St. Michael
P.O.Box 167,
Bridgetown
Barbados, BB 14022.
Phone: 246 430 7950
Fax: 246 430 7959
S-Banister@dfid.gov.uk
Mr. Cam Bowes
Counsellor
(Development)
Canadian
International
Development Agency
High Commission of
Canada
Bishop's Court Hill
PO BOX 404.
Bridgetown
Barbados
Tel. 429 3550 ext 3459
Fax 246 429 3876
cam.bowes@international.gc.ca
Mr. Daniel
Carruthers
Second Secretary
,Barbados and the
Eastern Caribbean,
British High
Commission
Phone: 246 430 7802
daniel.carruthers@fco.gov.uk

23
Name
Designation
Organisation
Contact Details
Lower Collymore Rock
P.O. Box 676,
Bridgetown,Barbados
Ms. Sasha Gotheilb
Programme Officer
UNEP/IWCAM
CEHI, Morne Saint
Lucia
sgottlieb@cehi.org.lc
Mr. Keith Nichols
Head
OECS- Environment
and Sustainable
Development, Morne,
Castries St Lucia
(758) 455 6362
kenichols@oecs.org

24
MEAs
STATUS
Wildlife /Conservation
Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species, 1972 (CITES)
This is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that
international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their
survival
A-1999
Convention on the Conservation on Migratory Species (CMS)
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitats
(RAMSAR)
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling 1948 and 1959
This is an international agreement which seeks to protection a number of whale species
over-exploitation., and to identify measures for greater protection of the species and
cooperation of the international community
Ad-1993
Biodiversity/Bio-safety, Traditional Knowledge
International Plant Protection Convention, Rome, 1951
The agreement seeks to securing common and effective action to prevent the
introduction and spread of pests and diseases of plants and plant products and to
promote measures for their control
Ad-1985
Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992
This agreement aims to conserve biological diversity, the sustainable use of its
components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the
utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and
by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies
R-1994
Cartagena Protocol on Bio-Safety
It is an international agreement which aims to ensure the safe handling, transport and
use of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology that may
have adverse effects on biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human
health
R-2004
Marine Protection and Safety
Convention on the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment in the
Wider Caribbean, 1983 (Cartagena Convention) (RE)
This is a comprehensive, umbrella agreement for the protection and development of the
marine environment. This regional environmental convention provides the legal
framework for cooperative regional and national actions in the Wider Caribbean Region
A-1987
Protocol Concerning Cooperation in Combating Oil Spills in the Wider Caribbean, 1983
(RE)
This Protocol applies to oil spill incidents which have resulted in, or which pose a
significant threat of, pollution to the marine and coastal environment of the Wider
Caribbean Region or which adversely affect the related interests of Contracting Parties
A-1987
Protocol of 1992 to Amend the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil
Pollution Damage, 1969 (CLC PROT, 1992)
A-1998
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other
Matter, 1972, as Amended (LC 1972)
DI-1973
Annex 3: List of MEAs Grenada is party to

25
A = Accession
22
; Ac= Acceptance
23
; Ad=Adherence; R= Ratification
24
and S=Signature, DI = Date of deposit of
instrument; EF/Su = Date of Entry into Force or Succession; RE = Regional MEA
Table above Adopted and modified from Griffith and Oderson (2009)
22
"Accession" is the act whereby a state accepts the offer or the opportunity to become a party to a treaty already negotiated and signed
by other states. It has the same legal effect as ratification. Accession usually occurs after the treaty has entered into force. See Arts.2 (1) (b)
and 15, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations
1986]
23
The instruments of "acceptance" or "approval" of a treaty have the same legal effect as ratification and consequently express the consent
of a state to be bound by a treaty. Arts.2 (1) (b) and 14 (2), Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969
24
Ratification defines the international act whereby a state indicates its consent to be bound to a treaty if the parties intended to show
their consent by such an act. See Arts.2 (1) (b), 14 (1) and 16, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969.
Marine Resources
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982
The Law of the Sea Convention defines the rights and responsibilities of nations in their
use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and
the management of marine natural resources
R-1991
Sustainable Land Management
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
The UNFCCC convention aims to address the anthropogenic impacts on the global
climate patterns
A-1997
Atmospheric/Climate Systems
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Vienna, 1985
It acts as a framework for the international efforts to protect the ozone layer. However,
it does not include legally binding reduction goals for the use of CFCs, the main chemical
agents causing ozone depletion. These are laid out in the accompanying Montreal
Protocol
A-1993
Montreal Protocol on Substance that Deplete the Ozone, 1989*
Ibid
A-1993
United Nations Frame- work Convention on Climate Change, 1992
The objective of the treaty is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the
atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with
the climate system
R-1994
Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change. The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is
that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community
for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
R-2002
Culture and Natural Heritage
Convention for the Protection of World Culture and Natural Heritage, 1972
Ac-1998

26
IMPLEMENTING
AGENCY
INTERNATIONAL PROJECT
TOTAL FUNDS
(000,000.00)
TIMELINE
NOTES
GRENADA AS PART OF THE REGION
CIDA/PAHO
Health Sector Disaster Risk Management
CAN $3.00
2007-2015
CIDA
Disaster Risk Management Facility
CAN $12.86
2007-2015
CIDA/WB
Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility
CAN $20.00
2007-2012
CIDA
Caribbean Disaster Responsive Fund
CAN $10.00
2003-2008
CIDA/OAS
Disaster Preparedness
CAN $3.86
2001-2008
DFID/CIDA, EC and
OECS Secretariat
(CDEMA)
Comprehensive Disaster Management -
Harmonised Implementation Programme (CDM-
HIP)
USD 3.6
April 2009- March
2013
DFID/UNECLAC;
IADB/CDB and AusAID
(UNECLAC and CCCCC)
Caribbean Review of Economics of Climate
Change (RECC)-Phase 2 and 3
USD1.125
June 2009-January
2011
DFID/AusAID
supporting CCRA for
five additional
countries
(OUCE and CCCCC)
Caribbean Climate Change Risk Atlas (CARIBSAVE
CCRA)-Phase 1 for tourism sector
USD1.125
March 2010-June
2011
DFID/Climate
Development
Knowledge Network
(CDKN)
(CCCCC)
Development of an Implementation Plan for the
Regional Framework for Achieving Development
Resilient to Climate Change
co funded with
CDKN USD 0.66
August 2010-
March 2011
DFID
(CCCCC)
CCCCC/regional task force support
USD 0.269
Oct 2007-June
2010
DFID
(UNDP with CCCCC)
Copenhagen and beyond-Capacity building for
CARICOM policy makers involved in climate
change negotiations
USD 0. 2245
Sept 2009- June
2010
DFID
(National Disaster
Offices)
Disaster Risk Reduction Capacity building in the
UK Overseas Territories
USD 0.450
2008-2011
DFID
Low carbon/renewable energy development
Tbc
2010-
Regional (pipeline)
DFID
Global Environmental Facility – Sustainable
£11.00
2010-2012:UK
Annex 4: List of International Projects Implemented in 2005-09 and
Planned for 2010-15

27
environmental management
EC (8th & 9th EDF)
Regional Weather Radar System
€13.20
2003-2006
EC (9th EDF)
Disaster Management
€3.40
EC (7th & 8th EDF)
Caribbean Regional Sustainable Tourism
Development programme
US$8.00
2000-2007
EC (7th EDF)
Caribbean Regional Environmental Programme
US$9.15
2000-2006
GTZ/UNDP
Caribbean Renewable Development Energy
Programme – Phase II (CRDEP)
???
2008 - ???
OAS
Caribbean Sustainable Energy Project
???
2008- ??
WB (IBRD/IDA)
OECS Protected Areas and Associated Livelihoods
Projects
US$2.70
2005-???
GRENADA
UNDP/GEF
National biodiversity Strategy, Action Plan and
Report to the CBD
???
Project Closure
GEF/UNDP
Climate Change Enabling Activity (Additional
Financing for Capacity Building in Priority Areas)
???
Project Completion
GEF/UNEP
National Capacity Needs for Self Assessment
(NCSA) for Global Environmental Management
???
Under
Implementation
World Bank
Enabling Grenada to Prepare its First National
Communication in Response to its Commitments
to UNFCCC
???
Project Completed