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Digestibility, fecal fermentation and anti-cancer of dragon fruit oligosaccharides
Abstract
Dragon fruit is becoming more popular due to their nutritional benefits. It has been reported as a potential source of natural prebiotic since it contains oligosaccharides. This research aims to evaluate prebiotic properties of oligosaccharides from dragon fruit's flesh. The oligosaccharides are non-digestible oligosaccharides since they resisted hydrolysis by human a-amylase in mouth, artificial human gastric juice in stomach and human a-amylase with sucrase, giving maximum hydrolysis of 6.7%, 0.6% and 4.81%, respectively. Fecal fermentation of the oligosaccharides showed increase in the populations of bifidobacteria, lactobacillus and decrease in the populations of bacteroides and clostridium. Also, the fecal fermentation of the oligosaccharides had a positive prebiotic effect with prebiotic index (PI) of 0.41. Acetic acid, lactic acid, propionic and butyric acid were produced at concentrations of 860, 265, 15.95 and 29.63 mM, respectively. The mixture of these short-chain fatty acids has the propensity to inhibit Caco-2 cells which it has potential for risk reduction in colon cancer.
... Powdered dragon fruit oligosaccharide (DFO) mainly consists of fructo-oligosaccharide (DP 2 -5) and fructose (Wichienchot & Pansai 2013). An in vitro study showed that although DFO was not digested by human gastric juices, it could increase the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium while reducing the growth of Bacteroides and Clostridium (Dasaesamoh et al. 2016a;Wichienchot et al. 2010). In addition, a fecal fermentation experiment showed that increased levels of short chain fatty acids inhibited the growth of carcinogenic colon cells (Caco-2), thus DFO decreased the risk of colon cancer (Dasaesamoh et al. 2016a). ...
... An in vitro study showed that although DFO was not digested by human gastric juices, it could increase the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium while reducing the growth of Bacteroides and Clostridium (Dasaesamoh et al. 2016a;Wichienchot et al. 2010). In addition, a fecal fermentation experiment showed that increased levels of short chain fatty acids inhibited the growth of carcinogenic colon cells (Caco-2), thus DFO decreased the risk of colon cancer (Dasaesamoh et al. 2016a). However, the effects of DFO on the composition of gut microbiota in the colon of healthy mice are still unknown. ...
... These results suggest that DFO was utilized by Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, and enhanced their growth. This result was consistent with an in vitro study, which showed that DFO stimulated the growth of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli (Dasaesamoh et al. 2016a;Wichienchot et al. 2010). Fermentation products of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli include acetate, lactate, formate, and ethanol (Salminen et al. 1998). ...
... 3,17,18,19,20 Prebiotics are nondigestible food ingredients which cannot be digested, but can stimulate the growth of probiotics in the colon such as inulin and oligofructose. 2,14,15,16 Banana contains 1% inulin and FOS (fructo oligosaccharides), while red guava contain of 4.99% dietary fiber including non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) group like pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The amount of soluble fiber in red guava was 1.27% and the insoluble fiber was 3.72%. ...
... 21 In effect, pH in the colon decreases causing an unconducive growth environment for enteropathogens. 16 In vitro test of probiotic or prebiotic generally need animal colon surgery for knowing the profile of the microflora in the digestive system. An alternative of colon surgery is using fecal which is the final product of the digestive system. ...
... The sample were incubated anaerobically at 37 °C for 24 h. 16,27 The viability of three pathogenic microorganisms (E. coli, Klebsiella sp., and Salmonella) that can usually be found in fecal deposits was determined using pour plate method in chromogenic agar medium, i.e. ...
Probiotic drink like yoghurt from dairy milk is one of the most popular functional food. However, some people are not able to consume dairy milk due to lactose intolerance. Thus, a substitute substrate such as fruit juice, is needed. It refers to prebiotic compounds that are found in some of fruits like banana and guava. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of fermented banana and guava juices on the viability of fecal microflora. The juices were made from banana or red guava fermented by Lactobacillus casei (15% v/v). In vitro test was conducted using indigenous human fecal bacteria (1% w/v). The viability of enteropathogens, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and total microbes was determined by enumeration as well as the prebiotic index of the fermented juices. The in vitro test results showed that both fermented juices could elevate the total microbes and LAB as compared to control sample. The viability of the total microbes and LAB increased by 2.16 log CFU/mL and 2.90 log CFU/mL for fermented banana juice (FBJ), respectively. The same trend was also observed in fermented guava juice (FGJ) with an increase by 1.92 log CFU/mL for total microbes and 2.99 log CFU/mL for LAB. Interestingly, both fermented juice could decrease the population of most enteropathogens compared to control sample. FBJ could decrease the population of E. coli, Klebsiella sp. and Salmonella as low as 3.78, 3.32, and 1.37 log CFU/mL respectively. Meanwhile, FGJ could drop the number of E. coli (1.44 log CFU/mL), and Klebsiella sp. (1.29 log CFU/mL). Moreover, the prebiotic index for FBJ and FGJ were 2.57 and 2.16. In conclusion, both FBJ and FGJ were potential substrate for probiotic drink and had good effect for fecal microflora health.
... Dasaesamoh et al. [77] showed that the fecal fermentation of pitaya oligosaccharides increased the populations of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus and reduced the populations of Bacteroides and Clostridium. Moreover, this fecal fermentation resulted in a positive prebiotic effect. ...
... Another study showed that the fecal fermentation of pitaya oligosaccharides augmented the populations of Lactobacillus and decreased the populations of Bacteroides and Clostridium, and resulted in the production of lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic and butyric acids that can inhibit Caco-2 cells and has a potential for risk reduction in colon cancer [77]. ...
Dragon fruit (Hylocereus genus) has the potential for the prevention of diseases associated with inflammatory and oxidative processes. We aimed to comprehensively review dragon fruit health effects, economic importance, and possible use in delivery systems. Pubmed, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched, and PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) guidelines were followed. Studies have shown that pitaya can exert several benefits in conditions such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer due to the presence of bioactive compounds that may include vitamins, potassium, betacyanin, p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, and gallic acid. Moreover, pitaya has the potential to be used in food and nutraceutical products as functional ingredients, natural colorants, ecologically correct and active packaging, edible films, preparation of photoprotective products, and additives. Besides the importance of dragon fruit as a source of bioactive compounds, the bioavailability is low. The development of delivery systems such as gold nanoparticles with these compounds can be an alternative to reach target tissues.
... Therefore, regular consumption will help manage blood pressure and control cholesterol levels (Zhijian and Xin, 2003) [20] . The seeds have a high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids), reduced triglycerides and lower the risk of cardiovascular disorders (Wichienchot, 2010;Dasaesamoh et al., 2016;Vaillant et al., 2005;Le Bellec, 2003) [17,1,16,6] . Fruits are high in fiber (regular consumption can help avoid constipation, improve digestive health and help to reduce weight), rich in vitamins C, B (B1, B2, and B3), calcium, iron, lycopene, and antioxidants that help in human health (Stintzing et al. 2003). ...
... Therefore, regular consumption will help manage blood pressure and control cholesterol levels (Zhijian and Xin, 2003) [20] . The seeds have a high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids), reduced triglycerides and lower the risk of cardiovascular disorders (Wichienchot, 2010;Dasaesamoh et al., 2016;Vaillant et al., 2005;Le Bellec, 2003) [17,1,16,6] . Fruits are high in fiber (regular consumption can help avoid constipation, improve digestive health and help to reduce weight), rich in vitamins C, B (B1, B2, and B3), calcium, iron, lycopene, and antioxidants that help in human health (Stintzing et al. 2003). ...
... Scientific evidence has shown the therapeutic potential of the species studied in this review as possible preventive agents for degenerative diseases such as cancer (Dasaesamoh et al., 2016;El-Beltagi et al., 2019;Kim et al., 2011). A study by Helal and collaborators observed that the O. ficus-indica extract showed anticancer potential in squamous cells of the lung (A549) and in colon cell carcinoma (Caco2). ...
... The fermentation of H. undatus oligosaccharides by the gut microbiota increased the production of short-chain fatty acids, which, in turn, inhibited the proliferation of Caco-2 cells, reducing thus the risk of colon cancer (Dasaesamoh et al., 2016). Likewise, Kim and colleagues found that the H. undatus and H. polyrhizus extracts showed good antiproliferative activity against cancer cells (AGS and MCF-7) (Kim et al., 2011). ...
This review examines the nutritional and functional aspects of some representatives of the Cactaceae family, as well as its technological potential in the most diverse industrial fields. The studied species are good sources of nutrients and phytochemicals of biological interest, such as phenolic compounds, carotenoids, betalains, phytosterols, tocopherols, etc. They also have shown great potential in preventing some diseases, including diabetes, obesity, cancer, and others. As to technological applications, the Cactaceae family can be explored in the production of food (e.g., cakes, yogurts, bread, ice cream, and juices), as natural dyes, sources of pectins, water treatment and in animal feed. In addition, they have great potential for many technological domains, including food chemistry, pharmacy, biotechnology, and many others.
... Not described (Dasaesamoh et al., 2016;Gutierrez et al., 2007;Ibrahim et al., 2018;Khalili et al., 2009;Kim et al., 2011;Lugo-Radillo et al., 2012;Luo et al., 2014;Macias-Ceja et al., 2016;Perez et al., 2005;Ramli et al., 2014;Sani et al., 2009;Song, Chu, Xu, Xu, et al., 2016;Song, Chu, Xu, Yan, et al., 2016;Stintzing et al., 2002;Suh et al., 2014;Taufiqual et al., 2013;Tenore et al., 2012;Wichienchot et al., 2010;Yong et al., 2019) " Bendary et al., 2013;Bolaños-Carrillo et al., 2015;Cespedes et al., 2005;Guzman-Maldonado et al., 2010;Herrera-Hernandez et al., 2011;Lopez-Palestina et al., 2018;Rahimi et al., 2019;Salazar et al., 2011;Schmandke, 2005;Tan et al., 2005) Prickly small, 30-45 cm in diameter and 55-110 cm in height. The flower is diurnal and bright yellow, produced mainly in the spring and its fruits mature during the spring and early summer with a peak in May (del Castillo & Trujillo, 1991). ...
... Finally, due to its fiber content, it was shown that the pitahaya improves the digestion process, preventing colon cancer (Dasaesamoh, Youravong, & Wichienchot, 2016). The polyphenols present in the fruit inhibit melanoma and cancer cell growth (Kim et al., 2011). ...
... The carbohydrate composition of DFO consists of a mixture of fructan-type oligosaccharide (FOS) and fructose (78 and 22% of total carbohydrate, respectively) (Wichienchot & Pansai, 2013). In vitro studies have shown that DFO stimulates the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, but decreased the population of Bacteroides and Clostridium (Dasaesamoh, Youravong, & Wichienchot, 2016a;Wichienchot et al., 2010). Moreover, faecal microbes utilized DFO in a fermentation process to produce shortchain fatty acids, which are an energy source for intestinal cells (Dasaesamoh et al., 2016a). ...
... In vitro studies have shown that DFO stimulates the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, but decreased the population of Bacteroides and Clostridium (Dasaesamoh, Youravong, & Wichienchot, 2016a;Wichienchot et al., 2010). Moreover, faecal microbes utilized DFO in a fermentation process to produce shortchain fatty acids, which are an energy source for intestinal cells (Dasaesamoh et al., 2016a). However, the effects of DFO supplementation in the important economic invertebrates in aquaculture are still unknown. ...
The freshwater crustacean Daphnia is widely used as live food for ornamental fish. To increase production, food supplementations are required when culturing Daphnia. Here, we aimed to clarify the effects of plant oligosaccharides derived from dragon fruit (DFO) on growth rate, egg production, number of first clutch juveniles and survival of Daphnia supplemented with five different concentrations of DFO, that is 0, 1, 3, 9, 27 mg/L. The results showed the growth and reproduction of Daphnia were enhanced when supplemented with DFO. Growth rate of Daphnia supplemented with 9 mg/L DFO was the highest among all treatments. The time that Daphnia produced the first clutch eggs was shorter in high concentration of DFO (3, 9, 27 mg/L). The number of juveniles in the first clutch increased in treatments of higher concentration of DFO (3, 9, 27 mg/L). These results suggest that plant oligosaccharides derived from dragon fruit increase growth and fecundity of Daphnia. Survival rates of Daphnia were 100% except for the treatment supplemented with 27 mg/L of DFO in which the survival rate was reduced to 87%. To our knowledge, this is the first functional evidence demonstrating that oligosaccharides derived from dragon fruit enhance growth and fecundity of Daphnia.
... Pectic oligosaccharide is also produced from dragon fruit pulp. Dasaesamoh et al. (2016a;2016b) reported that dragon fruit pulp is a potential source of natural prebiotics since it contains oligosaccharides. The oligosaccharides from dragon fruit pulp are non-digestible oligosaccharides, since they were resistant to hydrolysis by human α-amylase in the mouth, artificial human gastric juice in the stomach and human α-amylase with sucrase giving maximum hydrolysis of 6.7%, 0.6% and 4.81%, respectively. ...
... Acetic, lactic, propionic and butyric acids were produced in concentrations of 860, 265, 15.95 and 29.63 mM, respectively. The mixture of these short-chain fatty acids could inhibit Caco-2 cells (Dasaesamoh et al., 2016a). ...
The agricultural and food processing by-products contain high nutritive values that can be used as main source of functional or nutraceutical ingredients. Potential resources of by-products from food processing for production of prebiotics and dietary fibers are generally derived from various food industries and some are from agricultural wastes or by-products. Dietary fiber consists of non-digestible carbohydrate in polysaccharide group. In the dietary fiber market, apart from non-starch dietary fibers from various fruits and vegetables, resistant starch can also be found in a wide variety of foods rich in starch, such as legumes, grains, roots and also derived from food ingredient added. Currently, the top production of prebiotics at high volumes is inulin, followed by galacto-oligosaccharide. Prominent raw materials or substrates for production of these prebiotics are roots of chicory and Jerusalem artichoke and lactose from the agriculture and dairy industries, respectively.
... The flesh of the fruit is white in colour and contains numerous minute black seeds. H. undatus lowers lipid peroxidation, prevents platelet aggregation, reduces blood sugar levels, maintains gut microflora and exhibits antioxidant, anti-proliferative and hepatoprotective activity (Choo et al., 2016;Dasaesamoh et al., 2016;Sudha et al., 2017). ...
The present study was aimed to examine the therapeutic values of pulp and peel extracts of Hylocereus undatus by comparing the chemical compounds identified using GC-MS. Antioxidant activities were measured using DPPH • , ABTS •+ , superoxide radical, FRAP and phosphomolybdenum reduction assay. Antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities were determined using α-amylase inhibition method and heat induced hemolytic technique. The results showed that both the extracts reduced oxidative stress with pulp extract showing stronger antioxidant activity. The antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities of pulp extract were greater than peel extract with IC50 value of 222.97 and 16.56 µg mL-1 respectively. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of phytosterols, steroids, triterpene, phenolic compounds and esters of fatty acids. The study shows the presence of bioactive compounds in H. undatus pulp and peel extracts with promising health benefits.
... respectively. Other author mentioned the effect to the dragon fruit species are Hylocereus and Selenicereus in glycemic control on type 2 diabetes, anticancer property, cardiovascular disease, hypocholestrolemic, prebiotic effect and antimicrobial (Choo, Yian Koh and Pick, 2016;Dasaesamoh et al., 2016;Ibrahim, et al., 2018;Kim et al., 2011;Kumar et al., 2018) ...
The search for new nutritional alternatives that favor human health is related to one of the world’s tendencies in science and food technology nowadays: research on food with functional properties (antioxidant activity, prebiotic activity, intestinal motility, among others), mainly regions’ autochthonous products, from which the productive sector can benefit thanks to its transformation and added value generation. In this review, the importance of four Andean food items with the potential to be explored and maximized by obtaining functional products is described. Because of the fact that blackberry, yacón, açaí and yellow pitahaya are promissory Andean foods with exceptional qualities for consumers’ health, information was gathered about studies and possible effects in treatment of diseases, and the most used methods for the product and therefore for their biocompounds. It was concluded that this kind of food items represents important alternatives for the transformation and extraction of biocompounds (pigments, antioxidants, fructo-oligosaccharides, fiber, among others), in which non-thermal technologies play a fundamental role in conserving their functional properties, and at the same time, strengthen rural agro-industry and the exploitation of autochthonous products for strengthening region’s and world’s economy.
... The health-promoting properties of Mammillaria plants have been less studied; however, these plants have also been proven to have a strong antibacterial effect and high antioxidant activity. 36 There are also reports on the anticancer effects of plant extracts of Opuntia, 6 Hylocereus, 37 and Mammillaria. 36 This contribution reports on betacyanins in fruits of Melocactus species. ...
Betacyanin pigments were studied in edible fruits of four Melocactus species: M. violaceus Pfeiff., M. bahiensis (Britton & Rose) Luetzelb, M. amoenus (Hoffm.) Pfeiff., and M. curvispinus Pfeiff. by means of chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques. The main pigment constituent, melocactin, endogenously present in the Melocactus species, was identified as betanidin 5-O-β-sophoroside betacyanin, previously known as 'bougainvillein-r-I'. The highest total concentration of betacyanins was found in fruits of M. amoenus (~0.08 mg/g). Except for melocactin being the most abundant betacyanin (34.8 - 38.8%) in the analysed species, a presence of its malonylated derivative, mammillarinin (15.2 - 19.9%) as well as more hydrophobic feruloyled and sinapoyled melocactins was confirmed by additional co-chromatographic experiments with authentic reference betacyanins. The acyl migration isomers of the malonylated betacyanins as well as a presence of 5''-O-E-sinapoyl-2'-O-apiosyl-betanin (2.3 - 3.0%) found frequently in light-stressed cacti were also acknowledged.
... The complete structural carbohydrate elucidation requires determination of monosaccharide composition, sequence, branching pattern, glycosidic bonds and anomeric configuration (Cheng, Pai, & Her, 2007) and it has not been performed. The trisaccharide and tetrasaccharide sugar are common in Hylocereus species, such as maltotriose and maltotetraose (Dasaesamoh et al., 2016;Wichienchot et al., 2010). The presence of polysaccharides has been reported in Hylocereus fruit Compounds 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 10 gave the some betalains derivatives. ...
... The complete structural carbohydrate elucidation requires determination of monosaccharide composition, sequence, branching pattern, glycosidic bonds and anomeric configuration (Cheng, Pai, & Her, 2007) and it has not been performed. The trisaccharide and tetrasaccharide sugar are common in Hylocereus species, such as maltotriose and maltotetraose (Dasaesamoh et al., 2016;Wichienchot et al., 2010). The presence of polysaccharides has been reported in Hylocereus fruit Compounds 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 10 gave the some betalains derivatives. ...
One of the main source of food related to the socio biodiversity in southern Brazil is the pinhão, seed of Araucaria angustifolia , a remnant species from the Jurassic period that is threatened with extinction. Studies show that Brazilian pine seeds contain resistant starch, antioxidants, dietary fiber and are a source of minerals such as magnesium and copper. They are also rich in starch, low in fat and sugar and its intake produces low glycemic index, which can promote health benefits for consumers. This study investigated the oligosaccharides and resistant starch content of nine different genotypes of Araucaria angustifolia seeds in three different harvesting stages. Brazilian pine seeds presented in their composition fructooligosaccharides (FOS), however maltooligosaccharides (MOS) were the main ones found in the samples and differences were related to each stage of maturity. The early stages (Sancti josephi) seeds provided higher content of resistant starch when compared to later stages. The presence of these compounds makes pinhão a source of prebiotics, which, consequently, enhances awareness on the potential value of these seeds for their use in the food industry and improve the species preservation.
Healthy food has wide popularity and relates positively to health. Our previous studies have shown that dragon fruit oligosaccharides (DFO) have prebiotic activities, balancing the gut microbiota in a simulated human colon system, and are safe and stimulate the immune system in rats. The effects of DFO on immune stimulation gut microbe modulation and the correlation of gut microbiota and nutrients were investigated in a human trial. This clinical study was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. The participants were 107 healthy adults, divided into 3 groups that received DFO in drinking waterdoses of 4 and 8 g/day, compared to the placebo group for 4 consecutive weeks. DFO consumption at 4 g/day increased IgA level (11.31 mg/dL or 10.95% from baseline) and 8 g/day outstandingly promoted the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. (8.41%) and Faecalibacterium (1.99%) and decreased harmful bacteria, especially, Escherichia coli (8.44%). The relationship between gut microbes and nutrient intake was explored and significant (p < 0.05) correlations between specific microbial groups and intakes of specific macro- and micronutrients were observed. The potential dose of DFO for healthy adults was established as 4 g/day for improving IgA level and 8 g/day for promoting beneficial gut microbiota.
Dyslipidemias are disorders in the serum lipid profile whose numbers of cases have been increasing annually, however, pharmacological therapy is expensive and may cause side effects, such as myalgia and liver disease. In this sense, the natural products, which are rich in antioxidant and therapeutic components, have been proposed as an alternative therapy. An example of this is pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus), that is a cactaceous fruit rich in phytochemicals, and could be exhibit beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the activity of the edible portion of pitaya (pulp and seed) on dyslipidemic mice's metabolism. Firstly, the composition of pitaya was assessed by UPLC-QTOF-MSE and oligosaccharides, quercetin, and betanine, among other phytochemicals, were putatively identified. In the in vivo assays, the mice were divided into 6 groups (n = 8) which were called according to treatment received: Standard Diet (SD), Hypercholesterolemic Diet (HD), Simvastatin (SIMV), Pitaya 100 mg/kg (P100), Pitaya 200 mg/kg (P200) and Pitaya 400 mg/kg (P400). For dyslipidemia induction, the daily administration of pitaya in C57BL/6 mice with dyslipidemia (HD, SIMV, P100, P200 and P400). The pitaya treatment resulted in an increase HDL-cholesterol, and a decrease in total and LDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols, glycemia, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. The red pitaya showed therapeutic potential in dyslipidemia disorders and had a hypoglycemic effect, contributing to reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
The Pitahaya, commonly known as "dragon fruit", is a fruit originating in Central America and the Peruvian jungle whose fruit can be of different colors such as yellow, purple, red and white. This fruit has a high nutritional value, highlighting the content of ascorbic acid that is between 4-25 mg / 100g depending on its species, with the highest value being the red species. Pitahaya is a fruit with a high antioxidant capacity, even superior to that of other cacti, such as prickly pear. It presents bioactive compounds such as betalains; that favor stress-related disorders and have anti-inflammatory effects, it also has betanins and betacyanins; they are a source of natural dye. This review work aimed to collect information on the studies carried out on the Pitahaya related to its cultivation, physicochemical characteristics, nutritional composition, and bioactive compounds, for their health benefits, such as; avoid premature aging, reduce blood pressure levels and alleviate stomach and intestinal problems, and the consumption of pitahaya is recommended to counteract diseases such as diabetes and colon cancer.
This is the first report of the evaluation of suitability for consumption of dragon fruit oligosaccharide (DFO) and its efficacy on gut microbiota modulation and in boosting the gut immune response in rats. The DFO produced significantly increased faecal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli but decreased bacteroides and clostridia. The DFO also showed immune‐response boosting properties by significantly increasing the plasma immunoglobulin A and G concentrations. In addition, it was confirmed by blood chemistry analysis and histology of the colon of the rats that DFO is suitable for the consumption. These results suggest that DFO is a potentially novel source of prebiotic ingredients with probiotic‐stimulation and immune boosting properties. These findings in three‐stage continuous colon system and rats study suggest that dragon fruit oligosaccharide (DFO) is safe for consumption and it is a potentially novel source of prebiotic ingrdients with probiotic‐stimulation and immune‐boosting properties.
A microsatellite is a specific sequence of DNA bases which contains repeats.
In present study, rice microsatellite (RM) markers were used to study the
parental polymorphism between two parents. The experiment was
conducted at Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar Hyderabad
(India). ‘Swarna’ and ‘Type 3’ rice varieties dense in grain iron and zinc
were used to study the parental polymorphism. Out of 171 rice markers used
for parental polymorphism, 52 markers showed polymorphism and 119
were monomorphic with expected base pair ranging from 84 to 383 bp.
Therefore, these polymorphic rice microsatellite markers can be used in fine
mapping of iron- and zinc-rich micronutrient genes to study the mapping
populations of crosses obtained from these parents.
A number of hybrids had been released to enhance the productivity of rice. There is a need to increase the rice productivity to sustain global food security with low inputs. In this context, experiment was conducted to evaluate the hybrid rice cultivars for best suitability for system of rice intensification (SRI) method of cultivation in comparison with normal transplanting method with limited water inputs. Yield parameters like panicle number, panicle length, panicle weight were found significant over methods, irrigation and cultivars. Grain yield, straw yield and days for 50% flowering were significant over methods. The per cent of water saved in AWD over saturation was 33%. System of rice intensification method recorded 17.2% higher grain yield over normal transplanting method. Grain yield was on par in both irrigation regimes. As a result, it was observed that system of rice intensification method with alternate wetting and drying irrigation can be adopted for hybrid rice cultivation for those areas with less irrigation facilities.
La pitahaya amarilla es una fruta exótica, catalogada por la Corporación Internacional Colombiana como una fruta promisoria para la exportación, debido a sus atributos sensoriales y organolépticos. Además, esta fruta ha sido asociada al control del estreñimiento, y con beneficios para la salud, gracias a su contenido de antioxidantes. Por consiguiente, el propósito de este trabajo fue evaluar las propiedades químicas y los biocomponentes presentes en tallo, cáscara, semilla y pulpa de pitahaya amarilla. La determinación de polifenoles se realizó siguiendo el método de Folin-Ciocalteu; el contenido de vitamina C por el método de 2-nitroanilina; la capacidad antioxidante se determinó por los métodos ABTS y DPPH; y la aceleración del peristaltismo mediante la medición de heces en biomodelos (hámsteres dorados), alimentados con diferentes partes de esta fruta. Los resultados demostraron que la composición de la fruta varía de acuerdo a sus partes. Es de destacar que todas las partes de la fruta contienen compuestos bioactivos en diferentes concentraciones; la concentración más alta de vitamina C, polifenoles y capacidad antioxidante se encontró en la semilla (22,08 mg ácido ascórbico por g materia seca, 1580 mg ácido gálico por 100 g materia seca, 79,2±0,2% ABTS, respectivamente) y cáscara (20,615 mg ácido ascórbico por g materia seca, 1333,33 mg ácido gálico por 100 g materia seca, 66,2±0,8% ABTS, respectivamente); respecto a la aceleración del peristaltismo, la producción de heces incrementó al consumir semillas de pitahaya. De acuerdo a lo anterior, se concluye que la pitahaya amarilla podría ser una alternativa de un producto promisorio, debido a su composición y contenido de compuestos bioactivos de interés funcional.
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