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Nutritive Value of Field Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) Straw as influenced by Variety, Season, Botanical Fractions and Urea Pretreatment
Abstract
To evaluate the potential of straw from field pea (Pisum sativum L.) as feed for ruminants in tropical highlands, the effect of variety (n = 6), season (main and short), botanical fraction (leaf and stem) and treatment with 4% urea on chemical composition (CP, NDF, ADF, ADL) and in vitro gas production during 24 h was studied. The latter was used to estimate in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). Variety had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on CP and ADL of the straw. The differences between the leaf and stem were significant (P < 0.001) for all parameters. Season affected the nutritive value of the leaf but not of the stem. The nutritive value of the whole straw was strongly correlated to the nutritive value of the leaf (r = 0.87) and stem (r = 0.86). The urea treatment increased CP from 99 to 121 g/kg DM and ME from 6.02 to 6.39 MJ/kg DM. The effect of treatment was thus much lower than the variance among varieties, so that selection for better quality straw without compromising pea yield could be interesting option for smallholder farmers in mixed crop − livestock systems.
... Significant differences in forage quality relate to varietal variations in cell wall compounds (Huang et al., 2020). The similar findings (Huang et al., 2020); field pea (Wamatu et al., 2017) and brassica (Keim et al., 2020). After fiber and silica, CP content represent the nutrient quality of rice straw (Wahyono et al., 2021). ...
... The IVTD value had negative association with NDF and ADF compounds (Table 4). Similar results reported by Zaidi et al. (2013); Wamatu et al. (2017) and Ravi et al. (2019). Neutral detergent fiber content, particularly lignocellulose compounds had negative effect on ruminal degradation and total tract digestibility ( Jayanegara et al., 2019). ...
... Based on the perspective of resistance to crop disease, low digestibility and high lignin content are also related to the characteristics of plants that are diseases resistant. High disease resistant varieties of crops may tend to have lower nutritive quality of straw (Wamatu et al., 2017). In our study, this phenomenon was demonstrated by Suluttan Unsrat 1 and Suluttan Unsrat 2 rice straw varieties. ...
The comparison was made between eighteen mutant and four non-mutant rice straw variety in Indonesia in terms of chemical composition, nutrient value and in vitro digestibility. The second objective was to determine the correlation between in vitro digestibility parameters and fibrous component in twenty-two Indonesian rice straw varieties. Rice straw samples were collected in triplicate from three replicate plots. The effect of variety on rice straw quality, nutrient values and in vitro digestibility was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results demonstrated that the rice straw varieties differed (P<0.05) in relation to all nutrient and fiber fractions, except for ether extract content. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content was from 66.18% to 77.22%; acid detergent fiber (ADF) content was from 36.33% to 49.77% and hemicellulose content was from 21.67% to 33.84%. The NDF content of Woyla and Winongo was the lowest of all, 66.18% and 66.39%, respectively. Tropiko, as non-mutant variety, had lower ADF content (36.34%) than Inpari 32 and Ciherang. Woyla, Winongo, Diah Suci and Tropika were only varieties included in the poor class, with the RFV range by 76.94 to 80.33. The in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of Winongo and Woyla were the highest (P<0.05). It was concluded from this study that Woyla and Winongo, as mutant varieties, provided higher nutrient value and digestibility than other varieties. Tropiko, as non-mutant variety, also had relatively great nutrient value. The digestibility of rice straw was negatively associated with NDF and ADF compounds.
... The dominant stem proportion would reduce fodder digestibility. Wamatu et al. (2017) reported that stem has low IVOMD due to the rich of NDF, ADF and ADL contents. The upland varieties in India also tended to have poor IVOMD (Subudhi et al., 2020). ...
... Straw fodder quality related to the available energy in the straw represented by IVOMD and ME values (Virk et al., 2019). The high nutrient value will minimize the cost of rice straw pretreatment to improve the fodder quality (Wamatu et al., 2017). ...
... In another perspective, variations in nutrients and digestibility parameters produced by these five varieties could provide a good oppurtinity for breeding and selection of dual purpose rice varieties. The wide range in nutrient and IVOMD in straw fodder offers good opportunity for multi-dimensional crop improvement (Zaidi et al., 2013;Wamatu et al., 2017). ...
Five rice straw cultivars in Indonesia (Atomita 1, Bestari, Inpari Sidenuk, Situ Gintung and Ciherang) were investigated for nutrient and in vitro digestibility as ruminants roughage. Except Ciherang, all cultivars were mutant rice variety. This study aimed to: 1) assess the influence of variety on the nutrient and fiber variation of rice straw; 2) predict the nutrient value of rice straw using fiber content; and 3) evaluate the in vitro digestibility of five rice
straw cultivars in Indonesia. Except for acid detergent lignin (ADL) (P= 0.09), a significant difference (P<0.05) were observed for all nutrient and fiber contents between all varieties. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and cellulose content in mutant varieties were significantly higher than Ciherang variety. Based on fiber content, the range in relative feed value (RFV) varied by 60.99 – 68.89. However, all rice straw varieties are included in reject forage class. There were significant differences at 48 and 72 h in vitro gas production (P<0.05) between all varieties. Highly significant differences (P<0.001) were observed for optimum (a+b) and rate gas production (c) traits. The in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) varied from 30.30 – 35.87%. Those results could explain differences in nutritional quality and digestibility of rice straw according to cultivars. Ciherang variety had a good prospect for ruminant roughage due to the highest nutrient value and digestibility.
... Pea (Pissum sativum L.) is a popular and important leguminous vegetable worldwide and is a particularly important multipurpose legume crop grown during the winter in arid regions worldwide. The green pods of peas are rich in protein and carbohydrates, making them an important source of nutrition for both humans and animals 12,13 . ...
Arid soils are often weak, low in fertility, and lack essential plant nutrients. Organic amendments might be a feasible solution to counter the detrimental impact and rehabilitate weak arid soil for the growth of legumes. The study aimed to investigate how organic amendments of compost and humic acid may affect winter field pea productivity in arid soil. Over 2 years of field experiments, a range of treatments were applied, including different amounts of compost and humic acid. The results showed higher microbial carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) biomass, root length, shoot length, grains pod ⁻¹ , and grain yield of pea, gained from the collective application of 8 Mg ha ⁻¹ compost and 15 kg ha ⁻¹ humic acid compared to all other treatments. Organic amendments increased soil microbial C density by 67.0 to 83.0% and N biomass by 46.0 to 88.0% compared with the control. The combined application of compost and humic acid increased soil microbial N biomass by 57.0 to 60.0% compared to the sole applications of compost-only and humic acid-only. It was concluded that organic amendments of 8 Mg ha ⁻¹ compost and 15 kg ha ⁻¹ humic acid in arid soil modulated microbial density, resulting in improved winter field pea productivity. This study suggests organic amendments of compost and humic acid might be a practicable solution to rehabilitate weak arid soil to grow legumes.
Legume-based cropping systems (LCS) are considered instrumental to sustainable intensification in smallholder systems with multiple ecological, social, and economic benefits. Legumes are promising components in cereal-based cropping systems and can generate beneficial impacts on soil, animal., and human health. Such multifunctionality asks for contextualizing legumes and LCS from a system perspective involving several nexuses of soil, plant, feed, food, environment, market, nutrition, and health. System yield increment due to incorporation of legume has been observed in many sequential cropping systems. Legumes improve soil quality through biological nitrogen fixation and reduce chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer application in the current and succeeding crops. It has been estimated that legume crops can fulfil 80%–90% of their N requirements during one crop season from this biological nitrogen fixation and transfer 0%–70% of this biologically fixed N to the succeeding crops. Legumes also utilize residual soil moisture of postrice fallow, require significantly less input, enhance the resilience of farming systems, promises a higher economic return, and ensure food and nutritional security of resource-poor farm families. Besides, legumes can reduce energy input requirements and mitigate greenhouse gases emissions from the cropping system. Legumes are essential components of livestock feed and can potentially improve the quantity and quality of livestock products. The LCS can also play a pivotal role in improving human health and nutrition, thus reducing malnutrition and morbidity. Profitable legume-based systems are being reported or designed, and value-added legumes are increasingly gaining popularity and share in the global food market. Summarily, legumes can be considered an important crop for ecological balance, poverty alleviation, and human nutrition. It is high time that we value and judge legumes in terms of their multifunctionality in the agricultural and food systems. We hypothesize that inviting a system perspective in understanding multiple pathways of legume-based systems might help us design and target LCS for smallholder systems.
The use of cereal grains or maize as substrate for the biogas
plant will in future be gradually limited to a maximum
of 44 % by the Renewable Energy Sources Act
(EEG, 2017, § 39 h). In addition, the fixed payment will
no longer apply to most existing plants and new plants,
which represents a further challenge with regard to the
economic efficiency of substrates. Co-products from agriculture
represent a so far largely unused, cost-effective
alternative. Up to now, the main motivation for growing
grain legumes has been the preceding crop value of the
crop (ZERHUSEN-BLECHER et al., 2016). The use of this
co-product in biogas plants could provide an additional
cultivation inducement and improve the profitability of
grain legumes. However, for a successful use of straw-like
and thus lignocellulose-rich substrates in biogas plants it
is necessary to generate data on the biogas potential. In
order to test the effect of increasing senescence on straw
ingredients in grain legumes, three genotypes each of
field peas Pisum sativum L. and field beans Vicia faba L.
were harvested at different dates and conserved as
straw or straw silage in two years, at two locations with
four repetitions. Harvesting dates should cover the period
from beginning of threshing maturity (EC 84–89), to
threshing maturity (EC 89–94) and later threshing
maturity (EC 96–98) until complete dead maturity (EC
99). The examination of the ingredients included the
crude protein, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin content
according to van Soest. Based on these ingredients,
theoretical biogas potentials were calculated. The investigations
showed a decrease of the crude protein content
with increasing senescence in both species. For the
other ingredients, there were differences between the
species and preservation methods. The hemicellulose
content degraded by ensiling and converted to organic
acids was lower in the silages than in the straw, despite
the same starting material. Overall, an increase in the
structural substances with progressive senescence was
observed. The theoretical biogas potentials increased
with progressive senescence or remained unaffected by
it. Biogas yields of about 530 l/kg TM and methane gas
yields of about 265 l/kg TM were calculated, which is
about 75 % of the methane gas yield of silage maize
(KARPENSTEIN-MACHAN, 2005). The differences in the gas
yields of field bean varieties were small, therefore straw
yield as a parameter for use as biogas substrate is more
important. For field beans, the varieties Fuego and Tiffany
are recommended, since the straw yields were significantly
higher than those of the variety Taifun. For
peas, the variety Respect had a higher straw yield and
slightly higher gas yields than the other varieties, but
this variety could not be completely tested, which is why
no variety recommendation is given.
Bu araştırma, yem bezelyesi (Pisum Sativum L.) silajına suda çözünür karbonhidrat (ŞÇK) kaynağı olarak melas ilavesinin silo fermantasyonu, mikrobiyolojisi, in vitro gaz üretimi ve nispi yem değerleri (NYD) üzerine etkilerini saptamak için düzenlenmiştir. Bu amaçla yem bezelyesi bakla doldurma döneminde hasat edilmiştir. Hasat sonrası yaklaşık 1.5-2.0 cm boyutunda parçalanan taze materyale 0 (kontrol), 15, 30, 45 ve 60 g/kg taze materyal (TM) düzeyinde melas katılmıştır. Melas ilavesi yem bezelyesi silajlarının ham besin maddeleri bileşimini önemli derecede etkilemiştir (P<0.01). Melas dozuna bağlı olarak silajların ham protein (HP), ham yağ (HY), nötr deterjan lif (NDF), asit deterjan lif (ADF) ve asit deterjan lignin (ADL) içeriği azalmış, kuru madde (KM), ham kül (HK) ve suda çözünebilir karbonhidrat (SÇK) içeriği artmıştır (P<0.01). Melas ilavesi yem bezelyesi silajlarının pH’sını, asetik asit, bütirik asit ve amonyak azotu (NH3-N) içeriklerini düşürürken, laktik asit ve propiyonik asit içeriklerini artırmıştır (P<0.01). Aynı şekilde melas ilavesi yem bezelyesi silajlarının in vitro gaz üretimi, organik madde sindirim derecesini (OMSD) ve metabolik enerji (ME) içeriklerini de artırmıştır (P<0.01). Melas ilavesi ayrıca yem bezelyesi silajlarının nispi yem değeri (NYD) ve kuru madde tüketimi (KMT)’ni olumlu yönde etkilemiştir (P<0.01). Araştırma sonucunda, melasın SÇK düzeyi düşük olan yem bezelyesi silajlarında kullanılması, silajların yem değerini ve fermantasyon özelliklerini iyileştirmiştir.
In the semi-arid tropics, over two-third’s of the world’s people depend on agriculture within which livestock play a major role in building rural livelihoods. Crop residues (fodder/stover) are important feed resources for ruminants. This review was undertaken with the objective of improving understanding of the role of various crop management factors in affecting the productivity and quality of crop residues. Variability in productivity and quality of residues can be of both genetic and non-genetic origin. Recommended agronomic practices vary according to crop and cultivar and can release the maximum genetic potential determining quantity and quality of residues. Planting method and planting rate recommendations should be followed to maximise productivity. Although low density planting improved fodder quality, fodder yield declined. Time of sowing affected fodder yield in most of the crops, but fodder quality was not generally affected. It was common to observe that application of nitrogen (up to 120 kg ha−1) in cereals and application of phosphorus (up to 60 kg ha−1) in legumes improved the green and dry fodder yields, as well as crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF) and other quality parameters. Inoculation of cereal seed with nitrogen fixing bacteria such as Azotobacter and seed of pulses with phosphate solubilising bacteria has been reported to decrease fertiliser needs and improve the CP and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of fodder. Irrigating at more frequent intervals by splitting the same quantity of irrigation water into smaller irrigations and at critical stages improved dry matter and CP yields. Hand weeding resulted in better weed control efficiency and stover yield than application of herbicides. However, application of herbicides resulted in the greatest benefit:cost ratio. Manual harvesting resulted in lower losses than mechanical harvesting, and may affect quality depending on the extent of loss of different fodder components. Drought stress yielded more digestible organic matter due to increases in the proportion of leaves compared to stems. Saline conditions affected seed germination and crop yields. Several methods are suggested to counteract the effects of salinity. Intercropping of cereals with legumes improved fodder nutritional quality (mostly protein content). In almost all crops, a positive association was found between fodder and grain yield indicating simultaneous improvement in both characters. In most cases, fodder yield and digestibility were positively correlated and showed positive association with plant height, leaf number and the number of tillers per plant, but there were limits and variation among crops.The ICRISAT–ILRI partnership experiments were conducted with a diverse set of sorghum and pearl millet cultivars at ICRISAT, India. Planting density levels in both crops did not influence forage quality although some fodder yield traits were affected. A significant interaction of genotype with planting density was observed for grain and fodder yield in sorghum and grain yield and harvest index in pearl millet. Adherence to recommended crop management practices can potentially facilitate the release of the maximum genetic potential determining quality and yield parameters for improved animal production.
Chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and gas production of straw from four different varieties of Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum) were studied. Kinetics of fermentation of straws from 19 different accessions of chickpea was also evaluated using gas production technique. Significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in the yield of straw [from 1041 to 1174 kg dry matter (DM)/ha] from different varieties. The proportion of seed/straw from different varieties varied from 0.61 to 0.93. Crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre content of straw ranged from 28.1 to 35.8, 598.6 to 645.4 and 459.2 to 473.4 g/kg DM respectively. Organic matter digestibility was different (p < 0.05) among varieties and varied from 471.4 to 535.5 g/kg DM. Potential gas production (A), the rate constants (c and d) and lag times of straws from different chickpea varieties were not different (p > 0.05). However, the rate constants (c and d) and lag times were different (p < 0.05) among accessions. Potential gas production (A) differed (p < 0.05) approximately twofold among different accessions. The results emphasized that in any evaluation of chickpea varieties or accessions, where straw of this legume seed is used as an animal feed, not only seed yield but also yield and quality of straw should be taken into consideration.
Two varieties of rice straw, MR 84 and MR 77, harvested from three locations and over two consecutive cultivation seasons, were compared for their botanical composition, chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVD). For both varieties, botanical composition was not significantly different between seasons (P > 0.05) but the IVD of whole straw was significantly higher in the main season (P < 0.01). The proportion of stem and blade and the contents of ash and silica were significantly different between locations (P < 0.01). Canonical correlations between seasons and between locations were significant (P < 0.01) and positive for chemical composition and IVD suggesting that varietal differences were consistent across these environmental influences.
The proportion in whole straw, chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVD) of the leaf blade, leaf sheath and stem (including inflorescence) fractions of 32 varieties of rice straw harvested from the same location, year and season, were measured. The composition and IVD of whole straw was then calculated. The mean proportion of blade, sheath and stem was 32.4%, 25.5% and 41.0%, respectively, in whole straw. Stem had a significantly higher IVD (58.9%), lower insoluble ash (6.9%) and lower total ash (18.9%) but a higher neutral detergent fibre (NDF, 62.7%) and lower crude protein (CP, 3.4%) than blade or sheath. For whole straw, the range in composition and IVD was: NDF, 54.2–63.2%; IVD, 44.4–64.7%; CP, 2.0–5.3%; insoluble ash, 6.2–14.4; total ash, 16.6–25.1%.Canonical correlation analysis showed that varietal differences in the composition and IVD of whole straw were significantly correlated (P < 0.001) with varietal differences in these parameters in the blade, sheath and stem fractions. Varietal differences in whole straw were not significantly correlated (P > 0.05) to their leaf, sheath and stem proportions or to their agronomic characteristics (culm height, days to maturity and grain yield). There is thus potential for breeding and selecting rice varieties with good straw and agronomic characteristics.
An experiment was conducted with seven varieties of rice straw cultivated during two major growing seasons—the Maha (North-East Monsson) and the Yala (South-West Monsoon)—to examine the influence of variety and cultivation season on chemical composition and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of whole plant and plant fractions.The whole plant IVOMD for the seven varieties varied from 30% to 45% with a mean of 35·2 ± 3·9%. The stem fractions tended to have a higher IVOMD than other fractions, particularly the leaf. Although there appeared to be a seasonal influence on the digestibility of plant fractions, whole plant digestibility was not affected by the cultivation season.The chemical compositions of the different plant fractions showed a wide variation. The crude protein content was lowest in the stem and highest in the leaf. The node had the lowest content of NDF, ADF and cellulose. However, these parameters had no direct influence on the digestibility of the fractions. It is clear that large variations exist in chemical composition and IVOMD of rice straws both between and within varieties. More extensive and controlled studies are needed to identify these factors and their influence on whole-plant digestibility.
Infection of the first true leaf of cucumber with Colletotrichum lagenarium induces systemic resistance (protection) against subsequent challenge by C. lagenarium or Cladosporium cucumerinum Conidia of C. lagenarium germinated and formed appressoria equally well on isolated epidermal strips from protected and control plants; however, penetration occurred less frequently into epidermal strips from protected plants. Inhibition of penetration was associated with host epidermal cell wall lignification directly under appressoria. Lignification occurred more rapidly and to a greater extent in protected than in control plants. Infection of etiolated seedlings resistant to scab with C. cucumerinum made the seedlings resistant to C. lagenarium, and elicited a rapid lignification of penetrated and adjacent host cells. This lignification reaction in the resistant cultivar was histologically indistinguishable from that at sites of penetration in a systemically protected “susceptible” cultivar challenged with C. cucumerinum. Germination of conidia and frequencies of penetration of C. cucumerinum were similar in protected and control plants, but development of the fungus in lignified tissue was markedly restricted. Coniferyl alcohol, a lignin precursor, was toxic to C. lagenarium and C. cucumerinum when only 0·3 hg were applied to thin-layer bioassay plates. This suggests that it might function as a phytoalexin. Mycelia of C. lagenarium and C. cucumerinum were “lignified” in the presence of coniferyl alcohol, peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide.
The nutritive value of 17 straws was determined on the basis of their chemical composition, in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility and rumen fermentation kinetics (from gas production curves measured in vitro). Five roughages were from the cereal species Avena sativa (oat), Hordeum vulgare (barley), Secale cereale (rye), Triticum aestivum (wheat) and Zea mays (maize stover). The other 12 samples were legume straws, two samples from each of the species Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Lens culinaris (lentil) and Phaseolus vulgaris (bean) and one sample from each of the species Lathyrus sativus (chickling vetch), Lupinus albus (white lupin), Pisum sativum (field pea), Vicia articulata (one-flowered vetch), Vicia ervilia (bitter vetch) and Vicia sativa (common vetch). All samples were collected after harvesting from different farms located in León (northwestern Spain). Based on their chemical composition, digestibility and gas production characteristics, species could be clustered into two groups with a significant linkage distance, one for cereal straws that merged at a level of similarity of 80% and the other for legume straws with a degree of similarity of 50%. Species varied widely and significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed between the two groups of straws. Legume straws showed higher crude protein (74 ± 6.1 vs 29 ± 2.2 g kg-1 DM) and lower fibre (584 ± 18.1 vs 793 ± 27.5 g neutral detergent fibre kg-1 DM) contents than cereal straws and, consequently, DM digestibility coefficients (0.670 vs 0.609; standard error of difference 0.0054) and metabolisable energy values (7.4 ± 0.15 vs 5.7 ± 0.24 MJ kg-1 DM) were significantly greater in legume than in cereal straws. Although there were noticeable differences among species within each botanical family, legume straws showed better nutritional quality than cereal straws, indicating that they could be considered promising and interesting sources of roughage for incorporation into ruminant diets.
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