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Qualitative Phytochemical Screening of Some Selected Medicinal Plants of Shivpuri District
Abstract
The phytochemicals are the most important sources for the treatment of common diseases. The present investigation deals with the qualitative phytochemical analysis of leaves of ten medicinal plants. These are Bauhinia variegata Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae), Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) Don.. Methonolic extracts of powder of leaves were screened for qualitative determination of different phytochemicals like alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, flavonoids, protein and amino acid, diterpenes, phenols and tannin. All plant materials were collected from Shivpuri district (M.P.).
... Because of the contribution of numerous key phytoconstituents present in various plant parts, most medicinal plants are unique in their potential to treat many human ailments [3]. The extraction and characterization of a wide range of bioactive components from different medicinal plants have resulted in the delivery of specific medications with a high-activity profile [4]. The screening of medicinal plants using chromatographic and spectrometric methods provides information on chemical and pharmacological activity, which aids in the selection of biologically active plants. ...
... The phytoconstituents were found to be methyl phenyl (acetophenone), ketone, N-Butyrylpiperidine, 1-Pyrrolidinebutyronitrile, 4,5-Dihydro-3-ethyl-5-methyl-1,2,4-tria zin-6 (1H)-one, 3H-Cyclopent[3,4-a] azulene, 2-Propanone, 2-Pyrrolidineethanamine, 2Methyl [1,3,4] oxadiazole, Cycloheptasiloxane, Cyclooctasiloxane, Cyclononasiloxane, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, Octadecamethyl Cyclononasiloxane, nhexadecanoic acid, Tetracosamethyl-cyclododecasiloxane [detected four times at different retention times], 6-aza-5,7,12,14-Tet rathiapentacene, Cyclodecasiloxane, Tricontamethyl-cyclopentade casiloxane, 13-Octadecenoic acid, Oleic acid, Benzo[cd]indol-2 (1 h)-one [ Table 1.]. The names of the bioactive compounds and their biological activities are presented in Table 2. ...
Medicinal plants are rich sources of several diverse bioactive constituents with a wide range of biological effects. The screening of bioactive compounds plays a vital role in the protection of human health. Maerua oblongifolia (Forssk.) A. Rich., belonging to the family Capparaceae, is an important medicinal plant used in many ayurvedic formulations. The main aim of the current investigation was to study the phytochemical compounds in the leaves of M. oblongifolia using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The GC–MS study revealed the presence of 21 phytochemical compounds with high and low molecular weight chemical entities. The main bioactive compounds are hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester (RT-19.171; 2.03%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (RT-19.515; 2.07%), 13-Octadecanoic acid (RT-20.869; 2.49%) and Oleic acid (RT-21.209; 2.34%). The compounds have been identified by interpretation of the mass spectra. The presence of various bioactive compounds with diverse chemical structures confirms the application of leaves of M. oblongifolia for several diseases with fewer side effects. Hence, the plant is suggested as pharmaceutically important. Further, isolation of individual bioactive compounds may be necessary to find a novel drug.
... Coriander also has curative and preventive properties such as anti-microbial and anti-carcinogenic. Coriander leaves are also a very vital and important crop that represents a unique position in flavoring substances because of its fragrance and it seeds are used in traditional medicine as an immune booster, and also used in the preparation of many household dishes as it is believed to have contained some medicinal curing abilities that help in curing bed cold, fever, and stomach disorders [7][8][9] Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) is a perennial edible plants with a specie name Rosmarinus officinalis and is a very popular herbs due to its enormous health properties. Table 2 antioxidants activity and believed to possess phytochemical compounds such as Flavonoid, triterpenes, diterpenes and Steroids [10] Rosemary is a very tolerance plant that can withstand moderately harsh weather it usually grows averagely within temperature range of 25 -30 o C. The plant can adopt and tolerate easily in almost all weather condition [11]. ...
... Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) is one of the most important analytical tools for the determination and identifying the types of functional group presents in a given compounds. FTIR method and technique was used for the determination and identification of various types of functional groups in each powdered leave extract of all the three sample used in the analysis as described by Yadav et al. [9]. The infrared spectroscopy spectrum (IR) was obtained using FTIR Shimadzu Japan in the range 400-4000 cm -1 with which 10mg of dried extract powdered sample of each of the plant sample was grounded in a mortar and pestle in order to obtain a fine powdered sample and the obtained extracts was subsequently used for the FTIR analysis. ...
Phytochemical and some proximate composition analysis was carried out on three (3) selected edible medicinal plants leaves which were believed to be of medicinal value and have physiological effects as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-pyretic, antioxidant, laxative etc. The significant aim of the research is to identify the phyto-components as well as compounds presents in the ethanolic extract of Mentha spicata L (mints), Rosemarinus officinalis (Rosemary), and Coriandrum sativum (coriander) using two different analytical methods GC-MS along with their functional groups using FTIR. The GC-MS analysis reveals more than thirty (30) compounds identified as major constituents and mostly all the compounds identified was found to possess medicinal properties. The data analysis from FTIR spectrometry representing most of the strong absorptions bands which further indicates major functional groups such as aliphatic amines, alkanes, aromatic (primary and secondary) and carboxylic acids. While the preliminary phytochemical screening conducted indicates the presence of Flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, and saponins from the ethanolic extracts of the plant extracts. Therefore the findings indicate that all the selected plant samples are potential sources of medicinal activities and can be applied in the field of phyto-medicine considering their diverse ethno-pharmacological importance.
... Phenolic screening was carried out following the method described by Yadav et al., (2017). The powdered sample is boiled in 20ml of distilled water in a test tube for 15 minutes with intermittent shaking at intervals and then filtered. ...
Going back to nature has been the preferred alternative to using the most widely banned conventional galactagogues, such as chlorpromazine, sulphide, metoclopramide, and domperidone. The use of galactagogue plant formulations will ensure optimal breastfeeding, as promotion of optimal breastfeeding practices is one of the most effective interventions to prevent deaths in children under five years worldwide. Garcinia kola stem barks have demonstrated galactagogue effects; however, there is a lack of research linking its chemical constituents to these galactagogue activities. This study therefore examines the chemical constituents of G. kola stem barks and leaves grown in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, using standard procedures. Qualitatively, phytochemical findings showed that phenols, flavonoids, and cardiac glycosides are present in both the G. kola stem bark and leaves. Quantitative results of the compounds in mg/100 g showed cardenolides with the highest quantity (35.21±0.01), followed by saponin (13.40±0.40), phenol (0.28±0.03), flavonoids (0.20±0.01), and alkaloids (0.00±0.00) in the leaves. Similarly, cardenolides were found to have the highest quantity (28.00±0.05), followed by alkaloids (1.25±0.09), phenol (0.17±0.02), flavonoids (0.14±0.01), and saponins (0.00±0.00). The stem bark as a reference material contained compounds of galactagogue importance, especially alkaloids, which the leaves lacked. However, the efficacy potential of the leaves is not in doubt, as they also contain compounds (flavonoids) of galactagogue relevance. Further research (or clinical tests) should be conducted with test animals to ascertain the galactagogue potential of the leaves as well as compare the stem bark and the seeds across all the Nigerian ecological zones.
... Therefore, designing appropriate screening techniques is crucial for both quality control and the search for novel chemicals [2]. Studies have shown that many such bioactive chemicals have been extracted and characterized from a variety of medicinal plants, and have led to the delivery of several medications with high activity profiles [3,4]. ...
Herbalism, rooted in traditional knowledge and regional practices, leverages plants as medicinal resources. India, with its vast biodiversity, harbors numerous untapped medicinal plants. This study focuses on the bioprospecting of two underexplored wild medicinal plants, Elsholtzia griffithii from Manipur and Smilax perfoliata from West Bengal, aiming to document their medicinal potential. We characterized metabolites in their crude methanolic extracts and explored their resistance to bacterial infections. Utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, 17 significant chemical compounds are identified, exhibiting physiological and pharmacological importance. Conducting disc-diffusion assays against E. coli, both plant extracts demonstrate antibacterial activity. Crude methanolic extracts of Smilax perfoliata and Elsholtzia griffithii showed a zone of inhibition of approximately 13 mm and 4 mm respectively. Additionally, molecular docking studies were conducted to evaluate the binding energy of the compounds to the E. coli receptors, DNA GyrB, and FabH and identify the receptor-ligand interactions. Among them, 4-Dehydroxy-N-(4,5-methylenedioxy-2-nitrobenzylidene) tyramine and Phthalic acid, dodecyl 2-methoxyethyl ester from Smilax perfoliata, and p-(dimethyl amino) benzaldehyde pyridine-4-carbonyl hydrazone from Elsholzia griffithii exhibit lower binding energy. The interactions between these 3 compounds and the receptors consisted of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Thus, it underscores the potential of compounds derived from these plants as inhibitors against gram-negative bacteria. Thus, our study unveils the ethnomedicinal properties of these wild plants, providing a comprehensive metabolite profile and paving the way for potential drug discovery.
... Developing effective screening methods is crucial for identifying novel chemicals and ensuring quality control (Melongane et al., 2017). The extraction and categorization of these bioactive compounds have led to the creation of specialized medicines with highactivity profiles (Yadav et al., 2017). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has recently been adopted to identify various bioactive constituents within medicinal plants (Fan et al., 2018). ...
Trigonella corniculata L. (Kasuri methi), a medicinal plant from the Fabaceae family, with exceptional culinary value, nutritional importance, and therapeutic properties that offer valuable curative benefits. Mutation breeding is highly regarded by plant breeders as an effective method of enhancing crop productivity and achieving sustainable crop production. Genetic diversity serves as the foundation for plant breeding programs, compelling the introduction of mutations to enhance variability. This study employed caffeine treatment of five concentrations (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% and 1.0%) on T. corniculata (var. ‘Pusa kasuri’) seeds, resulting in significant effect (p<0.05) on the morpho-physiological and quantitative parameters. Various
statistical methods, including Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) unveiled correlations between plant characteristics. A strong positive correlation (0.99) emerged between clusters per plant and seed yield. Principal component analysis revealed that the first two out of twelve principal components contributed to 90% of the variation, indicating genotypic diversity. The correlation between clusters per plant, pods per cluster, and seed yield, as indicated by PCA and Pearson's correlation heatmap analysis, affirms high-yield potential. Methanolic extracts of T. corniculata were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, revealing 17 major phytocompounds known for their
pharmacological activities (antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, etc.). This study has the potential to pave the way for developing novel herbal remedies for various diseases using T. corniculata, potentially resulting in the formulation of new medications.
... 5 For the phytochemical investigation, the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, cyanogenetic glycosides, phenols and tannins, flavonoids, proteins, carbohydrates, steroids, fats and fixed oils, resin and terpenoids were evaluated through different chemical tests. [6][7][8][9][10][11] Phytochemical constituent analysis and observations are listed in table 1 where '+' and '-' signs indicated the presence and absence of that particular compound, respectively. ...
not available Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 23(2): 195-199, 2024 (December)
... More than 25% of the active compounds found in contemporary prescription drugs come from medicinal plants (Malongane et al., 2017). These plants' bioactive compounds have been linked to a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antifungal, and antioxidant qualities (Yadav, Khare et al., 2017). Consequently, it is critical to assess these bioactive chemicals' potential to understand their feasibility in treating various illnesses (Juszczak et al., 2019). ...
Background: Historical accounts suggest that, throughout antiquity, medicinal plants and their constituent parts have been used to treat a variety of ailments. Asparagus racemosus, this plant exhibits a wide range of potential uses in medicine. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify any potentially bioactive ingredients in the methanolic extract of A. racemosus. Methods: A variety of compounds were detected using gas chromatography, and their molecular structures were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis and mass spectrometry. Using in silico approaches, the molecule's potential as a therapeutic candidate, biological activity, and projected targets were carefully examined. Results: The molecule 4-(((9-(5-(ethylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dihydroxy tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-9H-purin-6-yl)amino)methyl)benzoic acid was found in the highest concentration (27.37%). The identified molecule is purine alkaloid in nature. The promising drug-like properties and therapeutic efficacy for the investigated molecule. Conclusion: It could serve as a viable therapeutic option for addressing cardiovascular disorders.
... [7] Bioactive chemicals isolated from these plants have been associated with a range of pharmacological actions, including antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. [8] Therefore, it's crucial to evaluate the potential of these bioactive compounds to comprehend their viability in treating different ailments. [9] The basis of many highly efficient medications originates from the bioactive compounds extracted and identified from medicinal plants. ...
... Though most plant species have a reservoir of secondary metabolites in them, very few of them have been explored for potential bioactive compounds (Malongane, 2017). The extracted bioactive compounds have led to the generation of potent drugs with high activity (Yadav et al., 2017). GC-MS is reliable among the available techniques for identifying phytochemicals such as terpeniods, aminoacids, alkaloids, flavonoids (Razack, 2018). ...
Sisymbrium irio Linn is one of the underutilized plants, well-known for its traditional importance in Unani Medicine. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activities of different polarity-based extracts made from seeds of S.irio (Indian variety).The antibacterial activity of 13 different solvent extracts of S.irio seeds was evaluated by the Agar well-diffusion method. Among 13 different solvent seed extracts, ethanolic extract inhibited the growth of all the three bacterial strains used in the study. Further GC-MS analysis of ethanolic extract was done to reveal its phytochemical constituents. Twenty-five different compounds were identified through GC-MS analysis of ethanolic extract of S.irio seeds. Subsequently, for performing in silico antibacterial studies, the identified phytochemicals were first tested for their drug-likeability through Molinspiration software which yielded four compounds. In silico virtual screening via Autodock Vina was done using four phytochemicals against DNA gyrase subunit B and Dihydrofolate reductase. Out of four phytochemical studied through in silico analysis, “Benzene-1,2-dicarboxylicacid, monoamide, N-(1-cyano-1-methylethyl)” was found to inhibit DNA gyrase subunit B most effectively. The present study revealed that Sisymbrium irio displayed potential antibacterial activity and can be used as a good source for designing potent antibacterial agents.
... Phytochemicals are chemical compounds that are naturally present in plants, providing a variety of Characteristics, That helps to provide immunity to longterm diseases. Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, phenols, protein, amino acids and many other phytochemicals are considered to have a medicinal and physiological functions (Yadav et al. 2017) [29] . In our experimental study both methanolic and chloroform leaf extracts shows positive results for alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids and steroids. ...
The use of various plant extracts or bioactive constituents is common in conventional medicine. Traditional herbal medicinal practitioners have identified the therapeutic efficacy of several indigenous plants for various diseases. Synthetic and conventional herbal medicine are indeed derived from natural resources. Actinoscirpus grossus var. kysoor (Robx.) Nolite is a herbaceous plant belonging to family Cyperaceae and is used in Ayurveda as medicinal herb for treatment of various diseases. In the present investigation leaf parts of Actinoscirpus grossus var. kysoor (Robx.) Nolite was assessed for the qualitative and quantitative screening of phytocomponents and free radical scavenging capacity. Methanol and chloroform extract was prepared by cold maceration method. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed better results in methanolic leaf extract compared to chloroform as it revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Phenols, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, and Steroids while Saponins and Glycosides were absent. Total phenol content and total flavonoid content was checked by detailed quantitative analysis, and the results reported as 172.17 ± 0.33 mg GAE/g of sample and 26.66 ± 4.409 mg QE/g of sample respectively. The results suggest the superabundance of phenolic and flavonoid components in plants. Anti-oxidant activity was carried out using DPPH radical scavenging assay for the methanolic leaf extract. 50% inhibition concentration value of methanolic leaf extract was found to be 144.01 ± 0.33 µg/mL, which was very nearer to the positive control i.e., 133.63 ± 0.41 µg/mL. The results indicated significant antioxidant potential. The plant was proven to be a good source for preparation of drugs from its extracts which can be very beneficial for advancement in medicine, and its further exploration could make it pharmaceutically important plant.
... These benefits are attributed to its bioactive components. The extraction and categorization of these bioactive compounds have resulted in the development of specialized medicines with potent activity profiles [10]. Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC- MS) has recently been adopted to identify various bioactive constituents within medicinal plants [11]. ...
Trigonella, commonly known as Fenugreek, is among the most promising medicinal herbs consumed worldwide due its protein rich dietary contributions. This study involved induced mutagenesis on two Trigonella species (Trigonella foenum-graecum var. PEB and Trigonella corniculata var. Pusa kasuri) using caffeine and sodium azide as mutagens, resulting in the identification of nine high-yielding mutant lines in the M3 generation. Molecular characterization using SCoT markers revealed a high polymorphism of 28.3% and 46.7% in PEB and Pusa kasuri, respectively, facilitating the investigation of genetic divergence among the control and mutant lines. Similarity correlation analysis indicated a high similarity between mutant A and mutant C (0.97) and between mutant J and mutant O (0.88), while the lowest similarity was observed between mutant B and mutant F (0.74) and between control and mutant L (0.58). Mutant F and Mutant J displayed the highest seed yield and its attributing traits, and seed protein content in PEB and Pusa kasuri, respectively. Physiological parameters, including chlorophyll content (Mutants A and N) and carotenoids (mutant A and J), exhibited improvements. Assessment of stomatal and seed characteristics using scanning electron microscopy may lead to improved physiological processes and distinction at the interspecific level, respectively. Methanolic extracts of the control and the mutant lines of both species were subjected to GC-MS analysis, revealing 24 major phytocompounds known for their pharmacological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, etc.). Statistical methods such as Pearson correlation heatmap and pairwise scatter plot matrix provided insights into the correlations and linear associations among parameters for both PEB and Pusa kasuri. The strong correlation between iron content and seeds per pod in the mutant lines suggests a promising avenue for further research. Continued research and breeding efforts using these mutants can lead to significant advancements in agriculture and medicine, benefiting farmers, consumers, and industries alike.
... Medicinal plants showed the presence of compounds that have anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant potential [3,4]. Many plants serve as a vast reservoir of secondary metabolites, but only a rare have been researched and confirmed to be significant sources of bio active components [5]. The purification and characterization of these bio active components have led to the development of exact medications [6]. ...
Introduction: Tanacetum dolicophyllum (Kitam.) Kitam is recognized for its pharmacacological and ethnomedical significance. The compound derived from T. dolicophyllum demonstrated important antioxidant activity, indicating its advanced antioxidant potentials. Objectives: To examine the bioactive component isolated from T. dolicophyllum, specifically focuses on its antioxidant and anticancer characteristics. Methods: The compound isolation process commenced with column chromatography and thin layer chromatography techniques which was then characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS to elucidate its chemical structure and functional groups. Then their biological activity was evaluated which involves antioxidant and anticancer assays. Results: FT-IR, NMR, and HRMS studies of the compound showed the characteristics peaks of functional groups like alkanes, alkynes, ketones, peroxides and esters which show anticancer and antioxidant properties. The anti-cancer activity was investigated by the MTT assay whose IC50 value of the A549 cell line is 11 µM/ml. Conclusion: This research represents the characterization of the bioactive compound derived from T. dolicophyllum highlighting its antioxidant, anticancer, and pharmacologically active properties. These findings may pave the way for the creation of novel cancer therapeutics.
... [8] It is reported that two-thirds of all plant species have medicinal value and antioxidant potential. [9] The extraction and characterization of these bioactive compounds have resulted in the delivery of specific medications with a high-activity profile. [10] Fouriertransformed infrared (FTIR) and gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) have been widely used for observation of functional groups and identification of various bioactive compounds present in plants. ...
The main aim of the present investigation is identification of bioactive compounds from methanolic extraction of Saussurea lappa clarke and Premna mucronata, by GC–MS analysis and also evaluated the phytochemical screening. Methanolic extraction of S. lappa clarke and P. mucronata revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, amino acids, proteins, steroids, gums and carbohydrates. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the methanol extracts of S. lappa clarke and P. mucronata was performed on a GC-MS equipment. In-vitro antioxidant activity (hydroxyl radaical scavenging activity, determination of reducing power, metal chelating activity, carbon tetrachloride (ccl4) induced lipid peroxidation, inhibitory test on protein oxidative modification, lipid peroxidation assay, catalase assay and reduced glutathione assay) was evaluated by adopting different methods. The GC-MS analysis has shown the presence of different bio active compounds in the methanolic extract of S. lappa clarke A total of 10 compounds were identified in that the main active compounds are 2-nonynoic acid, lupeol and dodecanal and P. mucronata GC-MS analysis showed the presence 15 bio active compounds in that the main compounds are L-cysteine, undecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, gamma.-sitosterol, vitamin E acetate and fucosterol. From the results, it is evident that S. lappa clarke and P. mucronata contains various phytocomponents and is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance. Methanolic extraction of S. lappa clarke and P. mucronata possesses antioxidant activity.
... [13] Specific drugs with a high activity profile have been delivered as a result of the extraction and characterization of these bioactive substances. [14] Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) have been widely utilized to identify functional groups and the presence of different bioactive compounds present in plant extracts. [15] GC-MS was found to be a trustworthy approach in the identification of different phytochemical constituents from plant extracts, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, organic acids, and amino acids. ...
Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), are included in the category of nutritious foods, due to the presence of vitamins, proteins and different kinds of chemicals which preserve good health. It exhibited several medicinal properties like, anti-tumor, immune modulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, hypo-cholesterolaemic, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-hypertensive, antiviral and antimicrobial activities. The current study was aimed at the identification of phytochemicals by suitable methodology followed by molecular docking studies and the effect of test extract on different cell lines. Preliminary phytochemical testing was conducted; identification of different phytochemicals was carried out by GC-MS method. The protein 1DI8 (CDK-2) from the Protein Data Bank was used to analyse the molecular docking investigation of the identified phytochemicals. In the present study, the methanolic extract of Pleurotus ostreatus contained six compounds - Propanedioic acid, phenyl-, Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 1-amino-, 2-Undecene, 4,5-dimethyl-, [R*,R*-(E Heptanoic acid, 2-methyl-2-butyl ester, Acetic acid, 2-propyltetrahydropyran-3,3-Tetradecene. Amongst all of these phytochemicals, Propanedioic acid, and phenyl-was shown to possess the highest score with 1DI8 (CDK-2) in the molecular docking investigation. Anti-cancer effect was also evaluated; the test extract was found to possess the same activity which was evident by the IC50 values. It was concluded that Pleurotus ostreatus possessed six phytochemicals, out of which Propanedioic acid, phenyl was found to have therapeutic potential in the treatment of cancers and was proved by locking mechanism through molecular docking studies. As Pleurotus ostreatus is known for higher biomass availability, further research is of utmost importance in the treatment of cancers.
... [10] Extractions and characterizations of numerous such bioactive compounds from various medicinal plants have led to the delivery of certain medicines with high-activity profile. [11] The initial screening of medicinal plants by spectrometric and chromatographic methods provides basic information on chemical and pharmacological activities, which helps to select the biologically active plants. [12] In recent years, fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has commonly been employed for detection of functional groups and identification of various bioactive therapeutic compounds that are present in medicinal plants. ...
The present studies focus on identification of bioactive compounds from methanolic extraction of Smilax perfoliata and Breynia retusa by GC–MS analysis and also evaluated the phytochemical constituents present in S. perfoliata and B. retusa methanolic extraction. In-vitro antioxidant activity (hydroxyl radaical scavenging activity, determination of reducing power, metal chelating activity, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced lipid peroxidation, inhibitory test on protein oxidative modification, lipid peroxidation assay, catalase assay and reduced glutathione assay) was evaluated by adopting different methods. Phytochemical screening of the methanolic extraction of S. perfoliata and B. retusa revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, amino acids, proteins, steroids and carbohydrates gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the methanol extract of S. perfoliata has shown the presence of different bio active compounds. A total of 24 compounds were identified in methanolic extract composition S. perfoliata showed bio active compounds like propanimidamide, N-(1-chloro-1-propenyl)-, monohydrochloride, 5-bromo-8-(5-nitrosalicylideneamino) quinoline hydrochloride, nitrogen fluoride (N2F2), (Z)-20 1.426, 2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one, hexahydro-isobenzofuran-1-one, ethene, 1-(2-methoxy-,3,5-dibromophenyl)-2-nitro- was found. And B. retusa showed bio active compounds like acetyl bromide, N, N’-ethylenebis (N-nitroacetamide), 2-propanone, 1,1-dichloro-, N,N’-ethylenebis(N-nitroacetamide), 2-propanone, 1,1-dichloro-methane, chlorotrinitro- was found. These compounds are responsible for the different therapeutic and pharmacological properties. Methanolic extraction of S. perfoliata and B. retusa possesses antioxidant activity.
... Two-thirds of all plant species are said to have medicinal value and antioxidant potential [5]. The extraction and characterization of these bioactive compounds has led to the delivery of specific drugs with a high activity profile [6]. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) are widely used for functional group observation and identification of various bioactive compounds in plants [7,8]. ...
Justicia betonica L. is a herb species belongs to genus Justicia and family Acanthaceae. The aim of the present study is to analyse qualitative, quantitative phytochemicals, FTIR analysis and antibacterial activities of Hexane, Ethyl acetate and Ethanol leaf extracts of Justicia betonica L. The antibacterial activity of different solvents at various concentrations of crude extract of J. betonica was tested by disc diffusion method against three bacterial pathogens: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for evaluating the potential plant extract. The quantitative phytochemical analysis of this species exhibited the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, ascorbic acid, total phenolics, in considerable quantity and bacterial growth was supressed by various plant concentrations. The functional groups of leaf extract were analysed by FT-IR method. In this analysis, ethanol leaf extract shows five functional groups. The major peak value was characterized at wavelength of 3365.8 to 1397.8 which indicates hydroxyl (O-H), sulfoxide (S=O) functional group.
... One of the greatest benefits of medicinal plants is their ability to improve the health of individuals and communities. There are a number of chemical active compounds in plants that have defined physiological effects on humans [4]. Phytochemicals provide the bioactivity in natural products and are often developed as a defensive mechanism for plants to ward off herbivory, pathogen assault, interplant competition, and abiotic stressors [5]. ...
... The pathogenesis 17 of NAFLD involves a variety of receptors 18 in the progression of the disease which includes Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein-1c(SREBP-1c) 19,20 , Carbohyrate Response Element Binding protein (ChREBP), Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors 21,22 (PPAR α, β, γ), Liver X Receptor(LXR) 23 , Farsenoid X Receptor (FXR) 24 etc., These nuclear receptors have been docked against the phytoconstituents present in the plant extract that supports the present activity. Ursolic acid and Oleanolic acid identified through GC-MS were likely to be more efficient against Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. ...
Evolvulus nummularius Linn is medicinal plant, belonging to the family Convolvulaceae, also known as Round leaf bind weed reported from the tropical countries, with ethno-botanical values and is familiar for its ethno medicinal applications. It comprises of a series of phytochemicals such as oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, saponins, triterpenoids etc. The study was carried out to explore and characterize the bioactive components of methanolic extract of E. nummularius Linn. The leaves were collected, shade dried, pulverized and extracted by soxhlation with methanol as a solvent. The crude extract was analysed for secondary metabolites and characterized using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy. Some of the compounds were analysed for their bioactivity through insilico molecular docking studies. The insilico molecular docking was performed to confirm its binding interactions against target proteins. The results have revealed the presence of many nphytoconstituents and identification of target receptors against Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver(NAFLD) and will create a way for several ailments which lead to the development of novel drugs. However, additional studies are required to achieve its exploration of bioactivity and toxicity.
... One of the greatest benefits of medicinal plants is their ability to improve the health of individuals and communities. There are a number of chemical active compounds in plants that have defined physiological effects on humans [4]. Phytochemicals provide the bioactivity in natural products and are often developed as a defensive mechanism for plants to ward off herbivory, pathogen assault, interplant competition, and abiotic stressors [5]. ...
Many products labeled as "traditional herbal remedies" have a lengthy history of usage by definition of the term "traditional." Large segments of the population in many developing countries rely on traditional healers and their arsenal of medicinal plants to meet their healthcare requirements. Because of historical and cultural factors, herbal treatments are still widely used in modern medicine, despite their antiquity. In industrialized nations, such things have become more accessible commercially. Current medical systems frequently recommend using chemicals in ways they weren't designed to be used. In certain parts of the world, the manufacture of herbal medicines is subject to tight regulations, but this is not the case in other parts. In Germany Pharmacological goods are bound to the same criteria of efficacy, safety, and quality as herbal remedies; they are sold as "phytomedicines. On the other hand, most herbal products are marketed and monitored as food supplements in the United States; no pre-approval is required for this product category in the United Kingdom. As numerous academics in Iraq and the Kurdistan area have indicated, herbs have been utilized as a traditional cure for a wide range of illnesses in the past. Tribulus terrestris, Artemisia splendens Willd, Crataegus azarolus, Teucrium chamaedrys, Adiantum capillus-veneris, and Matricaria chamomilla are the herbs discussed in this study, and their medicinal and traditional usage across the world, as well as some of the chemical components in these herbs' biological activity, are discussed.
... For quality assurance and the search for new compounds, it is crucial to establish suitable screening techniques [9]. The extraction and characterization of a number of these bioactive substances from a variety of medicinal herbs have resulted in the delivery of specific drugs having significant activity profiles [10]. The initial screening of medicinal plant species employing spectrometric and chromatographic methods offers fundamental information on biochemical and pharmacological properties, thereby assisting in the selection of biologically active plants [11]. ...
Background: Considering the majority of pharmaceutical firms focus on using herbal remedies as an alternative source of essential components, herbal remedies are extremely significant to pharmacological researchers. Spathodea campanulata is one of the members of the Bignoniaceae family. It is popular for its curative properties.
Aim: This research aimed to assess the possibility of bioactive elements and antioxidant impacts of the methanol fraction of Spathodea campanulata flowers.
Objectives: The objective of this research was to assess the achievable bioactive elements and antioxidant impacts of the methanol fraction of Spathodea campanulata flowers.
Methods: GC-MS was adopted to identify the phytoconstituents present in the extract. In the present study, we utilized computational modelling with the Schrödinger Maestro 11.2 edition to make benefit of interactions among 42 bio-active components and anti-malarial targets (1LDG and 2ANL).
Results: In the methanol extract of the Spathodea campanulata flowers, phytochemical research revealed the presence of terpenoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, steroids, and flavonoids. Forty-two phytoconstituents, notably methyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 1,2- ethanediol monobenzoate, were determined through GC-MS analysis. Docking analysis of 42 bioactive compounds demonstrated that 1,2-ethanediol mono benzoate, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid, and methyl.beta.-d-galactopyranoside had higher G-Scores with 1LDG and 2ANL.
Conclusion: In this work, multiple phytoconstituents discovered in a methanol extract of the S. campanulata flower were determined. As a result of this research, four phytoconstituents from the flower extracts may be created as an exciting new therapy for malaria.
... The usage of the appropriate methodology of screening is crucial in the discovery of novel compounds [8]. Extraction and characterization of numerous bioactive compounds from various medicinal plants have led to the development of stable medicinal agents with higher therapeutic profiles [9]. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques have been employed in the initial screening of herbal plants, assisting in the identification of bioactive compounds found in the plants [10,11]. ...
Rubus ellipticus is a native plant to India's tropical and subtropical regions and has been used as a traditional medicinal. The aim of study was to identify and evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-arthritis activities of hydroethanolic extract of R. ellipticus leaves (HEERE). The leaves were collected from the Narkanda Valley, India and were shade-dried and finely ground to produce the powder. The hydroethanolic extract was utilized for phytochemical analysis to determine the existence of carbohydrate, phenolic, terpenoid, flavonoid, saponin, glycoside, tannin, protein, and alkaloid. The HEERE was futher analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the characterization of the phytoconstituents. The antimicrobial activity was tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus as well as Aspergillus niger. To assess its anti-arthritic activities, different doses of HEERE were given orally to complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced albino Wistar rats for twenty-one days. The GC-MS analysis of hydroethanolic extracts from leaves detected and identified the presence of 33 phytochemical compounds. HEERE showed significant effects against E. coli, S. aureus, and A. niger strains at 600 ppm. Our data indicated that HEERE 200 mg/kg was more effective than 50 mg/kg as anti-arthritis. Paw volume, ankle-joint diameter, the number leucocytes, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were all significantly reduced in experimental rats. Furthermore, when compared to respective standard drugs, the body weight, erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and synobium healing effect have all improved. These data demonstrated the potential of R. ellipticus for the long-term investigation of antimicrobial and anti-arthritic properties.
... Alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, anthraquinones, fixed oils/fats, diterpenes, carotenoids, phenols and tannins, flavonoids, proteins, saponins, phytosterols, and coumarins were screened according to phytochemical tests described previously [18,19]. ...
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is among the most common metabolic disorders worldwide. Leaves of Capparis cartilaginea are used in folk medicine to treat diabetes in parts of Yemen. The current study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antidiabetic effects of C. cartilaginea leaf extract. The antioxidant activity of the extract was determined using a 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Experimental diabetes was induced in rats by alloxan (200 mg/kg), and animals with fasting blood glucose levels>200 mg/dL were considered diabetic. On day 14 post-treatment with the plant extract, body weight, fasting blood glucose, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) levels were determined for serum samples. The in vitro α-amylase inhibition assay was performed using an α-amylase-based kit. The leaf extract exhibited a pronounced antioxidant effect as evidenced by an IC 50 value of 187.36 µg/ml. The C. cartilaginea-treated animal groups showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels compared to day one of treatment (P < 0.05). The extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg caused a significant decrease in the levels of LDL, cholesterol, and TG, and induced an increase in HDL (P < 0.05-0.01). The plant extract exhibited modest α-amylase inhibition with an IC 50 value of 861.3 μg/mL. The results provide evidence that C. cartilaginea may be a promising adjunct therapeutic tool for the management of diabetes and its associated hyperlipidemic complications.
... [7] Antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and many other pharmacological actions have all been attributed to bioactive chemicals isolated from medicinal plants. [8] For this reason, it is crucial to evaluate these bioactive chemicals' potential to comprehend their practicability in the therapy of diverse diseases. [9] Bioactive chemicals extracted and characterized from medicinal plants are the basis for several very effective medications. ...
... Quando o extrato bruto da planta é tratado com algumas gotas do Reagente de Hager ele indicará a presença de alcaloides através da formação de um precipitado amarelo do sal de picrato. 35 Como alternativa pode-se reagir os extratos brutos com ácido picrolônico formando sais insolúveis que precipitam (Figura 4). ...
... Two drops of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were added in 25,50 and 100 μl of plant stem extracts. Yellow color turns to colorless the presence of flavonoids can be detected with two or three drops of HCl addition [31]. ...
A Current study was done to evaluate the maximum therapeutic potential of methanol and distilled water stem extracts of C. tuberculata on the basis of polarity, on a series of in vitro biological and antioxidant assays (i.e., Phytochemical analysis, total phenol flavonoid and tannin contents, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay and alpha-amylase inhibition assay). The Methanolic extract has maximum potential and revealed a higher number of compounds similarly, showed a high % inhibition of alpha-amylase activity 99.12 % rather than distilled water stem extract which is 65.55 % and plant extracts exhibited a higher IC₅₀ value of 759.35 µg/ml with minimal inhibitory activity as compared standard 25.60 µg/ml. The comparative efficacy of the anti-diabetic potential of the C. tuberculata revealed good results. The activity pattern observed in this study was methanol > Acarbose > Distilled water. DPPH free radicals can be easily scavenged by C. tuberculata stem extracts at concentrations of 50, 100, 125, 250, and 500 µg/mL. It has been concluded that C. tuberculata stem extracts are beneficial against diabetes and possess anti-oxidant activity as well. The extracts of C. tuberculata stem have a broad spectrum of anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant activity and support the traditional use of this plant as medicine.
... Thus, it becomes vital to develop suitable screening methods for searching new compounds and developing quality control 28 . Several medicines with high-activity profile have been discovered by isolating and characterizing several such compounds from different medicinal plants 73 . Preliminary screening of medicinal plants through various methods related to spectrometric and chromatographic techniques provides essential information about phytoconstituents and their pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial etc. 27 For detection of steroids, organic acids, esters, long chain hydrocarbons, alcohols, alkaloids and amino acids, chromatographic techniques like gas or liquid chromatography are very suitable methods. ...
Plants, being effective antioxidant and antimicrobial agents, continue to play a key role in the healthcare. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and the antimicrobial potential of polar (water, methanol and acetone) and non-polar (petroleum ether) extracts of stem bark and aerial root of F. benghalensis L. The total phenol, flavonoid and condensed tannin content exhibited high variation ranging from 75.84 ± 2.70 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g to 6.24 ± 2.34 mg GAE/g, 71.64 ± 03.71 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g to 09.14 ± 2.70 mg QE/g and 19.25 ± 0.58 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g to 2.03 ± 1.2 mg CE/g respectively. Radical scavenging activity (RSA) was quantified by 2,2-dyphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2’-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assay where % RSA ranged considerably. Antimicrobial activity was estimated by investigating zone of inhibition (ZOI) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli) bacteria and fungal strains (Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizopus oryzae). The diameter of ZOI ranged from 9.5 ± .88mm to 6.2 ± .88mm for different bacterial strains whereas from 9.2 ± 1.6mm to 6.2 ± .90mm for fungal strains. MIC values ranged between 50μg/μl to 0.024μg/μl against both bacterial and fungal strains. Methanolic extracts were further analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for their phytochemical profile since they showed higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. This study supports the use of Ficus benghalensis L. in microbial infection therapy.
... Plant-derived medicines are usually prepared from crude plant extracts that include an intricate mixture of several phytochemicals, of which most are secondary metabolites [13], these phytochemicals are made up of unique and complex structures [14]. The identification, isolation, and characterization of these phytocompounds from several plants with medical properties have led to the development of drug candidates with a high activity profile [15]. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been used for rapid and accurate investigation of phytochemicals, including alkaloids, esters, steroids, nitro compounds, long-chain hydrocarbons, alcohols, that are present in plant-based materials [16,17]. ...
Neuroprotective activities of various extracts of Ocimum gratissimum (OG), have been reported, but there is paucity of information on its neurotherapeutic constituents. This study is aimed at identifying the neurotherapeutic constituents in OG leaves using in vitro assays, GC-MS chemical investigation and in silico studies including molecular docking, ensemble-based docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, clustering and ADMET filtering analysis. Methanol extract of O gratissimum (MEOG) and solvent-partition (n-hexane, ethylacetate, and methanol residue fraction) of MEOG were investigated for in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibition at concentration of 0.65, 12.5, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/mL, using donepezil, phenazine methosulfate and selegiline as reference inhibitors for AChE, BChE and MAO B respectively. n-hexane solvent partition fraction was further investigated using GC-MS analysis. Identified compounds were screened against human AChE, BChE and MAO-B activities using molecular docking and molecular dynamics. The lead phytochemicals were further analysed for ADMET in silico analysis. MEOG and the 3 fractions (n-hexane, ethylacetate, and methanol residue fraction) inhibited the activities of AChE, BChE and MAO-B in a concentration-dependent manner with AChE (IC50 = 2.380, 2.022, 2.066 and 1.079 mg/mL respectively), BChE (IC50 = 2.261, 2.126, 2.630 and 1.465 mg/mL respectively) and MAO-B (IC50 = 2.345, 1.584, 2.933 and 2.935 mg/mL respectively). From the 38 GC-MS identified compounds, 7 hit compounds were further subjected to ensemble-docking, the lead phytochemicals (LP): cholestane and 3-methoxy-morphanin presented highest multiple binding tendencies to the three enzymes. Cholestane had the highest binding energies of −9.9, −9.0 and −11 kcal/mol, while 3-methoxy-morphanin presented the second-best binding energies of −9.3, −8.2 and −10.1 kcal/mol respectively. When compared with the binding pattern of reference inhibitors of the enzyme, lead phytochemicals were orientated in the catalytic sites of the enzyme and interacted with important catalytic residues. The LP-enzyme complexes were stable during the MD simulation analysis. Cholestane and 3-methoxy-morphanin presented favorable ADMET properties over several molecular descriptors and filters, with druggable properties and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Hence, cholestane and 3-methoxy-morphanin, in part, or in synergy with other hit phytochemicals, may be responsible for the neurotherapeutic activities of MEOG leaves.
... It also contains a high percentage of minerals, proteins and carbohydrates and contains biological activities such as vitamins, carotenoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, tannins and saponins (Oladeji et al., 2017). In addition to the glycosides, flavonoids (including quercetin), and phytosterols (Yadav et al., 2017). Quercetin also recognized as 3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxy flavone is a widely spread phytoflavonoid. ...
A study was conducted in the Colleges of Science and Pharmacy Laboratories, University of Basrah, and Private Fadak Tissue Culture Laboratory, Basrah, Iraq. The explants of the nodule stem segments of Moringa were cultured by tissue culture technique to induce callus and produce active substances by adding different concentrations of 0, 10, 20, and 30 mgL-1 silver nanoparticles (NPs), and 5, and 10 mgL-1 chitosan to culture media. The content of quercetin in leaves of moringa trees was reached 3.637 moles L-1. The MS medium supplemented with 20 mgL-1 silver NPs recorded the highest content of quercetin reaching 17.761 moles L-1. This treatment was a significant difference in callus content of quercetin compared to the other treatments. The MS medium supplemented 10 mgL-1 chitosan recorded the second rank that reached 15.245 moles L-1 quercetin in moringa callus. While the control treatment recorded the lowest content of quercetin in callus reached 2.932 moles L-1. The other treatments 10, 30 mgL-1 silver NPs, and 5 mgL-1 chitosan were recorded 4.484, 7.243 and 1.529 moles L-1 quercetin, respectively.
... The following strains were used for the study and were does not show zone of inhibition against S. aureus at streptomycin disk. In P. ether extract, it show low zone of inhibition ranges between 1-5 mm against S. aureus and S. typhi [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. ...
... The percentage yield of the extract were estimated using the following formula: % Yield = Weight of the extract / Initial weight of sample x 100 Phytochemical analysis: Qualitative phytochemistry of ethanolic extract of alfalfa leaves were evaluated using standard procedures [9] to find out the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, glycosides, amino acids, carbohydrates and fixed oils. ...
This study was done to examine the phytochemistry of Medicago sativa (Alfalfa) leaves extracted with ethanol. Alfalfa leaves were analysed for their proximate nutritional properties, qualitative, quantitative phytochemistry as well as its antioxidant properties. Identification of various compounds and their functional groups present in the extract was done using GC-MS and FTIR techniques. The results revealed alfalfa leaves have a very good nutritional property with 25% crude protein, 12.91% moisture, 4.35% crude oil and 2.13% crude fiber. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, proteins and phenolic compounds were found in the qualitative phytochemical analysis. The quantitative analysis results showed a good amount of phenolics and flavonoids present in the plant leaves. The free radical scavenging activity by the DPPH method showed a good antioxidant property of the extract. A total of 30 compounds were identified by GC-MS analysis and the FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of amines, alkanes, alkenes, alcohols and sulfoxides.
... [8] The various phytochemicals are known to exhibit physiological activity along with medicinal properties. [9] Antioxidant has the property which can act against toxic as well as molecules which can cause damage to living organism. These compounds are generated during the different metabolic reactions in the body. ...
Background: Plants possess various bioactive compounds with many biological activities. Antioxidant plays vital roles in initiating deleterious free scavenging radical reactions. Objectives: The present study was done to determine the presence of phytochemical properties of the plant along with its antioxidant analysis of four solvent fractions (hexane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and methanol) from Hypericum japonicum. Furthermore, five heavy metals-Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb and Cr were analyzed. Materials and Methods: All the experiments for phytochemical and antioxidants of different solvent extracts were investigated following standard protocols. The heavy metal content was analyzed using spectroscopy method. Results: Qualitative analysis revealed that almost all the phytochemicals were present on one or other solvents. The carbohydrate and protein content was highest in hexane and ethyl acetate extract. Ethyl acetate showed highest phenol content while diethyl ether showed highest in flavonoid content. Similarly, ethyl acetate extract showed strongest antioxidant activity. Heavy metals were found in very negligible amounts. Conclusion: The present study suggests that H. japonicum might have the potential to be a good source of phytochemicals and antioxidants. Further studies are required to analyze the pharmacological properties of the plant.
... Around 5.2 billion people worldwide, or 80% of the population, rely only on medicinal plants for their healthcare needs [7]. Secondary metabolites, a class of chemically active plant constituents, are what give these plants their therapeutic value [8]. Secondary metabolites, or phytochemicals, have amazing therapeutic benefits, such as anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, antibacterial, hypoglycemic, anti-carcinogenic, sedative, analgesic, antipyretic, cardioprotective, and antiviral characteristics [9]. ...
Background: Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an anticancer and immunosuppressive agent commonly used in men of reproductive age. Annona muricata(soursop) is a tropical plant with a widely acclaimed history of various therapeutic properties. Objective: This study was aimed at determining the effect of the ethanolic leaf extract of Annona muricata on the reproductive system of male rats treated with cyclophosphamide. Materials and Methods: Twelve (n-12) male wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of four rats each. Group 1 served as control and received only feed and water. Group 2 was administered a single dose of CP (100 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally on the 15th day, while group 3 was administered 100 mg/kg body weight of ethanolic extract of Annona muricata for 14 days and a single intraperitonealdose of CP on the 15th day. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed under anaesthesia, blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histological evaluations respectively. Result: The result showed that serum concentrations of LH and FSH were significantly increased (p<0.05) in group 2 (5.53±1.28 and 10.95±1.44) when compared to the control group (1.38±1.02 and 4.97±1.53) and decreasedin group 3(1.14±0.93 and 4.97±1.45) when compared to the control group (1.38±1.02 and 4.97±1.53). Serum testosterone level decreased significantly in group 2 (1.31±1.08) when compared to the control group (5.08±1.02) andincreasedin group 3 (4.95±1.23) when compared to the control group (5.08±1.02). Testicular SOD and MDA was significantly decreased in group 2 (3.23±0.41 and 1187.71±1.21) when compared to the control group (6.00±1.65 and 371.91±1.47) and slightly elevated in group3 (6.05±0.97 and 371.97±1.47). The histology of the testicular tissue shows markedly shrunken seminiferous tubules with severe germ cell aplasia and basement membrane thickening following cyclophosphamide administration which was restored to normal after treatment with aqueous extract of Annona muricata. Conclusion: The study reveals that Annona muricata possess protective effect against cyclophosphamide-induced reproductive toxicity in male wistar rats.
... There are several new phytocompounds yet to be discovered from plant species, for that suitable screening methods and identification of the compounds are very essential. Generally, for finding the suitable active compounds, the extraction and characterization methods are used [19,20] . ...
... The Moringa trees have been called the miracle tree due to their medical, industrial and environmental importance (Koul and Chase, 2015;Saini et al., 2016). The leaves of this plant are the most widely used parts of it because they contain a high percentage of minerals, proteins, and carbohydrates and contain bioactive compounds such as vitamins, carotenoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, tannins, saponins (Oladeji et al.,2017), as well as glycosides and flavonoids, including myricetin and phytosterol (Yadav et al., 2017). ...
The study was carried out in the laboratory of Fadak Company for Tissue Culture in Abi Al-Khassib district, and the Laboratories of the College of Pharmacy, University of Basrah, Iraq. The nodule stem segments were used as explants that were taken from five-year-old Moringa trees. These explants were cultured on an MS medium supplemented with benzyl adenine at different concentrations (1, 2, 3, and 4 mg L-1) for callus induction. The 50 mg weight of induced callus was cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of chitosan (0, 5, and 10 mg L-1) and silver nanoparticles (0, 10, 20, and 30 mg L-1) for stimulating the myricetin production. The treatment of 4 mg L-1 benzyl adenine showed significant superiority in the percentage of explant response to callus induction compared to the other treatments, which amounted to 66.0%. But the treatment of 1 mg L-1 benzyl adenine was recorded the lowest response of explants to callus induction, which amounted to 13.77%. The results also showed that the treatment of 5 mg L-1 chitosan was significantly superior in the content of callus of the myricetin compound compared to other treatments, which amounted to 79.572 moles L-1. The treatment of 10 mg L-1 silver nanoparticles, which recorded the callus content of myricetin compound, amounted to 26.387 moles L-1. The leaves of Moringa trees recorded 4.714 moles L-1 myricetin compound. While the treatment of silver nanoparticles at 30 mg L-1 recorded the lowest callus content of myricetin, which was 0.668 moles L-1 .
... There are various phytochemicals that treat chronic ailments like diabetes, asthma, arthritis and even cancers. Some of them with effective pharmacological activities include phenols, tannins, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols etc [Yadav et al., 2017]. ...
Phytochemicals produced by herbs and medicinal plants have a variety of therapeutic uses. They also help the plant's colour and organoleptic characteristics. Due to their absence of adverse effects, these phytochemicals are used in advanced medical systems to efficiently treat ailments. Because Kigelia Africana contains phytoconstituents, the plant has gained significant scientific attention for its wide range of pharmacological properties. It has been examined and shown to have a number of compounds that treat cancer, psoriasis, dysentery, inflammations, and bacterial infections. The goal of the current investigation was to identify and separate the chemical components found in the fruit extracts of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Preliminary phytochemical screening performed on n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, flavonoids etc. The qualitative estimation of the phytoconstituents revealed the presence of total phenols, total flavonoids, total saponins and glycosides as 9.38, 2.64, 3.12 and 6.45 %w/w respectively in the ethanol extract. The ethanol extract was subjected to TLC and coloumn chromatography which resulted in 4 fractions out of which fraction F4 was in significant quantity. It was analyzed using HPTLC that showed the presence of one isolated molecule.
... Screening. Qualitative secondary metabolites analysis was conducted using standard methods for the petroleum ether, acetone, and methanol extracts of NP to measure the steroid, terpenoids, phenol, tannin, flavonoid, saponins, quinine, phlobatannin, and Anthraquinone glycoside content [20][21][22][23][24][25]. ...
Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was chosen to isolate secondary natural compounds from Nonea pulmonarioides. MAE is an efficient approach compared to maceration. In our study of N. pulmonarioides, the Folin–Ciocalteu and trichloroaluminum techniques were used to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Antioxidant activity was determined by the β-carotene/linoleic acid test. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was measured using the microwell dilution assay method. Overall, MAE may represent a substantially faster extraction system (5 min) with an even greater extraction yield than maceration extraction (24 h). Phytochemical screening indicated the existence of classes of several secondary metabolites. The methanol extract had a high total phenolic content (TPC) of 113.33 ± 1.06 μg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/mg of dry plant weight, while the total flavonoid content (TFC) in the acetone extract was 44.26 ± 0.88 μg of quercetin equivalent (QE)/mg of the dry plant. The antioxidant activity data correlated well with the acetone extract (32.41 ± 0.93, I%) compared to the other extracts. The antimicrobial assay (MIC) results showed high activity of the extract against Candida albicans for the petroleum ether extract, which was significantly higher than against other microorganisms. The quantitative gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis of the extracts confirmed that the most abundant compound in the methanol extract was ethyl tridecanoate (45.94%), while nonadecane was the predominant compound in the acetone (35.7%) and the petroleum ether (18.34%) extracts.
... It is essential to create good screening processes to discover new compounds [ 15 ]. The extraction and characterization of a large number of these bioactive chemicals from various medicinal plants have resulted in the administration of specific medications with a high activity profile [ 16,17 ]. The first screening of medicinal plants using chromatographic and spectrometric methods offers essential information on their chemical and pharmacological characteristics, which help to select biologically active plants [ 18 ]. ...
Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex Sweet is a well-known medicinal plant in Kashmir Himalya. The evidence for its modern medicinal applications remains majorly unexplored. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the detailed antimicrobial promises of different crude extracts (methanolic, ethanolic, petroleum ether, and ethyl acetate) of G. wallichainum against common human bacterial and fungal pathogens in order to scientifically validate its traditional use. The LC-MS analysis of G. wallichainum yielded 141 bioactive compounds with the vast majority of them having therapeutic applications. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) by broth microdilution method of G. wallichainum was tested against bacterial and fungal pathogens with MICs ranging from 0.39-400 µg/mL. Furthermore, virtual ligands screening yielded elatine, kaempferol, and germacrene-A as medicinally most active constituents and the potential inhibitor of penicillin-binding protein (PBP), dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS), elongation factor-Tu (Eu-Tu), ABC transporter, 1,3 beta glycan, and beta-tubulin. The root mean square deviation (RMSD) graphs obtained through the molecular dynamic simulations (MDS) indicated the true bonding interactions which were further validated using root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) graphs which provided a better understanding of the amino acids present in the proteins responsible for the molecular motions and fluctuations. The effective binding of elatine, kaempferol, and germacrene-A with these proteins provides ground for further research to understand the underlying mechanism that ceases the growth of these microbes
... 30 Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals Using standard procedures, qualitative tests for phytochemicals such as polyphenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, alkaloids, coumarin, glycosides, anthocyanins, phytosterols, quinones, betacyanin, and chalcones were performed in triplicates for each aqueous extract. [31][32][33] Quantification of phytochemicals The aqueous extracts of PGCG leaves (0.10 g) were dissolved in DMSO and diluted with methanol (100 mL) to make a 1000 ppm solution, which was then used for spectrophotometric quantification of polyphenolics, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and saponins. ...
The extraction process can play a significant role in the separation of desired bioactive compounds from plant-based material. Therefore, this study was aimed at comparing different extraction techniques on the isolation of potent phytochemicals and their antioxidant capacity in order to find the optimal extraction process. Psidium guajava leaves were selected for the study as it is known to contain diverse range of phytochemicals and used in many healthcare applications. Water was employed as the extracting solvent and four extraction methods were applied: sonication (E1, one hour, RT, 40 kHz), Soxhlet (E2, six hours, 105ºC), maceration with agitation (E3, six hours, RT, 1000 rpm), and maceration with agitation upon heating (E4, six hours, 60ºC, 1000 rpm). Standard tests were carried out for phytochemical analysis, and antioxidant capacity was assessed using Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. The results revealed that P. guajava contains vast number of phytochemicals. Polyphenolics, tannins, and terpenoids appeared to be higher in the extraction process E4, flavonoids, and saponins appeared to be higher in E2, and alkaloids were higher in E3. Total antioxidant capacity was greater in extraction method E4 (432.57 ± 0.51 mg Trolox Eq/g) and the IC50 value of the DPPH radical scavenging assay was low in E3 (273.81 ± 0.07 ppm), indicating higher scavenging activity. In conclusion, the quantity of phytochemicals extracted, and its antioxidant capacity vary depending on the extraction technique. According to FRAP and polyphenolic content, the extraction technique E4 gives the best antioxidative properties.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa Alkaloid yang terkandung didalam biji buah mahoni (Switenia mahagoni Jacq). Senyawa target hasil isolasi diidentifikasi menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Proses pengambilan senyawa menggunakan metode refluks hingga diperoleh ekstrak kental berwarna hijau gelap sebanyak 27 gram. Identifikasi awal dilakukan dengan skrining fitokimia pada ekstrak kental methanol, meliputi skrining senyawa alakaloid, flavonoid, dan saponin. Proses fraksinasi dilakukan dengan sistem partisis cair-cair menggunakan n-heksanaa dan metanol dan selanjutnya hasil partisi dipekatkan dengan rotary evaporator. Fraksi metanol dielusi pada plat KLT (Kromatografi Lapis Tipis) guna mendapatkan formulasi eluen terbaik untuk dilanjutkan pada Kromatografi Cair Vakum (KCV) dan diperoleh formula eluen terbaik n-heksanaa:metanol (4:1). Proses pemisahan menggunakan KCV dengan silica gel 60 PF254, dengan system eluen n-heksana:metanol bergradien. Isolat dievaluasi kemurniannya menggunakan KLT. Isolat diidentifikasi menggunakan Spektrofotometri UV-Vis dan serapan diperoleh pada panjang gelombang gelombang 208, 240, 286 nm. Nilai absorbansi berturutturut 0,318; 0,852; dan 0,443 A. Hasil interpretasi data mengkonfirmasi bahwa terdapat ikatan rangkap terkonjugasi dikarenakan serapan terbentuk pada panjang gelombang 250-800 nm. Diduga terjadi transisi nπ* yang mengindikasikan gugus N-H dengan abrosbansi pada rentang ultraviolet kuarsa (200-400 nm).
In recent years there has been a continuous increase in the use of natural products derived from plants for the treatment of diseases; however, substances extracted from plants are not always safe and can be administered without prescription or restrictions, since in high doses some plants may exhibit significant toxicity. In this sense, this research aimed to carry out a systematic review of toxicological studies of Curcuma longa L, through an investigation of several electronic databases, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Reaxys, SciELO, and SciFinder. The results indicated that most of the reported samples refer to extracts of leaves, flowers, rhizomes, as well as essential oils, which did not present toxicity. Therefore, the use of C. longa can be considered safe, probably due to the presence of secondary metabolites such as tannins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenes, and phytosterols, which provide them with pharmacological effects and therapeutic properties.
Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria cause severe public health issues and mortalities. The evolution of multi-drug resistant bacteria shifted the focus of researchers towards traditional medicine involving bioactive compounds. Plants with bioactive compounds play a pivotal role in treating human diseases. Many of the plant-based bioactive compounds were proven to have the ability to inhibit bacterial growth through different modes of action. Thus, plant-based compounds have been focused on finding potential molecules with antibacterial efficiency to overcome bacterial infection problems. So, in the present study, phytocompounds of Sida acuta Burm F. leaf extract were identified using GC-MS technique and phytocompounds with antibacterial potential were identified through a molecular docking study. The qualitative test carried out indicated the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, amino acids, steroids, glycosides, saponins, quinones and coumarins in the extract. The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 30 phytocompounds and molecular docking studies revealed the best binding affinity of the phytocompounds Pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidine, Acetonitrile,2-(6-phenantridinyl), 5H-Imidazo(2,1-a)isoindole,2-phenyl and Pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidine towards E. coli biomolecules- 1PHO, 5I5H, 5UW2 and 6NTW respectively. The present study concludes that the phytocompounds of S. acuta have appreciable antibacterial efficiency
Background and aim: The menace of the disease "ulcer" continues to extend within the population in a geometric progression, however, no viable cure may be said to be available to the populace. Humans all around the world suffer from stomach ulcers, which have a high morbidity and death rate. A medicinal plant is one that has the potential to be utilized for therapeutic reasons or which contains chemicals that can be used as precursors for the production of effective pharmaceuticals. Phytochemicals aid in the stimulation of immune responses and Immunity against a variety of diseases and are found in the many fruits and plants. The goals of this study are to obtain crude ethanolic extracts of the different parts of the plant (the stem, the leaves, and the flowers), and to carry out the phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract of the different parts of the plant and study the anti-ulcer potential of the different concentration (200m/kg, 400mg/kg,600mg/kg) of the plant and determine the serum parameters.
The development of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacterial strains has drawn attention to the quest for new natural antibacterial drugs. Therefore, in the present study, extracts of Rumex hastatus leaves were obtained in methanol and water, and R. hastatus-based silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized. Structural and functional properties of synthesized silver nanoparticles were determined by UV–vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR and SEM. The synthesized AgNPs and crude extracts were tested to check their antibacterial potential against human pathogenic bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemoliticus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in well diffusion and broth dilution methods. The present investigation has revealed for the first time that the broth dilution method was found more reproducible than that of the well diffusion method even at lower concentrations of AgNPs and crude extracts. UV– Vis spectroscopic analysis of AgNPs revealed a peak at 367 nm. XRD pattern showed a face-centered cubical to the spherical structure of AgNP crystals. FTIR analysis revealed that flavonoids and terpenoids are responsible for the reduction of AgNO3 to Ag+. SEM analysis determined the spherical structure and 51 nm average diameter of nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity of R. hastatus-based (AgNPs) was found to be significantly higher than aqueous plant extract and silver nitrate alone. Bacterial growth was inhibited by R. hastatus-based AgNPs in a dose-dependent manner. To our knowledge, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of R. hastatus were synthesized and characterized for the first time in this study and, based on the findings of current research work R. hastatus extract-based silver nanoparticles are suggested to be used as an antibacterial drug instead of synthetic drugs for the treatment of various human diseases/infections caused by the tested bacterial strains.
Background
Holarrhena has been traditionally used to treat inflammatory disorders and oxidative stress. The purpose of our study was to examine the biological potential of phytoconstituents found in the stem bark of H. pubescens using antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in-vitro methods.
Method
Dried stem bark of this plant was firstly extracted with n-hexane for defatting and then extracted with hydro-alcohol (90% ethanol). The hydro-alcoholic extract was further fractionated by different solvents (chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol) and the antioxidant activity was assessed using reducing power assay, free radical scavenging methods for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydrogen peroxide radicals. Anti-inflammatory activities were carried out by using albumin denaturation and nitric oxide (NO) assays.
Results
The qualitative phytochemical analysis of n-hexane and hydro-alcoholic extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, carbohydrates, proteins and tannins. In quantitative phytochemical analysis of hydro-alcoholic extract showed a higher percentage of phytochemicals than n-hexane extract. Hydro-alcoholic extract and fractions showed significant antioxidant activities against DPPH, H2O2, and reducing power assay. Similarly, in anti-inflammatory studies, butanol fraction showed higher protection against albumin denaturation which was 55.81 ± 2.05 whereas in NO assay ethyl acetate fraction was 30.39 ± 1.37.
Conclusion
Our research concluded that the hydro-alcoholic extract has highly phytochemical properties than n-hexane extract whereas ethyl acetate and butanol fraction showed superior anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as compared to other fractions. This research supports the plant's traditional use as a medicine.
Objective:
The study focuses to select some of the 16 medicinal plants based on their folklore remedy for treating various diseases like inflammation, cancer, etc., and to scientifically validate their potency.
Methods:
Five among them such as Centella asiatica (CA), Myristica fragrans (MF), Trichosanthes palmata (TP), Woodfordia fruticose (WF), and Curculigo orchioides (CO) were scientifically confirmed through the extraction and in-vitro cytotoxic and hepatoprotective evaluation. Based on the cytotoxic and hepatoprotective result, the various fractions of CO was chosen further for an in-depth phytochemical study to isolate and characterize its active compounds by GC-MS.
Results:
The results showed the promising cytotoxic activity (i.e. IC50=<100 µg/ml) on HeLa cell lines and noteworthy hepatoprotective activity in a dose-dependent manner on CCl4 intoxicated isolated hepatocyte cells.
Conclusion:
The present study confirmed the scientific evidence of selected medicinal plants on HeLa and hepatocyte cells. Further, a detailed study on their mechanism of action and clinical application is suggested.
Plants are excellent sources of functionally bioactive compounds and essential nutrients. The phytochemical constituents have enormous potential in treating both plant and human diseases. Parkia timoriana (Yongchak/Zawngtah), one of the most important underutilized plants popularly consumed in Manipur and Mizoram states of Northeastern region of India, is known for its ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal values. A significant DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), and Phosphomolybdate scavenging activity corresponding to high antioxidant potentials was shown by the extracts from different edible parts of P. timoriana. P. timoriana extract showed significant antibacterial potential against Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtillis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses of the extracts revealed the functional groups and bioactive compounds present in different edible parts of the plant. Characteristic peaks of phenols, carboxylic acids, alkenes, glycogen, alkyl halides, halogen, aliphatic amines, primary and secondary amines, esters, ether, aromatics, lipids, triglycerides, nitro compounds that had antimicrobial, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties etc. were observed. The GC–MS analysis also revealed the occurrence of 49 bioactive compounds that are known to possess a variety of pharmacological activities. Subsequently, in silico molecular docking studies of the identified bioactive compounds predicted potential anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first-hand report on the bioactive compounds of edible parts of P. timoriana extracts showing antioxidant, antimicrobial and pharmacological significance. This study can lead to the production of new herbal medicines for various diseases employing P. timoriana and perhaps leading to the creation of new medications.
Despite advancement in modern medicines, plant derived medicines have still wide range utilities as they have less side effects and are cheap and biocompitable. Sassurea lappa is an extensively used plant in traditional medicinal formulations. Plant roots are used to cure various diseases including cancer, rheumatic pain, abdominal and nervous disorders. The present study was aimed for the evalution of biological potentials of methanolic and chloroform extracts of Saussurea lappa root, leaf, seed and flower. The methanolic and chloroform extracts were subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses. Identification of functional groups was performed using Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Antioxidant potential was determined via diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total reducing power (TRP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) method, anti-hemolytic potential was conducted on human RBCs, antibacterial activity was evaluated against six American type culture collection (ATCC) and three multi drug resistance (MDR) strains, cytotoxic and phytotoxic potentials were evaluated through brine shrimp lethality assay and raddish seed assay respectively. Experiments were performed in triplicates and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied using statistics version-8.1. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of sixteen secondary metabolites. Fourteen functional groups were identified through FTIR. S. lappa root methanolic (SLRM) showed maximum antioxidant activity index (AAI-79.42%) whereas chloroform extract of leaves (SLLC) gave highest antibacterial activity with maximum zone of inhibition (ZOI) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.4mm). Maximum cytotoxicity was observed for SLRM with lethal dose concentration (LC50) of 58.8µg/mL. However, root extracts showed significant phytotoxicity (15% germination). The current study investigated that bioactive compounds present in S. lappa leaves, seed, flower and roots were responsible for enhanced biological potentials. Further studies on isolation and characterization of these bioactive compounds may help in drug development. In future, we recommend different in-vitro and in-vivo studies to further confirm it biopharmacological potencies.
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