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Abstract
Problem statement: Depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, feeling guilty, low selfesteem, sleep disturbance, loss of appetite, low energy and poor concentration are the characteristics of depression. This common mental disorder can occur in anyone regardless of genders, ages and backgrounds. People counteract it with psychotherapy and medications. Alternatively, some patients use herbal remedies as treatments. Recently, natural herbal products that have antidepressant effect has gain more attention in the market. Banana peel is commonly used to treat warts, as diuretics, aids in detoxification and relive hangovers. This research was conducted to study the effects of banana peel extract against depression. Approach: Swiss Albino mice were used in this study. Acute Toxicity Study (ATS) was being carried out by injecting 4 doses of the green and yellow banana peel extract each to different mice groups. Six groups of mice were treated with different treatments (normal saline 5 mL kg-1, green banana peel extract 200 and 400 mg kg-1, yellow banana peel extract 200 and 400 mg kg-1, Fluoxetine HCl 20mg kg-1, p.o.) for 7 consecutive days before mice were subjected for Forced Swim Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST). Results: The result shows that green banana peel extract 400 mg kg-1 significantly reduces the duration of immobility (p<0.01) compared to control in FST. In TST, green banana peel extract 400 mg kg-1 and yellow banana peel extract (200 and 400 mg kg-1) showed significant result (p<0.001) compared to control. There were no signs of acute toxicity observed for the extracts in ATS. Conclusion/Recommendations: This research suggested that the banana peel extracts exhibits antidepressant-like effects. Further studies maybe conducted on locomotor activity study and phytochemical screening.
... The characteristics of depression are bad mood, loss of interest and appetite. Some people used herbal therapy or fruits especially bananas or banana peels as antidepressant [5]. Also, vegetables are considered one of the important parts against depression because of the contents of antioxidants and antimicrobial represented in vitamin C, E or ß-carotene. ...
... Phenolics in BP ranged 0.90 to 3.0 gram/100 g DW [39], study of Kondo et al. [40] and Sulaiman et al. [41] demonstrated that BP includes higher phenolic compounds more than banana pulps. According to Someya et al. [9] explained that total phenolic in the peel 907 mg/100 g DW than in pulp 232 mg/100 g DW it is inhibits gastric secretion and stimulates the smooth muscle of the intestines and make relax and happy, also Velumani [42] studied Phytochemical and antioxidant in BP, he mentioned that if peels exploit will be a good source of antioxidant, phytochemicals and phenolic, also some studies recommended using BF or BP to improve mood and antidepressant [5], because BP is contain tryptophan which converted into serotonin, it is inhibits gastric secretion and stimulates the smooth muscle of the intestines and make relax and happy, So BP can be used as clinical nutrition [27,[43][44][45]. Tavakkoli Kakhki et al. [46] and Kumar et al. [47] recommended that bananas are useful in curing for the depressed patients. ...
... M. paradisiaca paste inhibited the malondialdehyde and the Monoamine oxidase enzyme (121). Studies carried out in Swiss albino mice showed that intake of extracts orally from green or yellow banana peel (at 200 and 400 mg per kg, respectively) can be recommended for treating depression (122). In a study with pulp and the banana peel extract (at a dose of 600 mg per kg and 400 mg per kg, respectively) of Musa sapientum on male albino mice for 14 days through oral administration, and further assessment of its performance through forced swimming test, light and dark activity and maze activity tests, it showed antianxiety, antidepressant, and memory enhancement properties, possibly through phyto-antioxidants (123). ...
The Banana (Musa paradisiaca Linn., Family: Musaceae) is one of the oldest and most widely cultivated fruit plants, dating back to prehistoric times. Bananas are rich in minerals and phytochemicals, contributing to their significant culinary, nutritional, and medicinal properties. This review analyzes 191 peer-reviewed articles published between 1981 and July 2023 to comprehensively assess the health benefits of bananas. Studies highlight their effectiveness in reducing inflammation, cancer, diabetes, depression, diarrhea, urolithiasis, and ulcers. Additionally, bananas exhibit antibacterial, antiviral, antihyperlipidemic, antiatherosclerotic, hepatoprotective, hair-growing, wound-healing, and antihypertensive properties. The articles were sourced from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using keywords like Musa paradisiaca, health benefits, inflammation, cancer, diabetes, and phytochemicals. Inclusion criteria included original research, clinical trials, in vitro and in vivo studies, and reviews focused on banana's medicinal properties, while non-peer-reviewed papers and studies not directly related to Musa paradisiaca were excluded. This review reinforces the comprehensive health-promoting benefits of bananas and sets the stage for future research, which should focus on large-scale clinical trials, phytochemical standardization, and sustainable utilization of banana plant components. Bananas hold immense potential as both a functional food and a medicinal plant, making them a promising subject for future studies in nutraceuticals and sustainable agriculture.
... The fresh bananas were collected from the surrounding of Multan, Punjab, Pakistan and identified by the taxonomist as Musa sapientum. The extract of peel was prepared as described previously by Tee and Hassan (2011). ...
The present study was aimed to investigate the anti-stress and memory enhancing effects of banana (Musa sapientum L.) fruit pulp and peel extract in male mice. Locally bred albino Wistar mice were divided into control and 2 test groups (n=10). Control rats received drinking water while test groups were treated with banana fruit pulp (600 mg/kg; oral administration) and extract of banana peel (400mg/kg; oral administration). Behavioral activities of animals were monitored 14 days post administration of banana pulp and peel extract. Depression-like symptoms were measured by forced swimming test (FST). Anxiety like behavior was monitored using light-dark activity (LDA) test and plus maze activity (PMA) test and memory functions of rats were assessed by morris water maze (MWM) test. Following 2 weeks animals were decapitated and brain was removed for estimation of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), super oxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH). In the present study both banana peel and pulp increased the time spent in light box and open arm, suggesting anxiolytic effects. A significant decrease in immobility time was observed in FST in both banana pulp and peel treated animals suggesting antidepressant like effects. Moreover, learning and memory assessed by MWM showed decrease in time to reach platform in both short term and long term memory test suggested increased memory function in both banana pulp and peel treated animals as compared to control animals. The activities of all antioxidant enzymes were significantly (p<0.05) greater in banana pulp and peel treated animals than control. It is concluded that both banana pulp and peel have anti-anxiety, antidepressant effect as well as strengthen the memory possibly via its antioxidant mechanism. Therefore, it is recommended that supplementation of banana could be taken a vital role in stress (anxiety and depression) relief and increased in memory function possibly by phyto-antioxidants.
... Shian et al. (2012) investigated the relationship between extracting solvents and antioxidant properties of three Malaysian banana cultivars namely, pisang Berangan, pisang Mas and pisang Raja. According to Tee and Hassan (2011), oral administration of both green and yellow banana peel extracts at different dose levels (200 and 400 mg/kg) can be used to treat depression. Fadhilah et al. (2014) reported that the cultivars of native banana namely pisang Berangan, pisang Mas and pisang Nipah had potent antibacterial activity against gram negative bacteria. ...
Consumption of banana flower as a vegetable is popular among many countries in Southeast Asia. In this study, banana flowers of six different Malaysian cultivars namely, pisang Abu (Musa balbisiana cv P. Abu), pisang Berangan (Musa acuminata cv P. Berangan), pisang Nipah (Musa balbisiana cv P. Nipah), pisang Susu (Musa acuminata cv P. Susu), pisang Mas (Musa acuminate cv P. Mas) and pisang Rastali (Musa paradisiaca cv P. Rastali) were investigated for their antioxidant and anti-hyperglyemic properties. The total poly phenolic content and antioxidant activities, the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory potentials of the banana flower extracts were studied in vitro using relevant assays. Among the six cultivars, cultivar Susu was found to have the highest phenolic content (80.13 ± 4.64 mg of GAE/g of extract) and displayed the highest ABTS+ and DPPH radical scavenging activities (24.73 ± 0.04 and 25.10 ± 0.15 μmole of Trolox equivalent/g of extract). The anti-amylase and antiglucosidase activity of the banana flowers extracts were in the range of 47.31-62.58% and 74.98-91.62%, respectively. All banana flower extracts inhibited the activity of α-glucosidase better than α-amylase at the concentration of 200 μg/ml. This study concluded that the extracts of Malaysian banana flowers were potent sources of natural antioxidants, which can be used as postprandial hyperglycemia regulators.
... Although this behavioural model does not mimic the human state of major depression, it is the test model used to screen antidepressants molecules. It induces unavoidable despair that is similar to human depression (Tee and Hassan, 2011). A normal animal tested in forced swim test submitted to a non-soluble aversive situation shows alternate between agitation and immobility. ...
Introduction: Banana peel is an organic waste which is known to have various benefits, especially as an antidepressant for mental health. It inspired to conduct a research on various type of banana peels in Indonesia, particularly on Kepok banana which has been widely studied. This research aimed to prove the effect of Kepok banana peel extract (Musa paradisiaca L.) as an antidepressant in mice (Mus musculus) with acute restraint stress.Method: This research used a laboratory experimental design. The male mice were acclimatized for 3 days. Twenty-four mice were then divided evenly into 4 groups. The first group was given banana peel extract (Musa paradisiaca L.) at a dose of 200 mg / kgBW, the second group was given a dose of 400 mg / kgBB, the third group was given a dose of 800 mg / kgBW and the fourth group was given water as control. Each group was given a dose orally for 14 days and ARS depressed induction for 7 hours. Subsequently, mice were treated to assess depression behavior using the tail suspension test (TST) and forced-swim test (FST) to determine the duration of immobility.Result: The result showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.01) between the control group and the experimental group, at TST there was a significant difference (p<0.01) between two doses of 400 mg / kgBW and 800 mg / kgBW, as well as on the forced-swim test (FST). In addition, there was a significant difference (p<0.01) between two doses of 200 mg / kgBW and 800 mg / kgBW, and between two doses of 400 mg / kgBW and 800 mg / kgBW. Conclusion: These result confirmed that Kepok banana peel extract (Musa paradisiaca L.) was an effective antidepressant in reducing immobility duration with acute restraint stress.
Introduction
Stress exposure is a significant concern in the healthcare sector. This animal model study aims to reproduce caregivers’ working conditions and determine their impact on the brain.
Method
Twenty-four healthy male rats of the Wistar strain were divided into four groups. Three groups were submitted each to one stressor for 21 days, while the fourth group was used as a control. Stressors were food and water deprivation (FW), permanent illumination (PI), and forced swimming (FS). At the end of the experiment, rats were euthanized, and stress biomarkers, biological parameters, and DNA damage were measured.
Results
Prooxidant biomarker rates increased in the different groups (+50 to +75%) compared to the control ( p < 0.0001). Urinary corticosterone rates increased in all stressed animals, mainly in the PI group, with changes of up to +50% compared to the control group. Acetylcholinesterase levels decreased to −50% ( p < 0.0001 for the three exposed groups). Total ATPase, (Na ⁺ /K ⁺ )-ATPase, and Mg ²⁺ -ATPase activities decreased in all stressed groups. The percentage of brain cell congestion and apoptosis was 3% for the FW group ( p < 0.0001), 2% for the PI group (p < 0.0001), and 4% for the FS group (p < 0.0001) compared to the control (0.8%). DNA damage was observed in all exposed groups. Finally, we noticed behavioral changes and a depression-like syndrome in all stressed rats.
Conclusion
Stressful conditions such as the working environment of caregivers can trigger several pathophysiological processes leading to oxidative, neurochemical, and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal disorders. These changes can progress to cell damage and apoptosis in the brain and trigger psychological and physical disorders.
A positive energy imbalance results in overweight and obesity. Overweight and obesity are the major risk factors for many diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and mental health. Animal studies suggested that serotonin involves in food intake control. The Banana peel is a potential natural source of serotonin precursor; furthermore, it may influence food intake. This study aimed to determine the effect of banana peel extract on food intake and body weight gain in male Wistar rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats (8-10 weeks old), were divided into four groups for feeding treatment. All four group were; the control group (C), the banana peel extract dosage of 4 g/kg BW group (T1), the banana peel extract dosage of 8 g/kg BW (T2), and the banana peel extract dosage of 16 g/kg BW (T3). The food intakes were measured daily, while rats body weights were recorded at the beginning and the end of the three days experimental periods. The study found the rats in the T1 group (8.80 ± 2.63) showed no significant difference in food intake compared to C group (10.68 ± 1.89), T2 group (6.65 ± 3.12), and T3 group (5.42 ± 1.59). Rats in the T2 group (p = 0.038) and T3 group (p = 0.005) showed lower food intake significantly compared to control group. After three days of treatment, the T3 group showed a significant decrease in body weight compared to control group (p = 0.008). This study concluded, the administration of banana peel extract dosage of 8 g/kg BW and 16 g/kg BW suppressed food intake, while the dosage of 16 g/kg BW reduced the body weight in male Wistar rats.
Depression is a widespread psychiatric disorder affecting around 5% of the population. Furthermore, it is difficult to predict which patient will respond to any given treatment. In the traditional systems of medicine, many plants and formulations have been used to treat depression for thousands of years. Emblica officinalis (EO) contains tannic acid as its main ingredient and this compound has been shown to have non-selective mono-amine oxidase activity. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the antidepressant potential of acute and chronic administration of EO in forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Inbred adult male Swiss Albino mice weighing 25-30g were used in the study. Standard drug (imipramine) and test drug (EO) were suspended in 1% gum acacia. The vehicle (10ml/kg, p.o), imipramine (10mg/kg, p.o) and EO (0.8mg/kg, 2mg/kg, 4mg/kg, p.o. respectively) were administered 1hour prior to acute study. In chronic study, all drugs were given for 10 days and the last dose was given 1hour before the experiment. Duration of immobility was noted in both the models. In our study, both imipramine and EO significantly reduced the duration of immobility in both experimental models as compared to the animals in the control group. The antidepressant activity of EO was comparable to that of standard drug imipramine. The results of the present study indicate the potential for use of EO as an adjuvant in the treatment of depression.
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract (ext.), ethyl acetate (EA) fractions and precipitate fraction (ppt.) of total ethanolic extract of Zizyphus xylopyrus on depression in rats. In the present study, the antidepressant effect of Zizyphus xylopyrus was examined using two behavioral models, the forced swimming test (FST) in rats and tail suspension test (TST) in rats. Ethanolic extract when administered at an acute dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight (P<0.01) reduced the immobility time by 10 and 15 seconds as compared to the immobility time of control in both the screening models. Similarly EA reduced latter by 30 and 35 secs. The ppt. fraction showed the best activity, reducing the immobility time by 50 and 60 secs. in both the tests. These results showed that after standard i.e. Imipramine HCl (30 mg/kg), the ppt. fraction is potent amongst all the studied drugs The present study clearly demonstrated that Zizyphus xylopyrus exerts an antidepressant effect in these two behavioral models. It may be due to present of flavonoids.
This study investigated the antioxidant capacity and safety parameters (toxicity) of Cinnomomum iners standardized leaves methanolic extract (CSLE) to provide information regarding long term usage of this plant. CSLE exhibited high total phenolic (211.94±12.04 mg GAE g<SUP>-1</SUP> plant material) and flavonoid (13.38±0.08 mg CE g<SUP>-1</SUP> plant material) contents. The antioxidant activity of CSLE was evaluated using DPPH, H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> and reducing power assay. CSLE showed potent antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 0.5±0.26 mg mL<SUP>-1</SUP> and 1.00±0.31 mg mL<SUP>-1</SUP> in DPPH assay and H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> study, respectively. The electron donating capability (reducing power) of CSLE was found to be higher than standard antioxidant (vitamin E). The toxicity screening of CSLE was conducted using brine shrimp assay, acute toxicity screening and histopathologic study. An acute toxicity study was carried out by using OECD guideline 423. The LC<SUB>50</SUB> and LD<SUB>50</SUB> values of CSLE were found to be 2.59±0.3 mg mL<SUP>-1</SUP> and > 5000 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively. The organ body weight of the CSLE treated mice shows no considerable difference with control group mice. This shows that CSLE does not affect the weight of the mice. No mortality or significant signs of acute toxicity was observed during the 14 days observation period. On the day 14, all the mice were dissected and organ as heart, liver, kidney, spleen and lung were withdrawn for the calculation of organ body index. The organ body index obtained showed that no significant difference with control. Withdrawn organ was subjected to histopathological study. Histopathological analysis of organs did not show any pathological changes. The results obtained in present study indicate that CSLE is very good antioxidant source with high margin of safety.
The antibacterial activity, bioavailability and acute toxicity of the leaf extracts of Alchornea cordifolia were evaluated. The phytochemical screening was also done. Results of the in vitro antibacterial tests showed that all but the hexane extract exhibited antibacterial activities against P. aeruginosa (MIC = 2.5 mg mL<SUP>-1</SUP>), E. coli (MIC = 3.75 mg mL<SUP>-1</SUP>), S. aureus (MIC = 5 mg mL<SUP>-1</SUP>) and K. pneumoniae (MIC = 10 mg mL<SUP>-1</SUP>). Results of the serum antimicrobial activity test against P . aeruginosa showed that with animals administered the extract, serum antimicrobial activity was observed as from 3 h 45 min for the doses 2.84 and 5.68 g kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, independently of the sex of animals. The peaks of serum activity (maximum activity, A<SUB>max</SUB>) were obtained at 6 and 4 h (T<SUB>max</SUB>) with the doses 2.84 and 5.68 g kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) was greater with the dose 2.84 g kg<SUP>-1</SUP> than with the dose 5.68 g kg<SUP>-1</SUP>. Flavonoids, triterpenes, saponins, anthocyanins, steroids, polyphenols and tannins were found in the leaves of this plant. Results of the acute toxicity study of the aqueous leaf extract of A. cordifolia with mice showed that the LD<SUB>50</SUB> was >32 g kg<SUP>-1</SUP>. The data obtained in this study suggest that the leaves of A. cordifolia contain antibacterial principle(s) which are biologically available and which may not be toxic. However, at doses ≥4 g kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, this extract may have a depressant or sedative effect on the central nervous system, may reduce the pain perception and may induce loss of body weight.
The present study was designed to screen antidepressant activity of Anacyclus pyrethrum (AP) root extract. An experiment was designed by different method such as Locomotor activity, Haloperidol-induced catalepsy, Forced swim test (FST), Tail suspension test (TST), Clonidine-induced hypothermia and Reserpine-induced hypothermia on Swiss male albino mice. Standard root extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum (AP root extract) showed an increase in ambulatory behaviour indicating a stimulant effect of the photoactometer. AP root extract produces a significant antidepressant effect in both FST and TST as they reduced the immobility. AP root extract was found to be effective in reversing hypothermia produced by clonidine and reserpine. In our study, we found that AP root extract inhibited haloperidol-induced catalepsy. These study suggest that AP root extract might produce antidepressant effect by interaction with adrenergic and dopamine receptor thereby increasing the level of noradrenaline and dopamine in brains of mice.
The effect of a 70% (v/v) ethanolic leaf extract of Palisota hirsuta , a traditional West African plant used for CNS disorders and pain, in animal models of anxiety and depression-the open field test, the light/dark box, the Elevated plus Maze (EPM), the Forced Swimming Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST) has been reported. P . hirsuta (30-300 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>) treated mice exhibited anxiolytic activity in all the anxiety models used by significantly increasing the percentage of center entries and the percentage time spent in the center of the open field. P . hirsuta also significantly increased the time spent in the lit area in comparison to the time spent in the dark area of the light/dark box. In the EPM, it significantly increased open arm activity which was completely reversed by flumazenil (3 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>), a specific antagonist of the GABA<SUB>A</SUB> benzodiazepine receptor complex. In the antidepressant test, the extract also dose-dependently reduced the duration of immobility in both the FST (ED<SUB>50</SUB>: 114.55±72.69 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>) and TST (70.42±0.06 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>). Pretreatment with α-methydopa (400 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>; 3 h; p.o.), reserpine (1 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>; 24 h; s.c.) or a combination of the two drugs attenuated the anti-immobility effects of both imipramime and the extract but not fluoxetine. Neither the extract nor the standard drugs used modified motor performance on the rotarod test at all doses tested. These results suggest that the extract has anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects in the models employed possibly by GABAergic activation and/or effect on monoamine levels in the CNS.
Depression is one of the common psychiatric disorders. Though the modern medicine provides large number of antidepressants, each of them has one or the other draw backs. Thus the search for new antidepressants with minimum or without side effects is deemed important. NR-ANX-C, a polyherbal product composed of Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctam, Camellia sinensis, Triphala and Shilajit have been shown to have antistressor, antianxiety and anticataleptic activity. With this back ground, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the antidepressant activity of this polyherbal preparation by employing two experimental models, forced swim test and tail suspension test in mice. Imipramine (5.0 & 10.0 mg/kg) was used as the standard drug. NR-ANX-C (5, 10, & 20 mg/kg) was given orally. Antidepressant effect was studied both on acute and chronic administration. NR-ANX-C significantly reduced the duration of immobility on single and repeated administration. These findings were comparable to that produced by standard drug, imipramine. Our study suggests that, NR-ANX-C has antidepressant like activity in mice.
Depression is a common psychiatric disorder, with diverse symptoms and high comorbidity with other brain dysfunctions. Due to this complexity, little is known about the neural and genetic mechanisms involved in depression pathogenesis. In a large proportion of patients, current antidepressant treatments are often ineffective and/or have undesirable side effects, fueling the search for more effective drugs. Animal models mimicking various symptoms of depression are indispensable in studying the biological mechanisms of this disease. Here, we summarize several popular methods for assessing depression-like symptoms in mice and their utility in screening antidepressant drugs.
Objectives: The present study was designed to investigate the antidepressant effects of Albizzia lebbeck bark in various animal depression models.Materials and Methods: The alcoholic extract (70% v/v ethanol) of Albizzia lebbeck bark (200 & 400 mg/kg. p.o) was administered once daily for seven successive days to separate groups of young male swiss albino mice. The immobility periods of control and treated mice were recorded in two behavioral despair models forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and the effect of extract on locomotor function of mice was studied using actophotometer. The antidepressant-like effect of tested drug was compared to that of imipramine (15 mg/kg. p.o) and fluoxetine (20mg/kg.p.o). Results: The bark extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly decreased the duration of immobility time in a dose dependent manner in both FST and TST. The extract did not show significant effect on locomotor activity of mice. The efficacy of tested extract was found to be comparable to that of imipramine and fluoxetine. Conclusion: Our results suggested that the ethanolic extract of Albizzia lebbeck bark exerts antidepressant-like effect.
In the present study, the effect of an ethanolic extract of the roots of the plant in two animal models of depression the Forced Swimming Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST) has been reported. The extract (100-1000 mg kg-1; p.o.), dose-dependently reduced the duration of immobility in both the FST (ED50: 296.20 ± 53.97 mg kg-1) and TST (203.90 ± 39.01 mg kg-1).The effect of the extract was 20-50 times less potent than imipramime and fluoxetine which were used as standards. Pretreatment with α-methydopa (400 mg kg-1; 3 h; p.o.) attenuated the anti-immobility effects of imipramime but not SJE and fluoxetine. Similarly, pretreatment with reserpine (1 mg kg-1; 24 h; s.c.) abolished the effect of imipramime and partially the effects of SJE but not fluoxetine. A concomitant treatment with α-methyldopa and reserpine attenuated the effects of all but fluoxetine. The extract, imipramime and fluoxetine did not modify motor performance on the rotarod test at all doses tested. Putting all together, present results suggest that SJE has antidepressant-like effects in the model employed and may possibly exert its effects by modifying monoamine transport and/or metabolism.
The fresh green and yellow banana peel of, (Musa, cv. Cavendish) fruits were treated with 70% acetone, which were partitioned with chloroform (CHCl3) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc), sequentially. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated by using the thiocyanate method, ß-carotene bleaching method and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical elimination. While, antimicrobial activities of the extracts and isolated components were evaluated using paper disc methods and Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC). The EtOAc and water soluble fractions of green peel displayed high antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, respectively. Antioxidant activity of water extracts was comparable to those of synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. Among all isolated components ß-sitosterol, malic acid, succinic acid, palmatic acid, 12-hydroxystrearic acid, glycoside, the d-malic and 12-hydroxystrearic acid were the most active against all the Gram-negative and positive bacterial species tested. The MIC of d-malic and succinic acid was varying between 140-750 ppm, respectively.
Objective: To investigate the antidepressant-like effect of glycyrrhizin (glycyrrhizic acid ammonium) in mice. Materials and Methods: Glycyrrhizin (1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered once daily for seven successive days to separate groups of young male Swiss albino mice. The immobility periods of control and treated mice were recorded in forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Effect of sulpiride (50 mg/kg, i.p.; a selective D 2 receptor antagonist), prazosin (62.5 μg/kg, i.p.; an α 1-adrenoceptor antagonist) and p-chlorophenylalanine (100 mg/kg, i.p.; an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis) on antidepressant-like effect of glycyrrhizin in TST was also studied. The antidepressant-like effect of glycyrrhizin was compared to that of imipramine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) administered for seven successive days. Results: Glycyrrhizin produced significant antidepressant-like effect at a dose of 3.0 mg/kg administered for seven successive days, as indicated by reduction in the immobility times of mice in both FST and TST. Glycyrrhizin did not show significant effect on locomotor activity of mice. The efficacy of glycyrrhizin was found to be comparable to that of imipramine and fluoxetine. Sulpiride and prazosin significantly attenuated the glycyrrhizin-induced antidepressant-like effect in TST. On the other hand, p-chlorophenylalanine did not reverse antidepressant-like effect of glycyrrhizin. This suggests that the antidepressant-like effect of glycyrrhizin seems to be mediated by an increase in brain norepinephrine and dopamine, but not by an increase in serotonin. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate the involvement of adrenergic and dopaminergic systems in the antidepressant-like effect of glycyrrhizin.
PURPOSE AND SCOPE 1. Crop field trials (also referred to as supervised field trials) are conducted to determine the magnitude of the pesticide residue in or on raw agricultural commodities, including feed items, and should be designed to reflect pesticide use patterns that lead to the highest possible residues. Objectives of crop field trials are to (1) quantify the expected range of residue(s) in crop commodities following treatment according to the proposed or established good agricultural practice (GAP); (2) to determine, when appropriate, the rate of decline of the residue(s) of plant protection product(s) on commodities of interest; (3) to determine residue values such as the Supervised Trial Median Residue (STMR) and Highest Residue (HR) for conducting dietary risk assessment; and (4) to derive maximum residue limits (MRLs). Crop field trials may also be useful for selecting residue definitions by providing information on the relative and absolute amounts of parent pesticide and metabolites. 2. For the purposes of this document the terms "crop field trial" and "supervised field trials" are synonymous. The term "crop field trial" will be used in the remainder of the document. In addition to addressing studies for residues in crops grown in fields (i.e., outdoors), this guideline also includes studies to assess residues in protected crops grown in greenhouses (glass or plastic covering) and in crops treated after harvest (e.g., stored grains, wax or dip treatment of fruits). 3. This Crop Field Trial test guideline provides a harmonized approach to conducting and reporting crop field trials in OECD countries. This guideline, along with the Guidance Document on Overview of Residue Chemistry Studies, provides for generation of complete field trial data sets for pesticide uses on crops in comprehensive submissions to all OECD countries.
To evaluate antidepressant-like effect of tramadol in mice.
Tramadol was administered at three different doses (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, i.p.) once daily for 7 days to Swiss albino mice of either sex. The immobility period of control and drug-treated mice was recorded in forced swim test (FST). The antidepressant effect of tramadol was compared to that of fluoxetine (20 mg/kg, i.p.), administered for seven successive days.
Tramadol produced significant antidepressant effect at all the three (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) doses, as indicated by reduction in immobility times of drug-treated mice compared to control mice. The efficacy of tramadol at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg was comparable to that of fluoxetine, but antidepressant activity in animals administered with tramadol 40 mg/kg was significantly less as compared to fluoxetine-pretreated mice.
The results of the present study indicate antidepressant-like activity of tramadol.
Since its introduction almost 20 years ago, the tail suspension test has become one of the most widely used models for assessing antidepressant-like activity in mice. The test is based on the fact that animals subjected to the short-term, inescapable stress of being suspended by their tail, will develop an immobile posture. Various antidepressant medications reverse the immobility and promote the occurrence of escape-related behaviour. This review focuses on the utility this test as part of a research program aimed at understanding the mechanism of action of antidepressants. We discuss the inherent difficulties in modeling depression in rodents. We describe how the tail suspension differs from the closely related forced swim test. Further, we address some key issues associated with using the TST as a model of antidepressant action. We discuss issues regarding whether it satisfies criteria to be a valid model for assessing depression-related behavioural traits. We elaborate on the tests' ease of use, strain differences observed in the test and gender effects in the test. We focus on the utility of the test for genetic analysis. Furthermore, we discuss the concept of whether immobility maybe a behavioural trait relevant to depression. All of the available pharmacological data using the test in genetically modified mice is collated. Special attention is given to selective breeding programs such as the Rouen 'depressed' mice which have been bred for high and low immobility in the tail suspension test. We provide an extensive pooling of the pharmacological studies published to date using the test. Finally, we provide novel pharmacological validation of an automated system (Bioseb) for assessing immobility. Taken together, we conclude that the tail suspension test is a useful test for assessing the behavioural effects of antidepressant compounds and other pharmacological and genetic manipulations relevant to depression.
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