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Manufacturing of Composites From Chicken Feathers and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Abstract
The compatibility of composite materials depends on proper selection of the matrix and the reinforcement compound, because the interactions between the matrix and the reinforcement have an important role to obtain good and improved properties in the wanted composite. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a polymer with a wide range of applications but has limitations due to its mechanical properties and its thermal stability, which can be improved by adding additives as reinforcements. Chicken feather quill (CFQ), a waste material which main component is keratin a protein with good properties, has been used as polymer matrices reinforcement. In this work PVC-CFQ composites were prepared in order to obtain PVC with improved properties. The thermal and thermomechanical behavior of the compounds were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) as well as the morphology of the composites by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Another variable studied was the effect of adding a coupling agent in the composite and the differences between the materials without additive and with additive are reported.
... (PVC-g-4VP)-g-SBMA catheters presented three decomposition temperatures. The first was at 266 • C due to PVC dehydrochlorination [36], which occurred at temperatures that were close in both PVC and PVC-g-4VP; the second was at 328 • C, which agrees with the first decomposition Polymers 2022, 14, 1185 9 of 16 of polySBMA at 341 • C (due to the degradation of the quaternary anima [37]) and the second decomposition of PVC at 288 • C; and the third was at 451 • C, which corresponds to the carbon chain decomposition. Figure 7 shows the thermograms of each sample. ...
... (PVCg-4VP)-g-SBMA catheters presented three decomposition temperatures. The first was at 266 °C due to PVC dehydrochlorination [36], which occurred at temperatures that were close in both PVC and PVC-g-4VP; the second was at 328 °C, which agrees with the first decomposition of polySBMA at 341 °C (due to the degradation of the quaternary anima [37]) and the second decomposition of PVC at 288 °C; and the third was at 451 °C, which corresponds to the carbon chain decomposition. Figure 7 shows the thermograms of each sample. ...
In medical environments, polymeric surfaces tend to become contaminated, hindering the treatment and recovery from diseases. Biofouling-resistant materials, such as zwitterionic polymers, may mitigate this problem. In this work, the modification of PVC catheters with a binary graft of 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) and sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) by the oxidative pre-irradiation method is proposed to develop pH-responsive catheters with an antifouling capacity. The ionizing radiation allowed us to overcome limitations in the synthesis associated with the monomer characteristics. In addition, the grafted materials showed a considerable increase in their hydrophilic character and antifouling capacity, significantly decreasing the protein adsorption compared to the unmodified catheters. These materials have potential for the development of a combined antimicrobial and antifouling capabilities system to enhance prophylactic activity or even to help treat infections.
... Biocompatible composites prepared with CFF as reinforcement and PLA as matrix material have been reported in previous research. The composites are prepared using: Hand Layup technique [14,15], Compression Moulding J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f [16][17][18], Extrusion Moulding [19], Spray Layup [20,21], Sandwich Method [22], Vaccum Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding (VARTM) and Solution Moulding [23][24][25]. Since the Coats-Redfern technique seeks average activation energies throughout the whole selected reaction period, it is a more representative integral method. ...
Derivative Thermogravimetric analysis under air was used to observe the thermal decomposition process of Chicken feather fiber (CFF) reinforced Poly-lactic acid (PLA) composite filament of 2.2 mm diameter. The thermal degradation of the sample was initiated at 140 ֯C. Approximately 75 % of the thermal degradation occurred between the temperature of 357 ֯C and 399 ֯C. The composite's activation energy was established using the Coats-Redfern method. The results showed that the activation energy of 112.06 kJ/mol is utilized for the sample throughout the temperature range of 23 ֯C to 398 ֯C. A low activation energy is indicative of rapid chemical reactions between the CFF and PLA molecules. The results from TGA and DTGA indicate that the addition of CFF in the PLA matrix enhanced the thermal stability.
... Biocompatible composites prepared with CFF as reinforcement and PLA as matrix material have been reported in previous research. The composites are prepared using: Hand Layup technique [14,15], Compression Moulding [16][17][18], Extrusion Moulding [19], Spray Layup [20,21], Sandwich Method [22], Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding (VARTM) and Solution Moulding [23][24][25]. ...
... PVC and PVC-g-4VP presented three decomposition temperatures: the first was attributed to the decomposition of the plasticizer, the second and more intense was produced by the dehydrochlorination of PVC, and the last was attributed to the total chain decomposition; the materials modified with 4VP presented an increase of around 20 degrees at all decomposition temperatures. Finally, the PVC-g-4VP/4VPPS catheters showed four decomposition temperatures: the first was at 272 • C due to the loss of the plasticizer, the second was at 333 • C due to the dehydrochlorination of PVC [37], the third was at 364 • C, which is consistent with the decomposition of the quaternary amine [38], and the last was at 453 • C, which corresponds to the carbon chain decomposition. Figure 4 shows the thermograms of each sample. ...
Dual antimicrobial materials that have a combination of antimicrobial and antifouling properties were developed. They were developed through modification using gamma radiation of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) catheters with 4-vinyl pyridine (4VP) and subsequent functionalization with 1,3-propane sultone (PS). These materials were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, swelling tests, and contact angle to determine their surface characteristics. In addition, the capacity of the materials to deliver ciprofloxacin, inhibit bacterial growth, decrease bacterial and protein adhesion, and stimulate cell growth were evaluated. These materials have potential applications in the manufacturing of medical devices with antimicrobial properties, which can reinforce prophylactic potential or even help treat infections, through localized delivery systems for antibiotics.
... It is dried in an oven at 70°C for 24 hours, and then it is cooled. The process must be repeated to remove the glycerol (Lucio et al. 2017;Ramakrishnan et al. 2018). It has been reported that composite membranes have been manufactured by deriving dissolved polypeptides from feathers and having methyl-cellulose as reinforcement (Liebeck et al. 2017). ...
The technological breakthrough in the field of natural composites has led to the introduction of many new materials and products, which are environmentally friendly. As a result, there is a need to reuse, recycle, and reduce the increasing solid bio-waste. Researchers are focusing on deriving reinforcements for composites from biomaterials. This review focuses on the mechanical, physical, chemical, and thermal characterization of CFF as reported in various research articles. This work also presents CFF as a reinforcement material in composites and methods for preparing the CFF composites. This review indicates that CFF provides enough scope to explore opportunities for future research of CFF as a biomaterial in composites.
... In the case of composites with compatibilizer agents, the decrease of the melt flow index is less pronounced, only maximum one unit compared to the reference matrix. In conclusion, the use of compatibilizer agents maintains the melt flow index in an optimum technological range, for PPR/10FF/C and PPR/20FF/C materials [11]. ...
The study is highlighting the possibility of modeling the properties of composite materials based on recycled polypropylene (PPR), flour feathers(FF), and compatibilizers (C). The composite materials with 10% and 20% feather flour content were mixed and processed with a two-stage extruder having four heating zones between 200-230�C, in order to obtain granules. The granules were injected in various forms to evaluate the properties. The composite materials have been evaluated for determination of melt flow index (1900C; 2.16kg), density, Charpy impact, breaking strength, elongation at break, and the dielectric behavior. The results showed that the introduction of feather flour in the polymer matrix based on PPR leads to decreased flow properties as well as physical and mechanical properties. The solution in solving these deficiencies was to use compatibility agents, that would improve these properties. The physico mechanical properties were analyzed in order to identify a composite with optimal properties for industrial application.
Keratin, a bio-sourced polymer of high sulfur content, reckons as the major component of the feather, hair, hooves, horns, and wool. Keratin-based formulations (KFs) have drawn great academic interest due to their intrinsic biofunctionality and high biocompatibility. KFs have been widely utilized in different fields, e. g., drug delivery, wound healing, tissue engineering, etc. Besides pure KFs, the blend systems of keratin and other (bio)polymers, as novel keratinous formulations, have started to trigger great interest, in recent years. In this study, an overview of the structure, features, extraction methods, and recent advances related to the application of KFs for various areas is provided. Furthermore, an overview of different KFs (e. g., 3-D scaffolds, films, fibers, and even hydrogels) and keratin blended with natural/synthetic polymers are discussed.
Gamma rays were evaluated as energy source to generate reactive points onto polyvinyl chloride (PVC) catheters, allowing the grafting of stimuli-responsive vinyl monomers that may endow the catheters with the ability to load and release vancomycin. Dual temperature- and pH- responsiveness was achieved in PVC catheters in a two-step route using the “grafting from” method. First N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAm) was grafted onto the pre-irradiated PVC catheter, and then 4-vinyl pyridine (4VP) was grafted onto the PVC-g-NIPAAm catheter. The effects of reaction conditions, such as solvent, monomer concentration, and radiation dose, were studied. Grafted catheters were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), contact angle measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and swelling tests. Binary grafted catheters exhibited affinity for vancomycin, and the vancomycin-loaded catheters sustained the release under simulated physiological conditions of temperature and pH. Vancomycin-loaded catheters inhibited Staphylococcus aureus growth in a highly contaminated in vitro environment. It is to forecast that these modified catheters may be employed to prevent nosocomial infections or applied as antimicrobial therapy.
Scientific and market researches are developed to replace the non-renewable fossil resources with renewable raw materials, and to reduce and valorise the industrial waste in order to develop new innovative green materials. Conversion of lignocellulose during acid-catalysed hydrolysis process leads to the valorisation of this biomass into value added chemical building blocks (HMF, FF, LA, etc.), but also provoke the formation of a dark-coloured by-product called humins. Feathers represent around 5‒7% of the corporal mass of an adult chicken, being one of the main wastes generated by the poultry industry. Knowing that the chicken feathers consist of 91% keratin, this side-product can be an important renewable source used as alternative for fossil derivative materials. The main objective of this thesis was the valorisation of humins and of chicken feathers in order to develop eco-friendly materials. Firstly, humins-based resins have been designed with modulable properties from elastic to rigid. Then, these humins-based resins were used for composites production with chicken feathers and lignin as bio-fillers. Thereafter, to produce fully bio-based thermoset resins, humins were copolymerized with phloroglucinol diglycidyl ether, a green epoxy comonomer from algae. Moreover, recyclable bio-based composites were developed by reinforcing humins-based thermoset resins with various natural non-woven fibers such as chicken feathers and vegetable fibers in order to develop eco-friendly materials for automotive industry. Finally, bio-based thermoset materials based on resorcinol diglycidyl ether, an aromatic epoxy compound derived from wood, and chicken feathers or lignin were developed. The studies developed in this thesis propose the synthesis, elaboration and characterization of several bio-resins and bio-composites fulfilling the criteria and requirements asked for an industrial valorisation.
This study investigated the use of waste chicken feather (barbs and rachis) as reinforcement in cement-bonded composites. A series of composite boards consisting of various proportions of waste feather, cement, sand, and chemical admixtures were prepared. Mix workability decreased significantly as the proportion by weight of feathers or ground feathers increased from 5% to 20%. Boards containing 5% to 10% fiber and/or ground feather by weight showed comparable strength and dimensional stability to commercial wood fiber-cement composites of similar thickness and density. Stiffness, flexural strength, and dimensional stability of the feather-cement boards decreased as the proportion of feathers was increased above 10%. Higher proportions of feather, however, showed significant reduction in modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR), and increased water absorption and thickness swelling after 24 hours of soaking in water.
Over the past two decades natural fibers are playing significant role as a substitute for synthetic fiber reinforcements in plastics and also offering economical and environmental advantages. Natural fibers obtained from bio waste have recently attracted scientist’s attention because of their advantages in environmental point of view. Chicken feather is treated as the biowaste in poultry sector and similarly the excess hair obtained from human is also considered as biowaste. These bio wastes are reinforced in glass fiber using Epoxy resin by random orientation method to prepare the composite material and to check tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength to give greater strength composite materials. It was observed that the effects of reinforcing
epoxy matrix with the glass fibers caused the composites to be more flexible and easily deform due to high strain values.
Recycled polypropylene composites reinforced with quill from chicken feathers were prepared by extrusion process. Chicken feathers, a worldwide waste without any relevant application, may potentially replace nonrenewable reinforcements in composites. The effects of quill reinforcement on the density, as well as the thermal, thermo-mechanical and morphological properties of the composites, were evaluated. Quill showed an excellent compatibility with the polypropylene matrix, revealed by the good dispersion that was confirmed by the physical appearance observed with aid of scanning electron microscopy. This fact is due to the hydrophobic nature of keratin in quill. All of the composites showed higher storage modulus than simple polymer, particularly for the lowest quill content. In addition, the composite materials also had a lower density. The transition temperature remained almost unaltered compared with polypropylene. However, the thermal stability was observed to be strongly related to the quill content. Thus, this study reports a successful industrial process applied to a new natural reinforcement material: quill, used to synthesize composites with an amply used polymer: polypropylene; which can open an important gate towards the extended exploitation of keratin quill as a novel and renewable reinforcement material.
The capability of agave fiber (Tequilana Weber) as a reinforcing agent for polypropylene is studied, using a coupling agent to improve polymer-fiber interaction. Composites using virgin, reprocessed or recycled polypropylene were prepared at different fiber concentrations. Henequen fiber instead of agave fiber was used to prepare other composites as reference. Stress-strain behavior, flexure and falling dart impact testing, were followed to evaluate composites performance. Mechanical response and SEM micrographs show the benefit obtained by the use of coupling agent.
Currently, the abundant quantity of chicken feather produced annually by the poultry industry as a waste in worldwide, is a serious solid agricultural waste problem. The traditional disposal strategies of chicken feather were not environmental friendly. Exploitation of secondary application alone is not a solution to the problem of environmental; also it enhances the commercial value of feathers. In this study, a review on the behaviour of the chicken feather fibers was made to understand their usability as a reinforcing material for composite fabrication. Fibers of some critical length were estimated experimentally and calculated relative density. Tensile property of fiber, dimensional and strength of the quill was estimated. It was observed that, the quill diameters were varying with length, and all of them were not weighing same. Chemical resistivity and burning tests were conducted, and results were reported. Morphology of the nonwoven mats was studied.
Cassava stillage residue (CSR), a kind of agro-industrial plant fiber, was modified by coupling agent (CA), mechanical activation (MA), and MA-assisted CA (MACA) surface treatments, respectively. The untreated and different surface treated CSRs were used to prepare plant fibers/polymer composites (PFPC) with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as polymer matrix, and the properties of these CSR/PVC composites were compared. Surface treated CSR/PVC composites possessed better mechanical properties, water resistance and dimensional stability compared with the untreated CSR/PVC composite, attributing to the improvement of interfacial properties between CSR and PVC matrix. MACA-treated CSR was the best reinforcement among four types of CSRs (untreated, MA-treated, CA-treated, and MACA-treated CSRs) because MACA treatment led to the significant improvement of dispersion, interfacial adhesion and compatibility between CSR and PVC. MACA treatment could be considered as an effective and green method for enhancing reinforcement efficiency of plant fibers and the properties of PFPC.
The lanthanum ricinoleate (abbreviated as Lari3) of rare earth heat stabilizer was synthesized by the reaction of ricinoleic acid, lanthanum nitrate and sodium hydroxide. The IR and fluorescence spectra methods confirmed the structure of the product. The thermal stability of PVC in the presence of Lari3 was studied by the Congo method and using TG analysis. The results showed that Lari3 could be used as a thermal stabilizer for PVC. When the ratio of Lari3/pentaerythritol was 3:1, the complex exhibited better synergistic effect. Incorporation of Lari3 to PVC resulted in a marked increase of maximum and onset degradation temperature as well as elongation and impact strength of PVC. Lari3 might replace the labile chlorine atoms to interrupt the formation of conjugated double bonds in PVC chains and act as HCl scavenger to restrain the self-catalyticdehydrochlorination.
Fiber reinforced polymer composites played a dominant role in a variety of applications for their high specific strength and modulus. The present work describes the effects of palm fiber addition on physico-mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composites. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the fabricated products increased, while the bulk density, flexural strength and tangent modulus decreased with the increase of fiber addition. The tensile strain decreased with the increase of fiber addition up to 10% and after that it remained nearly constant, while flexural strain remained increasing. There was an initial differential thermal analysis (DTA) peak for both palm fiber and composite, whereas PVC did not have that peak due to water absorption. Thermal analysis of PVC-palm fiber composites has shown that thermal degradation of PVC started ahead of palm fiber. The thermal stability of composite was found to be the average of palm fiber and PVC foam sheet DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v38i1.20215 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 38, No. 1, 83-92, 2014
Rising environmental concerns and depletion of petro-chemical resources has resulted in an increased interest in biorenewable polymer-based environmentally friendly materials. Among biorenewable polymers, lignin is the second most abundant and fascinating natural polymer next to cellulose. Lignin is one of the three major components found in the cell walls of natural lignocellulosic materials. Lignin is widely available as a major byproduct of a number of industries involved in retrieving the polysaccharide components of plants for industrial applications, such as in paper making, ethanol production from biomass, etc. The impressive properties of lignin, such as its high abundance, low weight, environmentally friendliness and its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and biodegradable nature, along with its CO2 neutrality and reinforcing capability, make it an ideal candidate for the development of novel polymer composite materials. Considerable efforts are now being made to effectively utilize waste lignin as one of the components in polymer matrices for high performance composite applications. This article is intended to summarize the recent advances and issues involving the use of lignin in the development of new polymer composite materials. In this review, we have made an attempt to classify different types of lignin-reinforced polymer composites starting from synthetic to biodegradable polymer matrices and highlight recent advances in multifunctional applications of lignin. The structural features and functions of the lignin/polymer composite systems are discussed in each section. The current research trends in lignin-based materials for engineering applications, including strategies for modification of lignin, fabrication of thermoset/thermoplastic/biodegradable/rubber/foam composites, and the use of lignin as a compatibilizer are presented. This study will increase the interest of researchers all around the globe in lignin-based polymer composites and the development of new ideas in this field.