EFFECTS OF LEVAMISOLE ON HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL PROFILES OF NATURALLY OCCURRING GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODOSIS IN GAROLE SHEEP

Abstract

West Bengal, especially the " Sunderban Delta " of South 24 Parganas district, is proud of being the home tract of a popular sheep breed, the " Garole sheep ". Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism particularly nematode infection is the major constraints of profitable sheep rearing in rural India. Parasite control has so far been predominantly relied upon the use of anthelmintic drugs. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of commonly used anthelmintic i.e levamisole injection against naturally occurring GI nematodosis in Garole sheep under field condition. After qualitative and quantitative screening of faecal samples of 100 sheep, thirty having faecal egg count i. e. EPG ≥150 were randomly selected and divided into two equal groups. Levamisole was injected @ 7.5mg kg-1 body weight subcutaneously to one group and the second group was kept as untreated control to harbour the naturally occurring GI nematodes. The faecal, blood and serum samples were collected aseptically once prior to treatment (0 day) and on 10 th day post-treatment for estimation of haemato-biochemical parameters (Hb, PCV, TLC, serum Fe, Ca, glucose, ALP, ALT and AST) and live body weight gain or loss in both the groups was also recorded in same days. Levamisole was found to be 99.52 per cent effective against GI nematode infection. The mean values of haemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV), glucose level, iron (Fe), calcium (Ca) were significantly (P< 0.05) increased while total leucocyte count (TLC), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and serum aspartate amino-transferase (AST) level were significantly decreased on 10 days post-treatment. The body weight of the Garole sheep was increased by 2.61 and 2.35 per cent, respectively, in treated and untreated control group of sheep on 10 days post-treatment. Gastrointestinal nematodes in Garole sheep can be treated successfully with a single dose of levamisole injection. The drug has direct influence on blood parameter and live weight gain of the treated animals.

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SJIF Impact Factor: 4.144 ISSN: 2455-7838(Online)
EPRA International Journal of Research and Development (IJRD)
Volume: 2 | Issue: 1 | January | 2017
EFFECTS OF LEVAMISOLE ON
HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL PROFILES OF NATURALLY
OCCURRING GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODOSIS IN
GAROLE SHEEP
Dr. Soumitra Pandit1
1Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and
Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K. B. Sarani,
Kolkata – 700037, W.B, India.
Dr. Ruma Jas2
2Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and
Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K. B. Sarani,
Kolkata – 700037, W.B, India.
Dr. Surajit Baidya3
3Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and
Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K. B. Sarani,
Kolkata – 700037, W.B, India.
ABSTRACT
West Bengal, especially the „Sunderban Delta‟ of South 24 Parganas district, is proud of being the home tract of a popular
sheep breed, the “Garole sheep”. Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism particularly nematode infection is the major constraints of
profitable sheep rearing in rural India. Parasite control has so far been predominantly relied upon the use of anthelmintic drugs. The
present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of commonly used anthelmintic i.e levamisole injection against naturally
occurring GI nematodosis in Garole sheep under field condition. After qualitative and quantitative screening of faecal samples of
100 sheep, thirty having faecal egg count i. e. EPG ≥150 were randomly selected and divided into two equal groups. Levamisole
was injected @ 7.5mg kg-1 body weight subcutaneously to one group and the second group was kept as untreated control to harbour
the naturally occurring GI nematodes. The faecal, blood and serum samples were collected aseptically once prior to treatment (0 day)
and on 10th day post-treatment for estimation of haemato-biochemical parameters (Hb, PCV, TLC, serum Fe, Ca, glucose, ALP, ALT
and AST) and live body weight gain or loss in both the groups was also recorded in same days. Levamisole was found to be 99.52 per
cent effective against GI nematode infection. The mean values of haemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV), glucose level,
iron (Fe), calcium (Ca) were significantly (P< 0.05) increased while total leucocyte count (TLC), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
and serum aspartate amino-transferase (AST) level were significantly decreased on 10 days post-treatment. The body weight of the
Garole sheep was increased by 2.61 and 2.35 per cent, respectively, in treated and untreated control group of sheep on 10 days
post-treatment. Gastrointestinal nematodes in Garole sheep can be treated successfully with a single dose of levamisole injection. The
drug has direct influence on blood parameter and live weight gain of the treated animals.
KEYWORDS: Garole sheep, Gastrointestinal nematodosis, Levamisole, Haemato-biochemical changes.

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INTRODUCTION
West Bengal, especially the „Sunderban
Delta‟ of South 24 Parganas district, is proud of being
the home tract of a popular sheep breed, the “Garole
sheep” (Sharma
et al.,
1999). In spite of sheep being a
popular livestock in this district, inadequate attention
has been paid to improve its productivity. Profitable
sheep rearing is posed with many constraints of which
parasitic diseases; particularly gastrointestinal (GI)
parasitism is the major one. GI parasitism in sheep
comprised the nematode parasites as the common and
major component (AINP on GIP report, 2006-07) and
it is also quite prevalent in livestock of South 24
Parganas district, the breeding tract of Garole sheep.
Gastrointestinal nematodosis is one of the major and
widespread problems in sheep and goats affecting
their health and productivity (Akerejola
et al
., 1979).
Formulation of control strategy for GI parasitism
depends upon comprehensive knowledge of the
epidemiological factors, which merit particular
attention. Moreover, parasite control, especially the
control of helminth parasites has so far been
predominantly relied upon the use of anthelmintic
drugs and it will continue to remain as the cornerstone
of helminth control in the foreseeable future (Sanyal,
2004). Therefore, evaluation of commonly used
anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodosis in
Garole sheep with a view to select the best suited
ones, is the other important area that deserves due
attention.
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is the economic backbone of
West Bengal with approximately 70% people depends
on it directly or indirectly for their subsistence. The
livestock is an important sub-sector which contributes
to solve the problems of small and marginal farmers as
well as landless labourers, and plays as an important
role in poverty alleviation of rural people. In West
Bengal, especially in coastal zone of South 24
Parganas district, is proud of being the home tract of a
popular indigenous sheep breed, the “Garole sheep”
(Sharma
et al.,
1999). The sheep are primarily raised
for meat and no attention is given for wool production
or its improvement. Now a day, a special attention has
been given on this breed due to its disease resistance
power for a sustainable growth and production.
Gastrointestinal nematodosis is one of the
major and widespread problems in sheep and goats
affecting their health and productivity (Akerejola
et
al
., 1979). Profitable sheep rearing is there by
hindered with gastrointestinal parasitism in sheep.
Haemonchus
spp.,
Trichostrongylus
spp.,
Oesophagostomum
spp.,
Trichuris
spp. and hook
worm etc. are regarded as the common and major
component (Pandit
et al
., 2009) like other ruminants.
The economic losses are mainly associated with low
productivity; morbidity and occasional death (Sood,
1981). The average loss of blood in case of
Haemonchus
spp. is about 0.05 ml/adult/day with
rapid fall of PCV value and decreased absorption or
iron from the intestine resulting in severe anaemia and
sudden death may occur from acute blood loss due to
gastrointestinal nematodosis (Soulsby, 1986). The
principles of control of GI parasitic diseases are
mainly based on pasture and bran management and
protective treatment (Rodistis
et al
., 2000). However,
in this region of West Bengal, there is no organized
method followed as such to control parasitic infection.
A large number of broad spectrum anthelmintics are
commercially available in West Bengal and
levamisole is one of them. The present study was
undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of this drug against
gastrointestinal nematodosis alongwith some of health
parameters including changes in blood picture in
Garole sheep.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Selection of study area: Sheep farm at
Mohanpur in Nadia district under this university was
selected as the sheep reared in this farm comprised
only the selected Garole sheep and their descendants.
The sheep were maintained under semi-intensive
system
i.e.
in day-time they were allowed to graze in
free-range field and at night-time they were kept in
confinements. Routine deworming was not practiced
in the sheep.
Selection and grouping of the animals: A
total of 150 Garole sheep, above four-months of age,
were coprologically screened for the presence of
gastrointestinal nematode eggs by qualitative faecal
examination using standard salt floatation technique
(Soulsby, 1982) on two occasions at an interval of
three days. The sheep found positive for
gastrointestinal nematode eggs were then subjected to
quantitative faecal examination by modified
McMaster‟s technique (Soulsby, 1982). The sheep
having EPG ≥ 150, were identified and thirty such
sheep were selected for anthelmintic evaluation.
Selected sheep were randomly divided into two equal
groups (n = 15)
i. e.
Group I and II, for evaluating the
efficacy of a single dose of levamisole.
Anthelmintic treatment: Out of the two
groups, sheep of first groups were treated with
levamisole (Lemasol-75® ) @ 7.5 mg kg-1 body wt.
subcutaneously and second group served as infected
untreated control throughout the study period.
Collection and examination of faecal
samples:
Freshly voided faecal pellets or per-
rectal faecal samples were collected in 30 ml wide-
mouthed plastic sample bottles, brought to the
laboratory and preserved by adding sufficient amount
of 10 % formalin till further examination. Pre-
treatment samples were collected twice at three days

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intervals and the post-treatment samples were
collected 10 days after the treatment as recommended
by Coles
et al.
(1992). The faecal egg count (FEC),
i.e.
EPG in respect of nematodes (Strongyle,
Strongyloides
spp
.,
Trichuris
spp
.
) were determined
quantitatively by modified McMaster‟s Technique
(Soulsby, 1982).
Anthelmintic efficacy: The efficacy of
anthelmintics under field condition was studied
following the method described by Coles
et al.
(1992).
Collection and examination of blood
and serum samples: For estimating the
haematological
parameters
i.e.
haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume
(PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leucocyte
count (TLC), and serum biochemical parameters i.e.
total serum protein (TSP), serum albumin (SA), serum
globulin (SG), serum albumin and globulin ratio (SA:
SG), serum alkaline phosphatase (AP), serum alanine
amino-transferase (ALT), serum aspartate amino-
transferase (AST), serum glucose level, iron (Fe),
calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphorus (P) changes
due to anthelmintic treatment against naturally
occurring gastrointestinal nematodosis, blood and
serum samples were collected once prior and after 10
days of anthelmintic treatment from each group. All
the parameters were estimated by standard
method/protocol.
Recording of body weight: The body
weight changes in the treated groups as compared to
the infected untreated control group were also taken
into account for assessment of anthelmintic efficacy.
The individual body weight of all the sheep was
measured with the help of floor balance at the time of
collection of faecal samples
i.e.
once prior to the
anthelmintic treatment and once on 10th day post-
treatment.
Statistical analysis: All the parameters for
each group were compared (Analyze - Compare
Means) for the mean value along with standard error
(S.E). Then they were analyzed separately (
i.e.
between groups and between post-infection period) by
Duncan method (One way ANOVA) and the
significance (P value) was recorded at 5% level and
1% level.
The complete statistical analysis was done
with the help of SPSS Windows Version 10.0.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Anthelmintic treatment has been serving as
the most effective mean for the control and
amelioration of helminth infections in livestock
including sheep. But the prolonged and indiscriminate
use of anthelmintics has led to the emergence of
anthelmintic resistance, which is a major constraint for
nematode control throughout the world including
India (Singh
et al
. 2002). However, this problem has
not been recorded so far in West Bengal.
It is evident from Table-1 that the mean
faecal egg counts (FEC) in the treated groups were
significantly (P<0.01) reduced compared to the
respective pre-treatment FEC, whereas the difference
of pre and post treatment FEC in the control group
(Gr-II) was non-significant. The percent efficacy of
the levamisole was 99.52 per cent, against
gastrointestinal nematodes in Garole sheep. Although
the efficacy of the anthelmintic, as judged by post-
treatment FEC, was not significantly different within
the groups, the post-treatment FEC in untreated
control group (Gr-II) was significantly (P< 0.01)
higher as compared to the treated group (Gr.I). Earlier
evaluations of levamisole against gastrointestinal
nematodosis in sheep under unorganized and semi-
intensive farming system revealed that they were
effective beyond the desired level (Panda
et al
., 2003;
Gomathinayagam
et al
., 2004; Garg
et al
., 2007).

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Table-1: The mean (± SE) faecal egg count (EPG), haemato-biochemical and body weight
changes in Levamisole treated and untreated control groups of Garole sheep
Gr–I = Levamisole treated group of sheep Gr–II = Untreated control group of sheep
** = Significant at 1% level (p<0.01), * = Significant at 5% level (p<0.05)
DPT = Day post-treatment SE = Standard error
Anthelmintic treatment and
heamatological changes:
The mean Hb concentration was significantly
(P<0.05) increased on 10th day after treatment with all
the three anthelmintics compared to the infected
untreated control group. However, the Hb
concentration in the three treated groups did not differ
significantly (P > 0.05). A similar pattern of changes
in PCV and TEC values due to treatment was also
observed (Table- 2).
Parameter studied
Pre-treatment value
(on day 0 )
Post-treatment value
(on 10th DPT)
Gr-I
Gr -II
Gr-I
Gr-II
EPG
663.33± 83.16
526.67 ± 67.76
3.33 ± 3.33
696.67 ± 68.74**
Hb (g%)
8.62 ± 0.73
9.10 ± 1.38
9.16 ± 0.37
8.70 ± 0.36*
PCV (%)
26.46 ± 0.84
27.24 ± 0.48
28.22 ± 0.57
26.30 ± 1.92*
TEC
( X 106 /cu mm)
11.91 ± 0.05
12.15 ± 0.25
12.24 ± 0.08
11.46 ± 0.22**
TLC
( X 103/cu mm)
12.15 ± 0.48
12.02 ± 0.23
11.70 ± 0.21
12.38 ± 0.15
TSP ( gm/dl)
6.97 ± 0.12
7.43 ± 0.39
7.42 ± 0.31
6.96 ± 0.15*
SA (gm/dl)
3.78 ± 0.22
3.43 ± 0.15
3.87 ± 0.20
3.26 ± 0.16
SG ( gm/dl)
3.19 ± 0.27
3.99 ± 0.28
3.55 ± 0.20
3.70 ± 0.52
SA:SG
1.25 ± 0.25
0.87 ± 0.05
1.10 ± 0.07
0.91 ± 0.09
ALP ( IU/L)
72.38 ± 3.12
76.25 ± 3.01
70.98 ± 2.51
88.44 ± 3.91**
ALT (IU/L)
27.78 ± 0.98
28.17 ± 1.06
26.57 ± 1.07
31.40 ± 0.82**
AST (IU/L)
66.95 ± 2.66
89.20 ± 4.73
66.86 ± 2.17
103.16 ± 7.37**
Glucose (g%)
65.94 ± 2.28
63.37 ± 2.93
70.66 ± 1.83
61.13 ± 2.38**
Fe (µg/dl)
127.38 ± 4.74
127.06 ± 3.20
137.9 ± 7.69
117.26 ± 9.09*
Ca (mg/dl)
5.85 ± 0.32
6.08 ± 0.32
6.16 ± 0.29
5.74 ± 0.30*
P (mg/dl)
3.50 ± 0.20
4.27 ± 0.32
3.82 ± 0.22
3.94 ± 0.28
Body weight changes
(in Kg)
9.20 ± 0.64
8.94 ± 0.43
9.64 ± 0.65
9.15 ± 0.42

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However, the TLC values on 10 DPT with all
the three anthelmintics were significantly (P<0.05)
lower than the untreated control group, although the
difference between any two treated groups was not
significant. All the three anthelmintics improved the
Hb, PCV and TEC values but TLC values had a
declined tendency after 10 day post-treatment. This
finding commensurate the earlier findings of Rajguru
et al
. (2002), and Arora
et al
. (2003).
Anthelmintic treatment and serum
protein level:
The treatment of gastrointestinal nematode
infected sheep with ivermectin, levamisole and
albendazole significantly (P<0.05) improved the TSP
levels compared to the untreated sheep (Table-3),
although the difference within the treated groups was
not significant. The SA and SG levels and SA: SG
values did not change significantly due to treatment
with all the three anthelmintics. There was significant
amelioration of the TSP level due to anthelmintic
treatment without significant effect on SA, SG and
SA: SG values. Similar findings have been reported
earlier by Badrie and Kamenov (1982), Tanwar and
Mishra (2001).
Anthelmintic treatment and enzyme
activity:
The activities of AP, ALT and AST in the three
treated groups were significantly (P<0.01) reduced
compared to untreated control sheep after 10 days
following the treatment (Badrie
et al
., 1985 and
Chakraborti and Lodh, 1994).
Anthelmintic treatment and serum
glucose level:
Serum glucose level recorded a significant
(P<0.01) increase due to treatment of the
gastrointestinal nematode infected sheep with
ivermectin, levamisole and albendazole compared to
untreated sheep but there was no significant difference
within the three treated groups. The values in the
treated groups increased significantly (P<0.05),
compared to the untreated control group. Interestingly,
the glucose level in untreated control group was
significantly reduced on 10th day (61.13) compare to
the initial value (63.37). Decreased level of serum
glucose in lambs infected with
O. venulosum
has been
reported earlier by Badrie
et al
., (1985). In the
ivermectin treated group the glucose level
significantly (P<0.01) increased on 10 DPT (74.53)
compared to the pre- treatment level (67.40).
Anthelmintic treatment and serum
mineral concentration:
Treatment with albendazole significantly
(P<0.05) increased serum Fe level, although the effect
of treatment with ivermectin and levamisole was non-
significant. In case of Ca concentration it was evident
that treatment with ivermectin and albendazole had
significant (P<0.05) positive effect but the effect of
levamisole treatment was non-significant (P>0.05).
The difference in serum Ca values was non-significant
within the three treated groups. Interestingly, the
serum inorganic phosphorous (P) level did not change
significantly due to treatment with all the three
anthelmintics. Decreased level of Ca and P due to
T.
colubriformis
(Brown
et al
., 1989), of Fe and Ca due
to haemonchosis (Brar
et al
., 1998; Sangwan and
Sangwan, 2000) have also been reported earlier in
infected animals compared to the treated animals.
Anthelmintic treatment and body weight
changes:
The treatment of gastrointestinal nematode
infected sheep with all the three anthelmintics resulted
in a gain in the body weight, although this gain was
not statistically significant compared to the untreated
control. The reduced body weight in infected sheep
indicates negative impact of gastrointestinal
nematodosis on the growth rate as noted by Hayat
et
al
. (1996) and Uriarte
et al
. (2003).
The sheep used in the present study for
evaluating the anthelmintics did not receive regular
anthelmintic treatments and all the three anthelmintics
evaluated, had the desired efficacy. Additionally, there
was improvement in the haemato-biochemical
parameters and body weight in the treated groups.
Acknowledgement
Authors are thankful to the Dean, Faculty of
Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal
University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, for
providing necessary research facilities for the present
study. The financial assistance provided by the
I.C.A.R. in the form of a research project entitled
“A.I.N.P. on gastrointestinal parasitism” under which
this work was conducted, is also gratefully
acknowledged.
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