Article

The effect of Elettaria cardamomum extract on anxiety-like behavior in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder

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  • Kerman Physiology Research Center
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... Cardamom ↑↓ | Agarwood ↓ (Masoumi-Ardakani et al., 2017). (Wang et al., 2018), (Zhou et al., 2009). ...
... Cardamom ↑↓ | Agarwood ↑ | Limonene ↑ | Eucalyptus ↑ | Carvacrol ↑↓ | Pinene ↑↓ | (Lv et al., 2013), (Masoumi-Ardakani et al., 2017), (Wang et al., 2018), (Zhou et al., 2009). ...
... Agitation | Aggression ↓ Lavender | Linalool (Ayaz et al., 2017), (Linck et al., 2010) Anhedonia ↓ Cinnamon | Shiso, mint | L-Menthone (Sousa et al., 2017). (Chioca et al., 2013), (Coelho et al., 2018), (Choi et al., 2014), (Cho et al., 2013), (Dosoky & Setzer, 2018), (Han et al., 2017), (Hosseini et al., 2016), (Jafarzadeh et al., 2013), (Javed et al., 2016), , (Lopez et al., 2017), (Mannucci et al., 2018), (Masoumi-Ardakani et al., 2017), (Mesri et al., 2017), (Wang et al., 2018), (Namazi et al., 2014), Arousal | Hyperactivity ↓ Neroli | Limonene | Linalool | Eucalyptus (Choi et al., 2014), (Cho et al., 2013). ...
Article
i>Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a multi-faceted, symptomatic mental health diagnosis often accompanied with various physical and psychological comorbidities. The complexity of this diagnosis makes treatment difficult, thereby suggesting that all options, including alternative approaches to care, should be explored. Aromatherapy from plant essential oils is an increasingly utilized integrative health modality. Essential oils are lipophilic, volatile aromatic metabolites in plants consisting of various natural chemical constituents that permeate the blood stream and influence neurobiological responses. This qualitative phenomenological study sought to understand the impact of aromatherapy from Bergamot essential oil on managing PTSD symptomology. A two-week pilot study was conducted consisting of 12 first responder, medical, firefighter and military men and women presenting with symptoms of PTSD in San Diego, California. Data collected from the interviews identified that the bergamot essential oil produced a calming effect, improved sleep, reduced anxiety, increased positive mood, enhanced concentration and reduced avoidance behavior. Participants in the research study reported that aromatherapy of bergamot essential oil helped mitigate certain symptoms of PTSD from the symptom clusters of arousal, negative mood, and avoidance behavior. This modality could help practitioners and treatment clinics facilitate an adaptive recovery, by providing a calm and safe atmosphere to engage with clients to execute trauma focused therapy more effectively. Aromatherapy provides a non-invasive and promising modality that would best serve the mental health field for practitioners and their overseeing organizations to further research, educate and implement this therapy in facilitating an adaptive recovery and management of PTSD symptoms.</i
... E. cardamomum is cultivated commercially in India and Sri Lanka. Its traditional use is in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, but it is also used as an anti-depressant which, over a prolonged period, can enhance cognitive function [33,34]. In vivo studies suggest that alcoholic extracts of E. cardamomum have anxiolytic, anti-depressant, and cognition-enhancing properties, possibly due to its flavonoid content [34,35]. ...
... Its traditional use is in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, but it is also used as an anti-depressant which, over a prolonged period, can enhance cognitive function [33,34]. In vivo studies suggest that alcoholic extracts of E. cardamomum have anxiolytic, anti-depressant, and cognition-enhancing properties, possibly due to its flavonoid content [34,35]. The anxiolytic effects of E. cardamomum have been particularly attributed to the high flavonoid content and quercetin levels [34]. ...
... In vivo studies suggest that alcoholic extracts of E. cardamomum have anxiolytic, anti-depressant, and cognition-enhancing properties, possibly due to its flavonoid content [34,35]. The anxiolytic effects of E. cardamomum have been particularly attributed to the high flavonoid content and quercetin levels [34]. In many respects, the protective actions of E. cardamomum against Aβ were like that of J. regia, with a remarkable ability to restoring the chemosensing of G. pallida, and so this plant extract should also be prioritised for further investigations. ...
Article
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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with unmet medical need. This investigation consisted of testing a range of ethanolic ethnomedicinal plant extracts (n = 18) traditionally used in the treatment of disorders such as anxiety, delirium, and memory loss. They were then screened for in vitro inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butylcholinesterase (BuChE), beta-secretase 1/beta-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), and antioxidant activities. Plants with potent activities were further characterised using a recently developed in vivo model of AD, Globodera pallida. The ability of phytoextracts to protect this organism against amyloid-beta Aβ (1-42) exposure was assessed by measuring chemosensing, survival rate, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and antioxidant responses. Extracts (n = 5) from Juglans regia (leaves), Ellettaria cardamomum (seeds), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (bark), Salvia officinalis (leaves/flowers), and Hypericum perforatum (flowers) exerted concentration-dependent inhibitory activities against AChE and BuChE. Three of these plant extracts (i.e., J. regia, E. cardamomum, and S. officinalis) possessed strong concentration-dependent inhibitory activity against BACE1. Furthermore, the five selected medicinal plant extracts not only enhanced significantly (p < 0.05) the nematode’s chemosensing, survival rate, and antioxidant responses (i.e., anti-ROS production, mitochondrial reductase activity, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH) ratio), but also greatly restored (p < 0.05) in a concentration-dependent manner the Aβ (1-42)-induced deleterious changes in these same parameters. In brief, this investigation highlights plant extracts with strong anti-AD activities which could be trialled as novel therapeutic supplements or undergo further biodiscovery research.
... In folk medicine, different parts of E. cardamomum have been used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and also used as stomachic, resolvent, retentive, digestive, antiemetic, carminative and antiputrefactive (during embalmment), and in treating lung congestion, pulmonary tuberculosis, high blood pressure, heart disease and digestive disorders. High flavonoids levels are found filling the seeds and capsules of E. cardamomum and especially, quercetin is in command for anxiolytic effect (Masoumi-Ardakani et al., 2017;Elguindy, 2016). Khatri et al. (2017) has shown the presence of a variety of compounds like Vitamin E, Squalene, Eucalyptol, Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, 4H-1-Benjopyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-5, 7-dihydroxy-2-phenyl, Octadecanoic acid, Phytol, Hexadecanoic acid in the methanolic extract of Elettaria cardamomum. ...
... Researchers suggested that cardamom extract would prevent anxious behaviours. This perhaps due to the link between low blood levels of antioxidants to the development of anxiety and other mood disorders (Krolow et al., 2014;Masoumi-Ardakani et al., 2017;Gautam et al., 2012). ...
Chapter
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Cardamom is one of the most expensive species in the world which belongs to the family Zingiberaceae and it's used as traditional medicine. Cardamom is cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Guatemala. It's available in two types; black cardamom (Amomum subulatum) and green cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum). In folk medicine, different parts of E. cardamomum is used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, stomachic, retentive, digestive, antiemetic, carminative and anti-putrefactive (during embalmment) agents, and also in treating gums, teeth and throat infection, lung congestion, pulmonary tuberculosis, high blood pressure, heart disease and digestive disorders. Cardamom oil is used as a spice in food and as liquors/flavours in pharmaceutical industries. In medicine, its oil is used as a powerful antiseptic, stomachic, aromatic and diuretic agent. The capsules have been used traditionally for teeth, gum infections, asthma and preparations of digestive ailments. In this chapter, we have consolidated the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of cardamom and their medicinal uses and the antioxidant activities present in cardamom along with its popular and traditional uses.
... In folk medicine, different parts of E. cardamomum have been used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and also used as stomachic, resolvent, retentive, digestive, antiemetic, carminative and antiputrefactive (during embalmment), and in treating lung congestion, pulmonary tuberculosis, high blood pressure, heart disease and digestive disorders. High flavonoids levels are found filling the seeds and capsules of E. cardamomum and especially, quercetin is in command for anxiolytic effect (Masoumi-Ardakani et al., 2017;Elguindy, 2016). Khatri et al. (2017) has shown the presence of a variety of compounds like Vitamin E, Squalene, Eucalyptol, Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, 4H-1-Benjopyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-5, 7-dihydroxy-2-phenyl, Octadecanoic acid, Phytol, Hexadecanoic acid in the methanolic extract of Elettaria cardamomum. ...
... Researchers suggested that cardamom extract would prevent anxious behaviours. This perhaps due to the link between low blood levels of antioxidants to the development of anxiety and other mood disorders (Krolow et al., 2014;Masoumi-Ardakani et al., 2017;Gautam et al., 2012). ...
Book
This reference book is based on the history, cultivation, processing, breeding, protection, phytochemistry, and pharmacological importance of cardamom. Cardamom is scientifically known as Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton and is a member of the Zingiberaceae family. It's a shade-loving plant that grows well at an altitude between 600 and 1400 metres above sea level, with annual rainfall ranging from 1300–4000 mm and temperatures ranging from 10 to 35°C. Cardamom is highly cross-pollinated and depends on honeybees for pollination. Cardamom is classified into three types based on the nature of the panicles, namely, Malabar (prostrate panicle), Mysore (erect panicle) and Vazhukka (semi-erect panicle), a natural hybrid between Mysore and Malabar varieties. In India, currently, six research institutions, namely, Cardamom Research Station (CRS), Pampadumpara (Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala), ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research (IISR), Kozhikode, Kerala; Cardamom Research Centre, Appangala, Karnataka; Indian Cardamom Research Institute (ICRI), Myladumpara, Kerala and its Regional Research Station, Sakleshpur, Karnataka and Regional Research Station, Mudigere (University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences) are engaged in research for the improvement of cardamom farming. These research institutions have begun doing routine surveys to exploit desirable genes using a variety of traditional and modern crop improvement techniques. Also, these research centres/institutes are holding enormous genetic wealth of different accessions. Recently, many researchers have used various biotechnological approaches to conduct studies on micropropagation, assess the diversity in germplasm collections, and elucidate the biotic and abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms in cardamom. Fungal, bacterial and viral diseases pose severe threats to the successful cultivation of this crop. Major pests of cardamom include thrips, shoot and capsule borer, root grub, and whiteflies. Injudicious pesticide applications to manage pests and diseases rises the residue levels in the cured product, limiting its export value. Bio-pesticides control pest in an eco-friendly manner and are considered as the best alternatives to synthetic pesticides. It includes the effective utilization of microbials (bacteria, fungi, virus, and nematodes), macrobials (predators, parasitoids, and parasites), botanicals, organic amendments, semiochemicals, endophytes, and reduced risk pesticides in managing pest and diseases. Cardamom is grown in the throughout tropical mountains mainly for its capsules and its essential oil. Cardamom capsules/seeds accumulate essential oil and other bioactive metabolites, which contribute to their distinctive aroma and are used in the functional food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. More than 100 secondary metabolites have been identified from cardamom essential oil. The essential oil of cardamom capsules possesses predominantly monoterpene constituents, such as 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, α-terpineol, linalool, linalyl acetate and nerolidol and the ester constituent α-terpinyl acetate all of which have therapeutic benefits including antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral and gastroprotective activities. Cardamom capsules contain substantial concentration of flavonoids like catechin, myricetin, kaempferol and quercetin. Lutein is said to be the most abundant carotenoid in small cardamom. According to recent investigations, cardamom phenolic constituents’ flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and anthocyanins are being used to treat cardiovascular, pulmonary, kidney, and lung disorders. Cardamom capsules are a nutraceutical and functional food that can protect humans from several chronic diseases when taken daily. Cardamom oil is a new potential natural source for food, aroma, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Since the 4th century BC, Indian Ayurvedic physicians, as well as Greek and Roman doctors, have used small cardamom capsules to treat bronchitis, asthma, and constipation, as well as colds, coughs, diuretics, carminatives, teeth and gum infections, urinary and kidney disorders, congestion of the lungs, pulmonary tuberculosis, irritation of the eyelids, cataract, nausea, and diarrhoea. Cardamom was used to treat constipation, stomach aches, bladder infections, and dysentery in children in traditional Chinese medicine. Cardamom is also used in Ayurvedic medicine to cure food sickness. Cardamom oils are being employed in the production of plant-based hand lotions and soaps. Digestive problems can be treated with powdered cardamom capsules mixed with pulverised cloves, ginger, and caraway. In addition, using cardamom capsules helps to relieve inflammation and headaches. This reference book entitled “Cardamom [Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton]: Production, Breeding, Management, Phytochemistry and Health Benefits” is comprises of twelve chapters contributed by different authors and provide complete information about this wonderful herb. Its occurrence, history, cultivation, post-harvest processing, botany, crop improvement, biotechnology, protection, ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities are well described with supporting references. The book contains latest information pertaining to cardamom and its cultivation. The information provided in this book will be very useful for students, academicians, researchers, and scientists, as well as others interested/involved nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.
... ii Anxiety Elettaria cardamomum L in the dose of 400 mg/kg, significantly improves anxiety-like behavior in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorders (38) iii Hypertension ...
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Menopause is a physiological unavoidable condition in women’s life which leads to vasomotor, psychological, urogenital and chronic diseases collectively termed as post-menopausal symptoms (PMS). Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is conventional line of treatment for treating PMS in which estrogens replacement is major choice for better therapeutic efficacy against symptoms like hot flushes, osteoporosis, hormonal balances, insomnia, obesity etc. However, estrogen is reported risk factor for breast cancer. The review discusses Ayurveda based strategies for management of PMS with phytoestrogen herbs, diet, lifestyle modification, de-addiction measures, yoga, aroma therapies etc. supported by evidence-based documentation.Herbs namely Dhanyaka (Coriander sativum), Manjishtha (Rubia cordifolia L), Chandana (Santalum album L), Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L. Dunal), Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi DC), Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus L), Kumari (Aloe vera L), Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra L), Haridra (Curcuma longa L), Triphala (Combination of fruits of Haritaki, Bibhitak, Amalaki in the proportion 1:2:4), Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris L), Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna L.), Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia L.), Ela (Elettaria cardamomum L), Narikela (Coccus nucifera L), Masha (Phaseolus vulgaris L), Mudga (Vigna radiata L). Shunthi (Zingiber officinale Roxb), Methika (Trigonella foenum-graecum L), Tila (Sesamum indicum L) are the natural sources of phytoestrogens. Phytoestrogen don’t exert side effects like synthetic estrogen molecules. These herbs are useful for management of various symptoms of PMS. Having anti-cancer potential against breast carcinoma these are useful for prevention of risk of breast cancer.
... These results provided a novel insight into the opioidergic system involvement in the negative effects of the psychostimulant METH on cognition. Animal's studies are more important for cognitive and behavioral interventions [23][24][25][26][27][28]. The findings of this research are in line with those of the previous animal's studies regarding METH adverse effects on memory [4, 29,30]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: Methamphetamine (METH) as a synthetic psychostimulant is being increasingly recognized as a worldwide problem, which may induce memory impairment. On the other hand, it is well established that naloxone, an opiate antagonist, has some beneficial effects on learning and memory. The present research aimed at evaluating naloxone effects on spatial learning and memory impairment triggered by a neurotoxic regimen of METH in male rats. Materials and Methods: The animals received the subcutaneous (sc) regimen of METH (4×6 mg/kg at 2-h intervals), intraperitoneal (ip) naloxone (4×1 mg/kg at 2-h intervals), or normal saline at four events. The Nal-METH group of rats received four naloxone injections (1 mg/kg, ip) 30 min before each METH injection (6 mg/kg, sc) at 2-h intervals. Seven days later, they were evaluated for spatial learning and memory in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) task. Result: METH regimen induced hyperthermia, as well as a poor performance, in the acquisition and retention phases of the task, indicating spatial learning and memory impairment compared to the controls. Naloxone administration (1 mg/kg, ip) before each METH injection led to significant attenuations of both hyperthermia and METH adverse effects on the rat performance in the MWM task. Conclusion: The results revealed that pretreatment with the opiate antagonist naloxone could prevent METH adverse effects on body temperature and memory performance. It seems that the opioidergic system and hyperthermia may, at least partially, be involved in METH effects on spatial memory. [GMJ. 2019;8:e1182]
... They attributed the above-mentioned activity to the presence of quercetin in the extract; however, they mentioned that the data obtained are insufficient and further exploration is required to confirm the same. 26 Our study confirms the antianxiety effect even at a lower dose of 100 mg/kg with ethanolic extract. ...
Article
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Background: Elettaria cardamomum, commonly known as cardamom, is one of the most widely used spices worldwide and is conventionally well known for its effects on the central nervous system (CNS) as a food additive. Aims and Objectives: This study was carried out to assess the ethanolic extract of E. cardamomum (EEEC) for its CNS activity in rats. The purpose of this study was to validate the traditional use of E. cardamomum as an antianxiety agent. Materials and Methods: The elevated plus maze and light–dark arena models were used to evaluate its anxiolytic activity. The open field test and actophotometer were used for assessing its effect on locomotor activity. The experiments were performed in Wistar albino rats of either sex after grouping the animals into three different groups. Twelve animals per group were used. Distilled water (10 mL/kg) was used as Control and Diazepam (1 mg/kg) were used as standard drugs for the respective tests. Results: EEEC (at a dose of 100 mg/kg) has shown anxiolytic and reduced locomotor activity. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that EEEC has anxiolytic and sedative effects, similar to benzodiazepine and possibly similar mechanisms.
... Two hundred-fifty grams of the dried whole leaves were extracted through a percolation procedure with methanol (70%) consecutively for 3 days at 21 • C. In the next step, it was passing the extracts through filter paper (Sigma, Roedermark, Germany), and lastly, was evaporated in a vacuum at 50 • C utilizing a rotary evaporator (Heidolph, Germany) and kept at −20 • C until testing [14,15]. ...
Article
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Unlabelled: The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro, in vivo, and safety of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. methanolic extract (SLME) against acute toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii RH strain in mice. Methods: MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to evaluate the in vitro effect of the SLME on T. gondii tachyzoites. Totally, 72 male BALB/c mice (40 mice for in vivo evaluation of SLME and 32 mice for its toxicity effects on liver and kidney serum enzymes) were used for the present investigation. At first, 40 mice were orally pre-treated with the SLME at doses of 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg/day for two weeks. Mice were checked daily, and the rate of survival and the mean number of tachyzoites were recorded. Liver lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, the effects on kidney and liver function, as well as the expression level of the proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), were studied by the quantitative real-time PCR. Flow cytometry analysis was performed on the effects of SLME on the detection of apoptotic and necrotic cells in T. gondii tachyzoites. Results: The SLME at the concentrations 75 and 150 µg/mL completely killed the tachyzoites after 2 hr of incubation. SLME at 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg/day increased the survival rate of infected mice by the sixth, seventh, and eighth days, respectively. SLME also significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the LPO and NO levels and upregulated the IL-1β and IFN-γ mRNA gene expression levels, whereas no considerable change was observed in the serum level of kidney and liver enzymes. Flow cytometry analysis revealed the prompted early and late apoptosis after exposure to T. gondii tachyzoites with various concentrations of SLME. Conclusion: We found the relevant in vitro anti-Toxoplasma effects of SLME against T. gondii. Moreover, the results confirmed the promising in vivo prophylactic effects of SLME. SLME provokes the innate immune system, induces apoptosis, modulates the proinflammatory cytokines, and inhibits hepatic injury in infected mice. With all these descriptions, further surveys are required to support these findings and elucidate this plant's possible mechanisms of action.
... The extraction used in this study is of the solid-liquid type, according to the protocol of Masoumi-Ardakani et al. (2017), with some modifications. The principle of this extraction was based on the dissolution of the prepared powders (10 g) in the solvent (methanol/distilled water) (v/v). ...
Article
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Pistacia lentiscus L. belongs to the family Anacardiaceae. Its fruits are a source of vegetable oils traditionally consumed in Algerian and Tunisian diets. In this study, the physicochemical composition, antioxidant activity (reducing power, FRAP, CUPRAC, CAT, DPPH, ABTS, and ferrozine), and antimicrobial inhibition of P. lentiscus berries are determined at two periods of maturation. Pomological analyses were also evaluated. Red berries showed a preponderance in polyphenol and flavonoid content, while black berries were found to be rich in carotenoids and vitamin C. Furthermore, total sugars decreased, while all identified secondary metabolites reached their highest values at maturity. Moreover, a direct relationship between the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities was shown. On the other hand, analysis of the mineral composition of macro- and micro-elements indicated higher contents of magnesium, zinc, and copper in mature fruits than in immature ones, which are richer in iron. The obtained results may facilitate the selection of the most interesting harvest periods for producers and consumers and guarantee good quality berries with high nutritional values. Graphic abstract
... This plant is indigenous to Sri Lanka, Burma, and tropical regions of India. It is generally observed growing in tropical monsoon forests in the Malabar region's Western Ghat Mountains [18]. Elettaria cardamomum water extract was tested for Zinc in 1.0 M HCl [19], resulting 93.60 % at 500 ppm. ...
... As sustained elevations in serum corticosterone induce animals and humans' anxious behavior, its low circulating concentration might be a direct effect of cardamom intake in the hypothalamus. It has been shown that the EC compound quercetin inhibits CRH mRNA expression in the PVN through the activation of GABA A receptors and has anxiolytic effects [36][37][38]. Moreover, the increased food intake of EC-fed mice could not be due to the hyperphagic effects of corticosterone. ...
Article
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Cardamom seed (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton; EC) is consumed in several countries worldwide and is considered a nutraceutical spice since it exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic activities. In obese individuals, EC intake also favors weight loss. However, the mechanism for these effects has not been studied. Here, we identified that EC modulates the neuroendocrine axis that regulates food intake, body weight, mitochondrial activity, and energy expenditure in mice. We fed C57BL/6 mice with diets containing 3%, 6%, or 12% EC or a control diet for 14 weeks. Mice fed the EC-containing diets gained less weight than control, despite slightly higher food intake. The lower final weight of EC-fed mice was due to lesser fat content but increased lean mass than control. EC intake increased lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue, and reduced adipocyte size in subcutaneous, visceral, and brown adipose tissues. EC intake also prevented lipid droplet accumulation and increased mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and liver. Accordingly, fasting and postprandial oxygen consumption, as well as fasting fat oxidation and postprandial glucose utilization were higher in mice fed with EC than in control. EC intake reduced proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA content in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, without an impact on neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA. These neuropeptides control food intake but also influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) mRNA expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and circulating triiodothyronine (T3) were lower in EC-fed mice than in control. This effect was linked with decreased circulating corticosterone and weight of adrenal glands. Our results indicate that EC modulates appetite, increases lipolysis in adipose tissue and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in liver and skeletal muscle, leading to increased energy expenditure and lower body fat mass. These metabolic effects were ascribable to the modulation of the HPT and HPA axes. LC-MS profiling of EC found 11 phenolic compounds among which protocatechuic acid (23.8%), caffeic acid (21.06%) and syringic acid (29.25%) were the most abundant, while GC-MS profiling showed 16 terpenoids among which costunolide (68.11%), ambrial (5.3%) and cis-α-terpineol (7.99%) were identified. Extrapolation of mice-to-human EC intake was performed using the body surface area normalization equation which gave a conversion equivalent daily human intake dose of 76.9–308.4 mg bioactives for an adult of 60 kg that can be obtained from 14.5–58.3 g of cardamom seeds (18.5–74.2 g cardamom pods). These results support further exploration of EC as a coadjuvant in clinical practice.
... Mesua nagassarium (Siru naga poo) is a blood purifier and cardiotonic[21]. Elettaria cardamomum (Ellam) is known for its anti inflammatory, anti oxidant activity[22]. Piper nigrum (Pepper) is known for its anti oxidant, anti hypotensive, anti inflammatory activity[23]. The Patient have no signs symptoms of AWS such as tremulousness of hands, increased anxiety and agitation and decreased sleep with headache after 48 days of treatment with Inji rasayanam, Amukkara chooranam and Bhrami nei. ...
Article
Addictive use of Alcohol has been a considerable health problem, not only having impact on individual and families, but creates a lasting social burden on the society. One third of the Indian population is using alcohol in an unhealthy manner, the complications are wide and varied among which, the Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is the dominant factor. AWS is a set of symptoms that can occur when a heavy drinker suddenly stops or significantly reduces their alcohol intake. The presentation varies from mild sleep loss or anxiety to the life threatening situation like delirium (confusion). The excessive intake of unwholesome alcohol leads to Mathathiyam (Kudiveri Noi in the Siddha – Indian Tamil language) and it degrades knowledge and health according to Siddha medicine and practise. Manifestation occur as per the aggravated/ vitiated three biological forces (Vali, Azhal, Iyyam – Indian Tamil language) leads to cause impair the quality or efficiency of life, and which may even leads to death. Hence, there is a need for AWS management at an early stage. The aim is to minimize the withdrawal symptoms which prevents complications and reduces the intense use for alcohol using the siddha system of medicines. The efficacy of Inji rasayanam (Rejuvenator), Brahmi nei (Medicated ghee), and Ammukkara chooranam (Medicated powder) for AWS is well known. Therefore, it is of interest to describe the case of a 35 years old male patient presented with AWS and treated with Siddha drugs for 48 days. The condition was assessed before and after treatment using the clinical institute withdrawal assessment for alcohol scale revised (CIWA-Ar). Data shows effective management of AWS using the Siddha medicines.
... In small animals, quercetin was shown to alleviate fear and depression. [40,41]. ...
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The use of live cells to synthesize green nanoparticles (NPs) is a promising and novel bio nanotechnology method. Chemical and physical methods are utilized to synthesize NPs; however, biological approaches are preferred because they are ecologically friendly, safe, healthful, cost-effective, accessible, and effective sources of high productivity and purity. Toxic and hazardous substances, as well as the use of external reducing, stabilizing, or capping agents, are not necessary for the green synthesis of NPs. Cardamom seeds, which are little Capsules (fruits) of Elettaria cardamomum (Family (Zingiberaceae)], have been used in herbal medicine to treat a wide range of ailments, including asthma, tooth and gum infections, cataracts, nausea, diarrhea, and cardiac, digestive, and kidney problems. Cardamom capsules have a number of additional health benefits that are important from both a traditional and current pharmacological perspective. MO-NPs (metal oxide nanoparticles) have caused quite a stir in recent years due to their diverse set of properties. Elettaria cardamomum is high in polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids, making it a viable green source for large-scale, low-cost, and environmentally friendly MgO-NP production. UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDS are used to investigate the phytoassisted synthesis of MgO. (Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). Researchers have successfully disseminated suitable MO-NPs for obtaining significant results by leveraging their numerous desirable qualities, such as those found in the pharmaceutical, ceramics, textile, electronic, and fertilizer industries.
... Dried materials (250 g) were extracted by using the percolation technique with methanol for 72 h at 21 曟 . Then, the extract was filtered by a filter paper and evaporated at 50 曟 in a vacuum and reserved at −20 曟 for further examinations [11]. ...
Article
Objective To assess the antidiarrheal effects of Terfezia claveryi methanolic extract against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri , and Giardia lamblia . Methods Antibacterial effects of the Terfezia claveryi methanolic extract were carried out by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration through micro broth dilution technique. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species production and protein leakage were evaluated. To evaluate the in vitro anti-giardial effects of Terfezia claveryi methanolic extract, Giardia lamblia WB (ATCC® 30957) trophozoites were treated with various concentrations of Terfezia claveryi methanolic extract for 10-360 min. In addition, the plasma membrane permeability of trophozoites treated with Terfezia claveryi methanolic extract was determined. The cytotoxicity effects of Terfezia claveryi methanolic extract against normal (HEK293T) and cancer (MCF-7) cells were also assessed using the MTT assay. Results The MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration of Terfezia claveryi methanolic extract against bacterial strains were in the range of 0.52-1.04 and 1.04-2.08 mg/mL, respectively. The results revealed that reactive oxygen species production and protein leakage were significantly increased after the bacteria were treated with the Terfezia claveryi methanolic extract, especially at 1/3 and 1/2 MICs ( P <0.001). Furthermore, Terfezia claveryi methanolic extract decreased the viability of Giardia lamblia trophozoites in a dose-dependent manner. Terfezia claveryi methanolic extract at 1, 2, and 4 mg/mL resulted in 100% mortality in Giardia lamblia trophozoites after 360, 240, and 120 min, respectively. Moreover, Terfezia claveryi methanolic extract altered the permeability of plasma membrane of Giardia lamblia trophozoites by increasing the concentration. MTT assay revealed that the 50% cytotoxic concentrations values for HEK293T and MCF-7 cells were 4.32 mg/mL and 6.40 mg/mL, respectively, indicating that Terfezia claveryi methanolic extract had greater cytotoxicity against cancer cells than normal cells. Conclusions Terfezia claveryi methanolic extract had potent in vitro antibacterial and anti-parasitic effects on Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri , and Giardia lamblia by affecting cell membrane permeability and reactive oxygen species generation with no significant cytotoxicity on normal cells.
... An animal study demonstrated that high flavonoids contents of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton especially quercetin possesses anti-depressant and anxiolytic effect. 30 The Extracts of Coriandrum sativum L. might produce an antidepressant-like effect by interacting with a1 adrenoreceptor dopamine D2 receptor and GABAergic receptor, through increasing level norepinephrine and dopamine and decreasing level of Dopamine. 42 Phyllanthus emblica L. contains flavonoids, saponins, and tannins that possess activity against many CNS disorders like depression and anxiety. ...
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Background and aim Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders characterized by chronic recurrent abdominal pain related to a change in bowel habit or defecation frequency and commonly accompanied by anxiety and depression affecting about 10% population globally. Jawarish Shahi (JS) is a special dosage form prepared for gastrointestinal disorders in Unani medicine containing Phyllanthus emblica L., Terminalia chebula Retz., Coriandrum sativum L., Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton and Salix caprea L. Considering the antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antispasmodic analgesic, antidiarrheal, antisecretory, laxative, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and antidepressant properties, the present study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of JS in IBS. Experimental procedure This single-arm open-labeled clinical trial was conducted on 26 male and female patients of IBS according to Rome IV criteria, aged 18–50 years with moderate symptoms. JS was given 7 g orally twice a day after meal with water for 45 days. IBS Severity Scoring Scale (IBS-SSS) was used for efficacy outcomes and the difference was analyzed from baseline to the subsequent follow-ups. Results Data analysis of subsequent followup showed a significant decrease in IBS-SSS scores except for 2nd followup, scores decreased from 229.50 ± 75.91 to 203.12 ± 71.71 (p < 0.1018), 150.61 ± 55.32 (p < 0.0001), and 123.76 ± 54.81 (p < 0.0001) at 0, 15th, 30th, 45th day of follow up respectively. Conclusion The present study revealed that JS is safe and effective in reducing the overall symptoms of IBS in respect to its severity and impact on quality of life and can be used as an alternate as well as a complementary treatment in IBS.
... A video camera at top of the field recorded F I G U R E 1 Timeline diagram these elements and animals' performance was recorded by Noldus Ethovision system, version 7.1. Number of rearings was recorded by the experimenter (Masoumi et al., 2017). ...
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Early-life experiences, including parental care, affect cognitive performance later in life. Being exposed to early-life maternal separation (MS) increases susceptibility to stress-related psychopathology. Previous studies suggest that MS could induce learning and memory impairments. Since enriched environment (EE) provides more opportunities for exploration and social interaction, in the present study we evaluated the effects of a short EE paradigm with a duration of 13 days on cognitive abilities of maternally separated rats (MS; 180 min/day, postnatal day (PND) 1–21) during adolescence in four experimental groups: Control, Control+EE, MS, and MS+EE. Plasma corticosterone (CORT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were also measured in experimental animals. We also studied the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the slices of hippocampal CA1 area. The behavioral and electrophysiological assessments were started at PND 35. MS caused higher basal CORT levels in plasma and impaired spatial learning, memory, and social interaction. LTP induction was also impaired in MS rats and plasma BDNF levels were reduced in these animals. MS also induced more anxiety-like behavior. Short EE reduced plasma CORT levels had the potential to improve locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior in MS+EE rats and reversed MS-induced impairments of spatial learning, memory, and social behavior. LTP induction and plasma BDNF levels were also enhanced in MS+EE rats. We concluded that short EE might be considered as a therapeutic strategy for promoting cognition.
... The chemopreventive effect of cardamom has also been demonstrated earlier to control colorectal cancer [12] and to prevent papillomagenesis on the skin [9]. Furthermore, cardamom extract was found to lessen PTSD-like anxiety symptoms in test animals [13]. One study found that when cardamom was consumed during pregnancy, offspring showed enhanced learning, memory, and behavior [14]. ...
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Background Cardamom ( Elettaria cardamomum ) is a spice and exhibits potent antioxidant and biological activities through distinct molecular mechanisms. However, the anticancer effect of cardamom was not explored yet in Ehrlich solid tumor (EST)-bearing mice. Objectives This investigation was aimed to evaluate the anti-cancer effects of green cardamom (GCar) alone or combined with the anti-cancer drug cyclophosphamide in an in vivo model to explore its mechanistic role in tumor cell death in EST-bearing mice. Methods Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were injected in the mice and 5 days later the animals treated with GCar and/or cyclophosphamide for 10 days. Twenty-four hours from the last treatment, animals were sacrificed for the different measurements. Results Data recorded for tumor size, percentage of tumor growth inhibition, tumor growth delay and mean survival time of EST-bearing mice demonstrated the effective role of GCar alone or combined with CPO as a promising anti-cancer agent because it reduced tumor size. GCar elevated the mean survival time of EST-bearing mice compared to that of untreated EST and EST + CPO groups. Analysis of qPCR mRNA gene and protein expression revealed that GCar alone or combined with CPO were promising anticancer agents. After the treatment of EST with GCar, the apoptotic-related genes and proteins were significantly modulated. GCar induced markedly significant decreases in oxidative stress biomarkers and a significant increment in glutathione levels and that of antioxidant enzymes. With a marked diminish in liver and kidney function biomarkers. Conclusion The results revealed that GCar could serve as an apoptotic stimulator agent, presenting a novel and potentially curative approach for cancer treatment, inducing fewer side effects than those of the commercially used anti-cancer drugs, such as CPO.
... Our results are consistent with Masoumi-Ardakani et al. (2017) results, which demonstrated that SPS caused anxiolytic behaviors in rats [48]. Also, previous studies have shown that SPS produced spatial memory impairments in Morris water maze [49][50][51]. ...
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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most prevalent disorder that occurs after experiencing life-threatening traumatic or stressful events. The most prevalent problems among PTSD patients are cognitive dysfunctions, including learning and memory impairments. Listening to music has constructive effects on brain functions, neurogenesis, and neuroplasticity, so the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of music on learning and memory in a rat model of PTSD. Fifty-six adult male Wistar rats (200–250 gr) divided into four main groups (control, music, PTSD, and PTSD+ music) were used. A single prolonged stress (SPS) method was used for inducing PTSD in rats. Anxiety-like behaviors and Cognitive functions were evaluated using the Open field, Morris water maze (MWM), and passive avoidance test. Findings demonstrated that SPS induced marked impairment in learning and memory, and anxiolytic behaviors in rats and exposure to music significantly ameliorated these impairments. It seems that music can modulate the destructive effects of SPS on learning and memory at a behavioral level.
... A video camera on the top of the field recorded these elements and the animals' performance was recorded by the Noldus Ethovision system, version 7.1. The number of rearing behavior was recorded by the experimenter (Masoumi et al., 2017). ...
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Early life adversity (ELA) is a predisposing factor for the development of behavioral and emotional disorders later in life. In humans, primates and rodents, interruption in the mother-infant relationships, and disorganized maternal care negatively influence appropriate behavioral responses and may cause cognitive deficits. Epidemiological studies suggest that ELA-induced behavioral alterations can be transmitted across generations. In this study, we investigated the cognitive abilities of male and female rats in the second filial (F2 ) generations whose mother, father, or both of their parents were undergoing a 180 min/day maternal separation (MS) paradigm during infancy (post-natal day (PND) 1-21). Cognitive abilities (in the open field, Morris water maze, and social interaction task) of F2 pups were tested during adolescence. Our results showed that although the mother-MS group of both sexes showed normal cognitive behavior, father-MS female pups showed more anxiety in the open field, and social interaction and spatial memory impaired in this group. These impairments were not pronounced in every detail in father-MS male pups. Moreover, rat pups that both parents experienced MS during infancy, showed normal cognitive behavior. Our data support the idea that MS-induced cognitive impairments could be transmitted across generations. Considerably, the experiences of one's parents could be inherited in the following generation in a sex-dependent manner.
... Phytochemical analysis of the aqueous extract of E. cardamomum fruit shows the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, reducing sugars, steroids and phenols. 29 The results of this study are in agreement with the work of Masoumi-Ardakania 21 , who showed that the methanolic extract of cardamum seeds contains high concentrations of kaempferol, rutin and quercetin. ...
... A video camera on the top of the field recorded these elements and the animals' performance was recorded by the Noldus Ethovision system, version 7.1. The number of rearing behavior was recorded by the experimenter (Masoumi et al., 2017). ...
Article
Rodents are highly dependent on maternal care after birth. Maternal separation (MS) is an animal model for studying neglect and abuse. Depriving the pup of such care renders the animal with Hypothalamic–Pituitary–adrenal (HPA) dysfunction and these animals are more susceptible to anxiety and stress as well as poor cognition. These effects are due to abnormal brain development in these animals. We have tried to investigate how maternal separation can affect pain sensation and whether a non‐pharmacological intervention such as enriched environment (EE) can restore an abnormal pain sensation. Animals were put into four groups MS, control (CTRL) and MS+EE and CTRL+EE groups that underwent EE after weaning until adulthood. These groups were tested for pain sensitivity with hotplate and tail flick for sensory pain and formalin for affect pain. The results showed that MS rats are more sensitive to pain in the hotplate test and formalin test, however, no significant difference was seen between groups for tail flick test. When MS rats experience EE their pain sensitivity is restored at the behavioral level. Further research is required to see how EE restores pain sensation in MS rats.
... According to Abu-Taweel, cardamom added to the rations of pregnant mice improved both memory and learning, and even brought perinatal benefits since the compounds can be transported via the placenta and/or during lactation [62]. Also, anxiolytic effects have been reported in the literature for cardamom [63]. Analysis of the chemical composition of E. cardamomum essential oil (ECEO) by GC/MS identified 93.5% of the constituents; 1,8-cineole (45.6%), α-terpinyl acetate (33.7%), terpinen-4-ol (2.4%), and myrcene (2.2%) [64]. ...
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Epilepsy is a most disabling neurological disorder affecting all age groups. Among the various mechanisms that may result in epilepsy, neuronal hyperexcitability and oxidative injury produced by an excessive formation of free radicals may play a role in the development of this pathology. Therefore, new treatment approaches are needed to address resistant conditions that do not respond fully to current antiepileptic drugs. This paper reviews studies on the anticonvulsant activities of essential oils and their chemical constituents. Data from studies published from January 2011 to December 2018 was selected from the PubMed database for examination. The bioactivity of 19 essential oils and 16 constituents is described. Apiaceae and Lamiaceae were the most promising botanical families due to the largest number of reports about plant species from these families that produce anticonvulsant essential oils. Among the evaluated compounds, β-caryophyllene, borneol, eugenol and nerolidol were the constituents that presented antioxidant properties related to anticonvulsant action. These data show the potential of these natural products as health promoting agents and use against various types of seizure disorders. Their properties on oxidative stress may contribute to the control of this neurological condition. However, further studies on the toxicological profile and mechanism of action of essential oils are needed.
Article
BACKGROUND Sleep is the restorative mechanism involved in the maintenance of physiological and psychological balance. Anxiety is recognized as a typical outcome of sleep deprivation (SLD) that interferes with the normal daily life of the person. The present study was designed to assess the antianxiety effects of cardamom oil in mice subjected to sleep deprivation (SLD)-induced anxiety and to explore possible underlying mechanisms for this activity. METHODS Cardamom oil (140, 280, and 560 µL/kg intraperitoneal [i.p.]) and midazolam (8 mg/kg i.p.) were administered daily to different groups of mice for 15 consecutive days to sleep-deprived mice. anxiety-like behavior was induced by 48 h of SLD, and the antianxiety activity was evaluated using the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, light–dark, hole board, and marble-burying models. RESULTS Cardamom oil significantly diminished the SLD-induced anxiety-like behaviors in mice as indicated by increased time spent in open arms (EPM), average time spent in lit box (light–dark model), number of head dips (hole board) and decreased number of marbles buried (marble-burying model) as compared to SLD animals. In biochemical studies, chronic administration of cardamom oil significantly increased γ -amino butyric acid (GABA), serotonin (5-HT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and catalase levels, while decreasing lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSION Both behavioral and biochemical results revealed the protective effect of cardamom oil against SLD-induced anxiety. The underlying mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GABAergic and serotoninergic neurotransmission, as well as the antioxidant properties of cardamom oil.
Article
Cardamom belongs to the family Zingiberaceae and is indigenous to India and Malesia. The crude drug has potential pharmacological applications such as antioxidant, analgesic, antibacterial antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Cardamom also contains bioactive constituents, including terpenoids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, essential oils, and carotenoids. The demand for herbal medicines has increased in most emerging nations, and their supply has steadily grown worldwide. Around 80% of people worldwide use herbal medicines to treat their illnesses. There are many dosage forms for herbal products, including tinctures, powders, liniments, lotions, capsules, balms, syrups, and tablets. "Herbal tincture" refers to concentrated herbal extracts with ethanol generally functioning as the solvent. Cardamom can be used as a tincture to extract its beneficial compounds and create a concentrated liquid form for various purposes. These are widely used as folk medicines and are even well-known in many medical systems, including Ayurveda and homeopathy. There are numerous herbal tinctures on the market, including those of tulsi, compound cardamom, and ginger. These preparations are simple to use and store. The current manuscript discusses several tincture preparation techniques, focusing on cardamom tincture and stability conditions, a market overview, and a few patents. This article briefly overviews the global trading markets for herbal tinctures, particularly cardamom tinctures. Even the paper has explored the general information of cardamom and a market overview of the herbal tinctures.
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Background The most commonly available drugs for leishmaniasis are pentavalent antimony compounds; whereas the recent studies showed various complications and limitations of these drugs. We aimed to green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and study the promising antileishmanial and synergic effects of green synthesized silver nanoparticles alone and combined with glucantime. Methods The precipitation technique was used to drop silver ions via an extract of Astragalus spinosus to AgNPs at Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia in 2022. Then, its anti-amastigotes, caspase-3-like activity, triggering the nitric oxide (NO) as well as its cytotoxicity effects on macrophage cells as well as effects on leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice infected by L. major were measured. Results The size of the AgNPs were ranging from 30–40 nm. The IC50 value for AgNPs, AgNPs+ meglumine antimoniate (MA), and MA was 59.3, 18.6, and 51.2 μg/mL, respectively. The determined FIC value for AgNPs and MA was found to be 0.31 and 0.36, respectively; demonstrating the synergistic potency of AgNPs when combined with MA. The diameter of CL lesions treated with various doses of AgNPs and AgNPs+MA notably (p<0.001) decreased. AgNPs, particularly at the concentrations of ½ IC50 and IC50, considerably triggered the caspase-3 activation. The calculated CC50 of AgNPs and MA was 612.5 and 789.8 μg/mL, respectively. Green synthesized AgNPs, especially in combination with MA had synergic antileishmanial effects and displayed a promising drug candidate for treating L. major CL. Conclusion We found satisfactory findings in the parasite reduction in both in vitro and animal models. Still, more studies are expected to explain the precise action mechanisms of AgNPs and their efficacy in humans.
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Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), also known as true cardamom and green cardamom, is a herbaceous perennial plant that originated in India. The seeds of cardamom are commonly used as flavoring compounds in a variety of foods. The seeds are also incorporated into nutraceutical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical formulations. This chapter overviews the cardamom seed’s physical, nutrient, and phytochemical traits. In addition, the functional properties of the seed are also compiled and discussed.KeywordsCardamom seed Elettaria cardamomum PhytochemicalsBioactive compounds True cardamom
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It is now well accepted that the medical drugs prescribed by medical specialists both in the past and present have effects as cures for diseases and ailments and have many side effects. Even the safest medicine, such as Panadol, has been observed to exhibit side effects. The current regular medical stream also strongly believes in isolating and characterizing active principles from their natural resources or synthesizing in the pharmaceutical laboratories with the subsequent subjection to clinical tests to qualify as safe for a prescription. The processing involved is very long and highly capital-intensive. That is why the prices of pharmaceuticals are skyrocketing and increasing daily and are getting out of reach of poor folk, particularly in the developing world. These facts form the basis of the current popularity of reversion to traditional medicine that uses herbs, seeds and condiments as natural cures in mixtures. The experts of the regular stream have started accommodating the traditional medical drugs with the reservation that their unknown components may exert side effects translating into intense physiological disorders. Cardamom is claimed to have broad spectrum use as a natural cure and in the prevention of many diseases and ailments such as asthma, depression, cancer, heart, digestive system, heart, and quality of hair. Here, an in-depth inquiry has been lodged to identify and document the side effects of cardamom for the perusal of medical and traditional medicine physicians.KeywordsPharmaceuticalsSide effectsTraditionalMedicineInquiry
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Cardamom [Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton] is an essential member of the Zingiberaceae family. This species has several known names, such as green cardamom, small cardamom and true cardamom. The plant is cultivated in several Asian countries; Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, North and Latin America, Mexico, Costa Rica, and African countries, including Tanzania. After saffron and vanilla, cardamom is the third most expensive spice, and it is considered the “Queen of Spices” for its unique taste and aroma. In traditional medicine, it is used to manage several ailments and diseases such as asthma, teeth infections, digestive and kidney disorders, diarrhea, nausea, cataracts, and cardiac disorders. In addition, cardamom capsules are commonly used as flavor agents in Indian and middle-eastern cuisine. It possesses several pharmacological traits, such as antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, cardio-protective, diuretic, gastro-protective, immunomodulatory, and sedative, with tremendous food and medical applications.KeywordsCardio-protectivetraditional medicinebioactive compoundsAlzheimer’s disease
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Due to the increasing resistance to common medicinal compounds, the use of medicinal plants has received special attention. Therefore, the current survey was designed to study the antileishmanial effects of Nectaroscordum koelzi Trautv. methanolic extract against Leishmania major. In this study, after preparing the methanolic extract of N. koelzi, its effect on the amastigotes of L. major and triggering the nitric oxide (NO) were measured. Then, the in vivo effect of the methanol extract on cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice was evaluated. The best anti-amastigote effect was for the methanol extract of N. koelzi along with meglumine antimony with 50% inhibitory concentrations value of 17.4 μg/ml (p < 0.001). The 50% cytotoxic concentrations values of methanol extract, meglumine antimoniate, and methanol extract + meglumine antimoniate were 596.3, 784.6, and 296.4 µg/ml, respectively. Macrophages treated with the methanolic extract markedly (p < 0.001) induced the release of nitric oxide. After 28 days of treatment, lesions were completely (p < 0.001) healed in mice treated with the methanolic extract (100 mg/kg) + meglumine antimoniate (25 mg/kg). N. koelzi methanolic extract mainly in combination with meglumine antimoniate showed favorable antileishmanial effects on L. major, concluding that the methanolic extract of N. koelzi can be used for the production of new leishmanicidal agents agaist cutaneous leishmaniasis. Although we revealed that NO trigerring and inhibition of infection in host cells are the antileishmanial mechanism action of N. koelzi methanolic extract, more studies must be performed to clear the mechanisms and its safety.
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Background: We decided to investigate the antileishmanial, cellular mechanisms, and cytotoxic effects of green synthesized Zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) alone and combined with glucantime against Leishmania major infection. Methods: The effect of green synthesized ZnNP on L. major amastigote was studied through macrophage cells. The mRNA expression level of iNOS and IFN-γ followed by the exposure of J774-A1 macrophage cells to ZnNPs was assessed by Real-time PCR. The Caspase-3-like activity of promastigotes exposed to ZnNPs was studied. Effects of ZnNPs alone and combined with glucantime (MA) were studied on cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice. Results: ZnNPs displayed the spherical shape with sizes ranging from 30 to 80 nm. The obtained IC50 values for ZnNPs, MA, and ZnNPs + MA were 43.2, 26.3, and 12.6 µg/mL, respectively; indicating the synergistic effects of ZnNPs in combination with MA. CL lesions had completely improved in the mice received with ZnNPs in combination with MA. The mRNA expression level of iNOS, TNF-α, and IFN-γ was dose-dependently (p < 0.01) upregulated; whereas it was downregulated in IL-10. ZnNPs markedly stimulated the caspase-3 activation with no significant toxicity on normal cells. Conclusion: Based on these in vitro and in vivo results, green synthesized ZnNPs, mainly along with MA, showed that has the potential to be introduced as a new drug for CL therapy. Triggering of NO production, and inhibition of infectivity rate are revealed as mechanisms of action ZnNPs on L. major. But, supplementary investigations are necessary to clear the efficacy and safety of these agents.
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Objective: Cardamom is one of the spices containing a wide range of antioxidants and is used in medicinal preparations. Thus, in this study, we want to explore the protective effect of ethanolic cardamom extract on the liver-kidney toxicity caused by gentamicin in male albino rats. Materials and methods: The experiment was applied to twenty-eight male albino rats divided randomly into four groups. The control group was given 1 ml/kg of saline orally. The gentamicin (GM) group was given a daily 80 mg/kg i.p of GM for seven days. Another group was given 100 or 200 mg/kg b.wt. p.o. ethanolic extract of Elettaria Cardamomum (EC) for seven days. Blood and liver-kidney samples were taken after the end of the study for analyses to test for liver-kidney function and lipid profile (LP). Results: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and bilirubin activities were higher in the GM group than in the control group. However, the groups' differences in globulin levels and total protein (TP) were not statistically significant. Compared to the control group, the albumin level in the gentamicin group was considerably lower. On the other hand, creatinine and urea levels, lipid, serum total cholesterol levels, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) significantly increased in the gentamicin group but decreased in the control group and co-treated groups with gentamicin and ethanolic extract EC. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) significantly dropped, while the control group showed high levels of lipid and serum total cholesterol. Conclusions: EC ethanolic extract shields the liver-kidney against GM harmful effects in male rats. Recent research demonstrated that the effects of the plant cardamom were the same at both low-high doses. The phenolic elements in EC may be responsible for this protective effect.
Article
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Depression is a public health problem. Despite the availability of treatment options, its prevalence is increasing. A high rate of treatment failure is often reported, along with considerable side effects associated with synthetic antidepressants. Therefore, developing effective and safe antidepressants from traditional herbs or natural products as an alternative strategy is warranted to avoid side effects and increase drug efficacy. In traditional medicine, cardamom has traditionally been used to treat conditions like asthma, tooth and gum infections, cataracts, nausea, diarrhea, and even depression and anxiety as well as some problems with the heart, kidneys, and digestive system. Aim of the study: The current study aimed to evaluate the antidepressant activity of cardamom oil in a rat model of depression induced by reserpine and compare it with the activity of the antidepressant drug fluoxetine. Materials and methods: Depression-like symptoms were induced in male rats by daily i.p. injection of reserpine (0.2 mg/kg/d for 15 d followed by 0.1 mg/kg/d for 21 d to maintain the depressive state), and the rats were treated with cardamom oil (oral dose = 200 mg/kg/d) for 21 d along with the maintenance dose of reserpine. We performed behavioral tests (forced swimming test and open-field test) and evaluated biochemical markers of depression. Results: Our findings revealed that cardamom oil attenuated depression-like symptoms in reserpine-injected rats by improving the behavioral changes measured by the forced swimming test and the locomotor activities measured by the open-field test. In reserpine-injected rats, cardamom oil exerted antidepressant-like effects by modulating lower levels of brain monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine), GSH, and higher oxido-nitrosative stress parameters (malondialdehyde and nitric oxide). Moreover, cardamom oil alleviated depression-like behaviors by lowering monoamine oxidase activity and raising the activities of Na+/K+-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase and levels of a brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the cortex and hippocampus. Conclusion: We recommend the use of cardamom oil as a safe and reliable treatment or an adjuvant for preventing depression-like symptoms in patients suffering from depression.
Article
We aimed to investigate the in vitro and ex vivo anti-helminthic effects of Astragalus ecbatanus chloroform extract (AECE) as well as its cellular mechanisms against Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. In vitro and ex vivo anti-helminthic effects of AECE on E. granulosus protoscoleces were evaluated through eosin exclusion test. Effects of AECE on induction of the caspase-3 like activity, the permeability of plasma membrane were also determined. The effects of AECE against the human hepatocyte carcinoma (HepG2) and human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells were determined by MTT ([3-(4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide)]) test. The findings revealed that AECE especially at 45 mg/mL displayed potent in vitro and ex vivo anti-helminthic effects against E. granulosus protoscoleces (p < 0.001). After treatment of protoscoleces with AECE, the caspase-3 enzyme activity and the rate of permeability of plasma membrane was dose dependently (P < 0.001) increased. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) value of AECE for normal and cancer cells lines 4.62 mg/mL and 1.89 mg/mL, respectively. The findings of the current study revealed the favorable in vitro and ex vivo anti-helminthic effects of AECE against protoscoleces of E. granulosus. However, further surveys in animal model are required to elucidate different aspects of this extract before use in clinical phases.
Article
Objective To analyze the effects of cluster needling at scalp acupoints (CNSA) on behavioral performance and expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the hippocampus of rats with schizophrenia, and therefore, to shed light on the mechanism of action of CNSA in attenuating schizophrenia. Methods Thirty-six Wistar rats were randomly divided into the control, model, risperidone, and CNSA groups (9 rats per group). The schizophrenia model was prepared by injecting 0.1 mg/mL dizocilpine maleate (MK-801) for 14 consecutive days. Subsequently, rats in the risperidone and CNSA groups were subjected to the following therapy for 14 consecutive days: (1) Risperidone group: intragastric administration of risperidone suspension (0.4 mg/kg); (2) CNSA group: the “GV 20” “Qiándĭng (前顶GV 21) ” “Shéntíng (神庭GV 24) ” “Xìnhuì (囟会 GV 22) ” “Tōngtiān (通天BL 7) ” “Luòquè (络却BL 8) ” “Qūchā (曲差BL 4) ” and “Wŭchù (五处 BL 5) ” acupoints were selected for needle positioning. Following 14-day intervention period, the Morris water maze experiment and open field experiment were performed. Finally, hippocampal tissue specimens were collected and SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px expression levels were measured by ELISA. Results: (1) Morris water maze experiment: Following the 14-day model construction period, the model, risperidone, and CNSA groups showed a significant increase in escape latency (all P<0.05) and a significant decrease in the number of platform crossings (all P<0.05) compared with the control group, indicating successful induction of schizophrenia in the rat model. At the end of the intervention period (28d), the risperidone and CNSA groups showed a significant decrease in escape latency (both P<0.05), and the CNSA group showed a significant increase in the number of platform crossings (P<0.05) compared with the model group. (2) Open field experiment: At 14d, the model, risperidone and CNSA groups exhibited a significant decrease in the travelled distance and amount of time spent in the central zone (all P<0.05) compared with the control group (all P<0.05). At 28d, the risperidone and CNSA groups showed a significant increase in the travelled distance and percentage of time spent in the central zone (P<0.05 or P<0.01). (3) Antioxidant enzyme expression: At 28d, the model group exhibited significant decreases in the hippocampal SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px levels, compared with the control group (P<0.01 or P<0.001). Conclusion CNSA enabled the attenuation of cognitive impairment and enhancement of memory and learning abilities in the rat model of schizophrenia, plausibly through inhibition of the expression of oxidative stress factors in the hippocampus.
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Anxiety is a disorder with known etiology and clinical symptoms which is managed by combination therapy or the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), such as psychopharmacotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and herbal medicine. The approach of scientists is to identify natural anxiolytics, based on their active components and their mechanism of action. So far, several medicinal plants have been identified and their effective components have been isolated and characterized as having cellular and molecular targets to the central nervous system (CNS). Despite the progress made in identification, application and drug interaction issues of such products, further studies should be planned to minimize their side effects and enhance their efficiency and specificity for a given health condition. The use of natural anxiolytics, either alone or in combination with other remedies can be improved by managing the preparation protocols, the route and the form of administration. In this context, natural drinks such as coffee with high levels of caffeine may exacerbate the clinical symptoms of anxiety. On the other hands, theanine (present in tea leaves) can alleviate the symptoms of the disorder. The current information available on traditional medicine and pharmacognosy is promising for formulation of nutraceuticals more specifically, with highest efficiency for prevention and treatment of anxiety. This review article attempts to introduce major herbs/plants recognized for their anti-anxiety effects and explain the feasibility for their specific application. The methods for the extract preparation and optimum condition for using such materials as traditional medicine or for their use in new formulations as nutraceuticals is suggested. The review also includes information about anxiety disorders, etiology, symptoms, types, neurobiology and different approaches to ameliorate anxiety conditions.
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Consideration and improvement for anxiety and depression are important during global pandemic diseases. Appropriate healthcare can be obtained by paying more attention to traditional medicinal sciences. The adverse effects of stress with its various symptoms can be managed by introducing plants that boost mental health. The most relevant psychological reactions in the general population related to global pandemic are pervasice anxiety, frustration and boredom, aspecific and uncontrolled fear, disabling loneliness, significant lifestyle changes, and psychiatric conditions. Ginseng, chamomile, passionflower, herbal tea, lavender, saffron, kava, rose, cardamom, Chinese date and some chief formula like yokukansan, Dan-zhi-xiao-yao-san, so-ochim-tang-gamiband, and saikokaryukotsuboreito are notable herbal treatments for mental health problems. The most common medicinal plants which have been used in Iran for the cure of stress and anxiety are Viper,s-buglosses, Dracocephalum, valerian, chamomile, common hop, Hawhorns, and Lavender. Medicinal plants and herbs can be used for treatment and alleviating negative effects of stress, anger and depression during the global pandemic.
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The spice cardamom, also known historically as the “queen of spices,” is produced from the seeds of the plant Elettaria cardamomum, which is cultivated commercially on plantations in the south of India, Sri Lanka, Central America, and Southeast Asia. It enhances both sweet and savory dishes in many regions around the world. In ancient traditional medicines, cardamom was used to alleviate digestive disorders and obesity, and even today, it is used in local cultures for individuals with ailments such as bronchitis, depression, dysentery, influenza, and infections. This narrative review discusses human investigations of cardamom's effects on blood glucose and lipid regulation, inflammation and hypertension, and gastrointestinal discomfort of pregnancy. To date, the limited and inconsistent outcomes from these trials are insufficient to support recommendations for human use. Related animal studies are also summarized, and recommendations for future research are highlighted.
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The Elettaria Maton genera belonging to the Zingiberaceae family is native to South India to West Malesia. From ancient times this genus has been largely explored for its biological properties. Various pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects have been related to this genus. E. cardamomum also acts as an Ayurvedic aphrodisiac and remedy in case of digestive problems, asthma, bronchitis, and urinary complaints, and several other human ailments; this review aims to provide a critical and comprehensive evaluation of the traditional and current medical uses of E. cardamomum, and compare these applications with modern research studies. Cardamom contains various chemical constituents such as proteins, minerals, lipids, carbohydrates, terpenoids and carotenoids, flavonoids, and essential oils, and its capsules is widely used as a spice and flavoring ingredient in foods. This critical review also discusses the botanical distribution, phytochemical constituents, and biological activities of its extracts and essential oil.
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Objective: Separation of pups from their dam during the infancy not only has detrimental effects on the pups' brain but also affects dams' behavior. Postpartum stress may affect mothers' cognitive functions. In the present study, by using a 180 min/day maternal separation (MS) paradigm, we assessed anxiety- like behavior and locomotor activity of rat dams which experienced separation from postnatal day (PND) 1 until weaning. We tried for the first time to clarify whether such separation impairs dam's performance in the Morris water maze. Method: We assessed dams' behavior at three time points; 24 hours, 1 week and 1 month after weaning. Therefore, the six groups consisted of control (CTRL); 24h, 1week and 1month and MS; 24h, 1week and 1month was allocated in this study. Results: Our results revealed that although MS-24h and MS-1week groups had intact locomotor activity, MS-1month group showed less locomotor activity in the open field. Moreover, MS induced anxiety-like behavior was more pronounced in MS-1week and MS-1month dams. Spatial learning and memory was also impaired only in MS-1month dams. Conclusion: We can conclude that MS induces cognitive impairments in dam that may appear not immediately after the separation, but a few weeks after such stressful event.
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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most important causes of dementia, especially in the elderlies. Due to the failures of recent clinical trials in finding effective medications, it appears the use of complementary therapies such as Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) and the rich sources of effective herbs as well as their constituents for improving memory function could be beneficial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the recommended natural remedies in the TPM and examine their pharmacological properties. For this purpose, the data were collected by searching the recommended prescriptions of the seminal TPM textbooks. Then, the names of the most freuqently mentioned plants were extracted from the natural remedies and evaluated for their pharmacological properties. The sources included recently published articles cited in the major scientific databases. A total of 262 plants were identified in 96 evaluated prescriptions; 20 plants were identified with the most frequency of report (i.e. more than 10 times). Their neuroprotective effects, antioxidant features, and anti-AD properties were discussed. Based on our results, TPM has introduced many effective treatments for AD. Hence, more clinical studies are warranted to verify their efficacy and safety.
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CITATIONS 2 READS 98 7 authors, including: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Ethnopharmacological survey and evaluation of the therapeutic index of some plants used in the treatment of female infertility in Morocco and evaluation of their therapeutic indexes. View project Abstract Depression and anxiety represent a major mental health problem in the world. The majority of Moroccan people use traditional medicine for their health needs, including various forms of depression and anxiety. The aim of this work is to make an inventory of plant species used in folk medicine for the management of depression and anxiety in Fez-Meknes regions. Established questionnaires were administered to 243 interviews in 4 communities within Fez-Meknes region. With traditional health practitioners, herbalists and consumer. Plant species belonging to 31 families were reported. The most frequently cited families are Lamiaceae followed by Asteraceae, Apiaceae and Verbena-ceae. Leaves were the major plant parts used forming 58% solely and 73 mixed with other parts. This was followed by seeds (17%), flowers (6%), roots (2%) and fruits and bark (1% each). The current survey represents a useful documentation , which can use to preserve knowledge on the use of medicinal plants in this region and to explore the phyto-chemical and pharmacological potential of medicinal plants. Résumé La dépression et l'anxiété constituent un problème majeur de santé mentale dans le monde. La majorité des Mar-ocains utilisent la médecine traditionnelle pour répondre à leurs besoins en matière de santé, y compris pour diverses formes de dépression et d'anxiété. Le but de ce travail est de faire un inventaire des espèces de plantes utilisées en méde-cine traditionnelle pour soigner la dépression et l'anxiété dans les régions de Fès-Meknès. Des questionnaires établis ont été administrés lors de 243 entretiens dans quatre communautés de cette région, avec les guérisseurs, les herboristes et les con-sommateurs. Cinquante-cinq espèces de plantes appartenant à 31 familles ont été rapportées. Les familles les plus citées sont les Lamiaceae, suivies des Asteraceae, des Apiaceae et des Verbenaceae. Les feuilles constituent la principale partie uti-lisée de la plante, seules (58 %) ou mélangées à d'autres parties (73 %) ; viennent ensuite les graines (17 %), les fleurs (6 %), les racines (2 %) et les fruits et l'écorce (1 % chacun). L'enquête actuelle constitue une documentation utile qui peut servir à préserver les connaissances sur l'utilisation des plantes médicinales dans cette région et à explorer le potentiel phytochimique et pharmacologique des plantes médicinales.
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Background: Separation of pups from their dam during the infancy not only has detrimental effects on the pups’ brain but also affects dams’ behavior. Postpartum stress may affect mothers’ cognitive functions. In the present study, by using a 180 min/day maternal separation (MS) paradigm, we assessed anxiety- like behavior (in the elevated plus maze) and locomotor activity (in the open field) of rat dams which experienced separation from postnatal day (PND) 1 until weaning. Since no study has ever investigated MS effects on spatial learning and memory of dams in the Morris water maze, we tried for the first time to clarify whether such separation impairs dam’s performance in the Morris water maze. Methods:We assessed dams’ behavior at three time points; 24 hours, 1 week and 1 month after weaning. Therefore, the six groups consisted of control (CTRL); 24h, 1week and 1month and MS; 24h, 1week and 1month was allocated in this study. Results: Our results revealed that although MS-24h and MS-1week groups had intact locomotor activity, MS-1month group showed less locomotor activity in the open field. Moreover, MS induced anxiety–like behavior was more pronounced in MS-1week and MS-1month dams. Spatial learning and memory was also impaired only in MS-1month dams. Conclusions: We can conclude that MS induces cognitive impairments in dam that may appear not immediately after the separation, but a few weeks after such stressful event.
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Background In Nepal, traditional treatment using medicinal plants is popular. Whereas medication-overuse headache is, by definition, caused by excessive use of acute headache medication, we hypothesized that medicinal plants, being pharmacologically active, were as likely a cause. Methods We used data from a cross-sectional, nationwide population-based study, which enquired into headache and use of medicinal plants and allopathic medications. We searched the literature for pharmacodynamic actions of the medicinal plants. Results Of 2100 participants, 1794 (85.4%) reported headache in the preceding year; 161 (7.7%) reported headache on ≥15 days/month, of whom 28 (17.4%) had used medicinal plants and 117 (72.7%) allopathic medication(s). Of 46 with probable medication-overuse headache, 87.0% (40/46) were using allopathic medication(s) and 13.0% (6/46) medicinal plants, a ratio of 6.7:1, higher than the overall ratio among those with headache of 4.9:1 (912/185). Of 60 plant species identified, 49 were pharmacodynamically active on the central nervous system, with various effects of likely relevance in medication-overuse headache causation. Conclusions MPs are potentially a cause of medication-overuse headache, and not to be seen as innocent in this regard. Numbers presumptively affected in Nepal are low but not negligible. This pioneering project provides a starting point for further research to provide needed guidance on use of medicinal plants for headache.
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Mental health condition is including depression and anxiety, and they may impact wellbeing, personal relationships and productivity of both genders. Herbal medicines have been used to treatment of anxiety and depression symptoms for centuries. SARS, MERS and COVID‐19 are related to coronavirus types. SARS (sever acute respiratory syndrome, China, 2002), MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome, Saudi Arabia, 2012), and SARS‐CoV‐2 (2019–2020) are the main coronavirus outbreaks. Both anxiety and depression are more serious to be considered and improved for all general public during fight with these diseases. In this mini‐review article, we have mentioned the key role some of the most important plants and herbs for treatment of stress and anxiety and improve mental health against SARS and SARS‐CoV‐2 on the basis of traditional Asian medicine, especially traditional Chinese and Persian medicine.
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Este libro está diseñado como un texto de apoyo para los estudiantes de pregrado en química y carreras relacionadas, para introducirse en el campo extenso de la química de los productos naturales, específicamente en lo relacionado al conocimiento químico de los denominados metabolitos secundarios como: Compuestos aromáticos como los flavonoides, compuestos no-aromáticos como los terpenoides, compuestos nitrogenados como los alcaloides, compuestos azufrados, etc. Además del enfoque químico se menciona el uso o potencial farmacéutico de estas sustancias. Se describen las técnicas experimentales que se utilizan para la obtención, el aislamiento, la identificación y la caracterización química de estas sustancias. Se plantean problemas para retar a los estudiantes en la caracterización de los metabolitos secundarios, especialmente mediante la Espectrometría de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear.
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Depression and anxiety represent a major mental health problem in the world. The majority of Moroccan people use traditional medicine for their health needs, including various forms of depression and anxiety. The aim of this work is to make an inventory of plant species used in folk medicine for the management of depression and anxiety in Fez-Meknes regions. Established questionnaires were administered to 243 interviews in 4 communities within Fez-Meknes region. With traditional health practitioners, herbalists and consumer. Plant species belonging to 31 families were reported. The most frequently cited families are Lamiaceae followed by Asteraceae , Apiaceae and Verbenaceae . Leaves were the major plant parts used forming 58% solely and 73 mixed with other parts. This was followed by seeds (17%), flowers (6%), roots (2%) and fruits and bark (1% each). The current survey represents a useful documentation, which can use to preserve knowledge on the use of medicinal plants in this region and to explore the phytochemical and pharmacological potential of medicinal plants.
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There are conflicting reports concerning the association of Toxoplasma gondii infection with increased risk of mental disorders. This investigation will provide a good understanding about defining the possible association between T. gondii exposure and risk of anxiety and cognitive alterations. Besides, a secondary objective of this study was to determine the effect of pioglitazone administration on the possible alterations induced by T. gondii exposure. Male BALB/c mice were used for this study. The animal model of Toxoplasma infection was established by the intraperitoneal inoculation of 20–25 tissue cysts from Tehran strain of T. gondii. Pioglitazone (20 mg/kg, i.p.1/day) was administered to the animals for 2 weeks before behavioural tests. Behavioural tests including open-field, elevated plus-maze and passive avoidance learning were evaluated in the groups. Since cytokines were implicated as a contributing factor for mood disorders, the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOs) were examined by real-time PCR. Findings demonstrated that T. gondii caused anxiety-like symptoms and impaired cognitive functions of the infected BALB/c mice, whereas pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist, showed a promising effect against the cognitive impairments induced by Toxoplasma infection. The results also revealed that the mRNA levels of the aforementioned cytokines were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the infected mice compared to the uninfected BALB/c ones. Pioglitazone can be offered as a potential neuroprotective agent in the treatment of patients with T. gondii infection that manifests anxiety and cognitive impairments; however, further studies are needed to clarify the exact mechanisms.
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There are conflicting reports concerning the association of Toxoplasma gondii infection with increased risk of mental disorders. This investigation will provide a good understanding about defining the possible association between T. gondii exposure and risk of anxiety and cognitive alterations. Besides, a secondary objective of this study was to determine the effect of pioglitazone administration on the possible alterations induced by T. gondii exposure. Male BALB/c mice were used for this study. The animal model of Toxoplasma infection was established by the intraperitoneal inoculation of 20-25 tissue cysts from Tehran strain of T. gondii. Pioglitazone (20 mg/kg, i.p.1/day) was administered to the animals for 2 weeks before behavioural tests. Behavioural tests including open-field, elevated plus-maze and passive avoidance learning were evaluated in the groups. Since cytokines were implicated as a contributing factor for mood disorders, the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOs) were examined by real-time PCR. Findings demonstrated that T. gondii caused anxiety-like symptoms and impaired cognitive functions of the infected BALB/c mice, whereas pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist, showed a promising effect against the cognitive impairments induced by Toxoplasma infection. The results also revealed that the mRNA levels of the aforementioned cytokines were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the infected mice compared to the uninfected BALB/c ones. Pioglitazone can be offered as a potential neuroprotective agent in the treatment of patients with T. gondii infection that manifests anxiety and cognitive impairments; however, further studies are needed to clarify the exact mechanisms.
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There are several scolicidal agents for inactivation of hydatid cyst protoscolices during surgery, but most of them are associated with adverse side effects such as sclerosing cholangitis and liver necrosis. The present study was aimed to evaluate scolicidal effects of various extracts of Nigella sativa seeds against protoscoleces of hydatid cyst in an in vitro model. Protoscoleces were aseptically aspirated from naturally infected livers of sheep and goats. Various concentrations of the different extracts of N. sativa (5 to 50 mg/ml) were used for 5 to 60 min. Viability of protoscoleces was confirmed by 0.1% eosin staining. The findings exhibited that methanolic extract at the concentration of 50 mg/ml after 10 min of incubation, and aqueous extract at the concentration of 50 mg/ml after 30 min of incubation can kill 100% of protoscoleces. In addition, all of experiments revealed dose-dependent and also time-dependent scolicidal effect of various extracts of N. sativa on the protoscoleces of hydatid cyst. The results of the present study demonstrated that N. sativa may be a natural source for the production of new scolicidal agent for use in hydatid cyst surgery. However, further studies will be required to evaluate scolicidal effects of N. sativa in the in vivo model.
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Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a serious consequence of hepatic cirrhosis (HC). Previous studies have demonstrated cognitive impairments in both clinical and animal experiments of HC. Some potential therapeutic agents have been used to alleviate the cognitive symptoms in the animal models of HC. In the current study, the possible effect of erythropoietin (ERY) as a potent neuroprotective agent on motor and cognitive impairments induced by HC has been studied. Male Wistar rats (180-200 g) underwent bile duct ligation (BDL) or sham surgery. Administration of ERY (5,000 IU/kg, i.p., daily for three days) was initiated 2 weeks after surgery and lasted for the next 28 days. Open field, rotarod, Morris water maze and passive avoidance learning was used to evaluate the motor and cognitive function of the animals. ANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA were used to analyze the data. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. BDL rats had an increased level of hepatic enzymes and bilirubin. Impairment of balance function by BDL was reversed by ERY. Spatial and passive avoidance learning impairments observed in BDL rats were also reversed by chronic administration of ERY. ERY can be offered as a potential neuroprotective agent in the treatment of patients with HC that manifest mental dysfunctions. Though further studies are needed to clarify the exact mechanisms, the neuroprotective properties of ERY against BDL impairments were demonstrated in the current study.
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Research in the area of herbal psychopharmacology has revealed a variety of promising medicines that may provide benefit in the treatment of general anxiety and specific anxiety disorders. However, a comprehensive review of plant-based anxiolytics has been absent to date. Thus, our aim was to provide a comprehensive narrative review of plant-based medicines that have clinical and/or preclinical evidence of anxiolytic activity. We present the article in two parts. In part one, we reviewed herbal medicines for which only preclinical investigations for anxiolytic activity have been performed. In this current article (part two), we review herbal medicines for which there have been both preclinical and clinical investigations of anxiolytic activity. A search of MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, Scopus and the Cochrane Library databases was conducted (up to 28 October 2012) for English language papers using the search terms ‘anxiety’ OR ‘anxiety disorder’ OR ‘generalized anxiety disorder’ OR ‘social phobia’ OR ‘post-traumatic stress disorder’ OR ‘panic disorder’ OR ‘agoraphobia’ OR ‘obsessive compulsive disorder’ in combination with the search terms ‘Herb*’ OR ‘Medicinal Plants’ OR ‘Botanical Medicine’ OR ‘Chinese herb*’, in addition to individual herbal medicines. This search of the literature revealed 1,525 papers, of which 53 plants were included in the review (having at least one study using the whole plant extract). Of these plants, 21 had human clinical trial evidence (reviewed here in part two), with the other 32 having solely preclinical evidence (reviewed in part one). Support for efficacy was found for chronic use (i.e. greater than one day) of the following herbs in treating a range of anxiety disorders in human clinical trials: Piper methysticum, Matricaria recutita, Ginkgo biloba, Scutellaria lateriflora, Silybum marianum, Passiflora incarnata, Withania somniferum, Galphimia glauca, Centella asiatica, Rhodiola rosea, Echinacea spp., Melissa officinalis and Echium amoenum. For several of the plants studied, conclusions need to be tempered due to methodological issues such as small sample sizes, brief intervention durations and non-replication. Current evidence does not support Hypericum perforatum or Valeriana spp. for any anxiety disorder. Acute anxiolytic activity was found for Centella asiatica, Salvia spp., Melissa officinalis, Passiflora incarnata and Citrus aurantium. Bacopa monnieri has shown anxiolytic effects in people with cognitive decline. The therapeutic application of psychotropic plant-based treatments for anxiety disorders is also discussed, specifically Psychotria viridis and Banisteriopsis caarti (ayahuasca), Psilocybe spp. and cannabidiol-enriched (low tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)) Cannabis spp.
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Research in the area of herbal psychopharmacology has revealed a variety of promising medicines that may provide benefit in the treatment of general anxiety and specific anxiety disorders. However, a comprehensive review of plant-based anxiolytics has been absent to date. This article (part 1) reviews herbal medicines for which only preclinical investigations for anxiolytic activity have been performed. In part 2, we review herbal medicines for which there have been clinical investigations for anxiolytic activity. An open-ended, language-restricted (English) search of MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, Scopus and the Cochrane Library databases was conducted (up to 28 October 2012) using specific search criteria to identify herbal medicines that have been investigated for anxiolytic activity. This search of the literature revealed 1,525 papers, from which 53 herbal medicines were included in the full review (having at least one study using the whole plant extract). Of these plants, 21 had human clinical trial evidence (reviewed in part 2), with another 32 having solely preclinical studies (reviewed here in part 1). Preclinical evidence of anxiolytic activity (without human clinical trials) was found for Albizia julibrissin, Sonchus oleraceus, Uncaria rhynchophylla, Stachys lavandulifolia, Cecropia glazioui, Magnolia spp., Eschscholzia californica, Erythrina spp., Annona spp., Rubus brasiliensis, Apocynum venetum, Nauclea latifolia, Equisetum arvense, Tilia spp., Securidaca longepedunculata, Achillea millefolium, Leea indica, Juncus effusus, Coriandrum sativum, Eurycoma longifolia, Turnera diffusa, Euphorbia hirta, Justicia spp., Crocus sativus, Aloysia polystachya, Albies pindrow, Casimiroa edulis, Davilla rugosa, Gastrodia elata, Sphaerathus indicus, Zizyphus jujuba and Panax ginseng. Common mechanisms of action for the majority of botanicals reviewed primarily involve GABA, either via direct receptor binding or ionic channel or cell membrane modulation; GABA transaminase or glutamic acid decarboxylase inhibition; a range of monoaminergic effects; and potential cannabinoid receptor modulation. Future research should focus on conducting human clinical trials on the plants reviewed with promising anxiolytic activity.
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Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten. is widely cultivated in Jeju Island (South Korea) for use in manufacture of health foods. This study described antidepressant effect of two flavonoids (kaempferol and quercitrin) isolated from the Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten. The expression of the hypothalamic POMC mRNA or plasma β-endorphin levels were increased by extract of Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten or its flavoniods administered orally. In addition, antidepressant activity was studied using tail suspension test (TST), forced swimming test (FST) and rota-rod test in chronically restraint immobilization stress group in mice. After restraint stress (2 hrs/day for 14 days), animals were kept in cage for 14 days without any further stress, bet with drugs. Mice were fed with a diet supplemented for 14 days and during the behavioral test period with kaempferol or quercitrin (30 mg/kg/day). POMC mRNA or plasma β-endorphin level was increased by extract of Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten and its flavoniods. In addition, immobility time in TST and FST was significantly reduced by kaempferol or quercitrin. In rota-rod test, the time of permanence was maintained to the semblance of control group in turning at 15 rpm. Our results suggest that two flavonoids (kaempferol and quercitrin) isolated from the Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten. show a potent antidepressant effect.
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Research in the area of herbal psychopharmacology has increased markedly over the past decades. To date however, a comprehensive review of herbal antidepressant, anxiolytic and hypnotic psychopharmacology and applications in depression, anxiety and insomnia has been absent. A search of MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library databases was conducted (up to February 21st 2011) on commonly used psychotropic herbal medicines. A review of the literature was conducted to ascertain mechanisms of action of these botanicals, in addition to a systematic review of controlled clinical trials for treatment of mood, anxiety and sleep disorders, which are common comorbid psychiatric disorders. Specific emphasis was given to emerging phytomedicines. Analysis of evidence levels was conducted, as were effect sizes (Cohen's d) where data were available. Results provided evidence of a range of neurochemical, endocrinological, and epigenetic effects for 21 individual phytomedicines, which are detailed in this paper. Sixty six controlled studies were located involving eleven phytomedicines. Several of these provide a high level of evidence, such as Hypericum perforatum for major depression, and Piper methysticum for anxiety disorders. Several human clinical trials provide preliminary positive evidence of antidepressant effects (Echium amoenum, Crocus sativus, and Rhodiola rosea) and anxiolytic activity (Matricaria recutita, Ginkgo biloba, Passiflora incanata, E. amoenum, and Scutellaria lateriflora). Caution should however be taken when interpreting the results as many studies have not been replicated. Several herbal medicines with in vitro and in vivo evidence are currently unexplored in human studies, and along with use of emerging genetic technologies "herbomics", are areas of potential future research.
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Data were obtained on the general population epidemiology of DSM-III-R posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including information on estimated life-time prevalence, the kinds of traumas most often associated with PTSD, sociodemographic correlates, the comorbidity of PTSD with other lifetime psychiatric disorders, and the duration of an index episode. Modified versions of the DSM-III-R PTSD module from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule and of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview were administered to a representative national sample of 5877 persons aged 15 to 54 years in the part II subsample of the National Comorbidity Survey. The estimated lifetime prevalence of PTSD is 7.8%. Prevalence is elevated among women and the previously married. The traumas most commonly associated with PTSD are combat exposure and witnessing among men and rape and sexual molestation among women. Posttraumatic stress disorder is strongly comorbid with other lifetime DSM-III-R disorders. Survival analysis shows that more than one third of people with an index episode of PTSD fail to recover even after many years. Posttraumatic stress disorder is more prevalent than previously believed, and is often persistent. Progress in estimating age-at-onset distributions, cohort effects, and the conditional probabilities of PTSD from different types of trauma will require future epidemiologic studies to assess PTSD for all lifetime traumas rather than for only a small number of retrospectively reported "most serious" traumas.
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Preliminary unpublished studies in our laboratory suggested that the behaviour of Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Dark Agouti (DA) rats was markedly different on both the elevated plus maze and in the open-field apparatus. We wished to confirm and extend this initial finding. The study was designed to examine the behaviour of SD and DA rats in the elevated plus maze, open-field apparatus and automated activity meters. The response of both strains on the elevated plus maze following diazepam (1 mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg) administration was subsequently investigated. DA rats showed markedly greater anxiety-like behaviour than SD rats in both the plus maze and open field, with fewer percentage open/total arm entries and percentage time spent on open/total arms in the plus maze and fewer crossings in the open field. Acute handling plus administration of vehicle abolished this difference in anxiety levels, with DA rats showing similar open-arm behaviour to that of SD rats. Both strains demonstrated a clear anxiolytic response to diazepam (1 mg/kg) in terms of percentage time spent on the open arms, but only SD rats had a statistically significant increase in percentage open-arm entries compared with vehicle-injected control animals. While the high level of anxiety-like behaviour of DA rats versus SD rats could prove useful in future ethological studies on anxiety, the fact that acute handling decreased the anxiety-like behaviour on the elevated plus maze may limit the value of this strain for the study of putative anxiolytic drugs.
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A new hyphenated extraction method composed of ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE)-optimized ultrasound assisted emulsification microextraction (USAEME) was developed for the extraction and preconcentration of the essential oil of Elettaria cardamomum Maton. The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and optimization was performed using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Ultrasound played two different roles in the extraction of the essential oil. First, as a source of sufficient energy to break the oil-containing glands in order to release the oil, and second as an emulsifier to disperse the organic phase within water. The effective parameters (factors) of USAEME including volume of extraction solvent (C(2)H(4)Cl(2)), extraction temperature and ultrasonic time were optimized by using a central composite design (CCD). The optimal conditions were 120 μL for extraction solvent volume, 32.5 °C for temperature and 10.5 min for ultrasonic time. The linear dynamic ranges (LDRs) were 0.01-50 mg L(-1) with the determination coefficients in the range of 0.9990-0.9999. The limits of detection (LODs) and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 0.001-0.007 mg L(-1) and 3.6-6.3%, respectively. The enrichment factors were 93-98. The main components of the extracted essential oil were α-terpenyl acetate (46.0%), 1,8-cineole (27.7%), linalool (5.3%), α-terpineol (4.0%), linalyl acetate (3.5%).
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The biological underpinnings for participation of the immune system in the pathogenesis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) include evidence for cross-talk between the stress and immune systems, as well as more recently discovered roles for immune system mediators in core behavioral functions such as adult neurogenesis, as well as in processes that underlay synaptic plasticity, such as learning and memory. This article reviews the expanding body of literature on immune system mediators in the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS) in chronic PTSD along with the evidence for increased peripheral inflammation, and excess morbidity and mortality. CNS inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression. This literature is briefly reviewed, along with evidence for a possible role for CNS inflammation in PTSD symptoms, especially in individuals who have PTSD with co-morbid depression. Whether the immune system is involved in risk and resilience, or evolution of PTSD symptoms following a trauma event remains to be determined, although hypotheses have been advanced. This paper reviews the current evidence including the novel hypothesis that cellular immunity is implicated in PTSD risk and resilience. Potential research implications and directions are discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'.
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Quercetin is a bioflavonoid reported to produce variety of behavioral effects like anxiolytic, antidepressant, etc. Recent gathering evidences indicated that quercetin attenuates stress-induced behavioral and biochemical effects. It also decreases CRF expression in the brain. As CRF is commonly implicated in the high-anxiety and depression, we hypothesized that quercetin may involve CRF in its anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects. To support such possibility, we investigated the influence of quercetin on CRF or CRF antagonist (antalarmin) induced changes in social interaction time in social interaction test, and immobility time in forced swim test. Results indicated that quercetin (20-40 mg/kg, p.o.) or antalarmin (2-4 microg/mouse, i.c.v.) dose dependently increased social interaction time and decreased immobility time indicating anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effect. These effects were comparable with the traditional anxiolytic (diazepam, 1-2mg/kg, i.p.) and antidepressant (fluoxetine, 10-20mg/kg, i.p.) agents. Administration of CRF (0.1 and 0.3 nmol/mouse, i.c.v.) produced just opposite effects to that of quercetin on these parameters. Further, it was seen that pretreatment with quercetin (20 or 40 mg/kg, p.o.) dose dependently antagonized the effects of CRF (0.1 or 0.3 nmol/mouse, i.c.v.) in social interaction and forced swim test. The sub-effective dose of antalarmin (1 microg/mouse) when administered along with the sub-effective dose of quercetin (10mg/kg) produced significant anxiolytic-and antidepressant-like effect. These observations suggest reciprocating role of quercetin on the CRF-induced anxiogenic and depressant-like effects.
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An overview of ethologically-based animal models suitable for investigating the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders is presented. The DSM-IIIR classification provides a framework for the discussion. The limitations of the models in current use are considered. It is suggested that there is a need for a greater emphasis on animal models of anxiety with an etiological basis.
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Cardamom seeds are widely used for flavouring purposes in food and as carminative. Little information has been reported on their pharmacological and toxicological properties or, for their volatile oil which constitutes about 5% of the seed's total weight. A comparative study of the anti-inflammatory activity of the oil extracted from commercial Elettaria cardamomum seeds, in doses of 175 and 280 microliters/kg and indomethacin in a dose of 30 mg/kg against acute carrageenan-induced planter oedema in male albino rats was performed, which proved to be marked. Moreover, investigation of the analgesic activity using p-benzoquinone as a chemical stimulus proved that a dose of 233 microliters/kg of the oil produced 50% protection against the writhing (stretching syndrome) induced by intraperitoneal administration of a 0.02% solution of p-benzoquinone in mice. In addition the antispasmodic activity was determined on a rabbit intestine preparation using acetylcholine as agonist, the results proving that cardamom oil exerts its antispasmodic action through muscarinic receptor blockage.
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Rodent models of clinical anxiety are extensively used for evaluating putative anxiolytic activity. In the present review, the available methods which can be utilized by most laboratories, have been discussed. These methods have been categorized as methods involving conditioning techniques and those not involving conditioning. In most cases, the methodology has been briefly discussed in terms of experimental use and efficacy of benzodiazepine and the newer non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics.
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The volatile oil of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton seeds was obtained by supercritical CO(2) extraction (SC-CO(2)). The effect of the extraction conditions on the yield and composition of the resulting cardamom volatile oil was examined by testing two pressure values, 9.0 and 11.0 MPa; two temperatures, 40 and 50 degrees C; two flow rate values, 0.6 and 1.2 kg/h; and two particles size values, 250-425 and >850 microm. The extraction conditions that gave the highest yield, Y (grams of extract per gram of seeds), of 5.5%, were as follows: pressure, 9.0 MPa; temperature, 40 degrees C; carbon dioxide flow, phi = 1.2 kg/h; and particles sizes in the range of 250-425 microm. Waxes, recovered as traces, were entrapped in the first separator set at 9.0 MPa and -10 degrees C. The oil was recovered in the second separator working at 1.5 MPa and 10 degrees C. The main components were as follows: alpha-terpinyl acetate, 42.3%; 1,8-cineole, 21.4%; linalyl acetate, 8.2%; limonene, 5.6%; and linalool, 5.4%. A comparison with the hydrodistilled oil, obtained at a yield of 5.0%, did not reveal any consistent difference. In contrast, the extract obtained using hexane, Y = 7.6%, showed strong composition differences. Indeed, the volatile fraction of the extract was made up mainly of the following: limonene, 36.4%; 1,8-cineole, 23.5%; terpinolene, 8.6%; and myrcene, 6.6%.
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Different experiential, psychophysiological, and neurobiological responses to traumatic symptom provocation in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been reported in the literature. Two subtypes of trauma response have been hypothesized, one characterized predominantly by hyperarousal and the other primarily dissociative, each one representing unique pathways to chronic stress-related psychopathology. Recent PTSD neuroimaging findings in our own laboratory support this notion and are consistent with the view that grouping all PTSD subjects, regardless of their different symptom patterns, in the same diagnostic category may interfere with our understanding of posttrauma psychopathology. This review will integrate findings of different experiential, psychophysiological, and neurobiological responses to traumatic symptom provocation with the clinical symptomatology and the neurobiology of PTSD.
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Cardamom, the fruits of Elettaria cardamomum Maton. (Zingiberaceae) commonly known as "Heel khurd" is used in Unani system of medicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders. A crude methanolic extract (TM), essential oil (EO), petroleum ether soluble (PS) and insoluble (PI) fractions of methanolic extract, were studied in rats at doses of 100-500, 12.5-50, 12.5-150 and 450 mg/kg, respectively for their ability to inhibit the gastric lesions induced by aspirin, ethanol and pylorous ligature. In addition their effects on wall mucus and gastric acid output were recorded. All fractions (TM, EO, PS, PI) significantly inhibited gastric lesions induced by ethanol and aspirin but not those induced by pylorus ligation. TM proved to be active reducing lesions by about 70% in the EtOH-induced ulcer model at 500 mg/kg. The PS fraction reduced the lesions by 50% at 50 and 100mg/kg (no dose response was observed) with similar effect than the PI fraction at 450 mg/kg. In the aspirin-induced gastric ulcer, the best gastroprotective effect was found in the PS fraction, which inhibited lesions by nearly 100% at 12.5mg/kg. In our experimental conditions, the PS extract at doses >or=12.5mg/kg proved to be more active than ranitidine at 50mg/kg.
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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress-related mental disorder caused by traumatic experience, and presents with characteristic symptoms, such as intrusive memories, a state of hyperarousal, and avoidance, that endure for years. Single-prolonged stress (SPS) is one of the animal models proposed for PTSD. Rats exposed to SPS showed enhanced inhibition of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which has been reliably reproduced in patients with PTSD, and increased expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the hippocampus. In this study, we characterized further neuroendocrinologic, behavioral and electrophysiological alterations in SPS rats. Plasma corticosterone recovered from an initial increase within a week, and gross histological changes and neuronal cell death were not observed in the hippocampus of the SPS rats. Behavioral analyses revealed that the SPS rats presented enhanced acoustic startle and impaired spatial memory that paralleled the deficits in hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression. Contextual fear memory was enhanced in the rats 1 week after SPS exposure, whereas LTP in the amygdala was blunted. Interestingly, blockade of GR activation by administering 17-beta-hydroxy-11-beta-/4-/[methyl]-[1-methylethyl]aminophenyl/-17-alpha-[prop-1-ynyl]estra-4-9-diene-3-one (RU40555), a GR antagonist, prior to SPS exposure prevented potentiation of fear conditioning and impairment of LTP in the CA1 region. Altogether, SPS caused a number of behavioral changes similar to those described in PTSD, which marks SPS as a putative PTSD model. The preventive effects of a GR antagonist suggested that GR activation might play a critical role in producing the altered behavior and neuronal function of SPS rats.
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We have recently shown that the hexanic extract from leaves of Schinus molle produces antidepressant-like effects in the tail suspension test in mice. This study investigated the antidepressant-like effect of the ethanolic extract from aerial part of S. molle in the forced swimming test and tail suspension test in mice, two predictive models of depression. Moreover, we investigated the antidepressant potential of rutin, a flavonoid isolated from the ethanolic extract of this plant and the influence of the pretreatment with the inhibitors of serotonin or noradrenaline synthesis, p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester (PCPA) and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT), respectively in the antidepressant-like effect of this flavonoid. The administration of the ethanolic extract produced a reduction in the immobility time in the tail suspension test (dose range 600-1000 mg/kg, p.o.), but not in the forced swimming test. It also produced a reduction in the ambulation in the open-field test in mice not previously habituated to the arena, but no effect in the locomotor activity in mice previously habituated to the open-field. The administration of rutin reduced the immobility time in the tail suspension test (0.3-3 mg/kg, p.o.), but not in the forced swimming test, without producing alteration in the locomotor activity. In addition, pretreatment of mice with PCPA (100 mg/kg, i.p., for 4 consecutive days) or AMPT (100 mg/kg, i.p.) prevented the anti-immobility effect of rutin (0.3 mg/kg, p.o.) in the tail suspension test. The results firstly indicated the antidepressant-like effect of the ethanolic extract of S. molle in the tail suspension test may be dependent on the presence of rutin that likely exerts its antidepressant-like effect by increasing the availability of serotonin and noradrenaline in the synaptic cleft.
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The aerial parts of Tilia americana var. mexicana (Schltdl) Hardin (Tiliaceae) have been widely used in Mexican traditional medicine to relieve sleeplessness, headache, and nervous excitement. The anxiolytic effect of four extracts and several flavonoid fractions from the bracts of Tilia americana subsp.mexicana, var. mexicana (Schltdl) Hardin or Tilia mexicana (Tiliaceae) was studied. Administration of 100mg/kg of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts to elevated plus-maze (EPM)-exposed mice displayed no anxiolytic effect; however, identical doses of methanol extract was able to increase the time percentage that mice spent in the EPM's open arms, as well as the percentage of crossings in the EPM's arms. The dose-response curve produced by methanol extract showed anxiolytic activity since 25mg/kg; animals showed no motor activity alteration in the open field test (OFT). Methanol extract was subjected to a bioassay-guided fractionation to obtain four ascendant polarity fractions (F1-F4) which were administrated at 100mg/kg. Data results indicate that F1 displayed the main anxiolytic effect. The purification of F1 produced a rich flavonoid anxiolytic mixture (F1C). This fraction was purified by RP-18 open chromatographic column to obtain four polar descent fractions: F1C(1), F1C(2), F1C(3), and F1C(4), respectively. Tiliroside was the major ingredient from the active fraction. High performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated that F1C was constituted principally of tiliroside, quercetin, quercitrin, kaempherol, and their glycosides. These results supported the use of Tilia americana in Mexican traditional medicine as well as the anxiolytic effect of a rich flavonoid fraction without affect motor activity.
  • W C Evans
  • Evans Pharmacognosy
W.C. Evans, Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, WB Saunders Company Ltd., 1998, pp. 15-16 (14th ed.).
Experimental methods for evaluation of psychotropic agents in rodents: anti-anxiety agents
  • Bhatacharya